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Standard  Educational  Series 

ENGLISH  SYNONYMS  AND 
ANTONYMS 

WITH  NOTES  ON  THE  CORRECT  USE 
OF  PREPOSITIONS 


Designed  as  a   Companion  for  the  Study 
and  as  a  Text-Book  for  the  Use  of  Schools 

BY 

JAMES   C.  FERNALD 

EDITOR  OF  SYNONYMS,  ANTONYMS,  AND  PREPOSITIONS  IN  THE  STANDARD  DICTIONARY 


NEW    YORK 
FUNK  &  WAGNALLS  COMPANY 

LONDON     AND     TORONTO 

1897 


CopyrighU  1S96,  by  FUNK  &  WAGNALLS  COMPANY. 


Registered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London,  Eng. 


Pkinted  in  the  United  States. 


53/ 

cob.  I. 


PREFACE. 


The  English  language  is  peculiarly  rich  in  synonyms,  as,  with 
such  a  history,  it  could  not  fail  to  be.  From  the  time  of  Julius 
Ca3sar,  Britons,  Romans,  Northmen,  Saxons,  Danes,  and  Normans 
fighting,  fortifying,  and  settling  uijon  the  soil  of  England,  with 
Scotch  and  Irish  contending  for  mastery  or  existence  across  the 
mountain  border  and  the  Channel,  and  all  fenced  in  together  by  the 
sea,  could  not  but  influence  each  other's  speech.  English  merchants, 
sailors,  soldiers,  and  travelers,  trading,  warring,  and  exploring  in 
every  clime,  of  necessity  brought  back  new  terms  of  sea  and 
shore,  of  shop  and  camp  and  battle=field.  English  scholars  have 
studied  Greek  and  Latin  for  a  thousand  years,  and  the  languages 
of  the  Continent  and  of  the  Orient  in  more  recent  times.  English 
churchmen  have  introduced  words  from  Hebrew,  Greek,  and 
Latin,  through  Bible  and  prayer-book,  sermon  and  tract.  From 
all  this  it  results  that  there  is  scarcely  a  language  ever  spoken 
among  men  that  has  not  some  representative  in  English  speech. 
The  spirit  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  masterful  in  language  as  in 
war  and  commerce,  has  subjugated  all  these  various  elements  to 
one  idiom,  aiaking  not  a  patchwork,  but  a  composite  language. 
Anglo=Saxon  thrift,  finding  often  several  words  that  originally  ex- 
pressed the  same  idea,  has  detailed  them  to  different  parts  of  the 
common  territory  or  to  different  service,  so  that  we  have  an  almost 
unexampled  variety  of  words,  kindred  in  meaning  but  distinct  in 
usage,  for  expressing  almost  every  shade  of  human  thought. 

Scarcely  any  two  of  such  words,  commonly  known  as  synonyms, 
are  identical  at  once  in  signification  and  in  use.  They  have  certain 
common  ground  within  which  they  are  interchangeable  ;  but  out- 
side of  that  each  has  its  own  special  province,  within  which 
any  other  word  comes  as  an  intruder.  From  these  two  qualities 
arises  the  gi'eat  value  of  synonyms  as  contributing  to  beauty  and 
effectiveness  of  expression.  As  interchangeable,  they  make  possi- 
ble that  freedom  and  variety  by  which  the  diction  of  an  accom- 
plished writer  or  speaker  diffei's  from  the  wooden  uniformity  of  a 
legal  document.  As  distinct  and  specific,  they  enable  a  master  of 
style  to  choose  in  every  instance  the  one  term  that  is  the  most 


vi.  Preface. 

perfect  mirror  of  his  thought.  To  write  or  speak  to  the  best  pur- 
pose, one  should  know  in  the  first  place  all  the  words  frona  which 
he  may  choose,  and  then  the  exact  reason  why  in  any  case  any 
particular  word  should  be  chosen.  To  give  such  knowledge  in 
these  two  directions  is  the  office  of  a  book  of  synonyms. 

Of  Milton's  diction  Macaulay  writes  : 

"  His  poetry  acts  like  an  incantation.  Its  merit  lies  less  in  its  obvious  meaning 
than  in  its  occult  power.  There  would  seem,  at  first  sight,  to  be  no  more  in  his 
words  than  in  other  words.  But  they  are  words  of  enchantment.  No  sooner  are 
they  pronounced,  than  the  past  is  present  and  the  distant  near.  New  forms  of  beauty 
start  at  once  into  existence,  and  all  the  burial  places  of  the  memory  give  up  their 
dead.  Change  the  structure  of  the  sentence;  substitute  one  synonym  for  another,  and 
the  whole  effect  is  destroyed.  The  spell  loses  its  power;  and  he  who  should  then 
hope  to  conjure  with  it  would  find  himself  as  much  mistaken  as  Cassim  in  the 
Arabian  tale,  when  he  stood  crying,  '  Open  Wheat,'  '  Open  Barley,'  to  the  door  which 
obeyed  no  soimd  but '  Open  Sesame.'  The  miserable  failure  of  Dryden  m  his  attempt 
to  translate  into  his  o^\ti  diction  some  parts  of  the  '  Paradise  Lost '  is  a  remarkable 
instance  of  this." 

Macaulay's  own  writings  abound  in  examples  of  that  exquisite 
precision  in  the  choice  of  words,  which  never  seems  to  be  precise, 
but  has  all  the  aspect  of  absolute  freedom.  Tlu'ough  his  language 
his  thought  bursts  upon  the  mind  as  a  landscape  is  seen  in- 
stantly, perfectly,  and  beautifully  from  a  mountain  height.  A 
little  vagueness  of  thought,  a  slight  infelicity  in  the  choice  of 
words  would  be  like  a  cloud  upon  the  mountain,  obscuring  the 
scene  with  a  damp  and  chilling  mist.  Let  anyone  tiy  the  experi- 
ment with  a  poem  like  Gray's  "  Elegy,"  or  Goldsmith's  "  Travel- 
ler" or  "  Deserted  Village,"  of  substituting  other  words  for  those 
the  poet  has  chosen,  and  he  will  readily  perceive  how  much  of 
the  charm  of  the  lines  depends  upon  their  fine  exactitude  of 
expression. 

In  our  own  day,  when  so  many  are  eager  to  wi-ite,  and  confi- 
dent that  they  can  wTite,  and  when  the  press  is  sending  forth  by 
the  ton  that  which  is  called  literature,  but  which  somehow  lacks 
the  imprint  of  immortality,  it  is  of  tlie  first  importance  to  revive 
the  study  of  synonyms  as  a  distinct  branch  of  rhetorical  culture. 
Prevalent  errors  need  at  times  to  be  noted  and  corrected,  but  the 
teaching  of  pure  English  speech  is  the  best  defense  against  all  that 
is  inferior,  unsuitable,  or  repulsive.  The  most  effective  condemna- 
tion of  an  objectionable  word  or  phrase  is  that  it  is  not  found  in 
scholarly  works,  and  a  student  who  has  once  learned  the  rich 
stores  of  vigorous,  beautiful,  exact,  and  expressive  words  that 
make  up  our  noble  language,  is  by  that  very  fact  put  beyond  the 
reach  of  all  temptation  to  lingiiistic  corruption. 


Preface.  vii. 

Special  instruction  in  the  use  of  synonyms  is  necessary,  for  the 
reason  that  few  students  possess  the  analytical  power  and  habit 
of  mind  required  to  hold  a  succession  of  separate  definitions  in 
thought  at  once,  compare  them  with  each  other,  and  determine 
just  where  and  how  they  part  company  ;  and  the  persons  least 
able  to  do  this  are  the  very  ones  most  in  need  of  the  information. 
The  distinctions  between  words  similar  in  meaning  are  often  so 
fine  and  elusive  as  to  tax  the  ingenuity  of  the  accomplished 
scholar  ;  yet  when  clearly  apprehended  they  are  as  important  for 
the  purposes  of  language  as  the  minute  differences  between  similar 
substances  are  for  the  purposes  of  chemistry.  Often  definition 
itself  is  best  secured  by  the  comparison  of  kindred  terms  and 
the  pointing  out  where  each  differs  from  the  other.  We  per- 
ceive more  clearly  and  remember  better  what  each  word  is,  by 
perceiving  where  each  divides  from  another  of  kindred  meaning  ; 
just  as  we  see  and  remember  better  the  situation  and  contour  of 
adjacent  countries,  by  considering  them  as  boundaries  of  each 
other,  rather  than  by  an  exact  statement  of  the  latitude  and 
longitude  of  each  as  a  separate  portion  of  the  earth's  surface. 

The  great  mass  of  untrained  speakers  and  writers  need  to  be  re- 
minded, in  the  first  place,  that  there  are  synonyms  —  a  suggestion 
which  they  would  not  gain  from  any  precision  of  separate  defini- 
tions in  a  dictionary.  The  deplorable  repetition  with  which  many 
slightly  educated  persons  use  such  words  as  "  elegant,"  "splendid," 
"  clever,"  "  awful,"  "  horrid,"  etc.,  to  indicate  (for  they  can  not  be 
said  to  express)  almost  any  shade  of  certain  approved  or  objectiona- 
ble qualities,  shows  a  limited  vocabulary,  a  poverty  of  language, 
which  it  is  of  the  first  importance  to  correct.  Many  who  are  not 
given  to  such  gross  misuse  would  yet  be  surprised  to  learn  how 
often  they  employ  a  very  limited  number  of  words  in  the  attempt 
to  give  utterance  to  thoughts  and  feehngs  so  unlike,  that  what  is 
the  right  word  on  one  occasion  must  of  necessity  be  the  wrong 
word  at  many  other  times.  Such  persons  are  simply  unconscious 
of  the  fact  that  there  are  other  words  of  kindred  meaning  from 
which  they  might  choose  ;  as  the  United  States  surveyors  of 
Alaska  found  "the  shuddering  tenant  of  the  frigid  zone"  wrap- 
ping himself  in  furs  and  cowering  over  a  fire  of  sticks  with 
untouched  coal-mines  beneath  his  feet. 

Such  poverty  of  language  is  always  accompanied  with  poverty 
of  thought.  One  who  is  content  to  use  the  same  word  for  widely 
different  ideas  has  either  never  observed  or  soon  comes  to  forget 
that  there  is  any  difference  between  the  ideas  ;  or  perhaps  he  retains 


viii.  Preface. 

a  vague  notion  of  a  difference  which  he  never  attempts  to  define  to 
himself,  and  dimly  hints  to  others  by  adding  to  his  inadequate 
word  some  such  phrase  as  "  you  see  "or  "  you  know,"  in  the  help- 
less attempt  to  inject  into  another  mind  by  suggestion  what  ade- 
quate words  would  enable  him  simply  and  distinctly  to  say.  Such 
a  mind  resembles  the  old  maps  of  Africa  in  which  the  interior  was 
filled  with  cloudy  spaces,  where  modern  discovery  has  revealed 
great  lakes,  fertile  plains,  and  mighty  rivers.  One  main  office  of 
a  book  of  synonyms  is  to  reveal  to  such  persons  the  unsuspected 
riches  of  their  own  language  ;  and  when  a  series  of  words  is  given 
them,  from  which  they  may  choose,  then,  with  intelligent  choice  of 
words  there  comes  of  necessity  a  clearer  perception  of  the  differ- 
ence of  the  ideas  that  are  to  be  expressed  by  those  dilTerent 
words.  Thus,  copiousness  and  clearness  of  language  tend  directly 
to  affluence  and  precision  of  thought. 

Hence  there  is  an  important  use  for  mere  lists  of  classified  syn- 
onyms, like  Roget's  Thesaurus  and  the  works  of  Soule  and  Fal- 
lows. Not  one  in  a  thousand  of  average  students  would  ever  dis- 
cover, by  independent  study  of  the  dictionary,  that  there  are  fif- 
teen synonyms  for  beautiful,  twentysone  for  beginning,  fifteen 
for  benevolence,  twenty  for  friendly,  and  thirty=seven  for  pure. 
The  mere  mention  of  such  numbers  opens  vistas  of  possible  ful- 
ness, freedom,  and  variety  of  utterance,  which  will  have  for  many 
persons  the  effect  of  a  revelation. 

But  it  is  equally  important  to  teach  that  synonyms  are  not 
identical  and  to  explain  why  and  how  they  differ.  A  person  of 
extensive  reading  and  study,  with  a  fine  natural  sense  of  language, 
will  often  find  all  that  he  wants  in  the  mere  list,  which  recalls  to 
his  memory  the  appropriate  word.  But  for  the  vast  majority 
there  is  needed  some  work  that  compares  or  contrasts  synonymous 
words,  explains  their  differences  of  meaning  or  usage,  and  shows 
in  what  connections  one  or  the  other  may  be  most  fitly  used.  This 
is  the  purpose  of  the  present  work,  to  be  a  guide  to  selection  from 
the  varied  treasures  of  English  speech. 

This  work  treats  within  375  pages  more  than  7500  synonyms. 
It  has  been  the  study  of  the  author  to  give  every  definition  or 
distinction  in  the  fewest  possible  words  consistent  with  clearness 
of  statement,  and  this  not  merely  for  economy  of  space,  but 
because  such  condensed  statements  are  most  easily  apprehended 
and  remembered. 

The  method  followed  has  been  to  select  from  every  group  of  syn- 
onyms one  word,  or  two  contrasted  words,  the  meaning  of  which 


Preface.  ix. 

may  be  settled  by  clear  definitive  statement,  thus  securing  some 
fixed  point  or  points  to  which  all  the  other  words  of  the  group  may 
be  referred.  The  great  source  of  vagueness,  error,  and  perplexity  in 
many  discussions  of  synonyms  is,  that  the  writer  merely  associates 
stray  ideas  loosely  connected  tvith  the  different  words,  sliding  from 
synonym  to  synonym  with  no  definite  point  of  departure  or  return, 
so  that  a  smooth  and  at  first  sight  pleasing  statement  really  gives  the 
mind  no  definite  resting=place  and  no  sure  conclusion.  A  true  dis- 
cussion of  synonyms  is  definition  by  comparison,  and  for  this  there 
must  be  something  definite  with  which  to  compare.  When  the 
standard  is  settled,  approximation  or  differentiation  can  be  deter- 
mined with  clearness  and  certainty.  It  is  not  enough  to  tell  some- 
thing about  each  word.  The  thing  to  tell  is  how  each  word  is 
related  to  others  of  that  particular  group.  When  a  word  has  more 
than  one  prominent  meaning,  the  synonyms  for  one  signification 
are  treated  in  one  group  and  a  reference  is  made  to  some  'other 
group  in  which  the  synonyms  for  another  signification  are  treated, 
as  may  be  seen  by  noting  the  synonyms  given  under  apparent,  and 
following  the  reference  to  evident. 

It  has  been  impossible  within  the  limits  of  this  volume  to  treat 
in  full  all  the  words  of  each  group  of  sj  nonyms.  Sometimes  it 
has  been  necessary  to  restrict  the  statement  to  a  mere  suggestion 
of  the  correct  use  ;  in  some  cases  only  the  chief  words  of  a  group 
could  be  considered,  giving  the  key  to  the  discussion,  and  leaving 
the  student  to  follow  out  the  principle  in  the  case  of  other  words 
by  reference  to  the  definitive  statements  of  the  dictionary.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  at  some  time  a  dictionary  of  synonyms  may  be  pre- 
pared, giving  as  full  a  list  as  that  of  Roget  or  of  Soule,  with  dis- 
criminating remarks  upon  every  word.  Such  a  work  would  be  of 
the  greatest  value,  but  obviously  beyond  the  scope  of  a  text=book 
for  the  class=room. 

The  author  has  here  incorporated,  by  permission  of  the  pub- 
lishers of  the  Standard  Dictionary,  much  of  the  synonym  matter 
prepared  by  him  for  that  work.  All  has  been  thoroughly  revised 
or  reconstructed,  and  much  wholly  new  matter  has  been  added. 

The  book  contains  also  more  than  3700  antonyms.  These  are 
valuable  as  supplying  definition  by  contrast  or  by  negation,  one  of 
the  most  effective  methods  of  defining  being  in  many  cases  to  tell 
what  a  thing  is  not.  To  speakers  and  writers  antonyms  are  useful 
as  furnishing  oftentimes  effective  antitheses. 

Young  writers  will  find  much  help  from  the  indication  of  the 
correct  use  of  prepositions,  the  misuse  of  which  is  one  of  the  most 


X.  Preface. 

common  of  errors,  and  one  of  the  most  difficult  to  avoid,  while 
their  right  use  gives  to  style  cohesion,  firmness,  and  compactness, 
and  is  an  important  aid  to  perspicuity.  To  the  text  of  the  syn- 
onyms is  appended  a  set  of  Questions  and  Examples  to  adapt  the 
work  for  use  as  a  text=book.  Aside  from  the  purposes  of  the  class* 
room,  this  portion  will  be  found  of  value  to  the  individual  student. 
Excepting  those  who  have  made  a  thorough  study  of  language 
most  persons  will  discover  with  surprise  how  difficult  it  is  to 
answer  any  set  of  the  Questions  or  to  fill  the  blanks  in  the  Ex- 
amples without  referring  to  the  synonym  treatment  in  Part  I.,  or 
to  a  dictionary,  and  how  rarely  they  can  give  any  intelligent 
reason  for  preference  even  among  familiar  words.  There  are  few 
who  can  study  such  a  work  without  finding  occasion  to  correct 
some  errors  into  which  they  have  unconsciously  fallen,  and  with- 
out coming  to  a  new  dehght  in  the  use  of  language  from  a  fuller 
knowledge  of  its  resources  and  a  clearer  sense  of  its  various 
capabilities. 

West  New  Brighton,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  4,  1896. 


PART  I. 


BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE. 


Crabb's  "English  Synonymes  Explained."    [H.] 

Soule's  "  Dictionary  of  English  Synonyms."    [L.] 

Smith's  "  Synonyms  Discriminated."     [Bell.] 

Graham's  "  English  Synonyms."     [A.] 

Whateley's  "  English  Synonyms  Discriminated."     [L.  &  S.] 

Campbell's  "  Handbook  of  Synonyms."     [L.  &  S.] 

Fallows'  "  Complete  Dictionary  of  Synonyms  and  Antonyms."    [F.  H.  R.] 

Roget's  "Thesaurus of  English  Words."     [F.  &  W.  Co.] 

Trench's  "  Study  of  English  Words."     [W.  J.  W.] 

Richard  Grant  White,  "  Words  and  their  Uses,"  and  "  Every  Day  English."     [H.  M. 

&  Co.] 
Geo.  P.  Marsh,  "Lectures  on  the  English  Language,"  and  "Origin  and  History  of 

the  English  Language."     [S.] 
Fitzedward  Hall,  "  False  Philology."    [S.] 
Maetzuer's  "  English  Grammar,"  tr.  by  Grece.     [J.  M.] 

The  Synonyms  of  the  Century  and  International  Dictionaries 
have  also  been  consulted  and  compared. 

The  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Standard  Dictionary  has  been  used  as 
the  authority  thi-oughout. 


ABBREVIATIONS  USED. 


A D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

AS Anglo»Saxon 

Bell;  B.  &  Si Bell  &  Sons 

F French 

F.  H.  R Fleming  H.  Revell 

F.  &  W.  Co Fmik  &  Wagnalls  Co. 

G German 

Gr Greek 

H Harper  &  Bros. 

H.  M.  &  Co. .  ..Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

It Italian 

J.  M John  Murray 


K.=F Krauth'Flemiiig 

"  Vocabulary  of  Philosophy." 

L Latin;  Lippincott  &  Co. 

L.  &  S Lee  &  Shepard 

M Murray's  New  English  Dictionary 

Macm Macmillan  &  Co. 

S Chas.  Scribner's  Sons 

Sp Spanish 

T.  &  F Ticknor  &  PMelds 

T.  &  H Troutman  &  Hayes 

T.  &  M Taylor,  Walton  &  Maberley 

W.  J.  W W.  J.  Widdleton 


SYNONYMS,  ANTONYMS 


AND 


PREPOSITIONS. 


PART-^IJ 


J^ 


Synonyms:     V"^ 
natodicate,  '     l 

\aT3jure, 
least  off,  ' 
jcease, 
Icede, 
idepart  from,- 


'/ 


^    ABANDON. 


desert, 
discontinue, 
forego,      ^- 


leave, 

resign, 

quit,  ■- 

retire  from, 

recant. 

retract. 

relinquish. 

surrender. 

renounce, 

vacate. 

repudiate. 

withdraw  from. 

forsake, 
forswear, 
give  up, 

Abandon  is  a  word  ot  wide  signification,  applying  to  persons 
or  things  of  any  kind  ;  abdicate  and  resign  apply  to  office,  author- 
ity, or  power  ;  cede  to  territorial  possessions  ;  S!(r?^enc?e?' especially 
to  military  force,  and  more  generally  to  any  demand,  claim,  passion, 
etc.  Quit  carries  an  idea  of  suddenness  or  abruptness  not  neces- 
sarily implied  in  abandon,  and  may  not  have  the  same  suggestion 
of  finality.  The  king  abdicates  his  throne,  cedes  his  territory, 
deserts  his  followers,  renounces  his  religion,  relinquishes  his  titles, 
abandons  his  designs.  A  cowardly  officer  deserts  his  ship  ;  the 
helpless  passengers  abandon  it.  We  qtiit  business,  give  up  prop- 
erty, resign  office,  abandon  a  habit  or  a  trust.  Relinquish  com- 
monly implies  reluctance  ;  the  fainting  hand  relinquishes  its 
grasp  ;  the  creditor  relinquishes  his  claim.  Abandon  implies 
previous  association  with  responsibility  for  or  control  of  ;  forsake 
implies  previous  association  with  inclination  or  attachment,  real 
or  assumed  ;  a  man  may  abandon  or  forsake  house  or  friends ; 
he  abandons  an  enterprise  ;  forsakes  God.  Abandon  is  applied 
to  both  good  and  evil  action  ;  a  thief  abandons  his  designs,  a 
man  his  principles.  Forsake,  like  abandon,  may  be  used  either 
in  the  favorable  or    unfavorable   sense  ;    desert  is  always  un- 


abase 


favorable,  involving  a  breach  of  duty,  except  when  used  of 
mere  localities;  as,  "the  Deserted  Village."  While  a  monarch 
abdicates,  a  president  or  other  elected  or  appointed  officer 
resigns.  It  was  held  that  James  II.  abdicated  his  throne  by 
deserting  it. 
Antonyms: 


adopt, 

defend. 

occupy, 

seek, 

advocate, 

favor. 

prosecute. 

support, 

assert, 

haunt. 

protect, 

undertake. 

cherish, 

hold, 

pursue, 

uphold, 

claim. 

keep. 

retain, 

vindicate. 

court, 

maintAip, 

ABASE. 

Synonyms : 

bring  low. 

depress. 

disbonor, 

lower. 

cast  down. 

discredit, 

humble. 

reduce, 

debase, 

disgrace, 

humiliate, 

sink. 

degrade. 

Abase  refers  only  to  outward  conditions.  "Exalt  him  that  is 
low,  and  abase  him  that  is  high."  Ezek.  xxi,  26.  Debase  applies 
to  quality  or  character.  The  coinage  is  debased  by  excess  of 
alloy,  the  man  by  vice.  Humble  in  present  use  refers  chiefly  to 
feeling  of  heart ;  humiliate  to  outward  conditions  ;  even  when 
one  is  said  to  humble  himself,  he  either  has  or  affects  to  have 
humility  of  heart.  To  disgrace  may  be  to  bring  or  inflict  odium 
upon  others,  but  the  word  is  chiefly  and  increasingly  applied  to 
such  moral  odium  as  one  by  his  own  acts  brings  upon  himself;  the 
noun  disgrace  retains  more  of  the  passive  sense  than  the  verb  ;  he 
disgraced  himself  by  his  conduct ;  he  brought  disgrace  upon  his 
family.  To  dishonor  a  person  is  to  deprive  him  of  honor  that 
should  or  might  be  given.  To  discredit  one  is  to  injure  his  rep- 
utation, as  for  veracity  or  solvency.  A  sense  of  un  worthiness 
humbles ;  a  shameful  insult  humiliates  ;  imprisonment  for  crime 
disgraces.  Degrade  may  refer  to  either  station  or  character. 
An  ofiicer  is  degraded  by  being  reduced  to  the  ranks,  disgraced 
by  cowardice ;  vile  practises  degrade ;  drunkenness  is  a  degrading 
vice.  Misfortune  or  injustice  may  abase  the  good ;  nothing  but 
their  own  ill=doing  can  debase  or  disgrace  them. 


Antonyms : 

advancCj 

aggrandize, 

dignify. 


elevate, 
exalt. 


honor, 
promote. 


raise, 
uplift. 


abasta. 
abate 


daunt, 
discompose, 
disconcert, 
dishearten. 


embarrass, 

humble, 

humiliate. 


mortify, 

overaw^e, 

shame. 


ABASH. 

Synonyms: 

bewilder, 
chagrin, 
confound, 
confuse. 

Any  sense  of  inferiority  abashes,  with  or  without  the  sense 

of  wrong.    The  poor  are  abashed  at  the  splendor  of  wealth,  the 

ignorant  at  the  learning  of  the  wnse.    "  I  might  have  been  abashed 

by  their  authority."    Gladstone  Homeric  Synchron,  p.  72.   [h. 

'76.]    To  confuse  is  to  bring  into  a  state  of  mental  bewilderment ; 

to  confound  is  to  overwhelm  the  mental  faculties  ;  to  daunt  is  to 

subject  to  a  certain  degree  of  fear.     Embarrass  is  a  strong  word, 

signifying  primarily  hamper,  hinder,  impede.     A  solitary  tliinker 

may  be  confused  by  some  difficulty  in  a  subject,  or  some  mental 

defect ;  one  is  embarrassed  in  the  presence  of  others,  and  because 

of  their  presence.     Confusion  is  of  the  intellect,  embarrassment 

of  the  feelings.     A  witness  may  be  embarrassed  by  annoying 

personalities,  so  as  to  become  confused  in  statements.    To  mortify 

a  person  is  to  bring  upon  him  a  painful  sense  of  humiliation, 

whether  because  of  his  own  or  another's  fault  or  failure.     A  pupil 

is  confused  by  a  perplexing  question,  a  general  confounded  by 

overwhelming  defeat.     A  hostess  is  discomposed  by  the  tardiness 

of  guests,  a  speaker  disconcerted  by  a  failure  of  memory.    The 

criminal  who  is  not  abashed  at  detection  may  be  daunted  by  the 

officer's  weapon.     Sudden  joy  may  bewilder,  but  will  not  abash. 

The  true  worshiper  is  humbled  rather  than  abashed  before  God. 

The  parent  is  mortified  by  the  child's  rudeness,  the  child  abashed 

at  the  parent's  reproof.    The  embarrassed  speaker  finds  it  difficult 

to  proceed.     The  mob  is  overawed  by  the  military,  the  hypocrite 

shamed  by  exposure.     "A  man  whom  no  denial,  no  scorn  could 

abash."    Fielding  Amelia  bk.  iii,  ch.  9,  p.  300.   [b.  &  s.  '71.] 

Compare  chagrin  ;  hinder. 

Antonyms: 

animate,  cheer,  encourage,  rally, 

buoy,  embolden,  inspirit,  uphold. 


Synonyms: 

decline, 

decrease, 

diminish. 


ABATE. 


ebb, 

lessen, 

low^er. 


mitigate, 
moderate, 


reduce, 
subside. 


The  storm,  the  fever,  the  pain  abates.     Interest  declines.     Mis- 
fortunes may  be  mitigated,  desires  moderated,   intense  anger 


abbreviation 
abet 


abated,  population  decreased,  taxes  reduced.  "We  abate  a  nui- 
Bance,  terminate  a  controversy,  suppress  a  rebellion.  See  al- 
leviate. 


Dtonyins: 

aggravate, 

enhance, 

foment, 

rage, 

amplify, 

enlarge. 

mcrease, 

raise. 

coDtinue, 

extend, 

magnify, 

revive. 

develop, 

Prepositions  : 

Abate  in  fury  ;  abated  by  law. 


ABBREVIATION. 

Synonyms : 

abridgment,      contraction. 

An  abbreviation  is  a  shortening  by  any  method ;  a  contraction 
is  a  reduction  of  size  by  the  drawing  together  of  the  parts.  A 
contraction  of  a  word  is  made  by  omitting  certain  letters  or 
syllables  and  bringing  together  the  first  and  last  letters  or  ele- 
ments ;  an  abbreviation  may  be  made  either  by  omitting  certain 
portions  from  the  interior  or  by  cutting  off  a  part ;  a  contraction 
is  an  abbreviation,  but  an  abbreviation  is  not  necessarily  a  con- 
traction ;  rec't  for  receipt,  mdse.  for  merchandise,  and  Dr.  for 
debtor  are  contractions ;  they  are  also  abbreviations ;  Am.  iat 
American  is  an  abbreviation,  but  not  a  contraction.  Abbrevia- 
tion and  contraction  are  used  of  words  and  phrases,  abridgment 
of  books,  paragraphs,  sentences,  etc.    Compare  abridgment. 


ABET. 


Synonyms : 

advocate,  countenance,  incite,  sanction, 

aid,  embolden,  instigate,  support, 

assist,  encourage,  promote,  uphold. 

Abet  and  instigate  are  now  used  almost  without  exception  in 
a  bad  sense  ;  one  may  incite  either  to  good  or  evil.  One  incites 
or  instigates  to  the  doing  of  something  not  yet  done,  or  to  in- 
creased activity  or  further  advance  in  the  doing  of  it ;  one  abets 
by  giving  sympathy,  countenance,  or  substantial  aid  to  the  doing 
of  that  which  is  already  projected  or  in  process  of  commission. 
Abet  and  instigate  apply  either  to  persons  or  actions,  incite  to 
persons  only  ;  one  incites  a  person  to  an  action.  A  clergyman 
will  advocate  the  claims  of  justice,  aid  the  poor,  encourage  the 


abhor 
abide 


despondent,  support  the  weak,  tiphold  the  constituted  authorities; 
but  he  will  not  incite  to  a  quarrel,  instigate  a  riot,  or  abet  a 
crime.  The  originator  of  a  crime  often  instigates  or  incites  others 
to  abet  him  in  it,  or  one  may  instigate  or  incite  others  to  a  crime 
in  the  commission  of  which  he  himself  takes  no  active  part. 
Compare  help. 


Antonyiii[>«: 

baffle, 
confound, 
counteract, 
denounce. 


deter, 

disapprove, 
disconcert, 
discourage. 


dissuade, 

expose, 

frustrate. 


hinder, 
impede, 
obstruct. 


ABHOR. 

Synonyms: 

abominate,        dislike,  loathe,  scorn, 

despise,  hate,  nauseate,  shun, 

detest. 

Abhor  is  stronger  than  despise,  implying  a  shuddering  recoil, 

especially  a  moral  recoil.     ' '  How  many  shitn  evil  as  inconvenient 

who  do  not"a6/ior  it  as  hateful."  Trench  Serm.  in  Westm.  Abbey 

xxvi,  297.     [M.]    Detest  expresses  indignation,  with  something  of 

contempt.     Loathe  implies  disgust,  physical  or  moral.    We  abhor 

a  traitor,  despise  a  coward,  detest  a  liar.     We  dislike  an  uncivil 

person,    We  abhor  cruelty,  hate  tyranny.     We  loathe  a  reptile 

or  a  flatterer.     We  abhor  Milton's  heroic  Satan,  but  we  can  not 

despise  him. 


Antonyms : 

admire. 

crave. 

esteem, 

love. 

approve. 

desire. 

lilie, 

relish. 

covet. 

enjoy. 

ABIDE. 

Synonyms: 

anticipate. 

dwell, 

remain, 

stop. 

await. 

endure. 

reside. 

tarry. 

bear, 

expect. 

rest. 

tolerate, 

bide. 

inhabit. 

sojourn. 

w^ait. 

confront, 

live. 

stay. 

watch. 

continue, 

lodge. 

To  abide  is  to  remain  continuously  without  limit  of  time 
unless  expressed  by  the  context :  ' '  to=day  I  must  abide  at  thy 
house,"  Luke  xix,  5 ;  "  a  settled  place  for  thee  to  abide  in  for- 
ever," 1  Kings  viii,  13  ;  "  Abide  with  me  !  fast  falls  the  eventide," 
Lyte  Hymn.  Lodge,  sojourn,  stay,  tarry,  and  uniit  always  imply 
a  limited  time ;   lodge,  to  pass  the  night ;   sojourn,   to  remain 


abolisli  6 

temporarily ;  live,  divell,  reside,  to  have  a  permanent  home. 
Stop,  in  the  sense  of  stay  or  sojourn,  is  colloquial,  and  not  in 
approved  use.     Compare  endure  ;  rest. 

Aiitonyniis : 

abandon,  forfeit,  migrate,  reject, 

avoid,  forfend,  move,  resist, 

depart,  journey,  proceed,  shun. 

Prepositions : 

Abide  in  a  place,  for  a  time,  with  a  person,  hy  a  statement. 

ABOLISH.  , 

Synonyms :  / 

\  abate,  eradicate,  proMbit,  •  stamp  out, 

A  abrogate,  exterminate',  remove,  subvert,    -^ 

\  annihilate,  extirpate,  repeal,  supplant, 

\  annul,  j  nullify,  reverse,  suppress, 

idestroy,  obliterate,  revoke,        /       terminate, 

end,  overthrow,  set  aside,  V 

Abolish,  to  do  away  with,  bring  absolutely  to  an  end,  especially 

as  something  hostile,  hindering,  or  harmful,  was  formerly  used  of 

persons  and  material  objects,    a  usage  now  obsolete  except  in 

poetry  or  highly  figurative    speech.      Abolish  is  now  used  of 

institutions,  customs,  and  conditions,  especially  those  wide=spread 

and  long  existing  ;  as,  to  abolish  slavery,  ignorance,  intemperance, 

poverty.     A  building  that  is  burned  to  the  groimd  is  said  to  be 

destroyed  by  fire.    Annihilate,  as  a  philosophical  term,  signifies 

to  put  absolutely  out  of  existence.     As  far  as  our  knowledge  goes, 

matter  is  never  annihilated,  but  only  changes  its  form.     Some 

believe  that  the  wicked  will  be  annihilated.     Abolish  is  not  said 

of  laws.     There  we  use  rejjeal,  abrogate,  nullify,  etc.:  re/JeaZ  by 

the  enacting  body,  nidlify  by  revolutionary  proceedings  ;  a  later 

statute  abrogates,  without  formally  repealing,  any  earlier  law 

with  which  it  conflicts.     An  appellate  court  may  reverse  or  set 

aside  the  decision  of  an  inferior  court.     Overthroiv  may  be  used 

in  either  a  good  or  a  bad  sense  ;  suppress  is  commonly  in  a  good, 

subvert  always  in  a  bad  sense  ;    as,   to  subvert  our  liberties ; 

to  siqipress  a  rebellion.     The  law  prohibits  what  may  never 

have  existed  ;   it   abolishes  an  existing  evil.     We   abate  a  nui- 

•sy.    Compare  cancel  ;   demolish  ; 


sance,    terminate 

a  conti 

EXTERMINATE. 

Antonyms  : 

authorize. 

establish. 

cherish. 

institute. 

contlrm. 

introduce, 

continue. 

legalize. 

enact, 

promote, 

reinstate, 

revive. 

renew, 

set  up, 

repair, 

support. 

restore. 

sustain. 

abomination 
abridgment 


ABOMIjVATIOX. 


curse, 

detestation, 

disgust, 

evil, 

execration. 


hatred, 

horror, 

iniquity, 

nuisance, 

offense. 


plague, 
shame, 
villainy, 
■wickedness. 


Synonyms : 

abhorrence, 

abuse, 

annoyance, 

aversion, 

crime, 

Ahommaiion  (from  the  L.  ah  omen,  a  thing  of  ill  omen)  was 
originally  applied  to  anything  held  in  religious  or  ceremonial 
aversion  or  ahliorrence ;  as,  "The  things  which  are  highly 
esteemed  among  men  are  abomination  in  the  sight  of  God." 
Luke  xvi,  15.  The  word  is  oftener  applied  to  the  object  of  such 
aversion  or  ahliorrence  than  to  the  state  of  mind  that  so  regards 
it ;  in  common  use  ahomination  signifies  something  very  much 
disliked  or  loathed,  or  that  deserves  to  be.  Choice  food  may  be 
an  object  of  aversion  and  disgust  to  a  sick  person ;  vile  food 
would  be  an  ahomination.  A  toad  is  to  many  an  object  of 
disgust ;  a  foul  sewer  is  an  abomination.  As  applied  to  crimes, 
ahomhiation  is  used  of  such  as  are  especially  brutal,  shameful,  or 
revolting  ;  theft  is  an  offense  ;  infanticide  is  an  abomination. 

Antonyms : 

afEection, 
appreciation, 
approval, 
benefit, 


blessing, 

delight, 

desire, 


enjoyment, 

esteem, 
gratification, 


joy, 

satisfaction, 

treat. 


ABRIDGMENT. 

Synonyms : 

abbreviation,    compend,  epitome,  summary, 

abstract,  compendium,    outline,  synopsis, 

analysis,  digest, 

An  abridgment  gives  the  most  important  portions  of  a  work 
substantially  as  they  stand.  An  outline  or  synopsis  is  a  kind  of 
sketch  closely  following  the  plan.  An  abstract  or  digest  is  an 
independent  statement  of  what  the  book  contains.  An  analysis 
draws  out  the  chief  thoughts  or  arguments,  whether  expressed  or 
implied.  A  summary  is  the  most  condensed  statement  of  results 
or  conclusions.  An  epitome,  compend,  or  compendium  is  a  con- 
densed view  of  a  subject,  whether  derived  from  a  previous  publi- 
cation or  not.  We  may  have  an  abridgment  of  a  dictionary,  but 
not  an  analysis,  abstract,  digest,  or  summary.  We  may  have  an 
epitome  of  religion,  a  compendium  of  English  literature,  but  not 
an  abridgment.    Compare  abbreviation. 


absolute  " 

ABSOJUJTE. 

Synonyms:  / 

arbitrary,  compulsory,  haughty,       /  peremptory, 

arrogant,  controlling,  imperative,'  positive, 

authoritative,  despotic,.  imperious,  supreme, v-^ 

.autocratic,  dictatorial,  irresponsible,  tyrannical, 

coercive,  dogmatic,^  lordly,v  unconditional, 

commanding,  .domineering,  overbearing,  unequivocal, 

compulsive,  exacting, 

111  the  sti-ict  sense,  absolute,  free  from  all  limitation  or  control, 
and  supreme,  superior  to  all,  can  not  properly  be  said  of  any  being 
except  the  divine.  Both  words  are  used,  however,  in  a  modified 
sense,  of  human  authorities  ;  absolute  then  signifying  free  from 
limitation  by  other  authority,  and  supreme  exalted  over  all  other  ; 
as,  an  absolute  monarch,  the  supreme  court.  Absolute,  in  this 
use,  does  not  necessarily  carry  any  unfavorable  sense,  but  as  abso- 
lute power  in  human  hands  is  always  abused,  the  unfavorable 
meaning  predominates.  Autocratic  power  knows  no  limits  out- 
side the  ruler's  self  ;  arbitrary  power,  none  outside  the  ruler's  will 
or  judgment,  arbitrary  carrying  the  implication  of  wilfulness 
and  capriciousness.  Despotic  is  commonly  applied  to  a  master- 
ful or  severe  use  of  power,  which  is  expressed  more  decidedly  by 
tyrannical.  Arbitrary  may  be  used  in  a  good  sense  ;  as,  the  pro- 
nunciation of  proper  names  is  arbitrary;  but  the  bad  sense  is 
the  prevailing  one ;  as,  an  arbitrary  proceeding.  Irresponsible 
power  is  not  necessarily  bad,  but  eminently  dangerous ;  an  execu- 
tor or  trustee  should  not  be  irresponsible ;  an  irresponsible  ruler 
is  likely  to  be  tyrannical.  A  perfect  ruler  might  be  irresponsible 
and  not  tyrannical.  Authoritative  is  used  always  in  a  good 
sense,  implying  the  right  to  claim  authority;  imperative,  per- 
emp)tory,  and.  positive  are  used  ordinarily  in  the  good  sense;  as,  an 
authoritative  definition  ;  an  imperative  demand  ;  a  peremptory 
command  ;  positive  insti'uctions  ;  imp)erious  signifies  assuming 
and  determined  to  command,  rigorously  requiring  obedience.  An 
imperious  demand  or  requirement  may  have  in  it  nothing  offen- 
sive ;  it  is  simply  one  that  resolutely  insists  upon  compliance,  and 
will  not  brook  refusal ;  an  arrogant  demand  is  offensive  by  its 
tone  of  superiority,  an  arbitrary  demand  by  its  unreasonableness; 
an  imperious  disposition  is  liable  to  become  arbitrary  and  arro- 
gant. A  person  of  an  independent  spirit  is  inclined  to  resent  an 
imperious  manner  in  any  one,  especially  in  one  whose  superiority 
is  not  clearly  recognized.     Commanding  is  always  used  in  a  good 


ab!i>olve 
abi^orb 


sense  ;  as,  a  commanding  appearance  ;  a  commanding  eminence. 

Compare  dogmatic  ;  infinite  ;  perfect. 

Antonyms: 

accountable,       constitutional,    gentle,  lowly,  responsible, 

complaisant,       contingent,         humble,  meek,  submissive, 

compliant,  doci)e,  lenient,  mild,  yielding, 

conditional,        ductile,  limited, 


ABSOLVE. 

Synonyni!!) : 

acciuit,  exculpate,  forgive,  pardon, 

clear,  exempt,  free,  release, 

discharge,  exonerate,  liberate,  set  free. 

To  absolve,  in  the  strict  sense,  is  to  set  free  from  any  bond.  One 
may  be  absolved  from  a  promise  by  a  breacli  of  faitli  on  the  part 
of  one  to  whom  the  promise  was  made.  To  absolve  from  sins  is 
formally  to  remit  their  condemnation  and  penalty,  regarded  as  a 
bond  vipon  the  soul.  "Almighty  God  .  .  .  pnrdonetlimid.  ahsolv- 
eth  all  those  who  truly  repent,  and  unfeignedly  believe  his  holy 
Gospel."  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  Declar.  of  Absol.  To  acquit 
of  sin  or  crime  is  to  free  from  the  accusation  of  it,  pronouncing 
one  guiltless  ;  the  innocent  are  rightfully  acquitted;  the  guilty 
may  be  mercifully  absolved.  Compare  pardon. 
Antonyms: 

accuse,  charge,  condemn,  impeach,  obligate, 

bind,  compel,  convict,  inculpate,  oblige. 

Preposition  : 

One  is  absolved  from  (rarely  of)  a  promise,  a  sin,  etc. 

ABSORB. 

Synonyms: 

j  consume,  engross,  suck  up,  take  in, 

~^  drink  in,  exhaust,  sw^allow,  take  up. 

i     drink  up,  •  imbitoe,  swallow^  up, 

A  fluid  that  is  absorbed  is  taken  np  into  the  mass  of  the  absorb- 
ing body,  with  which  it  may  or  may  not  permanently  combine. 
Wood  expands  when  it  absorbs  moisture,  iron  when  it  absorbs 
heat,  the  substance  remaining  perhaps  otherwise  substantially 
unchanged ;  quicklime,  when  it  absorbs  water,  becomes  a  new 
substance  with  different  qualities,  hydrated  or  slaked  lime.  A 
substance  is  consumed  which  is  destructively  appropriated  by 
some  other  substance,  being,  or  agency,  so  that  it  ceases  to  exist  or 
to  be  recognized  as  existing  in  its  original  condition  ;  fuel  is  con- 
sumed in  the  fire,  food  in  the  body ;  consume  is  also  applied  to 
whatever  is  removed  from  the  market  for  individual  use  ;  as,  silk 
and  woolen  goods  are  consumed.  A  great  talker  engrosses  the 
conversation.    A  credulous  person  swalloivs  the  most  pi'eposterous 


abstinence 

abstract  10 


statement.     A  busy  student  imbibes  or  drinks  in  knowledge  ;  he 

is  absorbed  in  a  subject  that  takes  his  whole  attention.     "  I  only 

postijoned  it  becavise  I  happened  to  get  absorbed  in  a  book."  Kane 

Grinnell  Exped.  ch.  43,  page  403.    [h.  '54.] 

Antonyms : 

cast  out,  dissipate,  emit,  put  forth,  shoot  forth, 

disgorge,  distract,  exude,  radiate,  throw  off, 

disperse,  eject,  give  up,  send  out,  vomit. 

Prepositions : 

Plants  absorb  moisture /rowi  the  air;  the  student  is  absorbed  in 

thought ;  nutriment  may  be  absorbed  iiito  the  system  through  the 

skin. 

ABSTIEfEMCE. 
Synonyms  : 

abstemiousness,  frugality,  self:clenial,  sobriety, 

continence,  moderation,       self=restraint,    temperance, 

fasting,  self=control, 

Abstinence  from  food  commonly  signifies  going  without;  ab- 
stemiousness, partaking  moderately;  abstinence  may  be  for  a  sin- 
gle occasion,  abstemiousiiess  is  habitual  moderation.  Self-denial 
is  giving  up  what  one  wishes;  abstinence  may  be  refraining  from 
what  one  does  not  desire.  Fasting  is  abstinence  from  food  for  a 
limited  time,  and  generally  for  religious  reasons.  Sobriety  and 
temj)erance  signify  maintaining  a  quiet,  even  temper  by  moderate 
indulgence  in  some  things,  complete  abstinence  from  others.  We 
speak  of  temx)erance  in  eating,  but  of  abstinence  from  vice.  Total 
abstinence  has  come  to  signify  the  entire  abstaining  from  intoxi- 
cating liquors. 
Antoityms  : 

drunkenness,  greed,  reveling,  sensuality, 

excess,  intemperance,  revelry,  wantonness, 

gluttony,  intoxication,  self-indulgence. 

Preposition  : 

The  negative  side  of  virtue  is  abstinence  from  vice. 

ABSTRACT,  v. 
Synonyms  : 

appropriate,      distract,  purloin,  steal, 

detach,  divert,  remove,  take  away, 

discriminate,    eliminate,  separate,  withdraw, 

distinguish, 

The  central  idea  of  withdraioing  makes  abstract  in  common 
speech  a  euphemism  for  appropriate  (unlawfully),  purloin,  steal. 
In  mental  processes  we  discriminate  between  objects  by  distin- 
guishing their  differences;  we  sep>arate  some  one  element  from 
all  that  does  not  necessarily  belong  to  it,  abstract  it,  and  view  it 
alone.     We  may  separate  two  ideas,  and  hold  both  in  mind  in 


**  absurd 

comparison  or  contrast;  but  when  we  abstract  one  of  them,  we 
drop  the  other  out  of  thought.  The  mind  is  abstracted  when  it  is 
withdraion  from  all  other  subjects  and  concentrated  upon  one, 
diverted  when  it  is  drawn  away  from  what  it  would  or  should  at- 
tend to  by  some  other  interest,  distracted  when  the  attention  is 
divided  among  different  subjects,  so  that  it  can  not  be  given 
properly  to  any.  The  trouble  with  the  distracted  person  is  that 
he  is  not  abstracted.  Compare  discern. 
Antoiiyms : 

add,  complete,  fill  up,  restore,  unite. 

combine,  conjoin,  increase,  strengttien, 

Prepositions : 

The  purse  may  be  abstracted  from  the  pocket ;  the  substance 
from  the  accidents  ;  a  book  into  a  compend. 


ABSTRACTED. 

Synonyms : 

absent,  heedless,  listless,  preoccupied, 

absent-minded,  inattentive,       negligent,       thoughtless, 
absorbed,  indifferent,        oblivious, 

As  regards  mental  action,  absorbed,  abstracted,  and  preoccu- 
pied refer  to  the  cause,  absent  or  absent-minded  to  the  effect. 
The  man  absorbed  in  one  thing  will  appear  absent  in  others.  A 
preoccupied  person  may  seem  listless  and  thoughtless,  but  the 
really  listless  and  thoughtless  have  not  mental  energy  to  be  jjre- 
occupied.  The  absent-minded  man  is  oblivious  of  ordinary  mat- 
ters, because  his  thoughts  are  elsewhere.  One  who  is  preoccupied 
is  intensely  busy  in  thought;  one  may  be  absent-minded  either 
through  intense  concentration  or  simply  through  inattention,  with 
fitful  and  aimless  wandering  of  thought.  Compare  abstract. 
Antonyms : 

alert,  on  liand,  ready,  wide=a\vake. 

attentive,  prompt,  thoughtful, 


ABSURD. 

Synonyms :  y- 

anomalous,  ill-considered,  ludicrous,  ridiculous,  "^ 

chimerical,  ill=judged,  mistaken,  senseless,  ; 

erroneous,  inconclusive,  monstrous,  stupid,  - 

false.  incorrect,  nonsensical,      unreasonable, 

'  foolish,  infatuated,  paradoxical,       w^ild. 

ill-advised,  irrational,  preposterous,  • 

That  is  absurd  which  is  contrary  to  the  iirst  principles  of  rea- 
soning ;  as,  that  a  part  should  be  greater  than  the  whole  is  absurd. 
A  paradoxical  statement  appears  at  first  thovight  contradictory 
or  absurd,  while  it  may  be  really  ti-ue.     Anything  is  irrational 


abuse 


12 


when  clearly  contrary  to  sound  reason,  foolish  when  contrary  to 
practical  good  sense,  silly  when  petty  and  contemptible  in  its  folly, 
erroneous  when  containing  error  that  vitiates  the  result,  unrea- 
sonable when  there  seems  a  perverse  bias  or  an  intent  to  go  wrong. 
Monstrous  and  preposteroiis  refer  to  what  is  overwhelmingly 
absurd;  as,  '■'O  monstrous !  eleven  buckram  men  gi'own  out  of 
two,"  Shaxespeaee  1  King  Henry  IV,  act  ii,  sc.  4.  The  ridicu- 
lous or  the  nonsensical  is  worthy  only  to  be  laughed  at.  The 
lunatic's  claim  to  be  a  king  is  ridicidous ;  the  Mother  Goose 
rimes  are  tionsensical.    Compare  incongruous. 


Antonyms: 

certain, 

incontrovertible,         rational. 

substantial. 

consistent, 

indisputable,               reasonable, 

true. 

demonstrable, 

indiibitaljle,                 sagacious. 

undeniable. 

demonstrated. 

infallible,                     sensible. 

unquestionable. 

established, 

logical,                         sound. 

wise. 

incontestable, 

ABUSE. 

Synonyms: 

aggrieve. 

impose  on  or        oppress. 

ruin. 

damage, 

upon,                   persecute. 

slander, 

defame, 

injure,                    pervert. 

victimize, 

defile. 

malign.                  prostitute. 

vilify. 

disparage. 

maltreat,               rail  at, 

violate. 

barm. 

misemploy,           ravish, 

vituperate. 

iU=treat, 

misuse,                   reproach. 

wrong. 

ill-use. 

molest,                   revile. 

Abuse  covers  all  unreasonable  or  improper  use  or  treatment  by 
word  or  act.  A  tenant  does  not  abuse  rented  property  by  ' '  rea- 
sonable wear,"  though  that  may  damage  the  property  and  injure 
its  sale ;  he  may  abuse  it  by  needless  defacement  or  neglect.  It  is 
possible  to  abuse  a  man  without  harming  him,  as  when  the  crim- 
inal vituperates  the  judge  ;  or  to  harm  a  man  without  abusing 
him,  as  when  the  witness  tells  the  truth  about  the  criminal.  De- 
fame, malign,  rail  at,  revile,  slander,  vilify,  and  vitup)erate  are 
used  always  in  a  bad  sense.  One  may  be  justly  reproached.  To 
impose  on  or  to  victimize  one  is  to  injure  him  by  abusing  his  con- 
fidence. To  persecute  one  is  to  ilUtreat  him  for  opinion's  sake, 
commonly  for  religious  behef  ;  to  oj^press  is  generally  for  political 
or  pecuniary  motives.  "  Thou  shalt  not  oppress  an  hired  servant 
that  is  poor  and  needy,"  Deid.  xxiv,  14.  Misemp)loy,  misuse, 
and  pervert  are  commonly  applied  to  objects  rather  than  to  per- 
sons.    A  dissolute  youth  misemploys  his  time,  misuses  his  money 


13  accessory 

and  opportunities,    harms  his  associates,  perverts    his    talents, 
wrongs  his  parents,  ruins  himself,  abuses  every  good  gift  of  God. 

Antonyms : 

applaud,  conserve,  favor,  protect,  sustain, 

benefit,  consider,  laud,  regard,  tend, 

care  for,  euloRize,  panegjTize,  lespect,  uphold, 

cherisli,  extol,  praise,  shield,  vmdicate. 


ACCESSORY. 

Synonyms: 

abetter  oi  abettor,     associate,      companion,  hencliman, 

accomplice.  attendant,    confederate,  participator, 

ally.  coadjutor,     follower,  partner, 

assistant,  colleague,    lielper,  retainer. 

Colleague  is  used  always  in  a  good  sense,  associate  and  coadju- 
tor generally  so;  ally,  assistant,  associate,  attendant,  companion, 
helper,  either  in  a  good  or  a  bad  sense;  abetter,  accessory,  accom- 
plice, confederate,  almost  always  in  a  bad  sense.  Ally  is  often- 
est  used  of  national  and  military  matters,  or  of  some  other  con- 
nection regarded  as  great  and  important;  as,  allies  of  despotism. 
Colleague  is  applied  to  civil  and  ecclesiastical  connections;  mem- 
bers of  Congress  from  the  same  State  are  colleagues,  even  though 
they  may  be  bitter  opi^onents  politically  and  personally.  An  As- 
sociate Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  is  near  in  rank  to  the  Chief 
Justice.  A  surgeon's  assistant  is  a  physician  or  medical  student 
who  shares  in  the  treatment  and  care  of  patients;  a  surgeon's  at- 
tendant  is  one  who  rolls  bandages  and  the  like.  Folloioer,  hench- 
7nan,  retainer  are  persons  especially  devoted  to  a  chief,  and  gen- 
erally bound  to  him  by  necessity,  fee,  or  reward.  Partner  has 
come  to  denote  almost  exclusively  a  business  connection.  In  law, 
an  abettor  (the  general  legal  spelling)  is  always  present,  either 
actively  or  constructively,  at  the  commission  of  the  crime;  an  ac- 
cessory never.  An  accomplice  is  usually  a  principal;  an  accessory 
never.  If  present,  though  only  to  stand  outside  and  keep  watch 
against  surprise,  one  is  an  abettor,  and  not  an  accessory.  At 
common  law,  an  accessory  implies  a  principal,  and  can  not  be 
convicted  until  after  the  conviction  of  the  principal;  the  accom- 
^tlice  or  abettor  can  be  convicted  as  a  principal.  Accomplice  and 
abettor  have  nearly  the  same  meaning,  but  the  former  is  the  pop- 
ular, the  latter  more  distinctively  the  legal  term.  Compare  ap- 
pendage; AUXILIARY. 
Antonyms: 

adversary,  chief,  foe,  leader,  principal, 

antagonist,  commander,       hinderer,  opponent,  rival, 

betrayer,  enemy,  instigator,  opposer, 


accident 


14 


Prepositions: 

An  accessory  to  the  crime;  before  or  after  the  fact;  the  acces- 
sories of  a  figure  in  a  painting. 


ACCIDEXT. 


contingency, 
disaster, 
fortuity, 
hap, 


\  happening, 
hazard. 


misfortune, 
mishap,  - 

incident,  possibility. 

misadventure , 


Synonyms : 

adventure, 
calamity, 
casualty, 
\chance, 

An  accident  is  that  wliich  happens  without  any  one's  direct  in- 
tention; a  chance  tliat  which  happens  witliout  any  known  cause. 
If  the  direct  cause  of  a  railroad  accident  is  known,  we  can  not 
call  it  a  chance.  To  the  theist  there  is,  in  strictness,  no  chance, 
all  things  being  by  divine  causation  and  control;  but  chance  is 
spoken  of  where  no  special  cause  is  manifest:  "By  chance  there 
came  down  a  certain  priest  that  way,"  Luke  x,  31.  We  can  speak 
of  a  game  of  chance,  but  not  of  a  game  of  accident.  An  incident 
is  viewed  as  occurring  in  the  regular  course  of  things,  but  subordi- 
nate to  the  main  purpose,  or  aside  from  the  main  design.  Fortune 
is  the  result  of  inscrutable  controlling  forces.  Fortune  and 
chance  are  nearly  equivalent,  but  cJiance  can  be  used  of  human 
effort  and  endeavor  as  fortune  can  not  be;  we  say  "he  has  a 
chance  of  success,"  or  "there  is  one  chance  in  a  thousand,"  where 
we  could  not  substitute  fortune;  as  personified,  Fortune  is  re- 
garded as  having  a  fitful  purpose,  Chance  as  purposeless;  we 
speak  of  fickle  Fortune,  blind  Chance;  "Fortune  favors  the 
brave."  The  slaughter  of  men  is  an  incident  of  battle;  unexpected 
defeat,  the  fortune  of  war.  Since  the  unintended  is  often  the  un- 
desirable, accident  tends  to  signify  some  calamity  or  disaster,  un- 
less the  contrary  is  expressed,  as  when  we  say  a  fortunate  or 
happy  accident.  An  adventure  is  that  which  may  turn  out  ill,  a 
misadventure  that  which  does  turn  out  ill.  A  slight  disturbing 
accident  is  a  mishap.    Compare  event;  hazard. 


Antonyms: 

appointment, 

calculation, 

certainty, 


decree,  intention, 

fate,  law, 

foreordination,    necessity, 


ordainment,       preparation, 
ordinance,  provision, 

plan,  purpose. 


Prepositions: 

The  accident  o/ birth;  an  accident  to  the  machinery. 


15 


acquaintance 
acrimony 


ACQUAINT  AXCE. 

Synunyni!« :  /  . 

association,  experience,       fellowship,       intimacy,      / 

companionship,     familiarity,       friendship,        knowledge. 

Acquaintance  between  persons  supposes  that  each  knows  the 
other;  we  may  know  a  pvibHc  man  by  his  writings  or  speeches, 
and  by  sight,  but  can  not  claim  acquaintance  unless  he  personally 
knows  us.  There  may  be  pleasant  acquaintance  with  little  coni- 
panio7iship ;  and  conversely,  much  companionsliip  with  little 
acquaintance,  as  between  busy  clerks  at  adjoining  desks.  So 
there  may  be  association  in  business  without  hitimacy  or  friend- 
ship. Acquaintance  admits  of  many  degi-ees,  from  a  slight  or 
passing  to  a  familiar  or  intimate  acquaintance;  but  acquaintance 
unmodified  commonly  signifies  less  than  familiarity  or  intimacy. 
As  regards  persons,  familiarity  is  becoming  restricted  to  the  un- 
desirable sense,  as  in  the  proverb,  '•Familiarity  breeds  con- 
tempt ;"  hence,  in  personal  relations,  the  word  intimacy,  which 
refers  to  mutual  knowledge  of  thought  and  feeling,  is  now  uni- 
formly preferred.  Friendship  includes  acquaintance  with  some 
degree  of  intimacy,  and  ordinarily  companionship,  though  in  a 
wider  sense  friendship  may  exist  between  those  who  have  never 
met,  but  know  each  other  only  by  word  and  deed.  Acquaintance 
does  not  involve  friendship,  for  one  may  be  well  acquainted  with 
an  enemy.  Felloivship  involves  not  merely  acquaintance  and 
companionship,  but  sympathy  as  well.  There  may  be  much 
friendship  without  much  felloioship,  as  between  those  whose 
homes  or  pursuits  are  far  apart.  There  may  be  pleasant  felloio- 
ship which  does  not  reach  the  fulness  of  friendship.  Compare 
ATTACHMENT ;  FRIENDSHIP ;  LOVE.  As  regards  studies,  pursuits, 
etc.,  acquaintance  is  less  than  familiarity,  which  supposes  minute 
knoivledge  of  particulars,  arising  often  from  long  experience  or 
association. 
Antonyms : 

ignorance,  ignoring,  inexperience,  unfamiliarity. 

Prepositions : 

Acquaintance  loith   a  subject;  of  one  person  with  another; 
betiveen  persons. 

ACRIMONY. 

Synonyms: 

acerbity,  harshness,  severity,  tartness, 

asperity,  malignity,  sharpness,       unkindness, 

hitterness,       moi'oseness,        sourness,  virulence, 

causticity. 


act 


16 


Acerbity  is  a  sharpness,  with  a  touch  of  bitterness,  which  may 
arise  from  momentary  annoyance  or  habitual  imj^atience;  asper- 
ity is  keener  and  more  pronounced,  denoting  distinct  irritation  or 
vexation;  in  speech  asperity  is  often  manifested  by  the  tone  of 
voice  rather  than  by  the  words  that  are  spoken.  Acrimony  in 
speech  or  temper  is  Uke  a  corrosive  acid;  it  springs  from  settled 
character  or  deeply  rooted  feeling  of  aversion  or  unkindness.  One 
might  speak  with  momentary  asperity  to  his  child,  but  not  with 
acrimony,  unless  estrangement  had  begun.  Malignity  is  the  ex- 
treme of  settled  ill  intent;  virulence  is  an  envenomed  hostility. 
Virulence  of  speech  is  a  quaUty  in  language  that  makes  the  lan- 
guage seem  as  if  exuding  poison.  Vindenceis  outspoken;  malig- 
nity may  be  covered  with  smooth  and  courteous  phrase.  "We  say 
intense  virulence,  deep  malignity.  Severity  is  always  painful, 
and  may  be  terrible,  but  can-ies  ordinarily  the  implication,  true  or 
false,  of  justice.  Compare  anger;  bitter;  enmity. 
Antonyms: 

amiability,  gentleness,  kindness,  smoothness, 

courtesy,  goo  I  nature,  mildness,  sweetness. 


ACT,  n. 
Synonyms : 

accomplishment,  execution,  movement, 

achievement,  exercise.  operation, 

action.  exertion,  performance, 

consummation,  exploit,  proceeding, 

deed,  feat,  transaction, 

doing,  motion,  w^ork. 
e£fect. 

An  act  is  strictly  and  originally  something  accomplished  by  an 
exercise  of  power,  in  which  sense  it  is  synonymous  with  deed  or 
effect.  Action  is  a  doing.  Act  is  therefore  single,  individual, 
momentary;  action  a  complex  of  acts,  or  a  process,  state,  or  habit 
of  exerting  power.  We  say  a  virtuous  act,  but  rather  a  virtuous 
course  of  action.  We  speak  of  the  action  of  an  acid  upon  a 
metal,  not  of  its  act.  Act  is  used,  also,  for  the  simple  exertion  of 
power;  as,  an  act  of  will.  In  this  sense  an  act  does  not  necessa- 
rily imply  an  external  effect,  while  an  action  does.  Morally,  the 
act  of  murder  is  in  the  determination  to  kill;  legally,  the  act  is 
not  complete  without  the  striking  of  the  fatal  blow.  Act  and 
deed  are  both  used  for  the  thing  done,  but  act  refers  to  the  power 
put  forth,  deed  to  the  result  accomplished;  as,  a  voluntary  act,  a 
bad  deed.  In  connection  with  other  words  act  is  more  usually 
qualified  by  the  use  of  another  noun,  action  by  an  adjective  pre- 
ceding; we  may  say  a  kind  act,  though  oftener  an  act  of  kindness, 


ir 


active 


but  only  a  kind  action,  not  an  action  of  kindness.  As  between 
act  and  deed,  deed  is  commonly  used  of  great,  notable,  and  im- 
pressive acts,  as  are  acliievement,  exploit,  and  feat. 

Festus:  We  li\'e  in  deeds,  not  years;  in  thoughts,  not  breaths. 

Bailey  Festvs,  A  Country  Toivn,  ec.  7. 

A  feat  exhibits  strength,  skill,  personal  power,  whether  mental  or 
physical,  especially  the  latter;  as,  a  feat  of  arms,  a  feat  of  mem- 
ory. An  ex^Jloit  is  a  conspicuous  or  glorious  deed,  involving  valor 
or  heroism,  usually  combined  with  strength,  skill,  loftiness  of 
thought,  and  readiness  of  resource;  an  achievement  is  the  doing 
of  something  great  and  noteworthy;  an  exploit  is  brilliant,  but  its 
effect  may  be  transient;  an  acliievement  is  solid,  and  its  effect 
enduring.  Act  and  action  are  both  in  contrast  to  all  that  is  merely 
passive  and  receptive.  The  intensest  action  is  easier  than  passive 
endurance. 
Antonyius : 

cessation,  immobility,        inertia,  quiet,  eufftriag, 

deliberation,       inaction,  passion,*  repose,  suspension, 

endurance,  inactivity,  quiescence,         rest, 

*  In  philosophic  sense. 


energetic, 

expeditious, 

industrious, 

lively, 

mobile, 

nimble, 


oflficious, 
prompt, 
quick,  ^^' 
ready, 
restless. 


sprightly, 

spry, 

supple,  , 

vigorous,  y 

wide  awake. 


ACTIVE. 

Synonyms : 

agile, 

alert, 

brisk, 

bustling, 

busy, 

diligent. 

Active  refers  to  both  quickness  and  constancy  of  action;  in  the 
former  sense  it  is  allied  with  agile,  alert,  brisk,  etc. ;  in  the  latter, 
with  busy,  diligent,  industrious.  The  active  love  employment, 
the  busij  are  actually  employed,  the  diligent  and  the  industrious 
are  habitually  bnsij.  The  j^estless  are  active  from  inabiUty  to  keep 
quiet;  their  activity  may  be  without  purpose,  or  out  of  all  propor- 
tion to  the  pvirpose  contemplated.  The  officious  are  undesirably 
active  in  the  affairs  of  others.  Compare  alert;  alive;  meddle- 
some. 
Antonyms: 

dull,  inactive,  lazy,  slow, 

heavy,  indolent,  quiescent,  sluggish, 

idle,  inert,  quiet,  stupid. 

Prepositions : 

Active  in  work,  in  a  cause;  for  an  object,  as  for  justice;  ivith 
persons  or  instrumentahties;  about  something,  as  about  other 
people's  business. 


acumen  _  „ 

add  1§ 


ACUMEX. 
Synonyms: 

acuteness,  insight,  perspicacity,    sharpness, 

cleverness,         keenness,         sagacity,  shrewdness, 

discernment,     penetration, 

Slutrp7iess,  acuteness,  and  insiglit,  however 'keen,  and xfejietra- 
tion,  however  deep,  fall  short  of  the  meaning  of  acumen,  wliich 
implies  also  ability  to  use  these  qualities  to  advantage.  There  are 
persons  of  keen  insight  and  great  penetration  to  whom  these 
powei's  are  practically  useless.  Ac^mien  is  sharp7iess  to  some 
purpose,  and  belongs  to  a  mind  that  is  comprehensive  as  well  as 
keen.  Cleverness  is  a  practical  aptitude  for  study  or  learning. 
Insight  and  discernment  are  applied  oftenest  to  the  judgment  of 
character;  penetration  and  perspicacity  to  other  subjects  of 
knowledge.  Sagacity  is  an  uncultured  skill  in  using  quick  per- 
ceptions for  a  desired  end,  generally  in  practical  affairs;  acumen 
may  increase  with  study,  and  applies  to  the  most  erudite  matters. 
Shreivdness  is  keenness  or  sagacity,  often  with  a  somewhat  evil 
bias,  as  ready  to  take  advantage  of  duller  intellects.  Perspicacity 
is  the  power  to  see  clearly  tlu-ough  that  which  is  difficult  or  in- 
volved. We  speak  of  the  acuteness  of  an  observer  or  a  reasoner, 
the  insight  and  discernment  of  a  student,  a  clergyman,  or  a  mer- 
chant, the  sagacity  of  a  hound,  the  keenness  of  a  debater,  the 
shreivdness  of  a  usurer,  the  penetration,  perspicacity,  and  acu- 
men of  a  philosopher. 
Antonyms: 

bluntness,  dulness,  obtuseness,  stupidity. 


ADD. 

Synonyms : 

adjoin,         stnnex,        augment,      extend,        make  up, 
affix,  append,      cast  up,  increase,    subjoin, 

amplify,      attach,       enlarge,        join  on,        sum  up. 

To  add  is  to  increase  by  adjoining  or  uniting:  in  distinction 
from  multiply,  which  is  to  increase  by  repeating.  To  augment  a 
thing  is  to  increase  it  by  any  means,  but  this  word  is  seldom  used 
directly  of  material  objects;  we  do  not  augment  a  house,  a  farm, 
a  nation,  etc.  We  may  enlarge  a  house,  a  farm,  or  an  empire, 
extend  influence  or  dominion,  augment  riches,  power  or  influ- 
ence, attach  or  annex  a  building  to  one  that  it  adjoins  or  papers 
to  the  document  they  refer  to,  annex  a  clause  or  a  codicil,  ajfix  a 
seal  or  a  signature,  annex  a  territory,  attach  a  condition  to  a  prom- 
ise.    A  speaker  may  amplify  a  discourse  by  a  fuller  treatment 


^  addicted 

1"  address,  v. 

throughout  than  was  originally  planned,  or  he  may  append  or 
subjoin  certain  remarks  without  cliange  of  what  has  gone  before. 
We  cast  up  or  sum  up  an  account,  though  add  up  and  make  up 
are  now  more  usual  expressions. 

;Viitouyins  : 

abstract,  dimmish,  lessen,  remove,  withdraw, 

deduct,  dissever,  reduce,  subtract, 

Preposition: 

Other  items  are  to  be  added  to  the  account. 


ADDICTED. 

S)  nonyms: 

abandoned.         devoted,  given  over,         inclined, 

accustomed,       disposed,  given  up,  prone, 

attached,  given,  habituated,         wedded. 

One  is  addicted  to  that  which  he  has  allowed  to  gain  a  strong, 

habitual,  and  enduring  hold  upon  action,  inclination,  or  involuntary 

tendency,  as  to  a  habit  or  indulgence.     A  man  may  be  accustomed 

to  labor,  attached  to  his  profession,  devoted  to  his  religion,  given 

to  study  or  to  gluttony  (in  the  bad  sense,  given  over,  or  given  up, 

is  a  stronger  and  more  hopeless  expression,  as  is  abandoned).     One 

inclined  to  luxury  may  become  habituated  .to  poverty.     One  is 

ivedded  to  that  which  has  become  a  second  nature ;  as,  one  is 

ivedded  to  science  or  to  art.     ProJie  is  used  only  in  a  bad  sense, 

and  generally  of  natural  tendencies  ;  as,  our  hearts  are  prone  to 

evil.     Abandoned  tells  of  the  acquired  viciousness  of  one  who  has 

given  himself  up  to  wickedness.     Addicted  may  be  used  in  a 

good,  but  more  frequently  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  addicted  to  study ; 

addicted  to  di-ink.     Devoted  is  used  chiefly  in  the  good  sense ;  as, 

a  mother's  devoted  affection. 

Antonyms: 

averse,  disinchned,  indisposed,  unaccustomed. 

Preposition : 

Addicted  to  vice. 


ADDRESS,  V, 
Synonyms: 

accost,  approach,  hail,  speak  to, 

apostrophize,  court,  salute,  woo. 

appeal,  greet, 

To  accost  is  to  speak  first,  to  friend  or  stranger,  generally  with 

a  view  to  opening  conversation  ;  greet  is  not  so  distinctly  limited, 

since  one  may  return  another's  greeting ;  greet  and  hail  may 

imply  but  a  passing  word  ;  greeting  may  be  altogether  silent ;  to 

hail  is  to  greet  in  a  loud=voiced  and  commonly  hearty  and  joyous 


address,  n.  #80 

way,  as  appears  in  the  expression  "hail  fellow,  well  met."    To 

salute  is  to  greet  with  special  token  of  respect,  as  a  soldier  his 

commander.     To  apostroxihize  is  to  solemnly  address  some  person 

or  personified  attribute  apart  froni  the  audience  to  whom  one  is 

speaking ;  as,  a  preacher  may  apostrophize  virtue,  the  saints  of 

old,  or  even  the  Deity.     To  appeal  is  sti'ictly  to  call  for  some  form 

of  help  or  support.     Address  is  slightly  jnore  formal  than  accost 

or  greet,  though  it  may  often  be  interchanged  with  them.     One 

may  address  another  at  considerable  length  or  in  writing ;  he 

accosts  orally  and  briefly. 

Antouyms: 

avoid,  elude,  overlook,  pass  by, 

cut,  ignore,  pass,  shun. 

Prepositions: 

Address  the  memorial  to  the  legislature ;  the  president  ad- 
dressed the  people  in  an  eloquent  speech ;  he  addressed  an  intruder 
loith  indignation. 


ADDRESS,  n. 

Synonyms: 

adroitness,         discretion,  manners,  readiness, 

courtesy,  ingenuity,  politeness,  tact, 

dexterity, 

Address  is  that  indefinable  something  which  enables  a  man  to 
gain  his  object  without  seeming  exertion  or  contest,  and  generally 
with  the  favor  and  approval  of  those  with  whom  he  deals.  It  is  a 
general  power  to  direct  to  the  matter  in  hand  whatever  qualities 
are  most  needed  for  it  at  the  moment.  It  includes  adroitness  and 
discretion  to  know  what  to  do  or  say  and  what  to  avoid  ;  ingenuity 
to  devise  ;  readiness  to  speak  or  act ;  the  dexterity  that  comes  of 
practise  ;  and  tact,  which  is  the  power  of  fine  touch  as  applied  to 
human  character  and  feeling.  Courtesy  and  politeness  are  indis- 
pensable elements  of  good  address.    Compare  speech. 

Antonyms : 

awkwardness,  clumsiness,  ill=breeding,  stupidity, 

boorishness,  fatuity,  ill  manners,  unmannerliness, 

clownishness,  folly,  rudeness,  unwisdom. 

Prepositions: 

Address  in  dealing  with  opponents  ;  the  address  of  an  accom- 
plished intriguer  ;  an  address  to  the  audience. 


adequate 
^l  adiiereiit 


ADEQUATE. 

Synonyms : 

able,  competent,       fitted,  satisfactory, 

adapted,  equal,  fitting,  sufficient, 

capable,  fit,  qualified,  suitable, 

commensurate, 

Adequate,  commensurate,  and  sufficient  signify  equal  to  some 
given  occasion  or  work  ;  as,  a  sum  sufficient  to  meet  expenses  ;  an 
adequate  remedy  for  the  disease.  Commensurate  is  the  more  pre- 
cise and  learned  word,  signifying  that  which  exactly  measures  the 
matter  in  question.  Adapted,  fit,  suitable,  and  qualified  refer  to 
the  qualities  which  match  or  suit  the  occasion.  A  clergyman  may 
have  sti-ength  adequate  to  the  work  of  a  porter  ;  but  that  would 
not  be  a.  fit  or  suitable  occupation  for  him.  Work  is  satisfactory 
if  it  satisfies  those  for  whom  it  is  done,  though  it  may  be  very 
poor  work  judged  by  some  higher  standard.  Qualified  refers  to 
acquired  abilities ;  competent  to  both  natural  and  acquired ;  a 
qualified  teacher  may  be  no  longer  competent,  by  reason  of  ill 
health.  Able  and  capable  suggest  general  ability  and  reserved 
power,  able  being  the  higher  word  of  the  two.  An  able  man  will 
do  something  well  in  any  position.  A  capable  man  will  come  up 
to  any  ordinary  demand.  We  say  an  able  orator,  a  capable  ac- 
countant. 

Autonyms: 

disqualified,         inferior,  unequal,  unsatisfactory,       useless, 

inadequate,  insufficient,         unfit,  unsuitable,  worthless, 

incompetent,        poor,  unqualified, 

Prepositions  : 

Adequate  to  the  demand  ;  for  the  purpose. 


ADHERENT. 

Synonyms : 

aid,  ally,  disciple,         partisan,        supporter, 

aider,  backer,       follow^er. 

An  adherent  is  one  who  is  devoted  or  attached  to  a  person, 
party,  principle,  cause,  creed,  or  the  like.  One  may  be  an  aider 
and  siqjporter  of  a  party  or  church,  while  not  an  adherent  to  all 
its  doctrines  or  claims.  An  ally  is  more  independent  still,  as  he 
may  differ  on  every  point  except  the  specific  ground  of  union. 
The  Allies  who  overthrew  Napoleon  were  united  only  against  him. 
Allies  are  regarded  as  equals  ;  adherents  and  disciples  are  follow- 
ers. The  adherent  depends  more  on  his  individual  judgment,  the 
disciple  is  more  subject  to  command  and  instrviction  ;  thus  we  say 
the  disciples  rather  than  the  adherents  of  Christ.     Partisan  has 


adhesive  ntt 

adjacent  '•'* 

the  narrow  and  odious  sense  of  adhesion  to  a  party,  right  or 
wrong.     One  may  be  an  adherent  or  supporter  of  a  party  and  not 
a,  partisan.     Backer  is  a  sporting  and  theatrical  word,  personal  in 
its  application,  and  not  in  the  best  usage.     Compare  ACCESSORY. 
Antonyms : 

adversary,  betrayer,  enemy,  opponent,  traitor. 

antagonist,  deserter,  hater,  renegade, 

Prepositions : 

Adlierents  to  principle ;  adherents  of  Luther. 


ADHESIVE. 

Synonyms: 

cohesive,  gummy,  sticky,  viscous, 

glutinous,  sticking,  viscid, 

Adhesive  is  the  scientific,  sticking  or  sticky  the  popular  word. 
That  which  is  adhesive  tends  to  join  itself  to  the  surface  of  any 
other  body  with  which  it  is  placed  in  contact;  cohesive  expresses 
the  tendency  of  particles  of  the  same  substance  to  hold  together. 
Polished  plate  glass  is  not  adhesive,  but  such  plates  packed  to- 
gether are  intensely  cohesive.  An  adhesive  plaster  is  in  popular 
language  a  sf?e7jwg=plaster.  Sticky  expresses  a  more  limited,  and 
generally  annoying,  degi-ee  of  the  same  quality.  Glutinous, 
gummy,  viscid,  and  viscous  are  applied  to  fluid  or  semi=fluid  sub- 
stances, as  pitch  or  tar. 
Antonyms: 

free,  inadhesive,  loose,  separable. 

Preposition  : 

The  stiff,  wet  clay,  adhesive  to  the  foot,  impeded  progress. 


ADJACEMT. 

Synonyms ; 

abutting,  bordering,  contiguous,  neighboring,, 

adjoining,  close,  coterminous,  next, 

attached,  conterminous,  near,  nigh, 
beside. 

Adjacent  farms  may  not  be  connected;  if  adjoining,  they  meet 
at  the  boundary=line.  Conterminous  would  imj^l}^  that  their 
dimensions  were  exactly  equal  on  the  side  where  they  adjoin. 
Contiguous  may  be  used  for  either  adjacent  or  adjoining.  Abut- 
ting refers  rather  to  the  end  of  one  building  or  estate  than  to  the 
neighborhood  of  another.  Buildings  may  be  adjacent  or  adjoin- 
ing that  are  not  attached.  Near  is  a  relative  word,  places  being 
called  near  upon  the  railroad  which  would  elsewhere  be  deemed 
remote.     Neighboring  always  implies  such  proximity  that  the  in- 


(^n  admire 

-*<»  adorn 

habitants  may  be  neighbors.    Next  views  some  object  as  the  near- 
est of  several  or  many;  next  neighbor  implies  a  neighborhood. 
Antonyms: 

ck'tached,        disconnected,        disjoined,         distant,        remote,        separate. 
Preposition  : 

The  farm  was  adjacent  to  the  village. 


ADmiRE. 

Synonyms! 

V  adore,  delight  in,       extol,  respect,         venerate. 

■^  applaud,         enjoy,  honor,         revere,    .      w^onder. 

approve,         esteem,  love, 

In  the  old  sense  of  iconder,  admire  is  practically  obsolete;  the 
word  now  expresses  a  delight  and  approval,  in  which  the  element 
of  wonder  unconsciously  mingles.  We  admire  beauty  in  nature 
and  art,  delight  in  the  innocent  happiness  of  children,  enjoy  books 
or  society,  a  walk  or  a  dinner.  We  approve  what  is  excellent,  ap- 
plaud heroic  deeds,  esteem  the  good,  love  our  friends.  We  Jionor 
and  respect  noble  character  wherever  found;  we  revere  and  vener- 
ate it  in  the  aged.  We  extol  the  goodness  and  adore  the  majesty 
and  power  of  God. 
Antonyms: 

abhor,  contemn,  detest,  execrate,  ridicule, 

abominate,  despise,  dislike,  hate,  scorn. 

Preposition  : 

Admire  at  may  still  very  rarely  be  found  in  the  old  sense  of 
wonder  at. 

ADOR«r. 

Synonyms: 

beautify,  decorate,  garnish,  illustrate, 

bedeck,  embellish,  gild.  ornament, 

deck, 

To  emhellish  is  to  brighten  and  enliven  by  adding  something 
that  is  not  necessarily  or  very  closely  connected  with  that  to  which 
it  is  added;  to  illustrate  is  to  add  something  so  far  like  in  kind  as 
to  cast  a  sidelight  upon  the  principal  matter.  An  author  embel- 
lishes his  narrative  with  fine  descriptions,  the  artist  illustrates  it 
with  beautiful  engi-avings,  the  binder  gilds  and  decorates  the  vol- 
ume. Garnish  is  on  a  lower  plane;  as,  the  feast  was  garnished 
with  flowers.  Deck  and  bedecJc  are  commonly  said  of  apparel;  as, 
a  mother  bedecks  her  daughter  with  silk  and  jewels.  To  adorn 
and  to  ornament  alike  signify  to  add  that  which  makes  anything 
beautiful  and  atti'active,  but  ornament  is  more  exclusively  on  the 
material  plane;    as,  the  gateway  was  ortiamented  with  delicate 


afTront  M4 

agent  "* 


carving.  Adorn  is  more  lofty  and  spiritual,  referring  to  a  beauty 
which  is  not  material,  and  can  not  be  put  on  by  ornaments  or  dec- 
orations, but  seems  in  perfect  harmony  and  unity  with  that  to 
which  it  adds  a  gi-ace;  if  we  say,  the  gateway  was  adorned  with 
beautiful  carving,  we  imply  a  unity  and  loftiness  of  design  such 
as  ornamented  can  not  express.  We  say  of  some  admirable  schol- 
ar or  statesman,  "  he  touched  nothing  that  he  did  not  adorn." 
At  church,  with  meek  and  unaflEected  grace, 
HiB  looks  adorned  the  venerable  place. 

Goldsmith  Deserted  Village,  1.  178. 
Antonyms : 

deface,  deform,  disfigure,  mar,  spoil. 

Preposition  : 

Adorn  his  temples  ^inih  a  coronet. 


AFFRONT. 

Sj'uonyms : 

aggravate,        exasperate,       offend.  vex. 

annoy,  insult,  provoke,         wound= 

displease,  irritate,  tease. 

One  may  be  aymoyed  by  the  well=meaning  awkwardness  of  a 
servant,  irritated  by  a  tight  shoe  or  a  thoughtless  remark,  vexed 
at  some  careless  neglect  or  needless  misfortune,  tvounded  by  the 
ingratitude  of  child  or  friend.  To  tease  is  to  give  some  slight 
and  perhaps  playful  annoyance.  Aggravate  in  the  sense  of  offend 
is  colloquial.  To  provoke,  literally  to  call  out  or  challenge,  is  to 
begin  a  contest;  one  provokes  another  to  violence.  To  affront  is 
to  offer  some  defiant  offense  or  indignity,  as  it  were,  to  one's  face; 
it  is  somewhat  less  than  to  insidt.  Compare  pique. 
Antonyms: 

conciliate,  content,  gratify,  honor,  please. 


AGENT. 

Synonyms: 

actor,       factor,  means,  operator,         promoter, 

doer,         instrument,    mover,  performer. 

In  strict  philosophical  usage,  the  prime  mover  or  doer  of  an  act 
is  the  agent.  Thus  we  speak  of  man  as  a  voluntary  agent,  a  free 
agent.  But  in  common  usage,  especially  in  business,  an  agent  is 
not  the  prime  actor,  but  only  an  instrument  or  factor,  acting 
under  orders  or  instructions.  Compare  cause. 
Antonyms  : 

chief,  inventor,  originator,  principal. 

Prepositions : 

An  agent  of  the  company  for  selling,  etc. 


agree 
25  agriculture 


AGREE. 

Synonyms  : 

accede,  admit,  coincide,  concur, 

accept,  approve,  combine,  consent, 

accord,  assent,  comply,  harmonize, 

acquiesce. 

Agree  is  the  most  general  term  of  this  gi'oup,  signifying  to 
have  like  qualities,  proportions,  views,  or  inclinations,  so  as  to  be 
free  from  jar,  conflict,  or  contradiction  in  a  given  relation.  To 
concur  is  to  agree  in  general;  to  coincide  is  to  agree  in  every  par- 
ticular. Whether  in  application  to  persons  or  things,  concur  tends 
to  expression  in  action  more  than  coincide;  we  may  either  concur 
or  coincide  in  an  opinion,  but  concur  in  a  decision;  views  coincide, 
causes  concur.  One  accepts  another's  terms,  complies  with  his 
wishes,  admits  his  statement,  approves  his  plan,  conforms  to  his 
views  of  doctrine  or  duty,  accedes  or  consents  to  his  proposal. 
Accede  expresses  the  more  formal  agreement,  consent  the  more 
complete.  To  assent  is  an  act  of  the  understanding;  to  consent, 
of  tlie  will.  We  may  concur  or  agree  with  others,  either  in  opin- 
ion or  decision.  One  may  silently  acquiesce  in  that  which  does 
not  meet  his  views,  but  which  he  does  not  care  to  contest.  He 
admits  the  charge  brought,  or  the  statement  made,  by  another — 
admit  always  carrying  a  sviggestion  of  reluctance.  Asse^it  is 
sometimes  used  for  a  mild  form  of  consent,  as  if  agreement  in  the 
opinion  assured  approval  of  the  decision.  "'x 

Antonyms  :  \ 

contend,  demur,  disagree,  oppose,  \ 

contradict,  deny,  dispute,  protest, 

decline,  differ,  dissent,  refuse. 

Prepositions : 

I  agree  in  opinion  with  the  speaker ;  to  the  terms  proposed ; 
persons  agi'ee  on  or  ujjon.  a  statement  of  principles,  rules,  etc. ;  we 
must  agree  among  ourselves. 

AORICUETIJRE. 

Synonyms  : 

cultivation,  gardening,  kitchen^  gardening, 

culture,  horticulture,  market  gardening, 

farming,  husbandry,  tillage, 

floriculture. 

Agriculture  is  the  generic  term,  including  at  once  the  science, 

the  art,  and  the  process  of  supplying  human  wants  by  raising  the 

products  of  the  soil,  and  by  the  associated  industries;  farming  is 

the  practise  of  agricidture  as  a  business;  there  may  be  theoretical 

agriculture,  but  not  i\\eovetica\  farming ;  we  speak  of  the  science 

of  agriculture,  the  business  of  farming;  scientific  agriculture 


26 


may  be  wholly  in  books;  scientific /orm^?^g  is  practised  upon  the 
land;  we  say  an  agricultural  college  rather  than  a  college  of 
farming.  Farming  refers  to  the  cultivation  of  considerable  por- 
tions of  land,  and  the  raising  of  the  coarser  crops;  gardening  is 
the  close  cultivation  of  a  small  area  for  small  fruits,  flowers,  vege- 
tables, etc.,  and  while  it  may  be  done  upon  a  farm  is  yet  a  distinct 
industry.  Gardening  in  general,  kitchen=gardening,  the  cidtiva- 
tion  of  vegetables,  etc.,  for  the  household,  market^gardening,  the 
raising  of  the  same  for  sale,  floricidture,  the  culture  of  flowers, 
and  hortictdture,  the  cidture  of  fruits,  flowers,  or  vegetables,  are 
all  departments  of  agricidture,  but  not  strictly  nor  ordinarily  of 
farming;  farming  is  itself  one  department  of  agriculture.  Hus- 
bandry is  a  general  word  for  any  form  of  practical  agricidture, 
but  is  now  chiefly  poetical.  Tillage  refers  directly  to  the  work 
bestowed  upon  the  land,  as  plowing,  manuring,  etc.;  cultivation 
refers  especially  to  the  processes  that  bring  forward  the  crop;  we 
speak  of  the  tillage  of  the  soil,  the  cultivation  of  corn;  we  also 
speak  of  land  as  in  a  state  of  ctdtivation,  under  cultivation,  etc. 
Cidture  is  now  applied  to  the  careful  development  of  any  product 
to  a  state  of  perfection,  especially  by  care  through  successive  gen- 
erations; the  choice  varieties  of  the  strawberry  have  been  produced 
by  wise  and  patient  culture;  a  good  crop  in  any  year  is  the  result 
of  good  cultivation. 

AIM. 

Synonyms: 

aspiration,  endeavor,  intention,       tendency, 

design,  goal,  mark, 

determination,      inclination,      object, 
end,  intent,  purpose, 

The  aim  is  the  direction  in  which  one  shoots,  or  sometimes 
that  which  is  aimed  at.  The  mark  is  that  at  which  one  slioots; 
the  goal,  that  toward  which  one  runs.  All  alike  indicate  the  di- 
rection of  endeavor.  The  end  is  the  point  at  which  one  expects  or 
hopes  to  close  his  labors;  the  object,  that  which  he  w-ould  grasp  as 
the  reward  of  his  labors.  Aspiration,  design,  endeavor,  purpose, 
referring  to  the  mental  acts  by  which  the  aim  is  attained,  are 
often  used  as  interchangeable  with  aim.  Aspiration  applies  to 
what  are  viewed  as  noble  aims;  endeavor,  design,  intention,  pur- 
pose, inditferently  to  the  best  or  worst.  Aspiration  has  less  of 
decision  than  the  other  terms;  one  may  aspire  to  an  object,  and 
yet  lack  the  fixedness  of  purjjose  by  wdiich  alone  it  can  be  attained. 
Purpose  is  stronger  than  intention.    Design  especially  denotes  the 


27 


air 
airy 


iaptation  of  means  to  an  end;  endeavor  refers  to  the  exertions 
\y^  which  it  is  to  be  attained.  One  whose  aims  are  worthy,  whose 
aspirations  are  high,  whose  designs  are  wise,  and  whose  purposes 
are  steadfast,  may  hope  to  reach  the  goal  of  his  ambition,  and  will 
surely  win  some  object  worthy  of  a  life's  endeavor.  Compare 
ambition;  design. 
Antonyms: 

aimlessuess,  heedlessness,  negligence,  purposelessness. 


avoidance, 
carelessness, 


neglect, 


oversight, 


thoughtlessness. 


demeanor, 
expression, 
fashion, 
look. 


manner, 

mien, 

port, 


sort, 

style, 

w^ay. 


AIR. 

Synonyms: 

appearance, 
bearing, 
behavior, 
carriage. 

Air  is  that  combination  of  qualities  which  makes  the  entire 
impression  we  receive  in  a  person's  presence;  as,  v/e  say  he  has  the 
air  of  a  scholar,  or  the  air  of  a  villain.  Appearance  refers  more 
to  the  dress  and  other  externals.  We  might  say  of  a  travel=soiled 
pedestrian,  he  has  the  appearance  of  a  tramp,  but  the  air  of  a  gen- 
tleman. Expression  and  look  especially  refer  to  the  face.  Ex- 
pression is  oftenest  applied  to  that  which  is  habitual ;  as,  he  has  a 
pleasant  expression  of  countenance;  Zoofc  may  be  momentary;  as,  a 
look  of  dismay  passed  over  his  face.  We  may,  however,  speak  of 
the  look  or  looks  as  indicating  all  that  we  look  at;  as,  he  had  the 
look  of  an  adventurer;  I  did  not  like  his  looks.  Bearing  is  rather 
a  lofty  word;  as,  he  has  a  noble  hearing;  port  is  practically  iden- 
tical in  meaning  with  hearing,  but  is  more  exclusively  a  literary 
word.  Carriage,  too,  is  generally  used  in  a  good  sense;  as,  that  lady 
has  a  good  carriage.  Mien  is  closely  synonymous  with  air,  but  less 
often  used  in  a  bad  sense.  We  say  a  rakish  air  rather  than  a  ra- 
kish mien.  Mien  may  be  used  to  express  some  prevailing  feeling; 
as,  "an  indignant  mien."  Demeanor  goes  beyond  appearance, 
including  conduct,  behavior;  as,  a  modest  demeanor.  Manner 
and  style  are,  in  large  part  at  least,  acquired.    Compare  behavioe. 


Synonyms : 

aerial, 
animated. 


ethereal, 
fairy  like, 


AIRY. 

frolicsome,     joyous,    lively, 
gay,  light,        sprightly. 


Aerial  and  airy  both  signify  of  or  belonging  to  the  air,  but 
airy  also  describes  that  which  seems  as  if  made  of  air;  we  speak 


alarm 

alert  28 

of  airij  shapes,  airy  nothings,  where  we  could  not  well  say  aerial; 
ethereal  describes  its  object  as  belonging  to  theujiper  air,  the  pure 
ether,  and  so,  often,  heavenly.  Sprightly,  spiritlike,  refers  to 
light,  free,  cheerful  activity  of  mind  and  body.  That  which  is 
lively  or  animated  may  be  agreeable  or  the  reverse;  as,  an  ani- 
mated discussion ;  a  lively  company. 
Antonyms  ■ 

clumsy,  heavy,  ponderous,  slusfgish,  wooden. 

dull,  inert,  slow,  stony, 


ALARIW. 

Synonyms: 

affright,  disquietude,  fright,  solicitude, 

apprehension,  dread,  misgiving,  terror, 

consternation.  fear,  panic,  timidity, 
dismay. 

Alarm,  according  to  its  derivation  all'arme,  "  to  arms,"  is  an 
arousing  to  meet  and  repel  danger,  and  may  be  quite  consistent 
with  ti'ue  courage.  Affright  and  fright  express  sudden  fear 
which,  for  the  time  at  least,  overwhelms  courage.  The  sentinel 
discovers  with  alarm  the  sudden  approach  of  the  enemy;  the  un- 
armed villagers  view  it  with  affright.  Apprehension,  disquietude, 
dread,  misgiving,  and  solicitude  are  in  anticipation  of  danger; 
consternation,  dismay,  and  terror  are  overwhelming  fear,  gener- 
ally in  the  actual  presence  of  that  which  is  terrible,  though  these 
words  also  may  have  an  anticipative  force.  Timidity  is  a  quaUty, 
habit,  or  condition,  a  readiness  to  be  affected  with  fear.  A  person 
of  great  timidity  is  constantly  liable  to  needless  alarm  and  even 
terror.  Compare  fear. 
Autonyms: 

assurance,  calmness,  confidence,  repose,  security. 

Prepositions  : 

Alarm  was  felt  in  the  camp,  among  the  soldiers,  at  the  news. 


ALERT. 

Synonyms: 

active,  lively,  prepared,    vigilant, 

brisk,  nimble,  prompt,        w^atchful, 

bustling,      on  the  w^atch,     ready,  w^ide=awake, 

Alert,  ready,  and  icide-awake  refer  to  a  watchful  promptness 
for  action.  i?eacZ?/ suggests  thoughtful  preparation;  the  wander- 
ing Indian  is  alert,  the  trained  soldier  is  ready.  Ready  expresses 
more  life  and  vigor  than  prepared.  The  gun  is  prepared;  the 
man  is  ready.    Prompt  expresses  readiness  for  appointment  or 


„^  alien,  a. 

••"  alien,  n. 

demand  at  the  required  moment.  The  good  general  is  ready  for 
emergencies,  alert  to  perceive  ojjportunity  or  peril,  prompt  to 
seize  occasion.  The  sense  of  brisk,  nimble  is  the  secondary  and 
now  less  common  signification  of  alert.  Compare  active;  alive; 
nimble;  vigilant. 

Antonyms : 

drowsy,       dull,       heavy,       inactive,       slow,       sluggish,       stupid. 


ALIEN,  a. 

Synonyms: 

conflicting,  distant,  inappropriate,  strange, 

contradictory,  foreign,  irrelevant,  unconnected, 

contrary,  hostile.  opposed,  unlike, 

contrasted,  impertinent,  remote. 

Foreign  refers  to  difference  of  birth,  alien  to  difference  of  al- 
legiance. In  their  figurative  use,  that  is  foreign  which  is  remote, 
unlike,  or  unconnected;  that  is  alien  which  is  conflicting,  hostile, 
or  opposed.  Impertinent  and  irrelevant  matters  can  not  claim 
consideration  in  a  certain  connection;  inappropriate  matters 
could  not  properly  be  considered.  Compare  alien,  n.;  con- 
trast, V. 
Antonyms: 

akin,  apropos,  germane,  proper, 

appropriate,     essential,  pertinent,  relevant. 

Prepositions : 

Such  a  purpose  was  aUen  to  {or  from)  my  thought:  to  preferable. 


ALIEN,  n. 
Synonyms: 

foreigner,  stranger. 

A  naturalized  citizen  is  not  an  alien,  though  a  foreigner  by 
birth,  and  perhaps  a  stranger  in  the  place  where  he  resides.  A 
person  of  foreign  birth  not  naturalized  is  an  alien,  though  he  may 
have  been  resident  in  the  country  a  large  part  of  a  lifetime,  and 
ceased  to  be  a  stranger  to  its  people  or  institutions.  He  is  an  alien 
in  one  country  if  his  allegiance  is  to  another.  The  people  of  any 
country  still  residing  in  their  own  land  are,  strictly  speaking,  for- 
eigners to  the  people  of  all  other  countries,  rather  than  aliens;  but 
alien  and  foreigner  are  often  used  synonymously. 
Antonyms: 

citizen,  fellow«countryman,  native=born  inhabitant, 

countryman,  native,  naturalized  person. 

Prepositions : 

Aliens  to  (more  rarely  front)  our  nation  and  laws ;  aliens  in 
our  land,  among  our  people. 


alike 
alive 


30 


ALIKE. 

Synonyms : 

akin,  equivalent,  kindred,  same, 

analogous,      homogeneous,      like.  similar, 

eqLual,  identical,  resembling,      uniform. 

Alike  is  a  comprehensive  word,  signifying  as  applied  to  two  or 
more  objects  that  some  or  all  qualities  of  one  are  the  same  as  those 
of  the  other  or  others  ;  by  modifiers  alike  may  be  made  to  express 
more  or  less  resemblance;  as,  these  houses  are  somewhat  (i.  e., 
partially)  alike ;  or,  these  houses  are  exactly  {i.  e.,  in  all  respects) 
alike.  Cotton  and  wool  are  alike  in  this,  that  they  can  both  be 
woven  into  cloth.  Substances  are  homogeneous  which  are  made 
up  of  elements  of  the  same  kind,  or  which  are  the  same  in  struc- 
ture. Two  pieces  of  iron  maj  he  homogeneous  in  material,  while 
not  alike  in  size  or  shape.  In  geometry,  two  triangles  are  eqiial 
when  they  can  be  laid  over  one  another,  and  fit,  line  for  line  and 
angle  for  angle  ;  they  are  equivalent  when  they  simply  contain  the 
same  amount  of  space.  An  identical  proposition  is  one  that  says 
the  same  thing  precisely  in  subject  and  predicate.  Similar  refers 
to  close  resemblance,  which  yet  leaves  room  for  question  or  denial 
of  complete  likeness  or  identity.  To  say  ' '  this  is  the  identical 
man,"  is  to  say  not  merely  that  he  is  similar  to  the  one  I  have  in 
mind,  but  that  he  is  the  very  same  person.  Things  are  analogous 
when  they  are  similar  in  idea,  plan,  use,  or  character,  tho 
perhaps  quite  unlike  in  appearance  ;  as,  the  gills  of  fishes  are  said 
to  be  analogous  to  the  lungs  in  terrestrial  animals. 
Antonyms: 

different,  dissimilar,  distinct,  heterogeneous,  unlike. 

Prepositions : 

The  specimens  are  alike  in  kind ;  they  are  all  alike  to  me. 


ALIVE. 

Synonyms: 

active,  breathing,  live,  quick, 

alert.  brisk,  lively,  subsisting, 

animate,  existent,  living,  vivacious, 

animated,  existing. 

Alive  applies  to  all  degrees  of  life,  from  that  which  shows  one 

to  be  barely  existing  or  existent  as  a  living  thing,  as  when  we  say 

he  is  just  alive,  to  that  which  implies  the  very  utmost  of  vitality 

and  power,  as  in  the  words  "he  is  all  alive,"  "thoroughly  alive.'''' 

So  the  word  quick,  which  began  by  signifying  "having  life,"  is 

now  mostly  applied  to  energy  of  life  as  shown  in  swiftness  of 

action.     Breathing  is  capable  of  like  contrast.     "VVe  say  of  a  dying 


<«•  allay 

«»*  all<><r( 


alleijrc 


man,  he  is  still  breathing  ;  or  we  speak  of  a  breathing  statue,  or 
"breathing  and  sounding,  beauteous  battle,"  Tennyson  Princess 
can.  V,  1.  155,  where  it  means  having,  or  seeming  to  have,  full  and 
vigorovis  breath,  abundant  life.  Compare  active  ;  alekt  ;  nimble. 
Antonyms : 

dead,  defunct,  dull,  lifeless, 

deceased,  dispirited,  inauimate,  spiritless. 

Prepositions : 

Alive  in  every  nerve  ;  alive  to  every  noble  impulse ;  alive  loith 
fervor,  lioiie,  resolve  ;  alive  through  all  his  being. 


ALLAY. 

Synonyms : 

alleviate,  compose,  quiet,  still, 

appease,  mollify,  soothe,  tranquilize. 

calm,  pacify, 

Allay  and  alleviate  are  closely  kindred  in  signification,  and 
have  been  often  interchanged  in  usage.  But,  in  strictness,  to 
allay  is  to  lay  to  rest,  quiet  or  soothe  that  which  is  excited;  to  al- 
leviate, on  the  other  hand,  is  to  lighten  a  burden.  We  allay  suf- 
fering by  using  means  to  soothe  and  tranquilize  the  sufferer;  we 
alleviate  suffering  by  doing  something  toward  removal  of  the 
cause,  so  that  there  is  less  to  suffer  ;  where  the  trouble  is  wholly 
or  chiefly  in  the  excitement,  to  allay  the  excitement  is  virtually 
to  remove  the  trouble;  as,  to  allay  rage  or  panic;  we  alleviate 
poverty,  but  do  not  allay  it.  Pacify,  directly  from  the  Latin,  and 
appease,  from  the  Latin  through  the  French,  signify  to  bring  to 
peace;  to  mollify  is  to  soften;  to  calm,  quiet,  or  tranquilize  is  to 
make  still;  compose,  to  place  together,  unite,  adjust  to  a  calm  and 
settled  condition;  to  soothe  (originally  to  assent  to,  humor)  is  to 
bring  to  pleased  quietude.  We  allay  excitement,  appease  a  tu- 
mult, calm  agitation,  compose  our  feelings  or  countenance,  pac?/?/ 
the  quarrelsome,  quiet  the  boisterous  or  clamorous,  soothe  grief  or 
distress.  Compare  alleviate. 
Antonyms: 

agitate,  excite,  kindle,  rouse,  stir  up. 

arouse,  fan,  provoke,  stir, 


ALLEOE. 

Synonyms: 

adduce,  asseverate,  claim,  maintain,  produce, 

advance,  assign,  declare,  offer.  say, 

affirm,  aver,  introduce,  plead,  state, 

assert,  cite. 

To  allege  is  formally  to  state  as  true  or  capable  of  proof,  but 

without  proving.     To  adduce,  literally  to  lead  to,  is  to  bring  the 


allej?iance  32 

evidence  up  to  what  has  been  alleged.  Adduce  is  a  secondary 
word;  nothing  can  be  adduced  in  evidence  till  something  has  been 
stated  or  alleged,  which  the  evidence  is  to  sustain.  An  alleged 
fact  stands  open  to  question  or  doubt.  To  speak  of  an  alleged  doc- 
ument, an  alleged  will,  an  alleged  crime,  is  either  to  question,  or 
at  least  very  carefully  to  refrain  from  admitting,  that  the  docu- 
ment exists,  that  the  will  is  genuine,  or  that  the  crime  has  been 
committed.  Alleged  is,  however,  respectful;  to  speak  of  the  "so= 
called"  will  or  deed,  etc.,  would  be  to  cast  discredit  upon  the  doc- 
ument, and  im]:)ly  that  the  speaker  was  ready  to  brand  it  as  un- 
questionably spurious;  alleged  simply  concedes  nothing  and  leaves 
the  question  open.  To  produce  is  to  bring  forward,  as,  for  in- 
stance, papers  or  persons.  Adduce  is  not  used  of  persons;  of  them 
we  say  introduce  or  produce.  When  an  alleged  criminal  is 
brought  to  trial,  the  counsel  on  either  side  are  accustomed  to  ad- 
vance a  theory,  and  adduce  the  strongest  possible  evidence  in  its 
support;  they  will  produce  documents  and  witnesses,  cite  prece- 
dents, assign  reasons,  introduce  suggestions,  offer  pleas.  The  ac- 
cused will  usually  assert  his  innocence.     Compare  state. 

AI.I.EGIA1VCE. 

Synonyms: 

devotion,  fealty,         loyalty,      obedience,      subjection, 

faithfulness,   homage, 

Allegiance  is  the  obligation  of  fidelity  and  obedience  that  an 
individual  owes  to  his  government  or  sovereign,  in  return  for  the 
protection  he  receives.  The  feudal  uses  of  these  words  have  mostly 
passed  away  with  the  state  of  society  that  gave  them  birth;  but 
their  origin  still  colors  their  present  meaning.  A  patriotic  Ameri- 
can feels  an  enthusiastic  loyalty  to  the  republic;  he  takes,  on  occa- 
sion, an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  government,  but  his  loyalty  will 
lead  him  to  do  more  than  mere  allegiance  could  demand;  he  pays 
homage  to  God  alone,  as  the  only  king  and  lord,  or  to  those  prin- 
ciples of  right  that  are  spiritually  supreme;  he  acknowledges  the 
duty  of  obedience  to  all  rightful  authority;  he  resents  the  idea  of 
subjection.  Fealty  is  becoming  somewhat  rare,  except  in  elevated 
or  poetic  style.  We  prefer  to  speak  of  the  faithfulness  rather 
than  the  fealty  of  citizen,  wife,  or  friend. 
Antonyms  : 

disaffection,  disloyalty,  rebellion,  sedition,  treason. 

Prepositions : 

We  honor  the  allegiance  of  the  citizen  to  the  government ; 
the  government  has  a  right  to  allegiance  fr-om  the  citizen. 


Qo  allegory 

«>«»  alleviate 


ALLEGORY. 

Synonyms  : 

fable,    fiction,    illustration,    metaphor,    parable,    simile. 

In  modern  usage  we  may  say  that  an  allegory  is  an  extended 
simile,  while  a  metaplior  is  an  abbreviated  simile  contained  often 
in  a  phrase,  perhaps  in  a  word.  The  simile  carries  its  compari- 
son on  the  surface,  in  the  words  as,  like,  or  similar  expressions; 
the  metaplior  is  given  directly  without  any  note  of  comparison. 
The  allegory,  parable,  or  fable  tells  its  story  as  if  true,  leav- 
ing the  reader  or  hearer  to  discover  its  fictitious  character  and 
learn  its  lesson.  All  these  are,  in  strict  definition,  fictions;  but  the 
word  fiction  is  now  applied  almost  exclusively  to  novels  or  ro- 
mances An  allegory  is  amoral  or  religious  tale,  of  which  the 
moral  lesson  is  the  substance,  and  all  descriptions  and  incidents 
but  accessories,  as  in  "  The  Pilgrim's  Progress."  A  fable  is  gen- 
erally briefer,  representing  animals  as  the  speakers  and  actors,  and 
commonly  conveying  some  lesson  of  practical  wisdom  or  shrewd- 
ness, as  "The  Fables  of  ^sop."  A  parable  is  exclusively  moral 
or  religious,  briefer  and  less  adorned  than  an  allegory,  with  its  les- 
son more  immediately  discernible,  given,  as  it  were,  at  a  stroke. 
Any  comparison,  analogy,  instance,  examj)le,  tale,  anecdote,  or 
the  like  which  serves  to  let  in  light  upon  a  subject  may  be  called 
an  illustration,  this  word  in  its  widest  use  including  all  the  rest. 
Compare  fiction  ;  story. 
Antonyms: 

chronicle,  fact,  history,  narrative,  record. 


ALLEVIATE. 

Synonyms: 

abate,  lighten,  reduce,  remove, 

assuage,  mitigate,  relieve,  soften, 

lessen,  moderate, 

Etymologically,  to  alleviate  is  to  lift  a  burden  toward  one- 
self, and  so  lighten  it  for  the  bearer ;  to  relieve  is  to  lift  it  back 
from  the  bearer,  nearly  or  quite  away ;  to  remove  is  to  take  it 
away  altogether.  Alleviate  is  thus  less  than  relieve;  relieve,  or- 
dinarily, less  than  remove.  We  alleviate,  relieve  or  remove  the 
trouble  ;  we  relieve,  not  alleviate,  the  sufferer.  Assuage  is,  by 
derivation,  to  sweeten  ;  mitigate,  to  make  mild ;  moderate,  to 
bring  within  measure  ;  abate,  to  beat  down,  and  so  make  less. 
We  abate  a  fever  ;  lessen  anxiety  ;  moderate  passions  or  desires  ; 
lighten  burdens  ;  mitigate  or  alleviate  pain  ;  reditce  inflammation; 
3 


alliance 
allot 


34 


soften,  assuage,  or  moderate  grief  ;  we  lighten  or  mitigate  punish- 
ments ;  we  relieve  any  suffering  of  body  or  mind  that  admits  of 
help,  comfort,  or  remedy.    Alleviate  has  been  often  confused  with 
allay.    Compare  allay. 
Autoiiyins: 

aggravate,  embitter,  heighten,  intensify,  muke  worse. 

augment,  enhance,  increase,  magnify. 


confederation, 
federation, 


fusion, 
league. 


partnership, 
union. 


ALLIANCE. 

Synonyms: 

coalition, 
compact, 
confederacy. 

Alliance  is  in  its  most  common  use  a  connection  formed  by 
treaty  between  sovereign  states  as  for  mutual  aid  in  war.  Part- 
nershij)  is  a  mercantile  word  ;  alliance  chiefly  i)olitical  or  matri- 
monial. Coalition  is  oftenest  used  of  political  pailies ;  fusion 
is  now  the  more  common  word  in  this  sense.  In  an  alliance 
bet^veen  nations  tliere  is  no  surrender  of  sovereignty,  and  no 
union  except  for  a  specified  time  and  purpose.  League  and  alli- 
ance are  used  with  scarcely  perceptible  difference  of  meaning.  In 
a  confederacy  or  confederation  there  is  an  attempt  to  unite  sep- 
arate states  in  a  general  government  without  surrender  of  sover- 
eignty. Union  implies  so  much  concession  as  to  make  the  separate 
states  substantially  one.  Federation  is  mainly  a  j)oetic  and  rhetor- 
ical word  expressing  something  of  the  same  thought,  as  in  Tenny- 
son's "federation  of  the  world,"  Locksley  Hcdl,  1.  128.  The  United 
States  is  not  a  confederacy  nor  an  alliance;  the  nation  might  be 
called  a  federation,  but  prefers  to  be  styled  a  federal  union. 
Antonyms: 

antagonism,        disunion,  enmity,  schism,  separation, 

discord,  divorce,  hostility,  secession,  war. 

Prepositions  : 

Alliance  with  a  neighboring  people ;  against  the  common 
enemy ;  for  offense  and  defense  ;  alliance  of,  hetiveen,  or  among 
nations. 


ALLOT. 

Synonyms: 

appoint, 
apportion, 
assign, 
aw^ard. 

Allot,  originally  to  assign  by  lot,  applies  to  the  giving  of  a  def- 
inite thing  to  a  certain  person.     A  portion  or  extent  of  time  is  al- 


destine, 

distribute, 

divide, 


give, 
grant, 
mete  out, 


portion  out, 
select, 
set  apart. 


35  alloTv 

lotted;  as,  I  expect  to  live  out  my  allotted  time.  A  definite  period 
ip  appointed;  as,  the  avidience  assembled  at  the  appointed  horn-. 
Allot  may  also  refer  to  space;  as,  to  allot  a  plot  of  ground  for  a 
cemetery;  hut  wenow  oitenerusQ select,  set  apart,  or  assign.  Allot 
is  not  now  used  of  persons.  Appoint  may  be  used  of  time,  space, 
or  person;  as,  the  appointed  day;  the  appointed  place;  an  officer 
was  appointed  to  this  station.  Destine  may  also  refer  to  time, 
place,  or  person,  but  it  always  has  reference  to  what  is  considera- 
bly in  the  futu.re;  a  man  appoints  to  meet  his  friend  in  five  min- 
utes ;  he  destines  his  son  to  follow  his  own  profession.  Assign  is 
rarely  used  of  time,  but  rather  of  places,  persons,  or  things.  We 
assign  a  work  to  be  done  and  assign  a  man  to  do  it,  who,  if  he 
fails,  must  assign  a  reason  for  not  doing  it.  That  which  is  allotted, 
appointed,  or  assigned  is  more  or  less  arbitrary;  that  which  is 
awarded  is  the  due  requital  of  something  the  receiver  has  done, 
and  he  has  right  and  claim  to  it;  as,  the  medal  was  awarded  for 
valor.  Compare  apportion. 
Antonyms: 

appropriate,  deny,  resume,  seize, 

confiscate,  refuse,  retain,  withhold. 

Prepositions : 

Allot  to  a  company  for  a  purpose. 


AL.L.O^V.  ■' 

Synonyms:  __ 

admit,  consent  to,       let,  sanction,     tolerate, 

concede,      grant,  permit,      suffer,  yield. 

We  alloio  that  which  we  do  not  attempt  to  hinder;  we  permit 
that  to  which  w^e  give  some  express  authorization.  Wlien  this  is 
given  verbally  it  is  called  permission;  when  in  writing  it  is  com- 
monly called  a  permit.  There  are  establishments  that  any  one 
will  be  allowed  to  visit  without  challenge  or  hindrance;  there  are 
others  that  no  one  is  allowed  to  visit  without  a  permit  from  the 
manager;  there  are  others  to  which  visitors  are  admitted  at  speci- 
fied times,  without  a  formal  permit.  'We  alloio  a  child's  innocent 
intrusion;  'we  concede  a  right;  grant  a  request;  consent  to  a  sale  of 
property;  (pe?'??it^  an  inspection  of  accounts'^. sanction  a  marriage; 
tolerate  the  rudeness  of  a  well=meaning  ser\ant;^ submit  to  a  sur- 
gical operation;  yield  to  a  demand  or  necessity  against  our  wish  or 
will,  or  yield  soraething  under  compulsion;  as,  the  sheriff  yielded 
the  keys  at  the  muzzle  of  a  revolver,  and  allowed  the  mob  to  enter. 
Suffer,  in  the  sense  of  mild  concession,  is  now  becoming  rare,  its 


alloy 

allude  36 


place  being  taken  by  allow,  permit,  or  tolerate.     Compare  per- 
mission. 

Antonyms: 

deny,  disapprove,  protest,  reject,  withstand. 

disallow,  forbid,  refuse,  resist, 

See  also  synonyms  for  prohibit. 

Prepositions : 

To  allow  of  (in  best  recent  usage,  simply  to  alloic)  such  an  ac- 
tion ;  allow  one  in  such  a  course  ;  allow  for  spending=money. 


AI.I.OY. 

Synonyms: 

admixture,      adulteration,       debasement,      deterioration. 

Alloy  may  be  either  some  admixture  of  baser  with  precious 
metal,  as  for  giving  hardness  to  coin  or  the  like,  or  it  may  be  a 
compound  or  mixture  of  two  or  more  metals.  Adulteration, 
debasement,  and  deterioration  are  always  used  in  the  bad  sense  ; 
admixture  is  neutral,  and  may  be  good  or  bad  ;  alloy  is  com- 
monly good  in  the  literal  sense.  An  excess  of  alloy  virtually 
amounts  to  adulteration;  but  adidteration  is  now  mostly  restricted 
to  articles  used  for  food,  drink,  medicine,  and  kindred  uses.  In 
the  figurative  sense,  as  applied  to  character,  etc. ,  alloy  is  unfavor- 
able, because  there  the  only  standard  is  perfection. 


AI.L.UDE. 


Synonyms  J 

advert,         indicate,  intimate,         point,  signify, 

hint,  insinuate,  mention,  refer,  suggest, 

imply, 

Advert,  mention,  and  refer  are  used  of  language  that  more  or 
less  distinctly  utters  a  certain  thought ;  the  others  of  language 
from  which  it  may  be  inferred.  We  allude  to  a  matter  slightly, 
perhaps  by  a  word  or  plu-ase,  as  it  were  in  byplay  ;  we  advert  to 
it  when  we  turn  from  our  patli  to  treat  it ;  we  refer  to  it  by  any 
clear  utterance  that  distinctly  turns  the  inind  or  attention  to  it ; 
as,  marginal  figures  refer  to  a  parallel  passage ;  we  mention  a 
tiling  by  explicit  word,  as  by  naming  it.  The  speaker  adverted  to 
the  recent  disturbances  and  the  remissness  of  certain  public  offi- 
cers ;  tho  he  mentioned  no  name,  it  was  easy  to  see  to  whom 
he  alluded.  One  may  Imit  at  a  thing  in  a  friendly  way,  but  what 
is  insinuated  is  always  unfavorable,  generally  both  hostile  and 
cowardly.     One  may  indicate  his  wishes,  intimate  his  plans,  imply 


„»,  allure 

»»•  also 

his  opinion,  signify  his  will,  suggest  a  course  of  action.     Compare 

SUGGESTION. 
Preposition: 

The  passage  evidently  alludes  to  the  Jewish  Passover. 


Synonyms: 

attract,      captivate,      decoy,      entice,  lure,  tempt, 

cajole,        coax,  draw^,       inveigle,      seduce,      w^in. 

To  allure  is  to  draw  as  with  a  lure  by  some  charm  or  some 
prospect  of  pleasure  or  advantage.  We  may  attract  others  to  a 
certain  thing  without  intent ;  as,  the  good  unconsciously  attract 
others  to  virtue.  We  may  allure  either  to  that  which  is  evil  or 
to  that  which  is  good  and  noble,  by  purpose  and  endeavor,  as  in 
the  familiar  line,  "  Allured  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way," 
Goldsmith  Deserted  Village  1.  170.  Lure  is  rather  more  akin  to 
the  physical  nature.  It  is  the  word  we  would  use  of  drawing  on 
an  animal.  Coax  expresses  the  attraction  of  the  person,  not  of 
the  thing.  A  man  may  be  coaxed  to  that  which  is  by  no  means 
alluring.  Cajole  and  decoy  carry  the  idea  of  deceiving  and  ensnar- 
ing. To  inveigle  is  to  lead  one  blindly  in.  To  tempt  is  to  endeavor 
to  lead  one  wrong ;  to  seduce  is  to  succeed  in  winning  one  from 
good  to  ill.  Win  may  be  used  in  either  a  bad  or  a  good  sense,  in 
which  latter  it  surpasses  the  highest  sense  of  allure,  because  it 
succeeds  in  that  which  allure  attempts;  as,  "He  that  winneth 
souls  is  wise,"  Prov.  xi,  30. 
Antonyms : 

chill,         damp,  deter,  dissuade,  drive  away,         repel,         warn. 

Prepositions: 

Allure  to  a  course  ;  allure  by  hopes  ;  allure  from  evil  to  good. 


ALSO. 

Synonyms : 

as  -well,  in  addition,  likew^ise,  too, 

as  well  as,  in  like  manner,     similarly,  withal, 

besides. 

While  some  distinctions  between  these  words  and  phrases  will 

appear  to  the  careful  student,  yet  in  practise  the  choice  between 

them  is  largely  to  secure  euphony  and  avoid  repetition.      The 

words  fall  into   two  groups;  as  tcell  as,  besides,  in  addition,  too, 

withal,  simply  add  a  fact  or  thought;  also  (all  so),  in  like  manner, 

likewise,  similarly,  affirm  that  what  is  added  is  like  that  to  which 

it  is  added.     As  well  follows  the  word  or  phrase  to  which  it  is 


alternative  no 

amass 

joined.     We  can  say  the  singers  as  icell  as  the  players,  or  the 
players,  and  the  singers  as  well. 

Antonyiiis  : 

but,  nevertheless,  on  the  contrary,  yet. 

in  spite  of,  notwithstanding,  on  the  other  hand, 


ALTERNATIVE. 

Synonyms  : 

clioice,     election,     option,     pick,     preference,    resource. 

A  choice  may  be  among  many  things;  an  alternative  is  in  the 
strictest  sense  a  choice  between  two  things;  oftener  it  is  one  of  two 
things  between  Avhich  a  choice  is  to  be  made,  and  either  of  which 
is  the  alternative  of  the  other  ;  as,  the  alternative  of  surrender  is 
deatli;  or  the  two  things  between  which  there  is  a  choice  may  be 
called  the  alternatives;  both  ]\Iill  and  Gladstone  are  qiToted  as  ex- 
tending the  meaning  of  alternative  to  include  several  particulars, 
Gladstone  even  speaking  of  "the  fourth  and  last  of  these  alterna- 
tives." Option  is  the  right  or  privilege  of  choosing  ;  clioice  may 
be  either  the  right  to  choose,  the  act  of  choosing,  or  the  thing 
chosen.  A  person  of  abihty  and  readiness  will  commonly  have 
many  resources.  Pick,  from  the  Saxon,  and  election,  from  the 
Latin,  picture  the  objects  before  one,  with  freedom  and  power  to 
choose  which  he  will ;  as,  there  were  twelve  horses,  among  which 
I  could  take  my  pick.  A  choice,  pick,  election,  or  preference  is 
that  which  suits  one  best ;  an  alternative  is  that  to  which  one  is 
restricted  ;  a  resource,  that  to  which  one  is  glad  to  betake  oneself. 
Antonyms  : 

compulsion,  necessity. 


AMASS. 


Synonyms  : 

accumulate,       collect,       heap  up.       hoard  up,       store  up. 
aggregate,  gather,       hoard,  pile  up, 

To  amass  is  to  bring  together  materials  that  make  a  mass,  a 
great  bulk  or  quantity.  With  some  occasional  exceptions,  accu- 
mulate is  appUed  to  the  more  gradual,  amass  to  the  more  rapid 
gathering  of  money  or  materials,  amass  referring  to  the  general 
result  or  bulk,  accumulate  to  the  particular  process  or  rate  of  gain. 
We  say  interest  is  accumulated  (or  accumulates)  rather  than  is 
amassed  ;  he  accumidated  a  fortune  in  the  course  of  years;  he 
rapidly  amassed  a  fortune  by  shrewd  speculations.  Goods  or 
money  for  immediate  distribution  are  said  to  be  collected  rather 


39 


amateur 
aniazenient 


than  amassed.  They  may  be  stored  up  for  a  longer  or  shorter 
time;  but  to  hoard  is  always  with  a  view  of  permanent  retention, 
generally  selfish.  Aggregate  is  now  most  commonly  used  of 
numbers  and  amounts;  as,  the  expenses  will  aggregate  a  round 
million. 
Antonyms: 

disperse,  divide,  portion,  spend,  waste. 

dissipate,  parcel,  scatter,  squander. 

Prepositions : 

Amass /or  oneself  ;  for  a  purpose  ;  from  a  distance  ;  ivith  great 
labor ;  by  industry. 

AHATEIJR. 

Synonyms: 

connoisseur,       critic,       dilettante,       novice,       tyro. 

Etymologically,  the  amateur  is  one  who  loves,  the  connoisseur 
one  who  knows.  In  usage,  the  term  amateur  is  applied  to  one 
who  pursues  any  study  or  art  simply  from  the  love  of  it;  the  word 
carries  a  natural  implication  of  superficialness,  tho  marked 
excellence  is  at  times  attained  by  amateurs.  A  connoisseur  is 
supposed  to  be  so  thoroughly  informed  regarding  any  art  or  work 
as  to  be  able  to  criticize  or  select  intelligently  and  authoritatively; 
there  are  many  incompetent  critics,  but  there  can  not,  in  the  true 
sense,  be  an  incompetent  connoisseur.  The  amateiir  practises  to 
some  extent  that  in  regard  to  which  he  may  not  be  well  informed; 
the  connoisseur  is  well  informed  in  regard  to  that  which  he  may 
not  practise  at  all.  A  novice  or  tyro  may  be  a  professional ;  an 
amateur  never  is;  the  amateur  may  be  skilled  and  experienced  as 
the  novice  or  tyro  never  is.  Dilettante,  which  had  originally  the 
sense  of  amateur,  has  to  some  extent  come  to  denote  one  who  is 
superficial,  pretentious,  and  affected,  whether  in  theory  or  prac- 
tise. 
Preposition: 

An  amateur  in  art. 


AMAZEMEKT. 
Synonyms : 

admiration,  awe,  confusion,       surprise, 

astonishment,     bewilderment,     perplexity,     w^onder. 

Amazement  and  astonishment  both  express  the  momentary 
overwhelming  of  the  mind  by  that  which  is  beyond  expectation. 
Astonishment  especially  affects  the  emotions,  amazement  the  in- 
tellect.    Aim  is  the  yielding  of  the  mind  to  something  supremely 


ambition  40 

grand  in  character  or  formidable  in  power,  and  ranges  from  ap- 
prehension or  dread  to  reverent  Avorship.  Admiration  inchides 
delight  and  regard.  Surprise  lies  midway  between  astonishment 
and  amazement,  and  usually  respects  matters  of  lighter  conse- 
quence or  such  as  are  less  startling  in  character.  Amazement 
may  be  either  pleasing  or  painful,  as  when  induced  by  the  gran- 
deur of  the  mountains,  or  by  the  fury  of  the  storm.  We  can  say 
pleased  surprise,  but  scarcely  pleased  astonishment.  Amazement 
has  in  it  something  of  confusion  or  bewilderment ;  but  confusion 
and  heivilderment  may  occur  without  amazement,  as  when  a  mul- 
titude of  details  require  instant  attention.  Astonishment  may  be 
without  heivilderment  or  confusion.  Wonder  is  often  pleasing, 
and  may  be  continuous  in  view  of  that  which  surpasses  our  com- 
prehension; as,  the  magnitude,  order,  and  beauty  of  the  heavens 
fill  us  with  increasing  wonder.  Compare  perplexity. 
Autonyms : 

anticipation,        composure,        expectation,        preparation,  steadiness, 

calmness,  coolness,  indifference,        self»possession,        stoicism. 

Preposition : 

I  was  filled  with  amazement  at  such  reckless  daring. 


AMBITION. 

Synonyms : 

aspiration,    competition,    emulation,    opposition,     rivalry. 

Aspiration  is  the  desire  for  excellence,  pure  and  simple.  Am- 
bition,  literally  a  going  around  to  solicit  votes,  has  primary  refer- 
ence to  the  award  or  approval  of  others,  and  is  the  eager  desire  of 
power,  fame,  or  something  deemed  great  and  eminent,  and  viewed 
as  a  worthy  prize.  The  prizes  of  aspiration  are  virtue,  nobility, 
skill,  or  other  high  qualities.  The  prizes  of  ambition  are  advance- 
ment, fame,  honor,  and  the  like.  There  is  a  noble  and  wise  or  an 
ignoble,  selfish,  and  harmful  ambition.  Emidation  is  not  so 
much  to  win  any  excellence  or  success  for  itself  as  to  equal  or 
surpass  other  persons.  There  is  such  a  thing  as  a  noble  emidation, 
when  those  we  would  equal  or  surpass  are  noble,  and  the  means 
we  would  use  worthy.  But,  at  the  highest,  emulation  is  inferior 
as  a  motive  to  asx>iration,  which  seeks  the  high  quality  or  char- 
acter for  its  own  sake,  not  with  reference  to  another.  Competi- 
tion is  the  striving  for  something  that  is  sought  by  another  at  the 
same  time.  Emidation  regards  the  abstract,  competition  the  con- 
crete; rivalry  is  the  same  in  essential  meaning  with  competition, 
but  differs  in  the  nature  of  the  objects  contested  for,  which,  in 


41  amend 

tlie  case  of  rivalry,  are  usually  of  the  nobler  sort  and  less  subject 
to  direct  gaging,  measurement,  and  rule.  We  speak  of  competi- 
tion, in  business,  emulation  in  scholarship,  rivalry  in  love,  politics, 
etc.;  emulation  of  excellence,  success,  achievement;  competition 
for  a  prize;  rivalry  between  jjersons  or  nations.  Competition 
may  be  friendly,  rivalry  is  commonly  hostile.  Opposition  is  be- 
coming a  frecpxent  substitute  for  competition  in  business  language; 
it  implies  that  the  competitor  is  an  opponent  and  hinderer. 
Xntonjms: 

carelessness,        contentment,         humility,         indifference,         satisfaction. 


AMEXD. 


Synonyms : 

advance,  correct,  meliorate,  rectify, 

ameliorate,  emend,  mend,  reform, 

better,  improve,  mitigate,  repair, 

cleanse,  make  better,  purify. 

To  amend  is  to  change  for  the  better  by  removing  faults,  errors, 
or  defects,  and  always  refers  to  that  which  at  some  point  falls 
short  of  a  standard  of  excellence.  Advance,  better,  and  improve 
may  refer  either  to  what  is  quite  imperfect  or  to  what  has  reached 
a  high  degree  of  excellence  ;  we  advance  the  kingdom  of  God,  im- 
prove the  minds  of  our  children,  better  the  morals  of  the  i)eople. 
But  for  matters  below  the  point  of  ordinary  approval  we  seldom 
use  these  words ;  we  do  not  speak  of  bettering  a  wretched  alley, 
or  improving  a  foul  sewer.  There  we  use  cleanse,  jiurify,  or  sim- 
ilar words.  We  correct  evils,  reform  abuses,  rectify  incidental 
conditions  of  evil  or  error ;  we  ameliorate  poverty  and  misery, 
which  we  can  not  wholly  remove.  We  mend  a  tool,  repair  a  build- 
ing, correct  proof  ;  we  amend  character  or  conduct  that  is  faulty, 
or  a  statement  or  law  that  is  defective.  A  text,  writing,  or  state- 
ment is  amended  by  the  author  or  by  some  adequate  authority;  it 
is  often  emended  by  conjecture.  A  motion  is  amended  by  the 
mover  or  by  the  assembly;  a  constitution  is  amended  by  the  peo- 
ple ;  an  ancient  text  is  emended  by  a  critic  who  believes  that  what 
seems  to  him  the  better  reading  is  what  the  author  vsTote.  Com- 
pare ALLEVIATE. 

Antonyms : 

aggravate,  debase,  harm,  mar,  tarnish, 

blemish,  depress,  impair,  spoil,  vitiate, 

corrupt,  deteriorate,  injure. 


amiable 
amid 


42 


engaging, 
gentle, 
good=natured, 
kind. 


lovable, 
lovely, 
loving, 
pleasant, 


pleasing, 
sweet, 
■winning, 
winsome. 


Synonyms: 

agreeable, 
attractive, 
benignant, 
charming. 

Amiable  combines  the  senses  of  lovable  or  lovely  and  loving;  the 
amiable  character  lias  ready  affection  and  kindliness  for  others, 
with  the  qualities  that  are  adapted  to  win  their  love ;  amiable  is  a 
higher  and  stronger  word  than  good-natured  or  agreeable.  Lovely 
is  often  applied  to  externals  ;  as,  a  lovely  face.  Amiable  denotes  a 
disposition  desirous  to  cheer,  please,  and  make  happy.  A  selfish 
man  of  the  world  may  have  the  art  to  be  agreeable;  a  handsome, 
brilliant,  and  witty  person  may  be  charming  or  even  attractive, 
while  by  no  means  amiable.  The  engaging,  icinning,  and  win- 
some add  to  amiability  something  of  beauty,  accomplishments, 
and  grace.  The  benignant  are  calmly  kind,  as  from  a  height 
and  a  distance.  Kind,  good-natured  people  may  be  coarse  and 
rude,  and  so  fail  to  be  agreeable  or  pleasing;  the  really  amiable 
are  likely  to  avoid  such  faults  by  their  earnest  desire  to  please. 
The  good-natured  have  an  easy  disposition  to  get  along  comforta- 
bly with  every  one  in  all  circunastances.  A  siveet  disjDosition  is 
very  sure  to  be  amiable,  the  loving  heart  bringing  out  all  that  is 
lovable  and  lovely  in  character. 
Antonyms: 

acrimonious,       crusty,  hateful, 

churlish,  disagreeable,       ill=conditioned, 

crabbed,  dogged,  ill-humored, 

cruel,  gruff,  ill-uatured, 


ill-tempered,  surly, 

morose,  unamiable, 

sour,  unlovely. 
sullen, 


AMID. 

Synonyms : 

amidst,       amongst,       betw^ixt,  mingled  w^ith, 

among,       betw^een,       in  the  midst  of,      surrounded  by. 

Amid  or  amidst  denotes  surrounded  by ;  among  or  amongst 
denotes  mingled  with.  Betiveen  (archaic  or  poetic,  betwixt)  is  said 
of  two  persons  or  objects,  or  of  two  groups  of  persons  or  objects. 
"  Let  there  be  no  strife,  I  pray  thee,  between  me  and  thee,  and 
between  my  herdmen  and  thy  herdmen,"  Gen.  xiii,  9  ;  the  ref- 
erence being  to  two  bodies  of  herdmen.  Amid  denotes  mere 
position  ;  among,  some  active  relation,  as  of  companionship,  hos- 
tility, etc.  Lowell's  "Among  my  Books  "  regards  the  books  as 
companions ;  amid  my  books  would  suggest  packing,  storing,  or 
some  other  incidental  circumstance.  We  say  among  friends,  or 
among  enemies,  amidst  the  woods,  amid  the  shadows.    In  the 


amplify 
4(>  analo 


y 


midst  of  may  have  merely  the  local  meaning  ;  as,  I  found  myself 
in  the  midst  of  a  crowd  ;  or  it  may  express  even  closer  association 
than  among  ;  as,  ' '  I  found  myself  in  the  midst  of  friends  "  sug- 
gests their  pressing  up  on  every  side,  oneself  the  central  object ;  so, 
"where  two  or  three  are  met  together  in  my  name,  there  am  I  in 
the  midU  of  them,"  Matt,  xviii,  20 ;.  in  which  case  it  would  be 
feebler  to  say  "among  them,"  impossible  to  say  "amid  them," 
not  so  well  to  say  "  amidst  them." 
Antonyms: 

afar  from,        away  from,        beyond,        far  from,        outside,        without. 


AMPLiIFY. 

Synonyms: 

augment,  dilate,  expand,  extend,  unfold, 

develop,  enlarge,      expatiate,     increase,      widen. 

Amplify  is  now  rarely  used  in  the  sense  of  increase,  to  add 
material  substance,  bulk,  volume,  or  the  like  ;  it  is  now  almost 
wholly  applied  to  discourse  or  writing,  signifying  to  make  fuller 
in  statement,  whether  with  or  without  adding  matter  of  impor- 
tance, as  by  stating  fully  what  was  before  only  implied,  or  by  add- 
ing illustrations  to  make  the  meaning  more  readily  apprehended, 
etc.  The  chief  difficulty  of  very  young  writers  is  to  amiMfy,  to 
get  beyond  the  bare  curt  statement  by  developing,  expanding,  un- 
folding the  thought.  The  chief  difficulty  of  those  who  have  more 
material  and  experience  is  to  condense  sufficiently.  So,  in  the 
early  days  of  our  literature  amplify  was  used  in  the  favorable 
sense  ;  but  at  present  this  word  and  most  kindred  words  are  com- 
ing to  share  the  derogatory  meaning  that  has  long  attached  to 
expatiate.  We  may  develop  a  thought,  expand  an  illustration, 
extend  a  discussion,  expatiate  on  a  hobby,  dilate  on  something 
joyous  or  sad,  enlarge  a  volume,  unfold  a  scheme,  widen  the  range 
of  treatment. 
Autonyms : 

abbreviate,       amputate,  condense,    cut  down,       reduce,       summarize, 

abridge,  "  boil  down,"    curtail,         epitomize,       retrench,     sum  up. 

Prepositions : 

To  amplify  on  or  upon  the  subject  is  needless.     Amplify  this 
matter  by  illustrations. 

AlVALOGY. 

Synonyms : 

aflBnity,  likeness,  relation,  similarity, 

coincidence,        parity,  resemblance,       simile, 

comparison,         proportion,       semblance,  similitude. 

Analogy  is  specifically  a  resemblance  of  relations ;    a  resem- 


anger 


44 


blance  that  may  be  reasoned  from,  so  that  from  the  likeness  in 
certain  respects  we  may  infer  that  other  and  perhaps  deeper  rela- 
tions exist.  Affinity  is  a  mutual  attraction  with  or  without  seeming 
likeness  ;  as,  the  affinity  of  iron  for  oxygen.  Coincidence  is  com- 
plete agreement  in  some  one  or  more  respects  ;  there  may  be  a 
coincidence  in  time  of  most  dissimilar  events.  Parity  of  rea- 
soning is  said  of  an  argument  equally  conclusive  on  subjects  not 
strictly  analogous.  Similitude  is  a  rhetorical  comparison  of  one 
thing  to  another  with  which  it  has  some  points  in  common. 
Resemhlance  and  similarity  are  external  or  superficial,  and  may 
involve  no  deeper  relation  ;  as,  the  resemblance  of  a  cloud  to  a 
distant  mountain.  Compare  allegory. 
Antonyms: 

disagreement,       disproportion,       dissimilarity,       incongruity,       unlikenese. 
Prepositions : 

The  analogy  betiveen  (or  of)  nature  and  revelation  ;  the  anal- 
ogy of  sound  to  light ;  a  family  has  some  analogy  with  (or  to)  a 
state. 

Synonyms: 

animosity,  fury,  offense,  rage, 

eholer,  impatience,  passion,  resentment, 

displeasure,  indignation,  peevishness,  temper, 

exasperation,  ire,  pettishness.  vexation, 

fretfulness,  irritation,  petulance,  w^rath. 

Displeasure  is  the  mildest  and  most  general  word.  Choler  and 
ire,  now  rare  except  in  poetic  or  highly  rhetorical  language,  denote 
a  still,  and  the  latter  a  persistent,  anger.  Temper  used  alone  in 
the  sense  of  anger  is  colloquial,  tho  we  may  correctly  say  a 
hot  temjoer,  a  fiery  temper,  etc.  Passion,  tho  a  word  of  far 
wider  apiilication,  may,  in  the  singular,  be  employed  to  denote 
anger  ;  "did  put  me  in  a  towering  passion,''^  Shakespeare  Ham- 
let act  V,  sc.  2.  Anger  is  violent  and  vindictive  emotion,  which  is 
sharp,  sudden,  and,  like  all  violent  passions,  necessarily  brief. 
Resentment  (a  feeling  back  or  feeling  over  again)  is  persistent,  the 
bitter  brooding  over  injuries.  Exasperation,  a  roughening,  is  a 
hot,  superficial  intensity  of  anger,  demanding  instant  expression. 
Rage  drives  one  beyond  the  bounds  of  iDrudence  or  discretion  ;  fury 
is  stronger  yet,  and  sweeps  one  away  into  uncontrollable  violence. 
Anger  is  personal  and  usually  selfish,  aroused  by  real  or  supposed 
wrong  to  oneself,  and  directed  specifically  and  intensely  against 
the  person  who  is  viewed  as  blameworthy.  Indignation  is  imper- 
sonal and  unselfish  displeasure  at  unworthy  acts  (L.  indigna),  i.  e., 


45  *  animal 

at  wrong  as  wrong.  Pure  indignation  is  not  followed  by  regret, 
and  needs  no  repentance ;  it  is  also  more  self=controlled  than 
anger.  Anger  is  commonly  a  sin  ;  indignation  is  often  a  duty. 
Wrath  is  deep  and  perhaps  vengeful  displeastire,  as  when  the  peo- 
ple of  Nazareth  were  "filled  with  ivrath'"  at  the  plain  words  of 
Jesus  (Luke  iv,  28) :  it  may,  however,  simply  express  the  culmina- 
tion of  righteous  indignation  without  malice  in  a  pure  being  ;  as, 
the  irrath  of  God.  Impatience,  fretfitlness,  irritation,  peevish- 
ness, pettishness,  j)etidance,  and  vexation  express  the  slighter 
forms  of  anger.  Irritation,  pettdance,  and  vexation  are  tempo- 
rary and  for  immediate  cause.  Fretfidness,  pettishness,  and  pee- 
vishness are  chronic  states  finding  in  any  petty  matter  an  occasion 
for  their  exercise.    Compare  acrimony  ;  enmity  ;  hatred. 

Antonyms: 

amiability,  gentleness,  long»suffeiing,  patience,  peacefulness, 

charity,  leniency,  love,  peace,  self-control, 

forbearance,  lenity,  mildness,  peaceableness,  self-restraint. 

Prepositions: 

Anger  at  the  insult  prompted  the  reply.     Anger  toward  the 
offender  exaggerates  the  offense. 


ANIMAL. 

Synonyms : 

beast,  living  creature,  sentient  being,  fauna, 

brute,  living  organism, 

An  animal  is  a  sentient  being,  distinct  from  inanimate  matter 
and  from  vegetable  life  on  the  one  side  and  from  mental  and  spir- 
itual existence  on  the  other.  Thus  man  is  properly  classified  as  an 
animal.  But  because  the  animal  life  is  the  lowest  and  rudest  part 
of  his  being  and  that  which  he  shares  with  inferior  creatures,  to 
call  any  individal  man  an  animal  is  to  imply  that  the  animal 
nature  has  undue  supremacy,  and  so  is  deep  condemnation  or  ut- 
ter insult.  The  brute  is  the  animal  viewed  as  dull  to  all  finer  feel- 
ing ;  the  beast  is  looked  upon  as  a  being  of  appetites.  To  call 
a  man  a  brute  is  to  imjily  that  he  is  unfeeling  and  cruel ;  to  call 
him  a  beast  is  to  indicate  that  he  is  vilely  sensual.  We  speak  of 
the  cruel  father  us  a  brute  to  his  children  ;  of  the  drunkard  as 
making  a  beast  of  himself.  So  firmly  are  these  figurative  senses 
established  that  we  now  incline  to  avoid  applying  brute  or  beast 
to  any  creature,  as  a  horse  or  dog,  for  which  we  have  any  afiiec- 
tion ;  we  prefer  in  such  cases  the  word  animal.  Creature  is  a 
word  of  wide  signification,  including  all  the  things  that  God 


announce 

answer  46 

has  created,  whether  inanimate  objects,  plants,  animals,  angels, 

or  men.     The  animals  of  a  region  are  collectively  called  its  fauna. 
Antonyms : 

angel,  man,  mind,  soul,  substance  (material), 

inanimate  object,  matter,        mineral,         spirit,  vegetable. 


Synonyms : 

advertise,  give  notice  (of),   proclaim,         reveal, 

circulate,  give  out,  promulgate,  say, 

communicate,    herald,  propound,        spread  abroad, 

declare,  make  known,       publish,  state, 

enunciate,  notify,  report,  tell. 

To  announce  is  to  give  intelligence  of  in  some  formal  or  pub- 
lic way.  We  may  announce  that  which  has  occurred  or  that  which 
is  to  occur,  tho  the  word  is  cliiefly  used  in  the  anticipative  sense  ; 
we  announce  a  book  when  it  is  in  press,  a  guest  when  he  arrives. 
We  advertise  our  business,  communicate  our  intentions,  enunciate 
our  views  ;  we  notify  an  individual,  give  notice  to  the  pubHc.  De- 
clare has  often  an  authoritative  force  ;  to  declare  war  is  to  cause 
war  to  be,  where  before  there  may  have  been  only  hostilities  ;  we 
say  declare  war,  proclaim  peace.  Wq  propound  a  question  or  an 
argument,  promidgate  the  views  of  a  sect  or  party,  or  the  decision 
of  a  court,  etc.  We  report  an  interview,  reveal  a  secret,  herald 
the  coming  of  some  distinguished  person  or  gi-eat  event.  Publish, 
in  popular  usage,  is  becoming  closely  restricted  to  the  sense  of 
issuing  through  the  press ;  we  announce  a  book  that  is  to  be 
published. 
Antonyms: 

bury,  cover  (up),  hush,  keep  secret,  suppress, 

conceal,  hide,  keep  back,  secrete,  withhold. 

Prepositions : 

The  event  was  announced  to  the  family  by  telegraph. 


ANSWER. 

Synonyms  : 

rejoinder,  repartee,  reply,         response,       retort. 

A  verbal  answer  is  a  return  of  words  to  something  that  seems 
to  call  for  them,  and  is  made  to  a  charge  as  well  as  to  a  question  ; 
an  ansioer  may  be  even  made  to  an  unspoken  implication  or  man- 
ifestation ;  see  Luke  v,  22.  In  a  wider  sense,  anything  said  or 
done  in  return  for  some  word,  action,  or  suggestion  of  another 
may  be  called  an  ansiver.  The  blow  of  an  em-aged  man,  the 
whinny  of  a  horse,  the  howling  of  the  wind,  the  movement  of  a 
bolt  in  a  lock,  an  echo,  etc.,  may  each  be  an  ansiver  to  some  word 


47 


anticipate 


or  movement.  A  reply  is  an  unfolding,  and  ordinarily  implies 
thought  and  intelligence.  A  rejoinder  is  strictly  an  ansiver  to  a 
reply,  thq  often  used  in  the  general  sense  of  ansiver,  but  always 
with  the  imi^lication  of  something  more  or  less  controversial  or 
opposed,  tho  lacking  the  conclusiveness  implied  in  ansicer  ; 
an  answer,  in  the  full  sense,  to  a  charge,  an  ai-gument,  or  an 
objection  is  adequate,  and  finally  refutes  and  disposes  of  it ;  a  re2)ly 
or  rejoinder  may  be  quite  inadequate,  so  that  one  may  say,  "  This 
rejjly  is  not  an  answer;"  "I  am  ready  with  an  answer"  means 
far  more  than  "I  am  ready  with  a  reply."  A  response  is  accor- 
dant or  harmonious,  designed  or  adapted  to  carry  on  the  thought 
of  the  words  that  called  it  forth,  as  the  responses  in  a  liturgical 
service,  or  to  meet  the  wish  of  him  who  seeks  it ;  as,  the  appeal 
for  aid  met  a  prompt  and  hearty  response.  Repartee  is  a  prompt, 
witty,  and  commonly  good=natured  answer  to  some  argument  or 
attack  ;  a  retort  may  also  be  witty,  but  is  severe  and  may  be  even 
savage  in  its  intensity. 

Prepositions : 

An  answer  in  writing,  or  by  word  of  mouth,  to  the  question. 


ANTICIPATE. 

Synonyms : 

apprehend,  forecast,  hope, 

expect,  foretaste,  look  forward  to. 

To  antieipate  may  be  eitlier  to  take  before  in  fact  or  to  take 
before  in  thought ;  in  the  former  sense  it  is  allied  with  p?'euen^;  in 
the  latter,  with  the  synonyms  above  given.  This  is  coming  to  be 
the  prevalent  and  favorite  use.  We  ei^ped:  that  which  we  have 
good  reason  to  believe  will  happen ;  as,  a  boy  expects  to  grow  to 
manhood.  We  li^e  for  that  which  we  much  desire  and  some- 
what expeet.  We  apprehend  what  we  both  expect  and  fear.  An- 
ticipate is  commonly  used  now,  like  foretaste,  of  that  which  we 
expect  both  with  confidence  and  pleasure.  In  this  use  it  is  a 
stronger  word  than  liop)e,  w-here  often  "  the  wish  is  father  to  the 
thought."  I  Iwpe  for  a  visit  from  my  friend,  tho  I  have  no 
word  from  him  ;  I  expeet  it  when  he  writes  that  he  is  coming  ; 
and  as  the  time  draws  near  I  anticipate  it  with  pleasure.  Com- 
pare ABIDE  ;  PREVENT. 

Antonyms  : 

despair  of,     distrust,     doubt,     dread,    fear,    recall,    recollect,    remembei'. 


anticipation 
antique 


4S 


AJSTICIPATIOIV. 

Synonyms : 

antepast.  expectation,      foresiglit,  hope, 

apprehension,   foreboding,        foretaste,  presentiment, 

expectancy,        forecast,  forethought,     prevision. 

Exjjectatiou  may  he  either  of  good  or  evil ;  presentiment  almost 
always,  apprehension  and  foreboding  always,  of  evil ;  anticipa- 
tion and  antepast,  commonly  of  good.  Thus,  we  speak  of  the 
pleasures  of  anticipation.  A  foretaste  may  be  of  good  or  evil, 
and  is  more  than  imaginary  ;  it  is  a  part  actually  received  in  ad- 
vance. Foresight  and  forethought  prevent  future  evil  and  secure 
future  good  by  timely  looking  forward,  and  acting  upon  what  is 
foreseen.  Compare  anticipate. 
Antonyms  : 

astonishment,      despair,  dread,  fear,  surprise, 

consummation,    doubt,  enjoyment,        realization,         wonder. 


>   ANTIPATHY. 
Synonyms : 

abhorrence,       disgust,  hatred,  repugnance, 

antagonism,      dislike,  hostility,  repulsion, 

aversion,  distaste,         opposition,        uncongeniality. 

detestation, 

Antipathy,  repugnance,  and  uncongeniality  are  instinctive ; 
other  forms  of  dislike  may  be  acquired  or  cherished  for  cause. 
Uncongeniality  is  negative,  a  want  of  touch  or  sympathy.  An  an- 
tipathy  to  a  person  or  thing  is  an  instinctive  recoil  from  connec- 
tion or  association  with  that  person  or  thing,  and  may  be  physical 
or  mental,  or  both.  Antagonism  may  result  from  the  necessity  of 
circumstances  ;  opposition  may  spring  from  conflicting  views  or 
interests  ;  abhorrence  and  detestation  may  be  the  result  of  religious 
and  moral  training ;  distaste  and  disgust  may  be  acquired  ;  aver- 
sion is  a  deep  and  permanent  dislike.  A  natural  antipathy  may 
give  rise  to  opjiosition  which  may  result  in  hatred  and  hostility. 
Compare  acrimony  ;  anger  ;  enmity  ;  hatred. 
Antonyms 

affinity,  attraction,  fellowfeeling,         kindliness,         sympathy. 

agreement,         congeniality,  harmony,  regard, 

Prepositions : 

Antipathy  to  (less  frequently /or  or  against)  a  person  or  thing  ; 
antipathy  bettveen  or  betwixt  two  persons  oi  things. 


ANTIQUE. 

Synonyms : 

ancient,  old-fashioned,       quaint,  superannuated, 

antiquated, 

Antique  refers  to  an  ancient,  antiquated  to  a  discarded  style. 


49  anxiety 

Antique  is  that  which  is  either  ancient  in  fact  or  ancient  in  style. 
The  reference  is  to  the  style  rather  than  to  the  age.  We  can  speak 
of  the  antique  arcliitecture  of  a  chiu-ch  just  built.  The  difference 
between  antiquated  and  antique  is  not  in  the  age,  for  a  Puritan 
style  may  be  scorned  as  antiquated,  while  a  Roman  or  Renais- 
sance style  may  be  prized  as  antique.  The  antiquated  is  not  so 
much  out  of  date  as  out  of  vogue.  Old-fashioned  may  be  used 
approvingly  or  contemptuously.  In  the  latter  case  it  becomes  a 
synonym  for  antiquated ;  in  the  good  sense  it  approaches  the 
meaning  of  antique,  but  indicates  less  duration.  We  call  a  wide 
New  England  fireplace  old-fashioned  ;  a  coin  of  the  Caesars,  an- 
tique. Quaint  combines  the  idea  of  age  with  a  pleasing  oddity  ;  as, 
a  quaint  gambrel=roofed  house.  Antiquated  is  sometimes  used 
of  persons  in  a  sense  akin  to  superannuated.  The  antiquated  per- 
son is  out  of  style  and  out  of  sympathy  with  the  present  genera- 
tion by  reason  of  age ;  the  superannuated  person  is  incapacitated 
for  present  activities  by  reason  of  age.  Compare  old. 
Antonyms: 

fashionable,        fresh,       modern,        modish,         new,  recent,    stylish. 


ANXIETY. 

Synonyms: 

anguish,  disquiet.  foreboding,  perplexity, 

apprehension,     disturbance,     fretfulness,  solicitude, 

care,  dread,  fretting,  trouble, 

concern.  fear,  misgiving,  w^orry. 

Anxiety  is,  according  to  its  derivation,  a  choking  disquiet,  akin 
to  anguish  ;  anxiety  is  mental ;  anguish  may  be  mental  or  phys- 
ical ;  anguish  is  in  regard  to  the  known,  anxiety  in  regard  to  the 
unknown  ;  anguish-  is  because  of  what  has  happened,  anxiety  be- 
cause of  what  may  happen.  Anxiety  refers  to  some  future  event, 
always  suggesting  hopeful  possibility,  and  thvis  differing  from 
apprehension,  fear,  dread,  foreboding,  terror,  all  of  which  may 
be  quite  despairing.  In  matters  within  our  reach,  anxiety  always 
stirs  the  question  whether  something  can  not  be  done,  and  is  thus 
a  valuable  spur  to  doing  ;  in  this  respect  it  is  allied  to  care.  Fore- 
boding, dread,  etc.,  commonly  incapacitate  for  all  helpful  thought 
or  endeavor.  Worry  is  a  more  petty,  restless,  and  manifest 
anxiety ;  anxiety  may  be  qviiet  and  silent ;  ivorry  is  communicated 
to  all  around.  Solicitude  is  a  milder  anxiety.  Frettirg  or  fretftd- 
ness  is  a  weak  complaining  without  thought  of  accomplishing  or 
changing  anything,  but  merely  as  a  relief  to  one's  own  disquiet. 
Perplexity  often  involves  anxiety,  but  may  be  quite  free  from  it. 
4 


apathy  50 

A  student  may  be  perplexed  regarding  a  translation,  yet,  if  he  has 
time  enough,  not  at  all  anxious  regarding  it. 

Antonyms : 

apathy,  calmness,  confidence,  light'heartedness,    satisfaction, 

assurance,      carelessness,      ease,  nouclialance,  tranquillity. 

Prepositions : 

Anxiety /o?'  a  friend's  return  ;  anxiety  about,  in  regard  to,  or 
concerning  the  future. 


APATHY. 

Synonyms : 

calmness,  indifference,    quietness,  stoicism, 

composure,         insensibility,  quietude.  tranquillity, 

immobility,        lethargy,  sluggishness,  unconcern, 

impassibility,    phlegm,  stillness,  unfeelingness. 

Apathy,  according  to  its  Greek  derivation,  is  a  simple  absence 
of  feeling  or  emotion.  There  are  persons  to  whom  a  certain 
degree  of  apathy  is  natural,  an  innate  sluggishness  of  the  emotional 
nature.  In  the  axKithy  of  despair,  a  person  gives  up,  without 
resistance  or  sensibility,  to  what  he  has  fiercely  struggled  to  avoid. 
While  apathy  is  want  of  feeling,  calmness  is  feeling  without  agita- 
tion. Calmness  is  the  result  of  strength,  courage,  or  trust ;  apathy 
is  the  result  of  dulness  or  weakness.  Composure  is  freedom  from 
agitation  or  disturbance,  resulting  ordinarily  from  force  of  will, 
or  from  perfect  confidence  in  one's  own  resources.  Impassibility 
is  a  philosophical  term  applied  to  the  Deity,  as  infinitely  exalted 
above  all  stir  of  passion  or  emotion.  Unfeelmgness,  the  Saxon  word 
that  should  be  the  exact  equivalent  of  apathy,  really  means  more, 
a  lack  of  the  feeling  one  ought  to  have,  a  censurable  hardness  of 
heart.  Indifference  and  insensibility  designate  the  absence  of  feel- 
ing toward  certain  persons  or  things ;  apathy,  entire  absence  of  feel- 
ing. Indifference  is  a  want  of  interest ;  insensibility  is  a  want  of 
feeling  ;  unconcern  has  reference  to  consequences.  We  speak  of 
insensibility  of  heart,  immobility  of  countenance.  Stoicism  is  an 
intentional  suppression  of  feeUng  and  deadening  of  sensibiUties, 
while  apathy  is  involuntary.     Compare  calm  ;  rest  ;  stupob. 

Antonyms  : 

agitation,       disturbance,  feeling,  sensibility,  sympathy, 

alarm,  eagerness,  frenzy,  sensitiveness,  turbulence, 

anxiety,  emotion,  fury,  storm,  vehemence, 

care,  excitement,  passion,  susceptibility,  violence, 

distress. 

Prepositions: 

The  apathy  of  monastic  life ;  apathy  toward  good. 


r-m  apiece 

***  apology 

APIECE. 

SynonyiiiK : 

distritoutively,    each,   individually,   separately,    severally. 

There  is  no  discernible  difference  in  sense  between  so  much 
apiece  and  so  much  each ;  the  former  is  the  more  common  and 
popular,  the  latter  the  more  elegant  expression.  Distributively 
is  generally  used  of  numbers  and  abstract  relations.  Individually 
emphasizes  the  independence  of  the  individuals;  separately  and' 
severally  still  more  emphatically  hold  them  apart.  The  signers  of 
a  note  may  become  jointly  and  severally  responsible,  that  is,  each 
liable  for  the  entire  amount,  as  if  he  had  signed  it  alone.  Wit- 
nesses are  often  brought  separately  into  court,  in  order  that  no 
one  may  be  influenced  by  the  testimony  of  another.  If  a  com- 
pany of  laborers  demand  a  dollar  apiece,  that  is  a  demand  that 
each  shall  receive  that  sum  ;  if  they  individually  demand  a  dollar, 
each  individual  makes  the  demand. 
Autonyms : 

accumulatively,       confusedly,       indiscriminately,       together,       unitedly, 

collectively,  en  masse,  synthetically. 


APOLOGY. 

Synonyms : 

acknowledgment,    defense,  excuse,  plea, 

confession,  exculpation,    justification,   vindication. 

All  these  words  express  one's  answer  to  a  charge  of  wrong  or 
error  that  is  or  might  be  made.  Apology  has  undergone  a  re- 
markable change  from  its  old  sense  of  a  valiant  defense— &s  in 
Justin  Martyr's  Apologies  for  the  Christian  faith— to  its  present 
meaning  of  humble  confession  and  concession.  He  who  offers  an 
apology  admits  himself,  at  least  technically  and  seemingly,  in  the 
wrong.  An  apology  is  for  what  one  has  done  or  left  undone; 
an  excuse  may  be  for  what  one  proposes  to  do  or  leave  un- 
done as  well ;  as,  one  sends  beforehand  Ms  excuse  for  not  accepting 
an  invitation  ;  if  he  should  fail  either  to  be  present  or  to  excuse 
himself,  an  apology  would  be  in  order.  An  excuse  for  a  fault  is 
an  attempt  at  partial  justification  ;  as,  one  alleges  haste  as  an  ex- 
cuse for  carelessness.  Confession  is  a  full  acknoicledgment  of 
wrong,  generally  of  a  grave  wrong,  with  or  w-ithout  apology  or 
excuse.  Plea  ranges  in  sense  from  a  prayer  for  favor  or  pardon 
to  an  attempt  at  full  vindication.  Defense,  exculpation,  justifica- 
tion, and  vindication  are  more  properly  antonyms  than  synonyms 
of  apology  in  its  modern  sense,  and  should  be  so  given,  but  for 


apparent  50 

appear  "'*' 


their  connection  with  its  historic  usage.     Compare  confess  ;  de 

FENSE. 
Antonyms: 

accusation,         charge,  condemnation,         injury,         offense, 

censure,  complaint.  imputation,  insult,  wrong. 

Prepositions : 

An  apology  to  the  guest /or  the  oversight  would  be  fitting. 


APPAREI^T. 

Synonyms: 

likely,  presumable,  probable,  seeming. 

The  apparent  is  that  which  appears ;  the  word  has  two  con- 
trasted senses,  either  of  that  which  is  manifest,  visible,  certain, 
or  of  that  which  merely  seems  to  be  and  may  be  very  different 
from  what  is ;  as,  the  apparent  motion  of  the  sun  around  the 
earth.  Apparent  kindness  casts  a  doubt  on  the  reality  of  the 
kindness  ;  apparent  neglect  implies  that  more  care  and  pains  may 
have  been  bestowed  than  we  are  aware  of.  Presumable  implies 
that  a  thing  may  be  reasonably  supposed  beforehand  without  any 
full  know-ledge  of  the  facts.  Probable  implies  that  we  know  facts 
enough  to  make  us  moderately  confident  of  it.  Seeming  expresses 
great  doubt  of  the  reality  ;  seeming  innocence  comes  very  near  in 
meaning  to  probable  guilt.  Apparent  indicates  less  assurance 
than  jyrobable,  and  more  than  seeming.  A  man's  probable  intent 
we  believe  will  prove  to  be  his  real  intent ;  his  seeming  intent  we 
believe  to  be  a  eham  ;  his  apparent  intent  may  be  the  true  one, 
tho  w-e  have  not  yet  evidence  on  which  to  pronounce  with  cer- 
tainty or  even  with  confidence.  Likely  is  a  word  wnth  a  wide 
range  of  usage,  but  always  implying  tlie  belief  that  the  thing  is,  or 
will  be,  true ;  it  is  often  used  with  the  infinitive,  as  the  other  words 
of  this  list  can  not  be  ;  as,  it  is  likely  to  happen.  Compare  evi- 
dent. 
Antonyms: 

doubtful,  dubious,  improbable,  unimaginable,  unlikely. 

Prepositions : 

(When  apparent  is  used  in  the  sense  of  evident) :  His  guilt  is 
apparent  in  every  act  to  all  observers. 


APPEAR. 

Synonyms: 

have  tlie  appearance  or  semblance,  look,  seem. 

x\ppear  and  look  refer  to  what  manifests  itself  to  the  senses  -, 
to  a  semblance  or  probability  presented  directly  to  the  mind.    Seem 


53  appendage 

applies  to  what  is  manifest  to  the  mind  on  reflection.     It  suddenly 
appears  to  me  that  there  is  smoke  in  the  distance  ;  as  I  watch,  it 
looks  like  a  fire  ;  from  my  knowledge  of  the  locality  and  observa- 
tion of  particulars,  it  seems  to  me  a  farmhouse  must  be  burning. 
Antonyms: 

be,  be  certain,  real,  or  true,  be  the  fact,  exist. 

Prepositions : 

Appear  at  the  front ;  among  the  first ;  on  or  iipon  the  surface ; 
to  the  eye  ;  in  evidence,  in  print ;  from  reports  ;  near  the  harbor  ; 
before  the  public ;  in  appropriate  dress ;  with  the  insignia  of  his 
rank  ;  above  the  clouds  ;  beloiv  the  surface  ;  under  the  lee  ;  over 
the  sea ;  through  the  mist ;  appear  for,  in  behalf  of,  or  against 
one  in  court. 


APPENDAGE. 

Synonyms: 

accessory,  addition,       appurtenance,     concomitant, 

accompaniment,     adjunct,        attachment,  extension, 

addendum,  appendix,     auxiliary,  supplement. 

An  adjunct  (something  joined  to)  constitutes  no  real  part  of  the 
thing  or  system  to  which  it  is  joined,  tho  perhaps  a  valuable 
addition  ;  an  appendage  is  commonly  a  real,  tho  not  an  essen- 
tial or  necessary  part  of  that  with  which  it  is  connected ;  an 
appurtenance  belongs  subordinately  to  something  by  which  it  is 
employed,  especially  as  an  instrument  to  accomplish  some  pur- 
pose. A  horse's  tail  is  at  once  an  ornamental  appendo.ge  and  a 
useful  appurtenance ;  we  could  not  call  it  an  adjunct,  tho  we 
might  use  that  word  of  his  iron  shoes.  An  attachment  in  machin- 
ery is  some  mechanism  that  can  be  brought  into  optional  connec- 
tion with  the  principal  movement ;  a  hemmer  is  a  valuable  attach- 
ment of  a  sewing-machine.  An  extension,  as  of  a  railroad  or  of 
a  franchise,  carries  out  further  something  already  existing.  We 
add  an  appendix  to  a  book,  to  contain  names,  dates,  lists,  etc., 
which  would  encumber  the  text ;  we  add  a  supj)lement  to  supply 
omissions,  as,  for  instance,  to  bring  it  up  to  date.  An  appendix 
may  be  called  an  addendum  ;  but  addendum  may  be  used  of  a 
brief  note,  which  would  not  be  dignified  by  the  name  of  appendix  ; 
such  notes  are  often  grouped  as  addenda.  An  addition  might 
be  matter  interwoven  in  the  body  of  the  work,  an  index,  plates, 
editorial  notes,  etc. ,  which  might  be  valuable  additions,  but  not 


appetite 

apportion  54 

within  the  meaning  of  appendix  or  supplement.    Compare  acces- 
sory ;  AUXILIARY. 
Antonyms: 

main  body,  original,  total,  whole. 

Prepositions : 

That  which  is  thought  of  as  added  we  call  an  appendage  to ; 
that  which  is  looked  upon  as  an  integral  part  is  called  an  ap- 
pendage of. 

APPETITE. 

Synonyms: 

appetency,  impulse.  lust.  propensity, 

craving,  inclination.         passion.  relisli, 

desire.  liking.  proclivity,  thirst, 

disposition,  longing,  proneness,  zest. 

Appetite  is  used  only  of  the  demands  of  the  physical  system, 
unless  otherwise  expressly  stated,  as  when  we  say  an  appetite  for 
knowledge  ;  passion  includes  all  excitable  impulses  of  our  nattire, 
as  anger,  fear,  love,  hatred,  etc.  Appetite  is  thus  more  animal 
than  passion  ;  and  when  we  speak  of  passions  and  appetites  as 
conjoined  or  contrasted,  we  think  of  the  appetites  as  wholly  phys- 
ical and  of  the  passions  as,  in  part  at  least,  mental  or  spiritual. 
We  say  an  appetite  for  food,  a  passion  for  fame.  Compare  desire. 
Antonyms: 

antipathj',     detestation,      dislike,         distaste,      indifference,     repugnance. 

aversion,"       disgust,  disrelisli,      hatred,        loathing,  repulsion. 

Compare  antipathy. 
Preposition : 

He  had  an  insatiable  appetite  for  the  marvellous. 


APPORTION. 

Synonyms: 

allot.  appropriate,    deal.  distribute,    grant, 

appoint,    assign.  dispense,    divide.  share. 

To  allot  or  assign  may  be  to  make  an  arbitrary  division;  the 
same  is  true  of  distribute  or  divide.  That  which  is  apportioned 
is  given  by  some  fixed  rule,  wliich  is  meant  to  be  uniform  and 
fair  ;  as,  representatives  are  apportioned  among  the  States  accord- 
ing to  population.  To  dispense  is  to  give  out  freely ;  as,  the  sun 
dispenses  light  and  heat.  A  thing  is  appropriated  to  or  for  a  spe- 
cific purpose  (to  wliich  it  thus  becomes  proper,  in  the  original 
sense  of  being  its  own);  money  appropriated  by  Congress  for  one 
purpose  can  not  be  expended  for  any  other.  One  may  apportion 
what  he  only  holds  in  trust;  he  shares  what  is  his  own.  Compare 
ALLOT. 


55 


approximation 
ariu(« 


Antonyms: 

cling  to,  consolidate,  gather  together,  receive, 

collect,  divide  arbitrarily,        keep  together,  retain. 

Prepositions : 

Apportion  to  each  a  fair  amount;  apportion  the  property  among 
the  heirs,  hehreen  two  claimants;  apportion  according  to  num- 
bers, etc. 

APPROXIMATION. 

Synonyms  : 

approach.  likeness,  neighljorhood,       resemblance, 

contiguity,        nearness,  propinquity,  similarity. 

In  mathematics,  approximation  is  not  guesswork,  not  loose- 
ness, and  not  error.  The  process  of  approximation  is  as  exact  and 
correct  at  every  point  as  that  by  which  an  absolute  result  is  se- 
cured; the  result  only  fails  of  exactness  because  of  some  inherent 
difficulty  in  the  problem.  The  attempt  to  "square  the  circle" 
gives  only  an  approximate  result,  because  of  the  impossibility  of 
expressing  the  circumference  in  terms  of  the  radius.  But  the 
limits  of  eri'or  on  either  side  are  known,  and  the  approximation 
has  i^ractical  value.  Outside  of  mathematics,  the  correct  use  of 
approximation  (and  the  kindred  words  approximate  and  approxi- 
mately) is  to  express  as  near  an  approach  to  accuracy  and  certainty 
as  the  conditions  of  human  thought  or  action  in  any  given  case 
make  possible.  Resemblance  and  similarity  may  be  but  superfi- 
cial and  apparent ;  approximation  is  real.  Approach  is  a  relative 
term,  indicating  that  one  has  come  nearer  than  before,  tho  the 
distance  may  yet  be  considerable  ;  an  approximation  brings  one 
really  near.  Nearness,  neigliborliood,  and  propinquity  are  com- 
monly used  of  place ;  approximation,  of  mathematical  calculations 
and  abstract  reasoning  ;  we  speak  of  approach  to  the  shore,  near- 
ness to  the  town,  approximation  to  the  truth. 
Antonyms : 

difference,        distance,        error,        remoteness,        unlikeness,        variation. 
Prepositions : 

The  approximation  of  the  vegetable  to  the  animal  type. 


ARMS. 

Synonyms: 

accouterments,       armor,       harness,       mail,       'w^eapons. 

Arms  are  implements  of  attack  ;  armor  is  a  defensive  covering. 
The  knight  put  on  his  armor;  he  grasped  liis  arms.  With  the 
disuse  of  defensive  armor  the  word  has  practically  gone  out  of 
military  use,  but  it  is  still  employed  in  the  navy,  where  the  dis- 


army 
arraiorn 


56 


tinction  is  clearly  preserved ;  any  vessel  provided  with  cannon  is 
an  armed  vessel ;  an  armored  ship  is  an  ironclad.  Anything  that 
can  be  wielded  in  figlit  may  become  a  iveapon.  as  a  pitchfork  or  a 
paving=stone ;  arms  are  especially  made  and  designed  for  conflict. 


ARMY. 

Synonyms: 

armament,  forces,  military,  soldiers, 

array,  host,  multitude,  soldiery, 

force,  legions,  phalanx,  troops. 

An  army  is  an  organized  body  of  men  armed  for  war,  ordina- 
rily considerable  in  numbers,  always  independent  in  organization 
so  far  as  not  to  be  a  constituent  part  of  any  other  command.  Or- 
ganization, unity,  and  independence,  rather  than  numbers  are  the 
essentials  of  an  army.  We  speak  of  the  invading  army  of  Cortes  or 
Pizarro,  tho  either  body  was  contemptible  in  numbers  from  a  mod- 
ern military  standpoint.  We  may  have  a  little  army,  a  large  army, 
or  a  vast  army.  Host  is  used  for  any  vast  and  orderly  assem- 
blage ;  as,  the  stars  are  called  the  heavenly  host.  Multitude  ex- 
presses number  witliout  order  or  organization ;  a  midtitude  of 
armed  men  is  not  an  army,  bvit  a  mob.  Legion  (from  the  Latin) 
and  2.)halanx  (from  the  Greek)  are  applied  by  a  kind  of  poetic 
license  to  modern  forces ;  the  plural  legions  is  preferred  to  the 
singular.  Military  is  a  general  word  for  land=/orces  ;  the  military 
may  include  all  the  armed  soldiery  of  a  nation,  or  the  term  may 
be  applied  to  any  small  detached  company,  as  at  a  fort,  in  distinc- 
tion from  civilians.  Any  organized  body  of  men  by  whom  the 
law  or  will  of  a  people  is  executed  is  a  foi'ce  ;  the  word  is  a  usual 
term  for  the  police  of  any  locality. 


ARRAIGBf. 

Synonyms: 

accuse,  charge,  impeach,  prosecute, 

censure,  cite,  indict,  summon. 

Arraign  is  an  official  word;  a  person  accused  of  crime  is 
arraigned  when  he  is  formally  called  into  court,  the  indictment 
read  to  him,  and  the  demand  made  of  him  to  plead  guilty  or  not 
guilty  ;  in  more  extended  use,  to  arraign  is  to  call  in  question  for 
fault  in  any  formal,  public,  or  official  way.  One  may  charge 
another  with  any  fault,  great  or  trifling,  privately  or  publicly, 
formalty  or  informally.  Accuse  is  stronger  than  charge,  suggest- 
ing more  of  the  formal  and  criminal ;  a  person  may  charge  a 


_„  array,  n. 

o7  arrest 


friend  with  unkindness  or  neglect;  he  may  accuse  a  tranap  of 
stealing.  Censure  carries  the  idea  of  fault,  but  not  of  crime ;  it 
may  be  private  and  individual",  or  public  and  official.  A  judge,  a 
president,  or  other  officer  of  high  rank  may  be  impeached  before 
the  appropriate  tribunal  for  high  crimes  ;  the  veracity  of  a  witness 
may  be  impeaclied  by  damaging  evidence.  A  person  of  the  high- 
est character  may  be  summoned  as  defendant  in  a  civil  suit ;  or  he 
may  be  cited  to  answer  as  administrator,  etc.  Indict  and  arraign 
apply  strictly  to  criminal  proceedings,  and  only  an  alleged  crim- 
inal is  indicted  or  arraigned.  One  is  indicted  by  the  grand  jiiry, 
and  arraigned  before  the  appropriate  court. 
Antonyms; 

acquit,  discharge,  exonerate,  overlook,  release, 

condone,  excuse,  forgive,  pardon,  set  free. 

Prepositions : 

Arraign  at  the  bar,  before  the  tribunal,  0/ or /or  a  crime  ;  onov 
upon  an  indictment. 

ARRAY. 

Synonyms: 

army,  collection,  line  of  battle,         parade, 

arrangement,       disposition,        order,  show^, 

battle  array,  exbibition,         order  of  battle,       sight. 

The  phrase  battle  array  or  array  of  battle  is  archaic  and  poetic  ; 
we  now  say  in  line  or  order  of  battle.  The  parade  is  for  exhibi- 
tion and  oversight,  and  partial  rehearsal  of  military  manual  and 
maneuvers,  ^rray  refers  to  a  continuous  arrangement  of  men, 
so  that  all  may  be  seen  or  reviewed  at  once.  This  is  practically 
impossible  with  the  vast  armies  of  our  day.  We  say  rather  the 
disposition  of  troops,  which  expresses  their  location  so  as  to  sus- 
tain and  support,  though  unable  to  see  or  readily  communicate 
with  each  other.     Compare  dress. 


ARREST. 

Synonyms: 

apprehend,    detain,  restrain,        stop, 

capture,  hold,  secure,  take  into  custody, 

catch,  make  prisoner,      seize,  take  prisoner. 

The  legal  term  arrest  carries  always  the  implication  of  a  legal 
offense  ;  this  is  true  even  of  arresting  for  debt.  But  one  may  be 
detained  by  process  of  law  when  no  offense  is  alleged  against  him, 
as  in  the  case  of  a  witness  who  is  held  in  a  house  of  detention  till 
a  case  comes  to  trial.  One  may  be  restrained  of  his  hberty  with- 
out arrest,  as  in  an  insane  asylum  ;  an  individual  or  corporation 


artiftce  rs 

artist  **" 


may  be  restrained  by  injunction  from  selling  certain  property. 
In  case  of  an  arrest,  an  officer  may  secure  his  prisoner  by  fetters, 
by  a  locked  door,  or  other  means  effectually  to  prevent  escape. 
Capture  is  commonly  used  of  seizure  by  armed  force ;  as,  to  cap- 
ture a  ship,  a  fort,  etc.  Compare  hinder  ;  obstruct. 
Antonyms  : 

discharge,  dismiss,  free,  liberate,  release,  set  free. 

Prepositions: 

Arrested /or  crime,  on  suspicion,  hy  t\\e  sheriff;  on,  upon,  or 
by  virtue  of  a  warrant ;  on  final  process  ;  in  execution. 


ARTIFICE. 

Synonyms : 

art  craft,  finesse,         invention.         stratagem, 

blind,  cunning,   fraud,  macliination,  subterfuge, 

cheat,  device,       guile,  maneuver,       trick, 

'contrivance,  dodge,        imposture,  ruse,  wile. 

A  contrivance  or  device  may  be  either  good  or  bad.  A  cheat 
is  a  mean  advantage  in  a  bargain  ;  a  fraud,  any  form  of  covert 
robbery  or  injury.  Imposture  is  a  deceitful  contrivance  for  secur- 
ing charity,  credit,  or  consideration.  A  stratagem  or  maneuver 
may  be  of  the  good  against  the  bad,  as  it  were  a  skilful  move- 
ment of  war.  A  idle  is  usually  but  not  necessarily  evil. 
E'en  children  followed  with  endearing  wile. 

Goldsmith  Deserted  Village  1. 184. 
A  trick  is  often  low,  injurious,  and  malicious ;  we  say  a  mean 
tricTc;  the  word  is  sometimes  used  playfully  with  less  than  its  full 
meaning.  A  ruse  or  a  hli.nd  may  be  quite  innocent  and  harmless. 
An  artifice  is  a  carefully  and  delicately  prepared  contrivance  for 
doing  indirectly  what  one  could  not  well  do  directly.  A  device  is 
something  studied  out  for  promoting  an  end,  as  in  a  mechanism  ; 
the  word  is  used  of  indirect  action,  often,  but  not  necessarily 
directed  to  an  evil,  selfish,  or  injurious  end.  Finesse  is  especially 
subtle  contrivance,  delicate  artifice,  whether  for  good  or  evil. 
Compare  fraud. 
Antonyms: 

artlessness,    fairness,        gnilelessness,    ingenuousness,    openness,      sincerity, 
candor,  frankness,    honesty,  innocence,  simplicity,    truth. 

ARTIST. 

Synonyms: 

artificer,       artisan,     mechanic,     operative,     workman. 

Artist,  art  ificer  and  artisan  are  all  from  the  root  of  aj-t,  but  artist 
holds  to  the  esthetic  sense,  while  artificer  and  artisan  follow  the 
mechanical  or  industrial  sense  of  the  word  (see  art  under  science). 


59  asfc 

Artist  thus  comes  only  into  accidental  association  with  the  other 
words  of  this  group,  not  being  a  synonym  of  any  one  of  them  and 
having  practically  no  synonym  of  its  own.  The  work  of  the  artist 
is  creative ;  that  of  the  artisan  mechanical.  The  man  who  paints 
a  beautiful  picture  is  an  artist ;  the  man  who  makes  pin4ieads 
all  day  is  an  artisan.  The  artificer  is  between  the  two,  putting 
more  thought,  intelligence,  and  taste  into  his  work  than  the  artisan, 
but  less  of  the  idealizing,  creative  power  than  the  artist.  The 
sculptor,  shaping  his  model  in  clay,  is  artificer,  as  well  as  artist ; 
patient  artisans,  working  simply  by  rule  and  scale,  chisel  and  pol- 
ish the  stone.  The  man  who  constructs  anything  by  mere  routine 
and  rule  is  a  mechanic.  The  man  whose  work  involves  thought, 
skill,  and  constructive  power  is  an  artificer.  The  hod=carrier  is  a 
laborer  ;  the  bricklayer  is  a  mechanic  ;  the  master  mason  is  an  ar- 
tificer. Those  who  operate  machinery  nearly  self  ^acting  are  ojpera- 
iives.  

A§K. 

Synonj'ms : 

beg,  crave,        entreat,    petition,  request,    solicit, 

beseecb,    demand,    implore,    pray,         require,    supplicate. 

One  as&s  whathe  feels  that  he  may  fairly  claim  and  reasonably 
expect ;  "if  a  son  shall  ask  bread  of  any  of  you  that  is  a  father." 
Ltike  xi,  11 ;  he  begs  for  that  to  which  he  advances  no  claim  but 
pity.  Demand  is  a  determined  and  often  an  arrogant  word  ;  one 
may  rightfully  demand  what  is  his  own  or  his  due,  when  it  is 
withheld  or  denied  ;  or  he  may  wrongfully  demand  that  to  which 
he  has  no  claim  but  power.  Require  is  less  arrogant  and  obti'U- 
sive  than  demand,  but  is  exceedingly  strenuous  ;  as.  the  court  re- 
quires the  attendance  of  witnesses.  Entreat  implies  a  special 
earnestness  of  asking,  and  beseech,  a  still  added  and  more  humble 
intensity  ;  beseech  was  formerly  often  used  as  a  polite  intensive  for 
beg  or  pray ;  as,  I  beseech  you  to  tell  me.  To  implore  is  to  ask 
with  weeping  and  lamentation  ;  to  supplicate  is  to  ask,  as  it  were, 
on  bended  knees.  Crave  and  request  are  somewhat  formal  terms  ; 
crave  has  almost  disappeared  from  conversation ;  request  would 
seem  distant  between  parent  and  child.  Pray  is  now  used  chiefly 
of  address  to  the  Supreme  Being  ;  petition  is  used  of  written  re- 
quest to  persons  in  authority  ;  as,  to  petition  the  legislature  to 
pass  an  act,  or  the  governor  to  pardon  an  offender. 

Antonyms: 

claim,    command,    deny,     enforce,    exact,    extort,    insist,    refuse,    reject. 


associate 

association  60 

Prepositions: 

Ask  a  person /or  a  thing  ;  ask  a  thing  of  or  from  a  person  ;  ask 
after  or  about  one's  health,  welfare,  friends,  etc. 


ASSOCIATE. 

Synonyms : 

accomplice,  coadjutor,      comrade,  fellow,  mate, 

ally,  colleague,     confederate,    friend,  partner, 

clium,  companion,  consort,  helpmate,    peer. 

An  associate  as  used  officially  implies  a  chief,  leader,  or  princi- 
pal, to  whom  the  associate  is  not  fully  equal  in  rank.  Associate  is 
iwpularly  used  of  mere  friendly  relations,  but  oftener  iinplies  some 
work,  enterprise,  or  pursuit  in  which  the  associated  persons  unite. 
We  rarely  speak  of  associates  in  crime  or  wrong,  using  confeder- 
ates or  accomplices  instead.  Companion  gives  itself  with  equal 
readiness  to  the  good  or  evil  sense,  as  also  does  comrade.  One  may 
be  a  companion  in  travel  who  would  not  readily  become  an  asso- 
ciate at  home.  A  lady  advertises  for  a  companion  ;  she  would  not 
advertise  for  an  associate.  Peer  implies  equahty  rather  than  com- 
panionship ;  as,  a  jury  of  his  peers.  Comrade  expresses  more  fel- 
lowship and  good  feehng  than  companion.  Fellow  has  almost  gone 
out  of  use  in  this  connection,  except  in  an  inferior  or  patronizing 
sense.  Consort  is  a  word  of  equality  and  dignity,  as  applied 
especially  to  the  marriage  relation.  Compare  accessory  ;  ac- 
quaintance ;  FRIENDSHIP. 
Antonyms : 

antagonist,    enemy,    foe,      hiuderer,    opponent,    opposer,    rival,    stranger. 
Prepositions  : 

These  were  the  associates  of  the  leader  in  the  enterprise. 


ASSOCIATIO]^. 

Synonyms: 

alliance,  confederacy,  familiarity,  lodge, 

club,  confederation,  federation,  participation, 

community,  conjunction,  fellow^ship,  partnership, 

companionship,  connection,  fraternity,  society, 

company,  corporation,  friendship,  union. 

We  speak  of  an  alliance  of  nations,  a  club  of  pleasure=seekers, 
a  community  of  Shakers,  a  company  of  soldiers  or  of  friends,  a 
confederacy,  confederation,  federation,  or  union  of  separate 
states  under  one  general  government,  a  partnership)  or  company 
of  business  men,  a  conjunction  of  planets.  The  whole  body  of 
Freemasons  constitute  a  fraternity ;  one  of  their  local  organiza- 
tions is  called  a  lodge.    A  corporation  or  company  is  formed  for 


assume 
ol  assurance 


purposes  of  business ;  an  association  or  society  (tho  also  incor- 
porated) is  for  learning,   literature,  benevolence,   religion,   etc. 
Compare  associate  ;  acquaintance  ;  friendship. 
Antonyms: 

disintegration,      independence,       isolation,  separation,  solitude. 

Prepositions : 

An  association  of  scholars  for  the  advancement  of  knowledge  ; 
association  with  the  good  is  ennobling. 


ASSUME. 
Synonyms: 

accept,  arrogate,  postulate,  put  on, 

affect,  claim,  presume,  take, 

appropriate,      feign,  pretend,  usurp. 

The  distinctive  idea  of  assume  is  to  take  by  one's  own  independ- 
ent volition,  whether  well  or  ill,  rightfully  or  wrongfully.  One  may 
accept  an  obligation  or  assume  an  authority  that  properly  belongs 
to  him,  or  he  may  assume  an  obligation  or  indebtedness  that 
could  not  be  required  of  him.  He  may  assume  authority  or  office 
that  is  his  right ;  if  he  assumes  what  does  not  belong  to  him,  he  is 
said  to  arrogate  or  usur])  it.  A  man  may  usurj)  the  substance  of 
power  in  the  most  unpretending  way;  what  he  arrogates  to  him- 
self he  assumes  with  a  haughty  and  overbearing  manner.  One 
assumes  the  robes  or  insignia  of  office  by  imtting  them  on,  with 
or  without  right.  If  he  takes  to  himself  the  credit  and  appearance 
of  qualities  he  does  not  possess,  he  is  said  to  affect  or  feign,  or  to 
pretend  to,  the  character  he  thus  assumes.  What  a  debater  pos- 
tulateshe  openly  states  and  takes  for  gi-anted  without  proof ;  what 
he  assumes  he  may  take  for  granted  without  mention.  A  favorite 
trick  of  the  sophist  is  quietly  to  assume  as  true  what  would  at  once 
be  challenged  if  expressly  stated.  What  a  man  claims  he  asserts 
his  right  to  take  ;  what  he  assumes  he  taken. 


ASSIJRAXCE. 
Synonyms : 

arrogance,       boldness.        impudence,        self=confidence, 
assertion,  confidence,    presumption,     self=reliance, 

assumption,     effrontery,     self:assertion,    trust. 

Assurance  may  have  the  good  sense  of  a  high,  sustained  confi- 
dence and  trust ;  as,  the  saint's  assurance  of  heaven.  Confidence  is 
founded  upon  reasons ;  assurance  is  largely  a  matter  of  feeling. 
In  the  bad  sense,  assuraiice  is  a  vicious  courage,  with  belief  of 
one's  ability  to  outwit  or  defy  others ;  the  hardened  criminal  is 


astute 


62 


remarkable  for  habitual  assurance.  For  the  calm  conviction  of 
one's  own  rectitude  and  ability,  self-confidence  is  a  better  word 
than  assurance  ;  self-reliance  expresses  confidence  in  one's  own 
resources,  independently  of  others'  aid.  In  the  bad  sense  assur- 
ance is  less  gross  than  impudence,  which  is  (according  to  its  ety- 
mology) a  shameless  boldness.  Assurance  is  in  act  or  manner ; 
impudejice  may  be  in  speech.  Effrontery  is  impudence  defiantly 
displayed.  Compare  faith  ;  pride. 
Antony  ins : 

bashfulness,        consternation,        distrust,        hesitancy,  shyness, 

confusion,  dismay,  doubt,  misgiving,  timidity. 


ASTUTE. 


Synonyms: 

acute,  discerning,  penetrating,  sharp, 

clear=sighted,  discriminating,  penetrative,  shrew^d, 

crafty,  keen,  perspicacious,  subtile, 

cunning,  know^ing,  sagacious,  subtle. 

Acute,  from  the  Latin,  suggests  the  sharpness  of  the  needle's 
point ;  keen,  from  the  Saxon,  the  sharpness  of  the  cutting  edge. 
Astute,  from  the  Latin,  with  the  original  sense  of  cunning  has 
come  to  have  a  meaning  that  combines  the  sense  of  acute  or  Tieen 
vdth  that  of  sagacious.  The  astute  mind  adds  to  acuteness  and 
keenness  an  element  of  cunning  or  finesse.  The  astute  debater 
leads  his  opponents  into  a  snare  by  getting  them  to  make  admis- 
sions, or  urge  arguments,  of  which  he  sees  a  result  that  they  do 
not  perceive.  The  acute,  keen  intellect  may  take  no  special  ad- 
vantage of  these  qualities  ;  the  astute  mind  has  always  a  point  to 
make  for  itself,  and  seldom  fails  to  make  it.  A  knounng  look, 
air,  etc.,  in  general  indicates  practical  knowledge  with  a  touch  of 
shrewdness,  and  perhaps  of  cunning ;  in  regard  to  some  special 
matter,  it  indicates  the  possession  of  reserved  knowledge  which 
the  person  could  impart  if  he  chose.  Knounng  has  often  a  slightly 
invidious  sense.  We  speak  of  a  knowing  rascal,  meaning  cunning 
or  shreivd  within  a  narrow  range,  but  of  a  knou'ing  horse  or  dog, 
in  the  sense  of  sagacious,  implying  that  he  knows  more  than 
could  be  expected  of  such  an  animal.  A  knoimng  child  has  more 
knowledge  than  would  be  looked  for  at  his  years,  perhaps  more 
than  is  quite  desirable,  while  to  speak  of  a  child  as  intelligent  is 
altogether  complimentary. 
Antonyms: 

blind,  idiotic,  shallow,  stolid,  undiscerning, 

dull,  imbecile,  8hort»sighted,  stupid,  unintelligent. 


63 


attaclinient 
attack,  V. 


ATTACHlflElVT. 

Synoiiym^^ : 

adherence,       devotion,  fWendsliip,  regard, 

adhesion,  esteem,  inclination,        tenderness, 

affection,  estimation,      love,  union. 

An  attachment  is  a  feeling  that  binds  a  person  by  ties  of  heart 
to  another  person  or  thing  ;  we  speak  of  a  man's  adherence  to  his 
purpose,  his  adhesion  to  his  party,  or  to  anything  to  which  he 
chngs  tenaciously,  tho  with  no  special  tenderness ;  of  his  at- 
tachment to  his  church,  to  the  old  homestead,  or  to  any  persons  or 
objects  that  he  may  hold  dear.  Affection  expresses  more  warmth 
of  feeling  ;  we  should  not  speak  of  a  mother's  attachment  to  her 
babe,  but  of  her  affection  or  of  her  devotion.  Inclination  ex- 
presses simply  a  tendency,  which  may  be  good  or  bad,  yielded  to 
or  overcome  ;  as,  an  inclination  to  study  ;  an  inclination  to 
drink.  Regard  is  more  distant  than  affection  or  attachment,  but 
closer  and  warmer  than  esteem  ;  we  speak  of  high  esteem,  kind 
regard.    Compare  acquaintance;  appendage;  friendship;  love; 

UNION. 
Antonyms: 

alienation,         aversion,         distance,  estrangement,         repugnance, 

animosity,  coolness,         divorce,  indifference,  separation, 

antipathy,  dislike,  enmity,  opposition,  severance. 

Prepositions : 

Attacliment  of  a  true  man  to  his  friends ;    attachment  to  a 

leader /or  his  nobility  of  character  ;  the  attachments  betiveen  two 

persons  or  things  ;  attachment  by  muscular  fibers,  or  by  a  rope, 

etc. 


ATTACK,  V. 

nonynis: 

assail. 

beset,                       combat. 

invade. 

assault. 

besiege,                  encounter. 

set  upon  , 

beleaguer, 

charge,                   fall  upon. 

storm. 

To  attack  is  to  begin  hostilities  of  any  kind.  A  general  invades 
a  country  by  marching  in  troops  ;  he  attacks  a  city  by  draw- 
ing up  an  army  against  it ;  he  assaults  it  by  hurling  his 
troops  directly  upon  its  defenses.  Assail  and  assault,  tho  of 
the  same  original  etymology,  have  diverged  in  meaning,  so  that 
assaidt  alone  retains  the  meaning  of  direct  personal  violence. 
One  may  assail  another  with  reproaches  ;  he  assaidts  him  with  a 
blow,  a  brandished  weapon,  etc.  Armies  or  squadrons  charge ; 
combat  and  encounter  may  be  said  of  individual  contests.  To 
beset  is  to  set  around,  or,  so  to  speak,  to  stud  one's  path,  with 
menaces,  attacks,  or  persuasions.     To  besiege  and  beleaguer  are 


attack,  n 

attain  64 

the  acts  of  armies.     To  encounter  is  to  meet  face  to  face,  and  may 

be  said  either  of  the  attacking  or  of  the  resisting  force  or  person, 

or  of  both. 

Antonyms: 

aid,  cover,  protect,  shelter,  support,         uphold, 

befriend,  defend,  resist,  shield,  sustain,  withstand. 

Prepositions  : 

We  were  attacked  hy  the  enemy  xvith  cannon  and  musketry. 


ATTACK,  n. 
Synonyms: 

aggression,  incursion,  invasion,    onslaught, 

assault,  infringement,     onset,  trespass, 

encroacliment,     intrusion. 

An  attack  may  be  by  word  ;  an  aggression  is  always  by  deed. 
An  assault  may  be  upon  the  person,  an  aggression  is  upon  rights, 
possessions,  etc.  An  invasion  of  a  nation's  territories  is  an  act  of 
aggression  ;  an  intrusion  upon  a  neighboring  estate  is  a  trespass. 
Onslaught  signifies  intensely  violent  assault,  as  by  an  army  or  a 
desperado,  tho  it  is  sometimes  used  of  violent  speech. 

Antonyms  : 

defense,        repulsion,         resistance,         retreat,         submission,        surrender. 

Prepositions  : 

The  enemy  made  an  attack  upon  (or  07i)  our  works. 


ATTAIEf. 

Synonyms : 

accomplish,      arrive  at,      gain,  master,         reach, 

achieve,  compass,       get,  obtain,  secure, 

acquire,  earn,  grasp,         procure,        win. 

A  person  may  obtain  a  situation  by  the  intercession  of  friends, 
he  procures  a  dinner  by  paying  for  it.  Attain  is  a  lofty  word, 
pointing  to  some  high  or  desirable  result ;  a  man  attains  the 
mountain  summit,  he  attains  honor  or  learning  as  the  result  of 
strenuous  and  earnest  labor.  Even  that  usage  of  attain  which 
has  been  thought  to  refer  to  mere  progi'ess  of  time  carries  the 
thought  of  a  result  desired  :  as,  to  attain  to  old  age  ;  the  man 
desires  to  live  to  a  good  old  age  ;  we  should  not  speak  of  his  attain- 
ing his  dotage.  One  may  attain  an  object  that  will  prove  not 
worth  his  labor,  but  what  he  achieves  is  in  itself  great  and  splen- 
did ;  as,  the  Greeks  at  Marathon  achieved  a  glorious  victory. 
Compare  do  ;  get  ;  reach. 
Antonyms  : 

abandon,         fail,         forfeit,         give  up,         let  go,         lose,         miss. 


attitude 
v9  attribute,  v. 

ATTITUDE. 

Synonyms  : 

pose,  position,  posture. 

Position  as  applied  to  the  arrangement  or  situation  of  the 
human  body  or  limbs  may  denote  that  which  is  conscious  or  uncon- 
scious, of  the  living  or  the  dead  ;  but  we  do  not  speak  of  the  atti- 
tude, pose,  or  posture  of  a  corpse  ;  unless,  in  some  rare  case,  we 
might  say  the  body  was  found  in  a  sitting  posture,  where  the 
posture  is  thought  of  as  assumed  in  life,  or  as,  at  first  glance, 
suggesting  life.  A  posture  is  assumed  without  any  special  refer- 
ence to  expression  of  feeling  ;  as,  an  erect  posture,  a  reclining 
posture;  attitude  is  the  posit  io?i  appropriate  to  the  expression  of 
some  feeling ;  the  attitude  may  be  unconsciously  taken  through 
the  strength  of  the  feeling ;  as,  an  attitude  of  defiance  ;  or  it  may 
be  consciously  assumed  in  the  attempt  to  express  the  feeling ;  as, 
he  assumed  an  attitude  of  humihty.  j  A  pose  is  &  position  studied 
for  artistic  effect,  or  considered  with  reference  to  such  effect ;  the 
unconscious  posture  of  a  spectator  or  listener  may  be  an  admirable 
pose  from  an  artist's  standpoint. 


ATTRIBUTE,  v. 

Synonyms: 

ascribe,  associate,     connect,       impute,  refer, 

assign,  charge, 

We  may  attribute  to  a  person  either  that  which  belongs  to 
him  or  that  which  we  merely  suppose  to  be  his.  We  attribute  to 
God  infinite  power.  We  may  attribute  a  wrong  intent  to  an  in- 
nocent person.  We  may  attribute  a  result,  rightly  or  wrongly,  to 
a  certain  cause ;  in  such  case,  however,  attribute  carries  always  a 
concession  of  uncertainty  or  possible  error.  Where  we  are  quite 
sure,  we  simply  refer  a  matter  to  the  cause  or  class  to  which  it  be- 
longs or  ascribe  to  one  what  is  surely  his,  etc.  Many  diseases 
formerly  attributed  to  witchcraft  are  now  referred  to  the  action 
of  micro=organisms.  We  may  attribute  a  matter  in  silent  thought ; 
we  ascribe  anything  openly  in  speech  or  writing  ;  King  Saul  said 
of  the  singing  women,  "  They  have  ascribed  unto  David  ten 
thousands,  and  to  me  they  have  ascribed  but  thousands."  We  as- 
sociate things  which  may  have  no  necessary  or  causal  relation  ; 
as,  we  may  associate  the  striking  of  a  clock  with  the  serving  of 
dinner,  tho  the  two  are  not  necessarily  connected.  We  charge 
a  person  with  what  we  deem  blameworthy.  We  may  impute  good 
or  evil,  but  more  commonly  evil. 

5 


attribute,  n.  — ^ 


augur 


Antonyms: 

deny,  disconnect,         dissociate,         separate,  sever,         sunder. 

Prepositions : 

It  is  uncharitable  to  attribute  evil  motives  to  (archaic  xmio) 
others. 

ATTRIBrXE,  n. 

Synonyms: 

property,  quality. 

S.  quality  (L.  qualis,  such") — the  "suchness"  of  anything,  ac- 
cording to  the  German  idiom — denotes  what  a  thing  really  is  in 
some  one  respect ;  an  attribute  is  what  we  conceive  a  thing  to  be  in 
some  one  respect;  thus,  while  attribute  may,  quality  must,  ex- 
press something  of  the  real  nature  of  that  to  which  it  is  ascribed  ; 
we  speak  of  the  attributes  of  God,  the  qualities  of  matter.  "  Orig- 
inally 'the  attributes  of  God'  was  preferred,  probably,  because 
men  assumed  no  knowledge  of  the  actual  qualities  of  the  Deity, 
but  only  of  those  more  or  less  fitly  attributed  to  him.''  J.  A.  H. 
Murray.  [M.]  Holiness  is  an  attribute  of  God  ;  the  attributes  of 
many  heathen  deities  have  been  only  the  qualities  of  wicked  men 
joined  to  superhuman  power.  A  i^roperty  (L.  proprius,  one's 
own)  is  what  belongs  especially  to  one  thing  as  its  own  peculiar 
possession,  in  distinction  from  all  other  things  ;  when  we  speak  of 
the  qualities  or  the  properties  of  matter,  quality  is  the  more  gen- 
eral, property  the  more  limited  term,  A  quality  is  inherent ;  a 
2)roperty  may  be  transient ;  physicists  now,  however,  prefer  to 
term  those  qualities  manifested  by  all  bodies  (such  as  impenetra- 
bihty,  extension,  etc.),  general  properties  of  matter,  while  those 
pecuUar  to  certain  substances  or  to  certain  states  of  those  sub- 
stances (as  fluidity,  malleability,  etc.)  are  termed  specific  proper- 
ties ;  in  this  wider  use  of  the  word  property,  it  becomes  strictly 
synonymous  with  quality.  Compare  characteristic;  emblem. 
Antonyms: 

being,  essence,  nature,  substance. 


AUGUR. 

Synonyms  : 

Tietoken,       divine,  foretell,       predict,      prognosticate, 

bode,  forebode,      portend,      presage,     prophesy. 

"Persons  or  things  augur;  persons  only  forebode  or  presage; 

things  only  betoken  or  portend."  Crabb  English  Synonymes.    We 

augur  well  for  a  voyage  from  past  good  fortune  and  a  good  start ; 

we  presage  success  from  the  stanchness  of  the  ship  and  the  skill 


67 


authentic 
auxiliary 


of  the  captain.  We  forebode  misfortune  either  from  circumstances 
that  betoken  failure,  or  from  gloomy  fancies  for  which  we  could 
not  give  a  reason.  Dissipation  among  the  officers  and  mutiny 
among  the  crew  portend  disaster.  Divine  has  reference  to  the 
ancient  soothsayers'  arts  (as  in  Gen.  xHv,  5,  15),  and  refers  rather 
to  reading  hearts  than  to  reading  the  future.  We  say  I  could  not 
divine  his  motive,  or  his  intention. 
Antonyms : 

assure,  demonstrate,         establish,  make  sure,  settle, 

calculate,  determine,  insure,  prove,  warrant. 

Prepositions  : 

I  augur  from  all  circumstances  a  prosperous  result ;  I  augur  ill 
of  the  enterprise ;  "augurs  ill  to  the  rights  of  the  people,"  Thomas 
Jefferson  Writings  vol.  ii,  p.  506.  [t.  &  m.  '53.]  I  augur  well,  or 
this  augurs  well,  for  your  cause. 


AUTHE«JTIC. 

Synonyms: 

accepted,  certain,  original,  sure, 

accredited,  current,  real.  true, 

authoritative,         genuine,  received,  trustworthy, 

authorized,  legitimate,        reliable,  veritable. 

That  is  authentic  vch\c\\  is  true  to  the  facts;  that  is  genuine 

which  is  true  to  its  own  claims ;  as,  authentic  history ;  genuine 

money. 

A  '  genuine  '  work  is  one  written  by  the  author  whose  name  it  bears;  an  '  authentic ' 
work  is  one  which  relates  truthfully  the  matters  of  which  it  treats.  For  example,  the 
apocryphal  Gospel  of  St.  Thomas  is  neither  'gemdne'  nor  '-authentic:  It  is  not 
'  genuine,''  for  St.  Thomas  did  not  write  it;  it  is  not  '  authentic,'  for  its  contents  are 
mainly  fables  and  lies.        Trencu  On  the  Study  of  Words  lect.  vi,  p.  189.  [w.  j.  w.] 

Authentic  is,  however,  used  by  reputable  wi-iters  as  synonymous 
with  genuine,  tho  usually  where  genuineness  carries  a  certain 
authority.  We  speak  of  accepted  conclusions,  certaiti  evidence, 
current  money,  genuine  letters,  a  legitimate  conclusion  or  legiti- 
mate authority,  original  manuscripts,  real  value,  received  inter- 
pretation, sure  proof,  a  true  statement,  a  trustworthy  witness,  a 
veritable  discovery. 
Antonyms: 

apocryphal,  counterfeit,  exploded,  false,  spurious, 

baseless,  disputed,  fabulous,  fictitious,  unauthorized. 


AUXILIARY. 

Synonyms: 

accessory,  ally,  coadjutor,       helper,  promoter, 

aid,  assistant,  confederate,  mercenary,  subordinate. 

An  auxiliary  is  a  person  or  thing  that  helps  in  a  subordinate 


avaricious 


6§ 


capacity.  Allies  unite  as  equals ;  auxiliaries  are,  at  least  tech- 
nically, inferiors  or  subordinates.  Yet  the  auxiliary  is  more 
than  a  mere  assistant.  The  word  is  oftenest  found  in  the 
plural,  and  in  the  military  sense ;  auxiliaries  are  troops  of  one 
nation  uniting  with  the  armies,  and  acting  under  the  orders,  of 
another.  Mercenaries  serve  only  for  pay ;  auxiliaries  often  for 
reasons  of  state,  policy,  or  patriotism  as  well.  Compare  acces- 
sory ;  APPENDAGE. 

Alltoiiyilis : 

antagonist,  liinderer,  opponent,  opposer. 

Prepositions : 

The  auxiharies  of  the  Romans  ;  an  auxiliary  in  a  good  cause ; 
an  auxiliary  to  learning. 

AVARICIOUS. 

Synonyms: 

close,  greedy,       niggardly,  penurious,     sordid, 

covetous,     miserly,     parsimonious,     rapacious,      stingy. 

Avaricious  and  covetous  refer  esi^ecially  to  acquisition,  miserly, 
niggardly,  parsimonious,  and  penurious  to  expenditure.  The 
avaricious  man  has  an  eager  craving  for  money,  and  ordinarily 
desires  both  to  get  and  to  keep,  the  covetous  man  to  get  something 
away  from  its  possessor ;  tho  one  may  be  made  avaricious  by 
the  pressure  of  great  expenditures.  Miserly  and  niggardly  per- 
sons seek  to  gain  by  mean  and  petty  savings  ;  the  miserly  by  stint- 
ing themselves,  the  niggardly  by  stinting  others.  Parsimonious 
and  penurious  may  apply  to  one's  outlay  either  for  himself  or  for 
others ;  in  the  latter  use,  they  are  somewhat  less  harsh  and 
reproachful  terms  than  niggardly.  The  close  man  holds  like  a 
vise  all  that  he  gets.  Near  and  nigh  are  provincial  words  of  sim- 
ilar import.  The  rapacious  have  the  robber  instinct,  and  put  it  in 
practise  in  some  form,  as  far  as  they  dare.  The  avaricious  and 
rapacious  are  ready  to  reach  out  for  gain ;  the  parsimonious, 
miserly,  and  niggardly  prefer  the  safer  and  less  adventurous  way 
of  avoiding  expenditure.  Greedy  and  stingy  are  used  not  only 
of  money,  but  often  of  other  things,  as  food,  etc.  The  greedy 
child  wishes  to  enjoy  everything  himself ;  the  stingy  child,  to 
keep  others  from  getting  it. 

Antonyms: 

bountiful,      free,      generous,      liberal,      munificent,      prodigal,      wasteful. 
Preposition  : 

The  monarch  was  avaricious  of  power. 


avenge 
O"  avow 


AVE]\CiE. 

SyiioiiyniK: 

punish,  retaliate,  revenge,  vindicate,         visit. 

Avenge  and  revenge,  once  close  synonyms,  are  now  far  apart  in 
meaning.  To  avenge  is  to  insit  some  offense  with  punishment,  in 
order  to  viudicaie  the  righteous,  or  to  uphold  and  illustrate  the 
right  by  the  suffering  or  destruction  of  the  wicked.  ''And  seeing 
one  of  them  suffer  \\-rong,  he  avenged  him  that  was  oiipressed, 
and  smote  the  Egyptian,"  Acts  vii,  24.  To  revenge  is  to  inflict 
harm  or  suft" ering  ujion  another  through  personal  anger  and  resent- 
ment at  something  done  to  ourselves.  Avenge  is  unselfish;  revenge 
is  selfish.  Revenge,  according  to  present  usage,  could  not  be  said 
of  God.  To  retaliate  may  be  necessary  for  self=defense,  without 
the  idea  of  revenge.  Compare  revenge. 
Prepositions : 

Avenge  on  or  upon  (rarely,  avenge  oneself  of)  a  wrong=doer. 


AVOW. 

Synonyms : 

acknowledge,  aver,         confess,  own,  profess,  testify, 

admit,  avouch,  declare,  proclaim,  protest,  w^itness. 

Acknowledge,  admit,  and  declare  refer  either  to  oneself  or  to 
others  ;  all  the  other  words  refer  only  to  one's  own  knowledge  or 
action.  To  avow  is  to  declare  boldly  and  openly,  commonly  as 
something  one  is  ready  to  justify,  maintain,  or  defend.  A  man 
acknoivledges  another's  claim  or  his  own  promise  ;  he  admits  an 
opponent's  advantage  or  his  own  error  ;  he  declares  either  what  he 
has  seen  or  experienced  or  what  he  has  received  from  another  ;  he 
avers  what  he  is  sure  of  from  his  own  knowledge  or  conscious- 
ness ;  he  gives  his  assui-ance  as  the  voucher  for  what  he  avouches  ; 
he  avows  openly  a  belief  or  intention  tliat  he  has  silently  held. 
Avow  and  avouch  take  a  direct  object ;  aver  is  followed  by  a  con- 
junction :  a  man  avoivs  his  faith,  avouches  a  deed,  avers  that  he 
was  present.  Avoiv  has  usually  a  good  sense ;  what  a  person 
avows  he  at  least  does  not  treat  as  blameworthy,  criminal,  or 
shameful ;  if  he  did,  he  would  be  said  to  confess  it ;  yet  there  is 
always  the  suggestion  that  some  will  be  ready  to  challenge  or  cen- 
sure what  one  avoirs  ;  as,  the  clergyman  avoived  his  dissent  from 
the  doctrine  of  his  church.  Oum  applies  to  all  things,  good  or  bad, 
great  or  small,  which  one  takes  as  his  own.     Compare  CONFESS  ; 

STATE. 
Antonyms : 

contradict,      deny,      disavow,      disclaim,      disown,      ignore,      repudiate. 


awful 
avt^kward 


70 


Syiioiijnis: 

alarming, 
appalling, 
august, 
dire, 


direful, 
dread, 
dreadful, 
fearful, 


AlVFUL. 


frightful, 
grand, 
horrible, 
imposing. 


majestic,  solemn, 

noble,  stately, 

portentous,  terrible, 

shocliing,  terrific. 


Awful  should  not  be  used  of  things  which  are  merely  disagree- 
able or  annoying,  nor  of  all  'that  are  alarming  and  terrible,  but 
only  of  such  as  bring  a  solemn  awe  upon  the  soul,  as  in  the  pres- 
ence of  a  superior  power  ;  as,  the  au-ful  hush  before  the  battle. 
That  which  is  awful  arouses  an  oppressive,  that  which  is  atigust 
an  admiring  reverence ;  we  speak  of  the  august  presence  of  a 
mighty  monarch,  the  aiiful  presence  of  death.  "We  speak  of  an 
exalted  station,  a  grand  mountain,  an  imposing  presence,  a  majes- 
tic cathedral,  a  noble  mein,  a  solemn  litany,  a  stately  march,  an 
august  assembly,  the  auful  scene  of  the  Judgment  Day, 

Antonyms: 


commonplace, 


contemptible, 

despicable, 

liumble, 


inferior,  paltry, 

lowly,  undignified, 

mean,  vulgar. 


AWKTl^ARD. 


Synonyms  : 

boorish, 

bungling, 

clownish, 


clumsy, 
gawky, 
maladroit, 


rough, 

uncouth, 

ungainly, 


unhandy, 
unskilful. 


Aickward,  from  airk  (kindred  with  off,  from  the  Norwegian), 
is  off'Zcard,  tm-ned  the  wrong  way  ;  it  was  anciently  used  of  a 
back=handed  or  left=handed  blow  in  battle,  of  squinting  eyes,  etc. 
Clumsy,  on  the  other  hand  (from  clumse,  also  through  the  Norwe- 
gian), signifies  benumbed,  stiffened  with  cold  ;  this  is  the  original 
meaning  of  clumsy  fingers,  clumsy  limbs.  Thus,  aivktvard  pri- 
marily refers  to  action,  clumsy  to  condition.  A  tool,  a  vehicle,  or 
the  human  frame  may  be  clumsy  in  shape  or  build,  aickivard  in 
motion.  The  clumsy  man  is  almost  of  necessity  aickicard,  but 
the  atvkivard  man  may  not  be  naturally  clumsy.  The  finest  un- 
trained colt  is  aickward  in  harness  ;  a  horse  that  is  clumsy  in  build 
can  never  be  trained  out  of  awkwardness.  An  awkxoard  state- 
ment has  an  uncomfortable,  and  perhaps  recoiling  force  ;  a  state- 
ment that  contains  ill=assorted  and  incongruous  material  in  ill= 
chosen  language  is  clumsy.  We  speak  of  an  awkward  predicament, 
an  awkicard  scrape.  An  atcktcard  excuse  commonly  reflects 
on  the  one  who  offers  it.     "We  say  the  admitted  facts  have  an 


_,^  axiom 

71  babble 

mvkivard  appearance.     In  none  of  these  cases  could  clumsy  be 
used.     Clmnsy  is,  liowever,  applied  to  movements  that  seem  as 
unsuitable  as  those  of  benumbed  and  stiffened  limbs.     A  dancing 
bear  is  both  clumsy  and  awkward. 
Aiitouyius  : 

adroit,  clever,  desterons,  handy,  skilful. 

Prepositions  : 

The  raw  recruit  is  awkward  in  action  ;  at  the  business. 


AXIOM. 

Synoiiyiii  : 

truism. 

Both  the  axiom  and  the  truism  are  instantly  seen  to  be  true, 
and  need  no  proof  ;  but  in  an  axiom  there  is  progi*ess  of  thought, 
while  the  truism  simply  says  the  same  thing  over  again,  or  says 
what  is  too  manifest  to  need  saying.  The  axiom  that  "things 
which  are  equal  to  the  same  thing  are  equal  to  one  another" 
unfolds  in  the  latter  part  of  the  sentence  the  truth  implied  in  the 
fii'st  part,  which  might  have  been  overlooked  if  not  stated.  In  the 
truism  that  "  a  man  can  do  all  he  is  capable  of,"  the  former  and 
the  latter  part  of  the  sentence  are  simply  identical,  and  the  mind 
is  left  just  wliere  it  started.  Hence  the  axiom  is  valuable  and 
useful,  wliile  the  truism  is  weak  and  flat,  unless  the  form  of  state- 
ment makes  it  striking  or  racy,  as  "all  fools  are  out  of  their  wits." 
Compare  proverb. 
Autonyuis : 

absurdity,      contradiction,    demonstration,     nonsense,     paradox,    sophism. 


BABBLE. 

Synonyms 

blat),  cackle,  gabble,         murmur,       prattle, 

blurt,  chat,  gossip,  palaver,        tattle, 

blurt  out,       chatter,        jabber,         prate,  twaddle. 

Most  of  these  words  are  onomatopoetic.  The  cackle  of  a  hen, 
the  gabble  of  a  goose,  the  chatter  of  a  magpie,  the  babble  of  a 
running  stream,  as  applied  to  human  speech,  indicate  a  rapid  suc- 
cession of  what  are  to  the  listener  meaningless  sounds.  Blab  and 
blurt  (commonly  blurt  out)  refer  to  the  letting  out  of  what  the 
lips  can  no  longer  keep  in ;  blab,  of  a  secret ;  blurt  out,  of  pas- 
siotiate  feeling.  To  chat  is  to  talk  in  an  easy,  pleasant  way,  not 
without  sense,  but  without  special  purpose.  Chatti7ig  is  the  prac- 
tise of  adults,  prattling  that  of  children.    To  'prate  is  to  talk  idly. 


banish  nrn 

bank  •  ■* 

presumptuously,  or  foolishly,  but  not  necessarily  incoherently.  To 
jabber  is  to  utter  a  rapid  succession  of  unintelligible  sounds,  gen- 
erally more  noisy  than  chattering.  To  gossip  is  to  talk  of  petty 
personal  matters,  as  for  pastime  or  miscliief.  To  tivaddle  is  to 
talk  feeble  nonsense.  To  murmur  is  to  utter  suppressed  or  even 
inarticulate  sounds,  suggesting  the  notes  of  a  dove,  or  the  sound 
of  a  running  sti'eam,  and  is  used  figuratively  of  the  half  sup- 
pressed utterances  of  affection  or  pity,  or  of  complaint,  resent- 
ment, etc.  Compare  speak. 
Prepositions : 

Babies  babble /or  the  moon  ;  the  crowd  babbles  of  a  hero  ;  the 
sick  man  babbles  of  home. 


BABYISH. 

Synonyms : 

lian,  dismiss,  evict,    expatriate,    ostracize, 

discharge,     drive  out,      exile,    expel,  oust, 

dislodge,        eject. 

Banish,  primarily  to  put  under  ban,  to  compel  by  authority 
to  leave  a  place  or  country,  perhaps  with  restriction  to  some 
other  place  or  country.  From  a  country,  a  person  may  be 
banished,  exiled,  or  expatriated  ;  banished  from  any  country 
where  he  may  happen  to  be,  but  expatriated  or  exiled  only  from 
his  own.  One  may  expatriate  or  exile  himself ;  he  is  banished 
by  others.  Banish  is  a  word  of  wide  import ;  one  may  banish 
disturbing  thoughts  ;  care  may  banish  sleep.  To  expel  is  to  drive 
out  with  violence  or  rudeness,  and  so  often  with  disgrace. 
Prepositions : 

Cataline  was  banished  from  Rome  ;  John  the  Apostle  was 
banished  to  Patmos. 


BA^K. 

Synonyms : 

beach.         bound,        brink,  edge,  margin,      shore, 

border,       brim,  coast,  marge,        rim,  strand. 

Bank  is  a  general  term  for  the  land  along  the  edge  of  a  water= 

course  ;  it  may  also  denote  a  raised  portion  of  the  bed  of  a  river, 

lake,  or  ocean  ;  as,  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland.     A  beach  is  a 

strip  or  expanse  of  incoherent  wave=worn  sand,  which  is  often 

pebbly  or  full  of  boulders ;  we  speak  of  the  beach  of  a  lake  or 

ocean  ;  a  beach  is  sometimes  found  in  the  bend  of  a  river.  Strand 

is  a  more  poetic  term  for  a  wave=washed  shore,  especially  as  a 

place  for  landing  or  embarking  ;  as,  the  keel  grates  on  the  strand. 


banter 
'J'3  barbarous 

The  whole  line  of  a  country  or  continent  that  borders  the  sea  is  a 
coast.  Shore  is  any  land,  whether  cliff,  or  sand,  or  marsh,  border- 
ing water.  We  do  not  speak  of  the  coast  of  a  river,  nor  of  the 
hanks  of  the  ocean,  tho  there  may  be  hanks  by  or  under  the 
sea.  Edge  is  the  line  where  land  and  water  meet ;  as,  the  water's 
edge.  Brink  is  the  place  from  which  one  may  fall ;  as,  the 
river's  brink  ;  the  brink  of  a  precipice  ;  the  biHnk  of  ruin. 


BA^fTER. 

Synonyms: 

badinage,  derision,       jeering,       raillery,       sarcasm, 

chaff,  irony,  mockery,    ridicule,       satire. 

Banter  is  the  touching  upon  some  fault,  weakness,  or  fancied 
secret  of  another  in  a  way  half  to  pique  and  half  to  please  ;  badi- 
nage is  delicate,  refined  banter.  Raillery  has  more  sharpness, 
but  is  usually  good4uimored  and  well  meant.  Irony,  the  saying 
one  thing  that  the  reverse  may  be  understood,  may  be  either  mild 
or  bitter.  All  the  other  words  have  a  hostile  intent.  Ridicide 
makes  a  person  or  thing  the  subject  of  contemptuous  merriment ; 
derision  seeks  to  make  the  object  derided  seem  utterly  despicable 
— to  laugh  it  to  scorn.  Chaff  is  the  coarse  witticism  of  the  streets, 
perhaps  merry,  oftener  malicious  ;  jeering  is  loud,  rude  ridicide, 
as  of  a  hostile  crowd  or  mob.  Mockery  is  more  studied,  and  may 
include  mimicry  and  personal  violence,  as  well  as  scornful  speech. 
A  satire  is  a  formal  composition  ;  a  sai'casm  may  be  an  impromptu 
sentence.  The  satire  shows  up  follies  to  keep  people  from  them  ; 
the  sarcasvi  hits  them  because  they  are  foolish,  without  inquiring 
whether  it  will  do  good  or  harm  ;  the  satire  is  plainly  uttered;  the 
sarcasm  is  covert. 


BARBAROUS. 

Synonyms : 

atrocious,  brutal,  merciless,  uncivilized, 

barbarian,  cruel,  rude,  uncouth, 

barbaric,  inhuman,       savage,  untamed. 

Whatever  is  not  civilized  is  barbariaii;  barbaricindicates  rude 
magnificence,  uncultured  richness  ;  as,  barbaric  splendor,  a  bar- 
baric melody.  Barbarous  refers  to  the  worst  side  of  barbarian 
life,  and  to  revolting  acts,  especially  of  cruelty,  such  as  a  civilized 
man  would  not  be  expected  to  do  ;  as,  a  barbarous  deed.  We  may, 
however,  say  barbarous  nations,  barbarous  tribes,  without  imply- 
ing anything  more  than  want  of  civilization  and  culture.     Savage 


barrier 

battle  74 


is  more  distinctly  bloodthirsty  than  barbarous.     In  this  sense  we 
speak  of  a  savage  beast  and  of  barbarous  usage. 

Antonyms: 

civilized,  cultured,  ulegaut,  humane,        polite,  tender, 

courtly,  delicate,  graceful,         nice,  relined,         urbane. 


BARRIER. 

Synonyms : 

bar,  bulwark.  obstruction,      rampart, 

barricade,  hindrance,         parapet,  restraint, 

breastwork,        obstacle,  prohibition,       restriction. 

A  bar  is  something  that  is  or  may  be  firmly  fixed,  ordinarily 
with  intent  to  prevent  enti-ance  or  egress  ;  as,  the  bars  of  a  prison 
cell ;  the  bars  of  a  wood=lot.  A  barrier  obsti-ucts,  but  is  not  nec- 
essarily impassable.  Barrier  is  used  of  objects  more  extensive 
than  those  to  which  bar  is  ordinarily  applied.  A  mountain  range 
may  be  a  barrier  to  exploration ;  but  a  mass  of  sand  across  the 
enti'ance  to  a  harbor  is  called  a  bar.  Discovered  falsehood  is  a 
bar  to  confidence.  Barricade  has  become  practically  a  technical 
name  for  an  improvised  street  fortification,  and,  unless  in  some 
way  modified,  is  usually  so  understood.  A  parapet  is  a  low  or 
breastshigh  wall,  as  about  the  edge  of  a  roof ,  terrace,  etc.,  espe- 
cially, in  military  use,  such  a  wall  for  the  protection  of  ti'oops ;  a 
rampart  is  the  embankment  surrounding  a  fort,  on  which  the 
parapet  is  raised  ;  the  word  rampart  is  often  used  as  including 
the  2)arax3et.  Buhvark  is  a  general  word  for  any  defensive  wall 
or  rampart;  its  only  technical  use  at  present  is  in  nautical  lan- 
guage, where  it  signifies  the  raised  side  of  a  ship  above  the  upper 
deck,  topped  by  the  rail.  Compare  boundary;  impediment. 
Antonyms: 

admittance,  opening,  road,  transit, 

entrance,  passage,  thoroughfare,  way. 

Prepositions : 

A  barrier  to  progress,    against  invasion;   a  barrier  between 
nations. 

BATTLE. 

Synonyms : 

action,  combat,  encounter,  passage  of  arms, 

affair,  conflict,  engagement,       skirmish, 

bout,  contest,  fight,  strife. 

Conflict  is  a  general  word  which  describes  opponents,  whether 

individuals  or  hosts,  as  dashed  together.     One  continuous  cojiflict 

between  entire  armies  is  a  battle.     Another  battle  may  be  fought 

upon  the  same  field  after  a  considerable  interval;  or  a  new  battle 


75 


beat 


may  follow  immediately,  the  armies  meeting  upon  a  new  field. 
An  action  is  brief  and  partial;  a  battle  may  last  for  days.  En- 
gagement is  a  somewhat  formal  expression  for  battle;  as,  it  was 
the  commander's  purpose  to  avoid  a  general  engagement.  A  pro- 
tracted war,  including  many  battles,  may  be  a  stubborn  contest. 
Combat,  originally  a  hostile  encormter  between  individuals,  is 
now  used  also  for  extensive  engagements.  A  skirmish  is  between 
small  detachments  or  scattered  troops.  An  encounter  may  be 
either  purposed  or  accidental,  between  individvials  or  armed  forces. 
Fight  is  a  word  ot  less  dignity  than  battle;  we  should  not  ordi- 
narily speak  of  Waterloo  as  a  fight,  unless  where  the  word  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  fighting;  as,  I  was  in  the  thick  of  the  fight. 

Antonyms : 

armistice,  concord,  peace,  suspension  of  Iiostilities,  truce.  • 

Prepositions : 

A  battle  of  giants ;  battle  betimen  armies  ;  a  battle  for  life, 
against  invaders  ;  a  battle  to  the  death  ;  the  battle  of  (more  rarely 
at)  Marathon. 


BEAT. 


Synonyms: 

bastinado, 

Tjatter, 

belabor, 

bruise, 

castigate, 


chastise, 

conquer, 

cudgel, 

defeat, 

flog. 


overcome, 

pommel, 

pound. 

scourge, 

smite, 


spank, 
strike, 
surpass, 
switch. 


thrash, 
vanquish, 
w^hip, 
worst. 


Strike  is  the  word  for  a  single  blow  ;  to  beat  is  to  strike  repeat- 
edly, as  a  bird  beats  the  air  with  its  wings.  Others  of  the  above 
words  describe  the  manner  of  beating,  as  bastinado,  to  beat  on 
the  soles  of  the  feet  ;  belabor,  to  inflict  a  comprehensive  and  ex- 
haustive beating;  cudgel,  to  beat  with  a  stick  ;  thrash,  as  wheat 
was  beaten  out  with  the  old  hand=flail ;  to  pound  (akin  to  L.  2)on- 
dus,  a  weight)  is  to  beat  with  a  heavy,  and  x)ommel  with  a  blunt, 
instrument.  To  batter  and  to  bruise  refer  to  the  results  of  beat- 
ing ;  that  is  battered  which  is  broken  or  defaced  by  repeated  blows 
on  the  surface  (compare  synonyms  for  shatter)  ;  that  is  bruised 
which  has  suffered  even  one  severe  contusion.  The  metaphorical 
sense  of  beat,  however,  so  far  i^reponderates  that  one  may  be  very 
badly  bruised  and  battered,  and  yet  not  be  said  to  be  beaten,  un- 
less he  has  got  the  worst  of  the  beating.  To  beat  a  combatant  is 
to  disable  or  dishearten  him  for  further  fighting.     Hence  beat  be- 


charming. 

exquisite. 

handsome, 

comely. 

fair. 

lovely. 

delightful, 

fine. 

picturesque, 

elegant, 

graceful. 

pretty. 

beautiful  "yO 

comes  the  synonym  for  every  word  which  implies  getting  the  ad- 
vantage of  another.     Compare  conquer. 
Antonyms: 

faO,  fall,  get  the  worst  of,  go  down,         go  under,         surrender. 

Almost  all  antonyms  in  this  class  are  passive,  and  can  be  formed 
indefinitely  from  the  conquering  words  by  the  use  of  the  auxiliary 
be  ;  as,  be  beaten,  be 'defeated,  be  conquered,  etc. 
Prepositions  : 

Beat  with  a  stick  over  the  head ;  beat  by  a  trick  ;  out  of  town ; 
beat  to  the  ground  ;  into  submission. 


BEAUTIFUI.. 

Synonyms : 

attractive, 
beauteous, 
bew^itching, 
bonny, 

The  definition  of  beauty,  "perfection  of  form,"  is  a  good  key 
to  the  meaning  of  beautiful,  if  we  understand  •'  form  "  in  its  widest 
sense.  There  must  also  be  harmony  and  unity,  and  in  human  be- 
ings sisiritual  loveliness,  to  constitute  an  object  or  a  person  really 
beautiful.  Thus,  we  speak  of  a  beantiful  landscape,  a  beautiful 
poem.  But  beautiful  implies  also,  in  concrete  objects,  softness  of 
outline  and  delicacy  of  mold;  it  is  opposed  to  all  that  is  hard  and 
rugged,  hence  we  say  a  beautiful  woman,  but  not  a  beautiful  man. 
Beautiful  has  the  further  limit  of  not  transcending  our  powers  of 
appreciation.  Pretty  expresses  in  a  far  less  degi-ee  that  which  is 
pleasing  to  a  refined  taste  in  objects  comparatively  small,  slight, 
and  dainty  ;  as,  a  pretty  bonnet  ;  a  pretty  girl.  That  is  handsome 
which  is  not  only  superficially  pleasing,  but  well  and  harmoniously 
proportioned,  with  usually  the  added  idea  that  it  is  made  so  by 
art,  breeding,  or  training  ;  as,  a  handsome  horse  ;  a  handsome 
house.  Handsome  is  a  term  far  inferior  to  beautifid ;  we  may 
even  say  a  handsome yi\laxn^,Si'air  denotes  what  is  bright,  smooth, 
clear,  and  without  blemish ;  as,  a  fair  face.  The  word  applies 
wholly  to  what  is  superficial  ;  we  can  say  ''fair,  yet  false."  In  a 
specific  sense,  fair  has  the  sense  of  blond,  as  opposed  to  dark  or  bru- 
nette. One  who  possesses  vivacity,  wit,  good  nature,  or  other 
pleasing  qvialities  may  be  attractive  without  beauty.  Comely  de- 
notes an  aspect  that  is  smooth,  genial,  and  wholesome,  with  a  cer- 
tain   fulness    of    contour  and   pleasing   symmetry,    tho    falling 


frightful, 

grotesque. 

repulsive, 

uncouth, 

ghastly, 

hideous. 

shocking. 

ungainly, 
unlovely. 

grim, 

horrid. 

"giy. 

grisly, 

odious, 

unattractive, 

unpleasant. 

because 
77  becomlns: 


short  of  the  heautiful ;  as,  a  comely  matron.     Tliat  is  picturesque 

which  would  make  a  striking  picture. 

Antonyui»i«: 

awkward, 
clumsy, 
deformed, 
disgusting. 

Prepositions : 

Beautiful  to  the  eye ;  beautiful  in  appearance,  in  spirit ; 
"  beautiful /or  situation,"  Ps.  xlviii,  3  ;  beautiful  o/ aspect,  of  its 
kind. 

BECAUSE. 

Synonyms ; 

as,  for,  inasmuch  as,  since. 

Because,  literally  ?>?/=cause,  is  the  most  direct  and  complete 
word  for  giving  the  reason  of  a  thing.  Since,  originally  denoting 
succession  in  time,  signifies  a  succession  in  a  chain  of  reasoning,  a 
natural  inference  or  result.  As  indicates  something  like,  coordi- 
nate, parallel.  Since  is  weaker  than  because  ;  as  is  weaker  than 
since  ;  either  may  introduce  the  reason  before  the  main  state- 
ment; thus,  since  or  as  you  are  going,  I  will  accompany  you. 
Often  the  weaker  word  is  the  more  courteous,  implying  less  con- 
straint; for  example,  as  you  request  it,  I  will  come,  rather  than  I 
will  come  because  you  request  it.  Inasimicli  as  is  a  formal  and 
qualified  expression,  implying  by  just  so  much,  and  no  more; 
thus,  inasnmich  as  the  debtor  has  no  i^roperty,  I  abandon  the 
claim.  For  is  a  loose  connective,  giving  often  mere  suggestion  or 
indication  rather  than  reason  or  cause  ;  as,  it  is  morning,  for  (not 
because)  the  birds  are  singing. 
Antonyms  : 

altho,  however,  nevertheless,  notwithstanding.  yet. 

Compare  synonyms  for  but  ;  notwithstanding. 


BE€0]fII]\G. 

Synonyms: 

befitting,  congruous,      fit,  meet,  seemly, 

beseeming,    decent.  fitting.  neat,  suitable, 

comely,  decorous,  .      graceful,      proper,       w^ortby. 

That  is  becoming  in  dress  which  suits  the  complexion,  figure, 
and  other  qualities  of  the  wearer, so  as  to  produce  on  the  whole  a 
pleasing  effect.  That  is  decent  which  does  not  offend  modesty  or 
propriety.  That  is  suitable  which  is  adapted  to  the  age.  station, 
situation,  and  other  circumstances  of  the  wearer;  coarse,  heavy 


begluulug  yS 

boots  are  suitable  for  farni=work  ;  a  jvivenile  style  of  dress  is  not 
suitable  for  an  old  lady.  In  conduct  much  the  same  rules  apply. 
The  dignity  and  gravity  of  a  i^atriarch  would  not  be  becoming  to 
a  child  ;  at  a  funeral  lively,  cheery  sociability  would  not  be  deco- 
rous, while  noisy  hilarity  would  not  be  decent ;  sumptuous  display 
would  not  be  suitable  for  a  poor  person.  Fit  is  a  compendious 
term  for  whatever  fits  the  person,  time,  place,  occasion,  etc. ;  as, 
a  fit  person  ;  a  fit  abode  ;  a  fit  place.  Fitting, 'or  befitting,  is  some- 
what more  elegant,  implying  a  nicer  adaptation.  Meet,  a  some- 
what archaic  word,  expresses  a  moral  fitness ;  as,  7neet  for 
heaven.     Compare  beautiful  . 

Autonyms: 

awkward,  ill-fitting,  indecent,  unbecoming,      unseemly, 

ill=becoming,      improper,  indecorous,         unfit,  unsuitable. 

Prepositions  : 

The  dress  was  becoming  to  the  wearer.  Such  conduct  was  be- 
coming in  him. 

BEOINIVIXO. 

Synonyms : 

arising,  inauguration,        origin,  source, 

commencement,       inception,  outset,  spring, 

fount,  initiation,  rise,  start, 

fountain,  opening, 

The  Latin  commencement  is  more  formal  than  the  Saxon  begin- 
ning, as  the  verb  commence,  is  more  formal  than  begin.  Com- 
mencement is  for  the  most  part  restricted  to  some  form  of  action, 
while  beginning  has  no  restriction,  but  may  be  applied  to  action, 
state,  material,  extent,  enumeration,  or  to  whatever  else  may  be 
conceived  of  as  having  a  first  part,  point,  degree,  etc.  The  letter 
A  is  at  the  beginning  (not  the  commencement)  of  every  alphabet. 
If  we  were  to  speak  of  the  commencement  of  the  Pacific  Railroad, 
we  should  be  understood  to  refer  to  the  enterprise  and  its  initiatory 
act ;  if  we  were  to  refer  to  the  roadway  we  should  say  "  Here  is 
the  beginning  of  the  Pacific  Raihoad."  In  the  great  majority  of 
cases  begin  and  beginning  are  preferable  to  commence  and  com- 
mencement  as  the  simple,  idiomatic  English  words,  always  accurate 
and  expressive.  "In  the  beginning  was  the  word,"  1  John  1.  An 
origin  is  the  point  from  which  something  starts  or  sets  out,  often 
involving,  and  always  suggesting  causal  connection  ;  as,  the  ori- 
gin of  evil ;  the  origin  of  a  nation,  a  government,  or  a  family.  A 
source  is  that  which  furnishes  a  first  and  continuous  supply,  that 
which  flows  forth  freely  or  may  be  readily  recurred  to  ;  as,  the 
source  of  a  river  ;  a  source  of  knowledge  ;  a  source  of  inspiration  ; 


iwfv  beliavlor 

'*'  bend 

fertile  land  is  a  source  (not  an  origin)  of  wealth.  A  rise  is  thought 
of  as  in  an  action ;  we  say  that  a  lake  is  the  source  of  a  certain 
river,  or  that  the  river  takes  its  rise  from  the  lake.  Motley  wrote 
of  "The  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic."  Fount,  fountain,  and 
spring,  in  their  figurative  senses,  keep  close  to  their  literal  mean- 
ing.    Compare  cause. 

Aiitouyiii!!>: 

See  synonyms  for  end, 

BEHAVIOR. 

Synonyms : 

action,        breeding,     conduct,         deportment,    manner, 
bearing,    carriage,     demeanor,     life,  manners. 

Behavior  is  our  action  in  the  presence  of  others  ;  conduct  in- 
cludes also  that  which  is  known  only  to  ourselves  and  our  Maker. 
Carriage  expresses  simply  the  manner  of  holding  the  body,  espe- 
cially in  sitting  or  walking,  as  when  it  is  said  of  a  lady  "she  has  a 
fine  carriage."  Bearing  refers  to  the  bodily  expression  of  feeling 
or  disposition;  as,  a  haughty  bearing;  a  noble  bearing.  Demeanor 
is  the  bodily  expression,  not  only  of  feelings,  but  of  moral  states  ; 
as,  a  devout  demeanor.  Breeding,  unless  with  some  adverse  lim- 
itation, denotes  that  manner  and  conduct  which  result  from  good 
birth  and  ti-aining.  Deportment  is  behavior  as  related  to  a  set  of 
rules  ;  as,  the  pupil's  deportment  was  faultless.  A  person's  man- 
ner may  be  that  of  a  moment,  or  toward  a  single  person  ;  his  man- 
ners are  his  habitual  style  of  behavior  toward  or  before  others, 
especially  in  matters  of  etiquette  and  politeness  ;  as,  good  manners 
are  always  pleasing. 
PreposItioMs  ; 

The  behavior  of  the  pastor  to  or  toivard  his  people,  on  or  upon 
the  streets,  before  the  multitude,  or  in  the  church,  with  the  godly, 
or  -with  the  worldly,  was  alike  faultless. 


BEIVD. 

Synonyms: 

bias,         curve,         diverge,       mold,  submit,     tw^ist, 

bow^,         deflect,       incline,         persuade,      turn,  w^arp, 

crook,      deviate,     influence,    stoop,  tw^ine,        yield. 

In  some  cases  a  thing  is  spoken  of  as  be^it  where  the  pares 

make  an  angle  ;  but  oftener  to  bend  is  understood  to  be  to  draw 

to  or  through  a  curve  ;  as,  to  bend  a  bow.    To  submit  or  yield  is  to 

bend  the  mind  humbly  to  another's  wishes.    To  incline  or  influence 

is  to  beml  another's  wishes  toward  our  own ;  to  persuade  is  to 


benevolence  80 

draw  them  quite  over.  To  ivarjJ  is  to  bend  silently  through  the 
whole  fiber,  as  a  board  in  the  sun.  To  ci^ook  is  to  bend  irregu- 
larly, as  a  crooked  stick.  Deflect,  deviate,  and  diver-ge  are  said  of 
any  turning  away ;  deviate  commonly  of  a  slight  and  gi-adual 
movement,  divei'ge  of  a  more  sharp  and  decided  one.  To  bias  is 
to  cut  across  the  texture,  or  incline  to  one  side  ;  in  figurative  use 
always  with  an  unfavorable  import.  Mold  is  a  stronger  word 
than  bejid  ;  we  may  bend  by  a  superior  force  that  which  still  re- 
sists the  constraint ;  as,  a  bent  bow  ;  we  mold  something  plastic 
entirely  to  some  desired  form. 


BEXEVOLEXCE. 

Synonyms  ! 

almsgiving,    charity,  kind=heartedness,  munificence, 

beneficence,   generosity,     kindliness,  philanthropy, 

benignity,        good  w^ill,         kindness,  sympathy, 

bounty,  humanity,       liberality,  unselfishness. 

According  to  the  etymology  and  original  usage,  beneficence  is 
the  doing  well,  benevolence  the  wishing  or  willing  well  to  others  ; 
but  benevolence  has  come  to  include  beneficence,  and  to  displace 
it.  We  should  not  now  speak  of  benevolence  which  did  not  help, 
unless  where  there  was  no  power  to  help  ;  even  then  we  should 
rather  say  good  will  or  sympathy.  Charity,  which  originally 
meant  the  pm-est  love  for  God  and  man  (as  in  1  Cor.  xiii),  is  now 
almost  universally  applied  to  some  form  of  almsgiving,  and  is 
much  more  limited  in  meaning  than  benevolence.  Benignity  sug- 
gests some  occult  power  of  blessing,  such  as  was  formerly  ascribed 
to  the  stars  ;  we  may  say  a  good  man  has  an  air  of  beiiignity. 
Kindness  and  teiiderness  are  personal ;  benevolence  and  charity 
are  general.  Kindness  extends  to  all  sentient  beings,  whether  men 
or  animals,  in  prosperity  or  in  distress.  Tenderness  especially 
goes  out  toward  the  young,  feeble,  and  needy,  or  even  to  the  dead. 
Humanity  is  so  much  kindness  and  tenderness  toward  man  or  beast 
as  it  would  be  inhuman  not  to  have  ;  we  say  of  some  act  of  care  or 
kindness,  "  common  humanity  requires  it."  Generosity  is  self= 
forgetful  kindness  in  disposition  or  action  ;  it  includes  much  be- 
sides giving  ;  as,  the  generosity  of  forgiveness.  Bounty  applies  to 
ample  giving,  Avhich  on  a  larger  scale  is  expressed  by  munificence. 
Liberality  indicates  broad,  genial,  kindly  views,  whether  mani- 
fested in  gifts  or  otherAvise.  We  speak  of  the  bounty  of  a  gener- 
ous host,  the  liberality  or  munificence  of  the  founder  of  a  college, 
or  of  the  liberality  of  a  theologian  toward  the  holders  of  conflict- 


bind 
81  bitter 

ing  beliefs.     Philanthropy  applies  to  wide  schemes  for  human 
welfare,  often,  but  not  always,  involving  large  expenditures  in 
charity  or  benevolence.    Comj)are  mercy. 
Antonyms : 

barbaritv,  greediness,         ill=will,  malignity,  self-seeking, 

brutality,  harshness,  inhumanity,        niggardlmess,     stinginess, 

churlishness,         illiberality,         malevolence,       selfishness,  unkindness. 

Prepositions : 

Benevolence  of,  on  the  'part  of,  or  from  the  wealthy,  to  or 

toivard  the  poor. 

BIND. 

Synonyms: 

compel,  fetter,  oblige,  restrict,         shackle, 

engage,  fix,  restrain.  secure,  tie. 

fasten. 

Binding  is  primarily  by  sometliing  flexible,  as  a  cord  or  band- 
age drawn  closely  around  an  object  or  group  of  objects,  as  when 
we  bind  up  a  wovmded  limb.  We  bind  a  sheaf  of  wheat  with  a 
cord  ;  we  tie  the  cord  in  a  knot ;  we  fasten  by  any  means  that 
will  make  things  hold  together,  as  a  board  by  nails,  or  a  door  by  a 
lock.  The  verbs  tie  and  fasten  are  scarcely  used  in  the  figurative 
sense,  tho,  using  the  noun,  we  speak  of  the  ties  of  affection. 
Bind  has  an  extensive  figurative  use.  One  is  bound  by  conscience 
or  honor  ;  he  is  obliged  hj  some  imperious  necessity  ;  engaged  by 
his  own  promise  ;  compelled  by  physical  force  or  its  moral  equiv- 
alent. 
Antonyms  : 

free,  loose,  set  free,  unbind,  unfasten,         unloose,         untie. 

Prepositions : 

Bind  to  a  pillar  ;  unto  an  altar  ;  to  a  service ;  bind  one  ivith 
chains  or  in  chains  ;  one  is  bound  by  a  contract ;  a  splint  is  bound 
upon  a  limb ;  the  arms  may  be  bound  to  the  sides  or  behind  the 
back  ;  bind  a  wreath  about,  around,  or  round  the  head ;  twigs 
are  bound  in  or  into  fagots  ;  for  military  purposes,  they  are  bound 
at  both  ends  and  in  the  middle ;  one  is  bound  by  a  contract,  or 
bound  under  a  penalty  to  fulfil  a  contract. 


BITTER. 

Synonyms : 

acerb,  acidulous,  caustic,     pungent,     stinging, 

acetous,  acrid,  cutting,     savage,        tart. 

acid,  acrimonious,    harsh,         sharp,  vinegarish, 

acidulated,    biting,  irate,  sour,  virulent. 

Acid,  sour,  and  bitter  agree  in  being  contrasted  with  sweet,  but 

6 


bleach,  v.  „_ 

blemish  S,tf 

the  two  former  are  sharply  distinguished  from  the  latter.  Acid 
or  sour  is  the  taste  of  vinegar  or  lemon=juice  ;  bitter  that  of  quas- 
sia, quinin,  or  strychnin.  Acrid  is  nearly  allied  to  hitter.  Pun- 
gent suggests  the  effect  of  pepper  or  snuff  on  the  organs  of  taste 
or  smell ;  as,  a  2^ungent  odor.  Caustic  indicates  the  corroding 
effect  of  some  strong  chemical,  as  nitrate  of  silver.  In  a  figurative 
sense,  as  applied  to  language  or  character,  these  words  are  veiy 
closely  allied.  We  say  a  sour  face,  sharp  words,  bitter  complaints, 
caustic  wit,  cutting  irony,  biting  sarcasm,  a  stinging  taunt,  harsh 
judgment,  a  tart  reply.  Harsh  carries  the  idea  of  intentional  and 
severe  unkindness,  bitter  of  a  severity  that  arises  from  real  or  sup- 
posed ill  treatment.  The  bitter  speech  springs  from  the  sore  heart. 
Tart  and  sharp  utterances  may  not  proceed  from  an  intention  to 
wound,  but  merely  from  a  wit  recklessly  keen  ;  cutting,  stinging, 
and  biting  si^eech  indicates  more  or  less  of  hostile  intent,  the  latter 
being  the  more  deeply  malicious.  The  caustic  utterance  is  meant 
to  burn,  perhaps  wholesomely,  as  in  the  satire  of  Juvenal  or  Cer- 
vantes. Compare  morose. 
Antonyms  : 

dulcet,        honeyed,        luscious,        nectared,        saccharine,         sweet. 


BLEACH,  r. 
Synonyms : 

blancli,  make  w^hite,  whiten,  whitew^asli. 

To  whiten  is  to  make  ivhite  in  general,  but  commonly  it  means 
to  overspread  with  white  coloring=matter.  Bleach  and  blanch 
both  signify  to  ivhiten  by  depriving  of  color,  the  former  perma- 
nently, as  linen  ;  the  latter  either  permanently  (as,  to  blatich  cel- 
ery) or  temporarily  (as,  to  blanch  the  cheek  with  fear).  To  ivhite- 
u-ash  is  to  ivhiten  superficially,  especially  by  false  approval. 
Autonyms : 

blacken,  color,  darken,  dye,  soil,  stain. 


BLEHISH. 

Synonyms : 

blot,  defacement,        disgrace,  injury,  spot, 

blur,  defect,  dishonor,  reproach,  stain, 

brand,      deformity,  fault,  smirch,  stigma, 

crack,       dent,  fla%v,  soil,  taint, 

daub,        disfigurement,  imperfection,  speck,  tarnish. 

Whatever  mars  the  beauty  or  completeness  of  an  object  is  a 
blemish,  whether  original,  as  squinting  eyes,  or  the  result  of  acci- 
dent or  disease,  etc.,  as  the  pits  of  smallpox.  A  blemish  is  super- 
ficial ;  Skflaiv  or  taint  is  in  structure  or  substance.     In  the  moral 


blow 
§3  blufl- 


sense,  we  speak  of  a  blot  or  stain  upon  reputation;  a  flaw  or  taint 
in  character.  A  defect  is  the  want  or  lack  of  something ;  fault, 
])rimarily  a  failing,  is  sometliing  that  fails  of  an  apparent  intent 
or  disappoints  a  natural  expectation  ;  thus  a  sudden  dislocation  or 
displacement  of  geological  strata  is  called  a  fault.  Figuratively, 
a  blemish  comes  from  one's  own  ill=doing  ;  a  brand  or  stigma  is 
inflicted  by  others  ;  as,  the  brand  of  infamy. 


BLOW. 

Synonyms : 

box,  concussion,    disaster,    misfortune,     stripe, 

buffet,  cuff.  knock,        rap,  stroke, 

calamity,    cut,  lash,  shock,  thump. 

A  blow  is  a  sudden  impact,  as  of  a  fist  or  a  club  ;  a  stroke  is  a 
sweeping  movement  ;  as,  the  stroke  of  a  sword,  of  an  oar,  of  the 
arm  in  swimming.  A  shock  is  the  sudden  encounter  with  some 
heavy  body  ;  as,  colliding  railway =trains  lueet  with  a  shock  ;  the 
shock  of  battle.  A  slap  is  given  with  the  open  hand,  a  lash  with 
a  wliip,  thong,  or  the  like  ;  we  speak  also  of  the  cut  of  a  whip.  A 
buffet  or  cuff  is  given  only  with  the  hand  ;  a  bloic  either  with  hand 
or  weapon.  A  ciiff  is  a  somewhat  sidelong  blow,  generally  with 
the  open  hand  ;  as,  a  cuff  or  box  on  the  ear.  A  stripe  is  the  efl'ect 
or  mark  of  a  stroke.  In  the  metaphorical  sense,  blow  is  used  for 
sudden,  stunning,  staggering  calamity  or  sorrow ;  stroke  for 
sweeping  disaster,  and  also  for  sweeping  achievement  and  success. 
We  say  a  stroke  of  paralysis,  or  a  stroke  of  genius.  We  speak  of 
the  buffets  of  adverse  fortune.  Shock  is  used  of  that  which  is  at 
once  sudden,  violent,  and  prostrating ;  we  speak  of  a  shock  of 
electiicity,  tlie  shock  of  an  amputation,  a  shock  of  surprise.  Com- 
pare BEAT. 

BLUFF. 

Synonyms : 

abrupt,  brusk,  impolite,  rough, 

blunt,  coarse,  inconsiderate,  rude, 

blustering,     discourteous,       open,  uncivil, 

bold,  frank,  plain=spoken,  unmannerly. 

Bhfffis  a  word  of  good  meaning,  as  are  frank  and  open.  The 
bluff  man  talks  and  laughs  loudly  and  freely,  says  and  does  what- 
ever he  pleases  with  fearless  good  nature,  and  with  no  thought  of 
annoying  or  giving  pain  to  others.  Tlie  blunt  man  says  things 
which  he  is  perfectly  aware  are  disagreeable,  either  from  a  defiant 
indifference  to  other's  feelings,  or  from  the  pleasure  of  tormenting. 
Antonyms : 

bland,      courteous,     genial,      polished,      polite,     refined,    reserved,    urbane. 


body  ^ - 

boundary  "* 

BODY. 

Synonyms : 

ashes,  clay,  dust,  frame,  system, 

carcass,  corpse,  form,  remains,       trunk. 

Body  denotes  the  entire  physical  structure,  considered  as  a 
whole,  of  man  or  animal ;  form  looks  upon  it  as  a  thing  of  shape 
and  outline,  perhaps  of  beauty  ;  frame  regards  it  as  supported  by 
its  bony  framework  ;  system  views  it  as  an  assemblage  of  many 
related  and  harmonious  organs.  Body,  form,  frame,  and  system 
may  be  either  dead  or  living  ;  clay  and  dust  are  sometimes  so  used 
in  religious  or  poetic  style,  tho  ordinarily  these  words  are  used 
only  of  the  dead.  Corpse  and  remains  are  used  only  of  the  dead. 
Corpse  is  the  plain  technical  word  for  a  dead  body  still  retaining 
its  unity  ;  remains  may  be  used  after  any  lapse  of  time  ;  the  lat- 
ter is  also  the  more  refined  and  less  ghastly  term  ;  as,  friends  are 
invited  to  view  the  remains.  Carcass  applies  only  to  the  body  of 
an  animal,  or  of  a  human  being  regarded  with  contempt  and 
loathing.  Compare  company. 
Antonyms : 

intellect,  intelligence,  mind,  soul,  spirit. 


BOTH. 

Synonyms: 

twain,  tw^o. 

Both  refers  to  tivo  objects  previously  mentioned,  or  had  in 
mind,  viewed  or  acting  in  connection  ;  as,  both  men  tired  at  once  ; 
"f?t;o  men  fired"  might  mean  any  two,  out  of  any  number,  and 
without  reference  to  any  previous  thought  or  mention.  Tioain  is 
a  nearly  obsolete  form  of  two.  The  two,  or  the  twain,  is  practi- 
cally equivalent  to  both  ;  both,  however,  expresses  a  closer  unity. 
We  would  say  both  men  rushed  against  the  enemy  ;  the  two  men 
flew  at  each  other.     Compare  every. 

Antonyms: 

each,  either,         every,  neither,         none,         no  one,         not  any. 


BOUNDARY. 

Synonyms  : 

barrier,  confines,  limit,  margin, 

border,  edge,  line,  term, 

bound,  enclosure,  marches,  termination, 

bourn,  frontier,  marge,  verge, 

bourne,  landmark. 

The    boundary    was    originally    the    landmark,   that    which 

marked  off  one  piece  of  territory  from  another.  The  bound  is  the 


*^  brave 

limit,  marked  or  unmarked.  Now,  however,  the  diiference  be- 
tween the  two  words  has  come  to  be  simply  one  of  usage.  As 
regards  territory,  we  speak  of  the  boundaries  of  a  nation  or  of  an 
estate  ;  the  hounds  of  a  college,  a  ball=ground,  etc.  Bounds  may 
be  used  for  all  within  the  limits,  boundary  for  the  limiting  line 
only.  Boundarij  looks  to  that  wliich  is  without ;  hound  only  to 
that  which  is  within.  Hence  we  speak  of  the  hounds,  not  the 
boundaries,  of  a  subject,  of  the  universe,  etc.;  we  say  the  stu- 
dents were  forbidden  to  go  beyond  the  bounds.  A  barrier  is  some- 
thing that  bars  ingress  or  egress.  A  barrier  may  be  a  boundary, 
as  was  the  Great  Wall  of  Cliina.  Bouini,  or  bourne,  is  a  poetical 
expression  for  bound  or  boundary.  A  border  is  a  strip  of  land 
along  the  boundary.  Edge  is  a  sharp  terminal  line,  as  where 
river  or  ocean  meets  the  land.  Limit  is  now  used  almost  wholly 
in  the  figurative  sense  ;  as,  the  limit  of  discussion,  of  time,  of 
jurisdiction.  Line  is  a  military  term  ;  as,  within  the  lines,  or 
through  the  lines,  of  an  army.  Compare  barrier  ;  end. 
Antouyius: 

center,      citadel,      estate,       inside,       interior,    land,         region,      territory. 
Prepositions : 

The  boundaries  of  an  estate  ;  the  boundaiy  between  neighbor- 
ing territories. 


BKAVE, 

Synonyms: 

adventurous.  courageous,  fearless,  undaunted, 

l>old,  daring.  gallant,  undismayed, 

ehivalric.  dauntless,  heroic,  valiant, 

chivalrous,  doughty,  intrepid,  venturesome. 

The  adventurous  man  goes  in  quest  of  danger ;  the  bold  man 
stands  out  and  faces  danger  or  censure  ;  the  hrai^e  man  combines 
confidence  with  resolutionin  presenceof  danger ;  the  chivalrousmnn 
puts  himself  in  peril  for  others'  protection.  The  daring  step  out 
to  defy  danger  ;  the  dauntless  will  not  flinch  before  anything  that 
may  come  to  them  ;  the  doughty  vrill  give  and  take  hmitless  hard 
knocks.  The  adventurous  find  something  romantic  in  dangerous 
enterprises  ;  the  venturesome  may  be  simply  heedless,  reckless,  or 
ignorant.  All  great  explorers  have  been  adventurous  ;  children, 
fools,  and  criminals  are  venturesome.  The  fearless  and  intrepid 
possess  unshaken  nerves  in  any  place  of  danger.  Courageous 
is  more  than  brave,  adding  a  moral  element  :  the  couragemis  man 
steadily  encounters  perils  to  which  he  may  be  keenly  sensitive,  at 
the  call  of  duty  ;  the  gallant  are  brave  in  a  dashing,  showy,  and 


break  86 

splendid  way  ;    the   valiant  not  only  dare  great  dangers,    but 
achieve  great  results  ;  the  heroic  are  nobly  daring  and  dauntless, 
truly  chivalrous,  sublimely  courageous.     Compare  fortitude. 
Autonyms: 

afraid,  cringing,  fearful,  pusillauimous,    timid, 

cowardly,  faint-hearted,     frightened,         shrinking,  timorous. 


BREAK. 

Synonyms  : 

bankrupt,  crack,  destroy,    rive,  shatter,  split, 

burst,  crusb,  fracture,  rupture,  shiver,    sunder, 

cashier,      demolish,  rend,  sever,       smash,    transgress. 

To  break  is  to  divide  sharply,  with  severance  of  particles,  as  by 
a  blow  or  strain.  To  hurst  is  to  break  by  pressure  from  within,  as  a 
bombshell,  but  it  is  used  also  for  the  result  of  violent  force  other- 
wise exerted ;  as,  to  burst  in  a  door,  where  the  door  yields  as  if 
to  an  explosion.  To  crush  is  to  break  by  pressure  from  without, 
as  an  egg=shell.  To  crack  is  to  break  without  complete  severance 
of  parts  ;  a  cracked  cup  or  mirror  may  still  hold  together.  Frac- 
ture has  a  somewhat  similar  sense.  In  a  fractured  limb,  the  ends 
of  the  broken  bone  may  be  separated,  tho  both  portions  are 
still  retained  within  the  common  muscular  tissue.  A  shattered 
object  is  broken  suddenly  and  in  numerous  directions  ;  as,  a  vase 
is  shattered  by  a  blow,  a  building  by  an  earthquake.  A  shivered 
glass  is  broken  into  numerous  minute,  needle^like  fragments.  To 
smash  is  to  break  thoroughly  to  pieces  with  a  crashing  sound  by 
some  sudden  act  of  violence  ;  a  watch  once  smashed  will  scarcely 
be  worth  repair.  To  split  is  to  cause  wood  to  crack  or  part  in  the 
way  of  the  grain,  and  is  applied  to  any  other  case  where  a  natural 
tendency  to  separation  is  enforced  by  an  external  cause  ;  as,  to 
sjMt  a  convention  or  a  party.  To  demolish  is  to  beat  down,  as  a 
mound,  building,  fortress,  etc. ;  to  destroy  is  to  put  by  any  process 
beyond  restoration  physically,  mentally,  or  morally  ;  to  destroy 
an  army  is  so  to  shatter  and  scatter  it  that  it  can  not  be  rallied  or 
reassembled  as  a  fighting  force.  Compare  rend. 
Antonym!!) : 

attach,      bind,    fasten,     join,        mend,      secure,      solder,      unite,      weld. 
Prepositions : 

Break  to  pieces,  or  in  pieces,  into  several  pieces  (when  the  ob- 
ject is  thought  of  as  divided  rather  than  shattered ) ;  break  with  a 
friend  ;  from  or  away  from  a  suppUant ;  break  into  a  house ;  out 
of  prison  ;  break  across  one's  knee  ;  break  through  a  hedge  ;  break 
in  upon  one's  retirement  ;  break  over  the  rules  ;  break  on  or  upon 
the  shore,  against  the  rocks. 


87 


brutlsb 
burn 


Synonyms: 

animal,  brutal, 

base,  brute, 

beastly,  carnal, 

bestial,  coarse. 


BRUTISH. 


ignorant, 
imtaruted, 
insensible, 
lascivious. 


sensual, 
sottish, 
stolid, 
stupid. 


swinish, 
unintellectual, 
unspiritual, 
vile. 


A  brittisJb  man  simi^ly  follows  his  animal  instincts,  without 
sjjecial  inclination  to  do  harm  ;  the  brutal  have  always  a  spirit  of 
malice  and  cruelty.  Brute  has  no  special  character,  except  as  in- 
dicating what  a  brute  might  possess  ;  much  the  same  is  ti'ue  of 
animal,  except  that  animal  leans  more  to  the  side  of  sensuality, 
brute  to  that  of  force,  as  appears  in  the  familiar  phrase  ''brute 
force."  Hunger  is  an  animal  appetite  ;  a  brute  impulse  suddenly 
prompts  one  to  strike  a  blow  in  anger.  Bestial,  in  modern  usage, 
implies  an  intensified  and  degrading  animalism.  Any  supremacy 
of  the  animal  or  brute  instincts  over  the  intellectual  and  spiritual 
in  man  is  base  and  vile.  Beastly  refers  largely  to  the  outward 
and  visible  consequences  of  excess ;  as,  beastly  drunkenness. 
Compare  animal. 


Antonyms : 

elevated, 
enlightened, 


exalted, 
grand, 


great, 
humane, 


intellectual, 
intelligent. 


noble, 
refined. 


Synonyms: 

blaze, 
brand, 
cauterize 


BURM. 


char, 

consume, 

cremate. 


flame, 

flash, 

ignite. 


incinerate, 

kindle, 

scorch. 


set  fire  to, 
set  on  fire, 
singe. 

To  burn  is  to  subject  to  the  action  of  lire,  or  of  intense  heat  so 
as  to  effect  either  partial  change  or  complete  combustion ;  as,  to 
burn  wood  in  the  fire  ;  to  burn  one's  hand  on  a  hot  stove  ;  the  sun 
b^lrns  the  face.  One  brands  with  a  hot  iron,  but  cauterizes  with 
some  corrosive  substance,  as  silver  nitrate.  Cremate  is  now  used 
specifically  for  consuming  a  dead  body  by  intense  heat.  To  incin- 
erate is  to  reduce  to  ashes;  the  sense  differs  little  from  that  of 
cremate,  but  it  is  in  less  popular  use.  To  kindle  is  to  set  on  fire, 
as  if  with  a  candle  ;  ignite  is  the  more  learned  and  scientific  word 
for  the  same  thing,  extending  even  to  the  heating  of  metals  to  a 
state  of  incandescence  without  burning.  To  scorch  and  to  singe 
are  superficial,  and  to  char  usually  so.  Both  kindle  and  burn 
have  an  extensive  figurative  vise  ;  as,  to  kindle  strife  ;  to  burn 
with  wrath,  love,  devotion,  curiosity.  Compare  light. 
Antonyms: 

cool,  extinguish,  put  out,  smother,  stifle,  subdue. 


business  88 

Prepositions : 

To  burn  in  the  fire  ;  burn  inth  fire  ;  burn  to  the  ground  ;  bum 
to  ashes  ;  burn  through  the  skin,  or  the  roof  ;  burn  into  the  soil,  etc. 


BUSINESS. 
Synonyms: 

affair,  commerce,  handicraft,      trading, 

art,  concern,  job,  traflBc, 

avocation,       craft,  occupation,     transaction, 

barter,  duty,  profession,      vocation, 

calling,  employment,      trade,  work. 

A  business  is  what  one  follows  regularly  ;  an  occupation  is 
what  he  happens  at  any  time  to  be  engaged  in  ;  trout=fishing  may 
be  one's  occupation  for  a  time,  as  a  relief  from  business  ;  business 
is  ordinarily  for  profit,  while  the  occupation  may  be  a  matter  of 
learning,  philanthropy,  or  religion.  A  profession  implies  schol- 
arship ;  as,  the  learned  professions.  Pursuit  is  an  occtipation 
which  one  follows  with  ardor.  An  avocation  is  what  calls  one 
away  from  other  work  ;  a  vocation  or  calling,  that  to  which  one 
is  called  by  some  special  fitness  or  sense  of  duty  ;  thus,  we  speak 
of  the  gospel  ministry  as  a  vocation  or  calling,  rather  than  a 
biisiness.  Trade  or  tradiiig  is,  in  general,  the  exchanging  of  one 
thing  for  another ;  in  the  special  sense,  a  trade  is  an  occupation 
involving  manual  training  and  skilled  labor ;  as,  the  ancient  Jews 
held  that  every  boy  should  learn  a  trade.  A  transaction  is  a 
single  action,  whether  in  business,  diplomacy,  or  otherwise  ;  affair 
has  a  similar,  but  Ughter  meaning ;  as,  this  httle  affair ;  an  im- 
portant transaction.  The  plural  affairs  has  a  distinctive  mean- 
ing, including  all  activities  where  men  deal  with  one  another  on 
any  considerable  scale  ;  as,  a  man  of  affairs.  A  job  is  a  piece  of 
work  viewed  as  a  single  undertaking,  and  ordinarily  paid  for  as 
such.  Trade  and  commerce  may  be  used  as  equivalents,  but  trade 
is  capable  of  a  more  limited  application ;  we  speak  of  the  trade  of 
a  village,  the  commerce  of  a  nation.  Barter  is  the  direct  ex- 
change of  commodities  ;  business,  trade,  and  commerce  are  chiefly 
transacted  by  means  of  money,  bills  of  exchange,  etc.  Business, 
occupation,  etc.,  may  be  what  one  does  independently ;  employment 
may  be  in  the  service  of  another.  Work  is  any  application  of 
energy  to  secure  a  result,  or  the  result  thus  secured ;  thus,  we 
speak  of  the  ivork  of  God.  Art  in  the  industrial  sense  is  a  system 
of  rules  and  accepted  methods  for  the  accomplishment  of  some 
practical  result ;  as,  tlie  art  of  printing  ;  collectively,  the  arts.  A 
craft  is  some  occupation  requiring  technical  skill  or  manual  dex- 


89  by 

terity,  or  the  persons,  collectively,  engaged  in  its  exercise ;  as, 
the  weaver's  craft. 
Prepositions : 

The  business  of  a  druggist ;  in  business  tvith  his  father  ;  doing 
business  for  liis  father  ;  have  you  business  icitli  rue  ?  business  in 
New  York ;  business  about,  concerning,  or  in  regard  to  certain 
property. 

BUT. 

Synonyms: 

and.  however,  notw^itlistanding,    that, 

harely,  just,  only.  tho, 

besides,  merely,  provided,  unless, 

except,  moreover,  save,  yet. 

further,  nevertheless,  still, 

But  ranges  from  the  faintest  contrast  to  absolute  negation  ;  as, 
I  am  willing  to  go,  hut  (on  the  other  hand)  content  to  stay  ;  he  is 
not  an  honest  man,  hut  (on  the  contrary)  a  villain.  The  conti-ast 
may  be  with  a  silent  thought ;  as,  hut  let  us  go  (it  being  under- 
stood that  we  might  stay  longer).  In  restrictive  use,  except  and 
excepting  are  slightly  more  emphatic  than  hut  ;  we  say,  no  injury 
hut  a  scratch  ;  or,  no  injury  except  some  painful  bruises.  Such 
expressions  as  "words  are  hut  breath"  (nothing  hut)  may  be 
referred  to  the  restrictive  use  by  ellipsis.  So  may  the  use  of  hut 
in  the  sense  of  unless  ;  as,  "  it  never  rains  hut  it  pours."  To  the 
same  head  must  be  referred  the  conditional  use  ;  as,  "  you  may  go, 
hut  with  your  father's  consent"  {i.  e.,  '^provided  you  have," 
''except  that  yoii  must  have,"  etc.).  "Doubt  bMi"is  now  less 
used  than  the  more  logical  "  doubt  that.''''  But  never  becomes  a 
full  synonym  for  and  ;  and  adds  something  like,  hut  adds  some- 
thing different ;  ' '  brave  and  tender  "  implies  that  tenderness  is 
natiu-al  to  the  brave;  "brave  hut  tender"  implies  that  bravery 
and  tenderness  are  rarely  combined.  For  the  concessive  use,  com- 
pare NOTWITHSTANDING. 

BY. 

Synonyms: 

by  dint  of,  by  means  of,  through,  with. 

By  refers  to  the  agent ;  through,  to  the  means,  cause,  or  con- 
dition ;  with,  to  the  instrument.  By  commonly  refers  to  persons  ; 
ivith,  to  things  ;  through  may  refer  to  either.  The  road  having 
become  impassable  through  long  disuse,  a  way  was  opened  hy 
pioneers  with  axes.  By  may,  however,  be  applied  to  any  object 
which  is  viewed  as  partaking  of  action  and  agency  ;  as,  the  metal 


cabal  Q^ 

calculate  "^ 

was  corroded  hy  the  acid  ;  skill  is  gained  hy  practise.  We  speak 
of  communicating  ivitli  a  person  by  letter.  Through  implies  a 
more  distant  connection  than  hy  or  with,  and  more  intervening 
elements.  Material  objects  are  perceived  hy  the  mind  through 
the  senses. 

CABAL. 

Synonyms: 

combination,  confederacy,  crew,  ^ang, 

conclave,  conspiracy,  faction,  junto. 

A  conspiracy  is  a  combination  of  persons  for  an  evil  purpose,  or 
the  act  of  so  combining.  Conspiracy  is  a  distinct  crime  under 
common,  and  generally  under  statutory,  law.  A  faction  is  more 
extensive  than  a  conspiracy,  less  formal  in  organization,  less  defi- 
nite in  plan.  Faction  and  its  adjective,  factious,  have  always  an 
unfavorable  sense.  Cabal  commonly  denotes  a  conspiracy  of  lead- 
ers. A  gang  is  a  company  of  workmen  all  doing  the  same  work 
under  one  leader  ;  the  word  is  used  figuratively  only  of  combina- 
tions which  it  is  meant  to  stigmatize  as  rude  and  mercenary  ;  cretv 
is  used  in  a  closely  similar  sense.  A  conclave  is  secret,  but  of 
larger  numbers,  ordinarily,  than  a  cabal,  and  may  have  honorable 
use  ;  as,  the  conclave  of  cardinals. 


CALCULATE. 

Synonyms : 

account,  consider,  enumerate,  rate, 

cast.  count,  estimate,  reckon, 

compute,  deem,  number,  sum  up. 

Number  is  the  generic  term.  To  count  is  to  number  one  by 
one.  To  calculate  is  to  use  more  complicated  processes,  as  multi- 
plication, division,  etc.,  more  rapid  but  not  less  exact.  Compute 
allows  more  of  the  element  of  probability,  which  is  still  more 
strongly  expressed  by  estimate.  We  compute  the  slain  in  a  great 
war  from  the  number  known  to  have  fallen  in  certain  great  bat- 
tles ;  compute  refers  to  the  present  or  the  past,  estimate  more  fre- 
quently to  the  future  ;  as.  to  estimate  the  cost  of  a  proposed  build- 
ing. To  enumerate  is  to  mention  item  by  item  ;  as.  to  enumerate 
one's  grievances.  To  rate  is  to  estimate  by  comparison,  as  if  the 
object  were  one  of  a  series.  We  count  upon  a  desired  futm-e  ;  we 
do  not  count  upon  the  undesired.  As  applied  to  the  present,  we 
reclcon  or  count  a  thing  precious  or  worthless.  Compare  esteem. 
Prepositions : 

It  is  vain  to  calculate  on  or  upon  an  uncertain  result. 


call,  t 
91  calm 


CALL,  V. 
Synonyms : 

bawl,  cry  (out),  roar,  shriek, 

■bellow,  ejaculate,  scream,  vociferate, 

clamor,  exclaim,  shout,  yell. 

To  call  is  to  send  out  the  voice  in  order  to  attract  another's  at- 
tention, either  by  word  or  by  inarticulate  utterance.  Animals 
call  their  mates,  or  their  young  ;  a  man  calls  his  dog,  his  horse, 
etc.  The  sense  is  extended  to  include  summons  by  bell,  or  any 
signal.  To  shout  is  to  call  or  exclaim  with  the  fullest  volume  of 
sustained  voice  ;  to  scream  is  to  utter  a  shriller  cry  ;  to  shrieJc  or 
to  yell  refers  to  that  which  is  louder  and  wilder  still.  We  shout 
words  ;  in  screaming,  shrieking,  or  yelling  there  is  often  no  at- 
tempt at  articulation.  To  haid  is  to  utter  senseless,  noisy  cries,  as 
of  a  child  in  pain  or  anger.  Belloiv  and  roar  are  applied  to  the 
utterances  of  animals,  and  only  contemptviously  to  those  of  per- 
sons. To  clamor  is  to  utter  with  noisy  iteration ;  it  applies  also 
to  the  confused  cries  of  a  multitude.  To  vociferate  is  commonly 
applied  to  loud  and  excited  speech  where  there  is  little  besides  the 
exertion  of  voice.  In  exclaiming,  the  utterance  may  not  be  stri- 
kingly, tho  somewhat,  above  the  ordinary  tone  and  pitch ;  we 
may  exclaim  by  mere  interjections,  or  by  connected  words,  but 
always  by  some  articulate  utterance.  To  ejaculate  is  to  throw  out 
brief,  disconnected,  but  coherent  utterances  of  joy,  regret,  and 
especially  of  appeal,  petition,  prayer;  the  use  of  such  devotional 
utterances  has  received  the  special  name  of  "  ejaculatory  prayer." 
To  cry  out  is  to  give  forth  a  louder  and  more  excited  utterance 
than  in  exclaiming  or  calling ;  one  often  exclaims  with  sudden 
joy  as  well  as  sorrow  ;  if  he  cries  out,  it  is  oftener  in  grief  or 
agony.  In  the  most  common  colloquial  usage,  to  cry  is  to  express 
grief  or  pain  by  weeping  or  sobbing.  One  may  exclaim,  cry  out. 
or  ejaculate  with  no  thought  of  others'  presence  ;  when  he  calls,  it 
is  to  attract  another's  attention. 
Antonyms: 

be  silent,        be  still,  bark,  bearken,  hush,  list,  listen. 


CALm. 

Synonyms: 

collected,  imperturbable,  sedate,  still, 

composed.  peaceful,  selfpossessed,  tranquil, 

cool,  placid,  serene.  undisturbed, 

dispassionate,  quiet,  smooth,  unruffled. 

That  is  coZhi  which  is  free  from  disturbance  or  agitation;  in  the 

physical  sense,  free  from  violent  motion  or  action  ;  in  the  mental 


cancel  92 

or  spiritual  realm,  free  from  excited  or  disturbing  emotion  or 
passion.  We  speak  of  a  calm  sea,  a  placid  lake,  a  serene  sky,  a 
still  night,  a  quiet  day,  a  quiet  home.  We  speak,  also,  of  "still 
waters,'"  "smooth  sailing,"  which  are  different  modes  of  express- 
ing freedom  from  manifest  agitation.  Of  mental  conditions,  one 
is  calm  who  triumphs  over  a  tendency  to  excitement ;  cool,  if  he 
scarcely  feels  the  tendency.  One  may  be  calm  by  the  very  re- 
action from  excitement,  or  by  the  oppression  of  overpowering 
emotion,  as  we  speak  of  the  calmness  of  despair.  One  is  covi- 
poserl  who  has  subdued  excited  feeHng ;  he  is  collected  when  he 
has  every  thought,  feeling,  or  perception  awake  and  at  command. 
Tranquil  refers  to  a  present  state, placid,  to  a  prevailing  tendency. 
We  speak  of  a  tranquil  mind,  a pZacfcZ  disposition.  The  serene 
spirit  dwells  as  if  in  the  clear  upper  air,  above  all  storm  and 
shadow. 

The  star  of  the  unconqiiered  will, 

He  rises  in  my  breast, 
Serene,  and  resolute,  and  stUl, 
And  calm,  and  self 'possessed. 

Longfellow  Light  of  Stars  st.  7. 
Antonyms: 

agitated,  excited,        frenzied,  passionate,  ruffled,  violent, 

boisterous,       fierce,  furious,  raging,  stormy,  wild, 

disturbed,        frantic,         heated,  roused,  turbulent,      wrathful. 


CANCEL. 
Synonyms: 

abolish.  discharge,  nullify,  rescind, 

abrogate,  efface,  obliterate,  revoke, 

annul.  erase,  quash,  rub  off  or  out, 

blot  out,  expunge,  remove.  scratch  out, 

cross  off  or  out,  make  void,  repeal,  vacate. 

Cancel,  efface,  erase,  cvpunge,  and  obliterate  have  as  their 
first  meaning  the  removal  of  written  characters  or  other  forms  of 
record.  To  cancel  is,  literally,  to  make  a  lattice  by  cross=lines, 
exactly  our  English  cross  out ;  to  efface  is  to  rub  off,  smooth  away 
the  face,  as  of  an  inscription  ;  to  erase  is  to  scratch  out,  commonly 
for  the  purpose  of  writing  something  else  in  the  same  space  ;  to 
expunge,  is  to  punch  out  with  some  sharp  instrument,  so  as  to 
show  that  the  words  are  no  longer  part  of  the  writing  ;  to  obliter- 
ate is  to  cover  over  or  remove,  as  a  letter,  as  was  done  by  revers- 
ing the  Eoman  stylus,  and  rmbbing  out  with  the  rounded  end  what 
had  been  written  with  the  point  on  the  waxen  tablet.  What  has 
been  canceled,  erased,  exjninged,  may  perhaps  still  be  traced ; 
what  is  obliterated  is  gone  forever,  as  if  it  had  never  been.     In 


An  candid 

"«*  caparison 

many  establishments,  when  a  debt  is  discharged  by  payment,  the 

record  is  cancelled.     The  figurative  use  of  the  words  keeps  close 

to  the  primary  sense.     Compare  abolish. 

Aiitonyms : 

approve,  enact,  establish,         perpetuate,         recnact,        uphold, 

confirm,  enforce,         maintain,         record,  sustain,        write. 


CA]\DII>. 

Synonyms: 

aboveboard,    honest,  open,  truthful, 

artless,  impartial,     simple,  unbiased, 

fair,  ingenuous,  sincere,  unprejudiced, 

frank,  innocent,       straightforw^ard,  unreserved, 

guileless,         naive,  transparent,  unsophisticated. 

A  candid  statement  is  meant  to  be  true  to  the  real  facts  and 
just  to  all  parties  ;  a  fair  statement  is  really  so.  Fair  is  applied 
to  the  conduct ;  candid  is  not ;  as,  fair  treatment,  "a  fair  field, 
and  no  favor."  One  who  is  frank  has  a  fearless  and  unconstrained 
truthfulness.  Honest  and  ingenuous  unite  in  expressing  con- 
tempt for  deceit.  On  the  other  hand,  artless,  guileless,  naive, 
simplii,  and  unsophisticated  express  the  goodness  which  comes 
from  want  of  the  knowledge  or  thought  of  evil.  As  truth  is  not 
always  agreeable  or  timely,  candid  and  frank  have  often  an 
objectionable  sense;  "to  be  candid  with  you,"  "  to  be  perfectly 
frank,"  are  regarded  as  sure  preludes  to  something  disagreeable. 
OjJen  and  unreserved  may  imply  unstudied  truthfulness  or  defiant 
recklessness ;  as,  open  admiration,  ojieyi  robbery.  There  may  be 
transparent  integrity  or  transparent  fraud.  Sincere  applies  to 
the  feelings,  as  being  all  that  one's  words  would  imply. 
Antonyni!!> : 

adroit,  cunning,  diplomatic,        intriguing,  sharp,  subtle, 

artful,  deceitful,  foxy,  knowing,  shrewd,        tricky, 

crafty,  designing,         insincere,  maneuvering,        sly,  wily. 

Prepositions : 

Candid  in  debate ;  candid  to  or  toivard  opponents ;  candid  urith 
friend  or  foe  ;  to  be  candid  about  or  in  regard  to  the  mattero 


CAPARISOIV. 

Synonyms 

accouterments,         harness,         housings,         trappings. 

Harness  was  formerly  used  of  the  armor  of  a  knight  as  well  as 
of  a  horse ;  it  is  now  used  almost  exclusively  of  the  straps  and 
appurtenances  worn  by  a  horse  when  attached  to  a  vehicle  ;  the 
animal  is  said  to  be  "kind  in  harness.'"  The  other  words  apply  to 
the  ornamental  outfit  of  a  horse,  especially  under  saddle.     We 


capital 

care  W* 

speak  also  of  the  accouterments  of  a  soldier.  Caparison  is  used 
rarely  and  somewhat  slightingly,  and  trappings  quite  contemp- 
tuously, for  showy  human  apparel.    Compare  arms  ;  dress. 


CAPITAL. 

Synonyms  : 

chief  city,  metropolis,  seat  of  government. 

The  meiropolis  is  the  chief  city  in  the  commercial,  the  ca2ntal 
in  the  political  sense.  The  capital  of  an  American  State  is  rarely 
its  metropolis. 


CARE. 

Synonyms: 

anxiety,  concern,  oversight,  trouble, 

attention,  direction,  perplexity,  vigilance, 

caution,  forethought,  precaution,  wariness, 

charge,  heed,  prudence,  w^atchfulness, 

circumspection,  management,  solicitude,  worry. 

Care  concerns  what  we  possess ;  anxiety,  often,  what  we  do 
not ;  riches  bring  many  cares ;  poverty  brings  many  anxieties. 
Care  also  signifies  watchful  attention,  in  view  of  possible  harm  ; 
as,  "  This  side  up  with  care  ; "  "  Take  cai^e  of  yourself  ;  "  or,  as  a 
sharp  warning,  "Take  care!"  Caution  has  a  sense  of  possible 
harm  and  risk  only  to  be  escaped,  if  at  all,  by  careful  deliberation 
and  observation.  Care  inclines  to  the  positive,  caution  to  the 
negative ;  care  is  shown  in  doing,  caution  largely  in  not  doing. 
Precaution  is  allied  with  care,  prudence  with  caution ;  a  man 
rides  a  dangerous  horse  with  care ;  caution  will  keep  liim  from 
mounting  the  horse  ;  precaution  looks  to  the  saddle=girths,  bit 
and  bridle,  and  all  that  may  make  the  rider  secure.  Circumspec- 
tion is  watchful  observation  and  calculation,  but  without  the 
timidity  imphed  in  caution.  Concern  denotes  a  serious  interest, 
milder  than  anxiety  ;  as,  concern  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  at  sea. 
Heed  implies  attention  without  disquiet ;  it  is  now  largely  dis- 
placed by  attention  and  care.  Solicitude  involves  especially  the 
element  of  desire,  not  expressed  in  anxiety,  and  of  hopefulness, 
not  implied  in  care.  A  parent  feels  constant  solicitude  for  his 
childi-en's  welfare,  anxiety  as  to  dangers  that  threaten  it,  with 
care  to  guai-d  against  them.  Watchfulness  recognizes  the  possi- 
bility of  danger,  itariness  the  probability.  A  man  who  is  not 
influenced  by  caution  to  keep  out  of  danger  may  display  great 
wariness  in  the  midst  of  it.  Care  has  also  the  sense  of  responsi- 
bility, with  possible  control,  as  expressed  in  charge,  management. 


career 
"5  caricature 


oversight ;  as,  these  children  are  under  my  care  ;  send  the  money 
to  me  in  care  of  the  firm.  Compare  alarm  ;  anxiety  ;  prudence. 
Antonyin»«: 

carelessness,  heedlessness.  Indifference,  negligence,  oversight,        remissness, 
disregard,        inattention,     neglect,  omission,      recklessness,  slight. 

Prepositions : 

Take  care  of  the  house  ;  for  the  future  ;  about  the  matter. 


CAREER. 

Synonyms: 

charge,        flight,  passage.  race, 

course,         line  of  achievement,      public  life,      rush. 

A  career  was  originally  the  ground  for  a  race,  or,  especially, 
for  a  knight's  charge  in  tournament  or  battle  ;  whence  career  was 
early  apphed  to  the  charge  itself. 

If  you  will  use  the' lance,  take  ground  for  your  career.  .  .  .  The  four  horsemen 
met  in  full  career.  Scott  Qiientin  Durward  ch.  14,  p.  194.     [n.  f.  &  co.] 

In  its  figurative  use  career  signifies  some  continuous  and  con- 
spicuous work,  usually  a  life=work,  and  most  frequently  one  of 
honorable  achievement.     Compare  business. 


CARESS. 
Synonyms  < 

coddle,  embrace,  fondle,  pamper, 

court,  flatter,  kiss,  pet. 

To  caress  is  less  than  to  embrace  ;  more  dignified  and  less  famil- 
iar than  to  fondle.     A  visitor  caresses  a  friend's  child  ;  a  mother 
fondles  her  babe.     Fondling  is  always  by  touch  ;  caressing  may 
be  also  by  words,  or  other  tender  and  pleasing  attentions. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  affront. 
Prepositions: 

Caressed  hy  or  icith  the  hand  ;  caressed  by  admirers,  at  court 


CARICATURE. 

Synonyms: 

burlesque,  extravaganza,       mimicry,       take=ofr, 

exaggeration,       imitation,  parody,  travesty. 

A  caricature  is  a  grotesque  exaggeration  of  striking  features 
or  peculiarities,  generally  of  a  person  ;  a  burlesque  treats  any  sub- 
ject in  an  absurd  or  incongruous  manner.  A  burlesque  is  written 
or  acted  ;  a  caricature  is  more  commonly  in  sketch  or  picture.  A 
parody  changes  the  subject,  but  keeps  the  style ;  a  travesty  keeps 


carrj" 


96 


the  subject,  but  changes  the  style :  a  burlesque  does  not  hold  itself 
to  either  subject  or  style  ;  but  is  content  with  a  general  resem- 
blance to  what  it  may  imitate.  A  caricature,  parody,  or  travesty 
must  have  an  original ;  a  burlesque  may  be  an  independent  com- 
position. An  account  of  a  schoolboys"  quarrel  after  the  general 
manner  of  Homer's  lUad  would  be  a  burlesque  :  the  real  story  of 
the  niad  told  in  newspaper  style  would  be  a  travesty.  An  e^ctrav- 
aganza  is  a  fantastic  composition,  musical,  dramatic,  or  narrative. 
Imitation  is  serious;  mimicry  is  either  intentionally  or  uninten- 
tionallv  comicaL 


CARRY. 

Synonyms: 

bear.  convey.  move.  sustain.         transmit, 

bring.        lift,  remove.  tal^e,  transport. 

A  person  may  bear  a  load  either  when  in  motion  or  at  rest  :  he 
carries  it  only  when  in  motion.  The  stooping  Atlas  bears  the 
world  on  his  shoulders ;  &w-iftly  moving  Time  carries  the  hour= 
glass  and  scythe  ;  a  person  may  be  said  either  to  bear  or  to  carry 
a  scar,  since  it  is  upon  him  whether  in  motion  or  at  rest.  If  an 
object  is  to  be  vwved  from  the  place  we  occupy,  we  say  carry  ;  if 
to  the  place  we  occupy,  we  say  bring.  A  messenger  carries  a  let- 
ter to  a  corresiKindent,  and  brings  an  answer.  TaT:e  is  often  used 
in  this  sense  in  place  of  carry  :  as,  ial:e  that  letter  to  the  office. 
Carry  often,  signifies  to  transport  by  personal  strength,  without 
reference  to  the  direction  :  as.  that  is  more  than  he  can  can  y  ; 
yet,  even  so,  it  would  not  be  admissible  to  say  carry  it  to  me.  or 
carry  it  here  ;  in  such  case  we  must  say  bring.  To  lift  is  simply 
to  raise  from  the  ground,  tho  but  for  an  instant,  with  no  refer- 
ence to  holding  or  moving  :  one  may  be  able  to  lift  what  he  could 
not  carry.  The  figurative  uses  of  carry  are  very  numerous  ;  as, 
to  carry  an  election,  carry  the  country,  carry  (in  the  sense  of  cap- 
ture) a  fort,  carry  an  audience,  carry  a  stock  of  goods,  etc.  Com- 
pare CONVJii:  ;   KV.vw  :  STPPOET. 

Antonj~ms: 

drop,     fall  under,     gtre  up,     let  go,     shake  off,     throw  down,     throw  off. 
]PreposItions : 

To  carry  coals  to  Newcastle  :  carry  nothing  from,  or  out  of, 
this  house  :  he  carried  these  qualities  into  aU  he  did  ;  carry  across 
the  street,  over  the  bridge,  through  the  woods,  around  or  round 
the  comer ;  beyond  the  river ;  the  cable  was  carried  under  the 
sea. 


catastrophe 
97  catch 


CATASTROPHE. 

Synonyms  : 

calamity.  denouement.  miscliance.       misliap. 

cataclysm.         disaster,  misfortune.       sequel. 

A  cataclysm  or  cata.-itrophe  is  some  gi-eat  convulsion  or  mo- 
mentous event  that  may  or  mav  not  be  a  cause  of  misery  to  man. 
In  calamity,  or  disaster,  the  thought  of  human  suffering  is  always 
present.  It  has  been  held  by  many  geologists  that  numerous  cat- 
astrophes or  cataclysms  antedated  the  existence  of  man.  In  lit- 
erature, the  final  event  of  a  drama  is  the  catasti'ophe,  or  denoue- 
ment. Jlisfortune  ordinarily  suggests  less  of  suddenness  and  vio- 
lence than  calamity  or  disaster,  and  is  especially  apphed  to  that 
which  is  lingering  or  enduring  in  its  effects.  In  history,  the  end 
of  every  great  war  or  the  fall  of  a  nation  is  a  catastrophe,  tho 
it  may  not  be  a  calamity.  Yet  such  an  event,  if  not  a  calamity  to 
the  race,  "will  always  involve  much  individual  disaster  and  mis- 
fortune. Pestilence  is  a  calamity:  a  defeat  in  battle,  a  shipwreck, 
or  a  failure  in  business  is  a  disaster:  sickness  or  loss  of  property  is 
a  viisfortune  :  failure  to  meet  a  friend  is  a  mischance  ;  the  break- 
ing of  a  teacup  is  a  mishap. 
Antonyms  : 

benefit,  boon.  favor,  pleasure,  prosperity, 

blessing,  comfort,  help,  privilege,  succes. 

Preposition : 

The  catastrophe  of  a  play  ;  of  a  siege  :  rarely,  to  a  person,  etc. 


CATCH. 

Synonyms : 

apprehend,    compretiend.  grasp.         overtake,    snatch., 
capture.  discover.  grip.  secure.  take, 

clasp.  ensnare.  gripe.  seize.  take  hold  of. 

clutch.  entrap.  lay  hold  of   on.  upon  . 

To  catch  is  to  come  up  Avith  or  take  possession  of  something 
departing,  fugitive,  or  illusive.  We  catch  a  runaway  horse,  a  fly- 
ing ball,  a  mouse  in  a  trap.  We  clutch  with  a  s^ft,  tenacious 
movement  of  the  fingers  ;  we  grasp  with  a  firm  but  moderate  clo- 
siu-e  of  the  wliole  hand  :  we  grip  or  gripe  with  the  strongest  muscu- 
lar closure  of  the  whole  hand  possible  to  exert.  TVe  clasp  in  the 
arms.  "We  snatch  with  a  quick,  sudden,  and  usually  a  surprising 
motion.  In  the  figurative  sense,  catch  is  used  of  any  act  that 
brings  a  person  or  thing  into  our  power  or  possession  :  as,  to  catch 
a  criminal  in  the  act :  to  catch  an  idea,  in  the  sense  of  apprehend 
or  compreliend.    Compare  arrest. 


cause 
cease 

98 

Antonyms: 

fail  of, 

fall  short  of. 

give  np, 
let  go. 

lose, 

miss, 

release, 
restore, 

throw  aside, . 
throw  away. 

Prepositions  : 

To  catch  at  a  straw  ;  to  catch  a  fvigitive  hy  the  collar  ;  to  catch 
a  ball  u-iih  the  left  hand  ;  he  caught  the  disease /j'oiji  the  patient ; 
the  thief  was  caught  in  the  act ;  the  bird  in  the  snare. 


CAUSE. 
Synonyms'. 

actor,  causality,       designer,  occasion,  precedent, 

agent,  causation,      former,  origin.  reason, 

antecedent,    condition,       fountain,  originator,  source, 

author,  creator,  motive,  power,  spring. 

The  efficient  cause,  that  which  makes  anything  to  be  or  be 
done,  is  the  common  meaning  of  the  word,  as  in  the  saying 
"There  is  no  effect  without  a  cause."  Every  man  instinctively 
recognizes  himself  acting  through  will  as  the  caxise  of  his  own 
actions.  The  Creator  is  the  Great  First  Cause  of  all  things.  A 
conditioji  is  something  that  necessarily  precedes  a  result,  but  does 
not  produce  it.  An  antecedent  simply  precedes  a  result,  with  cr 
without  any  agency  in  producing  it  ;  as,  Monday  is  the  invariable 
antecedent  of  Tuesday,  but  not  the  cause  of  it.  The  direct  anto- 
nym of  cause  is  effect,  while  that  of  antecedent  is  consequent.  An 
occasion  is  some  event  which  brings  a  cause  into  action  at  a  par- 
ticular moment ;  gravitation  and  heat  are  the  causes  of  an  ava- 
lanche ;  the  steep  incline  of  the  mountain=side  is  a  necessary  condi- 
tion, and  the  shout  of  the  traveler  may  be  the  occasion  of  its  fall. 
Causality  is  the  doctrine  or  principle  of  causes,  causation  the 
action  or  working  of  causes.     Compare  design  ;  reason. 


Antonyms: 

conseqeunce, 

development. 

end, 

fruit, 

outcome, 

product 

creation. 

effect, 

event 

issue, 

outgrowth. 

result. 

Prepositions : 

The  cause  of  the  disaster  ;  cause  for  interference. 


CEASE. 
Synonyms: 

abstain,  desist.  give  over,  quit, 

bring  to  an  end,       discontinue,    intermit.  refrain, 

come  to  an  end,       end,  leave  off,  stop, 

conclude,  linisb,  pause,  terminate. 

Strains  of  music  may  gradually  or  suddenly  cease.     A  man 
quits  work  on  the  instant ;  he  may  discontinue  a  practise  grad- 


__  celebrate 

""  center 


ually  ;  he  quits  suddenly  and  completely  ;  he  stojjs  short  in  what 
he  may  or  may  not  resume  ;  he  x^aiises  in  what  he  will  probably 
resume.      What  intermits  or  is  intermitted  returns  again,  as  a 
fever  that  intermits.    Compare  abandon  ;  die  ;  end  ;  resTo 
Antonyms: 

begin,  enter  upon,    initiate,        originate,    set  going,  set  on  foot, 

commence,      inaugurate,    institute,      set  about,    set  m  operation,    start. 
Preposition: 

Cease  from  anger. 

CELEBRATE. 

Synonyms : 

cozmnemorate,  keep,  observe,  solemnize. 

To  celebrate  any  event  or  occasion  is  to  make  some  demonstra- 
tion of  respect  or  rejoicing  because  of  or  in  memory  of  it,  or  to 
perform  such  public  rites  or  ceremonies  as  it  properly  demands. 
We  celebrate  the  birth,  commemorate  the  death  of  one  beloved  or 
honored.  We  celebrate  a  national  anniversary  with  music  and 
song,  with  firing  of  guns  and  ringing  of  bells  ;  we  commemorate 
by  any  solemn  and  thoughtful  service,  or  by  a  monument  or  other 
enduring  memorial.  We  keep  the  Sabbath,  solemnize  a  marriage, 
observe  an  anniversary  ;  we  celebrate  or  observe  the  Lord's  Supper 
in  which  believers  com7iiemorate  the  sufferings  and  death  of  Christ. 
Antonyms: 

contemn,  dishonor,  forget,  neglect,  profane, 

despise,  disregard,  ignore,  overlook,  violate. 

Prepositions : 

We  celebrate  the  day  u'ith  appropriate  ceremonies  ;  the  victory 
was  celebrated  by  the  people,  ivith  rejoicing. 


CENTER. 

Synonyms : 

middle,  midst. 

We  speak  of  the  center  of  a  circle,'  the  middle  of  a  room,  the 
middle  of  the  street,  the  midst  of  a  forest.  The  center  is  equally 
distant  from  every  point  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle,  or  from 
the  opposite  boundaries  on  each  axis  of  a  parallelogram,  etc.;  the 
middle  is  more  general  and  less  definite.  The' center  is  a  point ; 
the  middle  may  be  a  line  or  a  space.  We  say  at  the  center ;  in 
the  middle.  Midst  commonly  implies  a  group  or  multitude  of 
surrounding  objects.  Compare  synonyms  for  amid. 
Antonyms : 

bound,  boundary,  circumference,  perimeter,  rim. 


chagrin  ^^wj 

change ,  v.  m.w 


CHAGRIIV. 

Synonyms: 

confusion,  discomposure,    humiliation,       shame, 

disappointment,     dismay,  mortification,     vexation. 

Chagrin  unites  disappointment  with  some  degree  of  humilia- 
tion. A  rainy  day  may  bring  disappointment ;  needless  failure 
in  some  enterprise  brings  chagrin.  Shame  involves  the  conscious- 
ness of  fault,  guilt,  or  impropriety ;  chagrin  of  failure  of  judg- 
ment, or  harm  to  reputation.  A  consciousness  that  one  has  dis- 
played his  own  ignorance  will  cause  him  mortification,  however 
worthy  his  intent ;  if  there  -svas  a  design  to  deceive,  the  exposure 
will  cover  him  with  shame. 

Antonyms: 

delight,  exultation,  glory,  rejoicing,  triumph. 

Prepositions : 

He  felt  deep  chagrin  at  (because  of,  on  account  of)  failure. 


CHANGE,  V. 
Synonyms: 

alter,  exchange,  shift,  transmute, 

commute,  metamorphose,      substitute,  turn, 

convert,  modify,  transfigure,  vary, 

diversify,  qualify,  transform,  veer. 

To  change  is  distinctively  to  make  a  thing  other  than  it  has 
been,  in  some  respect  at  least ;  to  exchange  to  put  or  take  some- 
thing else  in  its  place  ;  to  alter  is  ordinarily  to  change  partially,  to 
make  different  in  one  or  more  particulars.  To  exchange  is  often 
to  transfer  ownership  ;  as,  to  exchange  city  for  country  property. 
Change  is  often  used  in  the  sense  of  exchange  ;  as,  to  change 
horses.  To  transmute  is  to  change  the  qualities  while  the  sub- 
stance remains  the  same  ;  as,  to  transmute  the  baser  metals  into 
gold.  To  transform  is  to  change  form  or  appearance,  with  or 
without  deeper  and  more  essential  change  ;  it  is  less  absolute  than 
transmute,  tho  sometimes  used  for  that  word,  and  is  often  used 
in  a  spiritual  sense  as  transmute  could  not  be  ;  "Be  ye  trans- 
formed by  the  renewing  of  your  mind,"  Rom.  xii,  2.  Transfigure 
is,  as  in  its  Scriptural  use,  to  change  in  an  exalted  and  glorious 
spiritual  way ;  "  Jesus  .  .  .  was  transfigured  before  them,  and 
his  face  did  shine  as  the  sun,  and  his  raiment  was  white  as  the 
light,"  Matt,  xvii,  1,  2.  To  metamorphose  is  to  make  some 
remarkable  change,  ordinarily  in  external  qualities,  but  often  in 
structure,  use,  or  chemical  constitution,  as  of  a  caterpillar  into  a 


101  fliangc,  n. 

butterfly,  of  the  stamens  of  a  plant  into  petals,  or  of  the  crystal- 
Hne  structure  of  rocks,  hence  called  "  uietamorphic  rocks,"'  as 
when  a  limestone  is  metamorphosed  into  a  marble.  To  varij  is  to 
change  from  time  to  time,  often  capriciously.  To  commute  is  to 
put  something  easier,  lighter,  milder,  or  in  some  way  more  favor- 
able in  place  of  that  which  is  commuted  ;  as,  to  commute  capital 
punishment  to  imprisonment  for  life  ;  to  commute  daily  fares  on  a 
railway  to  a  monthly  payment.  To  convert  (L.  con,  ivith,  and 
verto,  turn)  is  to  primarily  turn  about,  and  signifies  to  change  in 
form,  cliaracter,  use,  etc.,  through  a  wide  range  of  relations  ; 
iron  is  converted  into  steel,  joy  into  grief,  a  sinner  into  a  saint. 
To  turn  is  a  popular  word  for  change  in  any  sense  short  of  the 
meaning  of  exchange,  being  often  equivalent  to  alter,  convert, 
transform,  transmute,  etc.  We  modify  or  qualify  a  statement 
which  might  seem  too  strong  ;  we  modify  it  by  some  limitation, 
qualify  it  by  some  addition. 

Antonyms^ : 

abide,  continue,  hold,  persist,  retain, 

bide,,  endure,  keep,  remain,  stay. 

Prepositions : 

To  change  a  home  toilet  for  a  street  dress  ;  to  change  from  a 

caterpillar  to  or  into  a  butterfly  ;  to  change  clothes  with  a  beggar. 


CHAMOE,  n. 
Synonyms: 

alteration,      mutation,  renewing,  transmutation, 

conversion,    novelty,  revolution,  variation, 

diversity,        regeneration,  transformation,  variety, 

innovation,     renewal,  transition,  vicissitude. 

A  change  is  a  passing  from  one  state  or  form  to  another,  any 
act  or  process  by  which  a  thing  becomes  vmlike  what  it  was 
before,  or  the  imlikeness  so  produced ;  we  say  a  change  was  ta- 
king place,  or  the  change  that  had  taken  place  was  manifest. 
Mutation  is  a  more  formal  word  for  change,  often  suggesting 
repeated  or  continual  change ;  as,  the  mutations  of  fortune. 
Novelty  is  a  change  to  what  is  new,  or  the  newness  of  that  to 
which  a  change  is  made  ;  as,  he  was  perpetually  desirous  of  nov- 
elty. Revolution  is  specifically  and  most  commonly  a  change  of 
government.  Variation  is  a  partial  change  in  form,  qualities, 
etc.,  but  especially  in  position  or  action  ;  as,  the  variation  of  the 
magnetic  needle  or  of  the  pulse.  Variety  is  a  succession  of 
changes  or  an  intermixture  of   different  things,  and  is  always 


character  102 

thought  of  as  agreeable.  Vicissitude  is  sharp,  sudden,  or  violent 
change,  always  thought  of  as  surprising  and  often  as  disturbing  or 
distressing  ;  as,  the  vicissitudes  of  politics.  Transition  is  change 
by  passing  from  one  place  or  state  to  another,  especially  in  a  natu- 
ral, regular,  or  orderly  way ;  as,  the  transition  from  spring  to 
summer,  or  from  youth  to  manhood.  An  innovation  is  a  change 
that  breaks  in  upon  an  established  order  or  custom  ;  as,  an  innova- 
tion in  religion  or  politics.  For  the  distinctions  between  the  other 
words  compare  the  synonyms  for  change,  v.  In  the  rehgious 
sense  regerieration  is  the  vital  renewing  of  the  soul  by  the  power 
of  the  divine  Spirit ;  conversion  is  the  conscious  and  manifest 
change  from  evil  to  good,  or  from  a  lower  to  a  higher  spiritual 
state  ;  as,  in  Luke  xxii,  33,  "  when  thou  art  converted,  strengthen 
thy  brethren."  In  popular  use  conversion  is  the  most  common 
word  to  express  the  idea  of  regeneration. 

Antonyms: 

constancy,  fixedness,  invaricability,  steadiness, 

continuance,  fixity,  permanence,  unchangeableness, 

firmness,  identity,  persistence,  uniformity. 

Prepositions : 

We  have  made  a  change  for  the  better ;  the  change  from 
winter  to  spring  ;  the  change  of  a  liquid  to  or  into  a  gas  ;  a  change 
in  quality  ;  a  change  by  absorption  or  oxidation. 


CHARACTER. 

Synonyms : 

constitution,  genius,  personality,  reputation,  temper, 
disposition,      nature,  record,  spirit,  temperament. 

Character  is  what  one  is ;  reputation,  what  he  is  thought  to 
be  ;  his  record  is  the  total  of  his  known  action  or  inaction.  As  a 
rule,  a  man's  record  will  substantially  express  his  character  ;  his 
reputation  niay  be  higher  or  lower  than  his  character  or  record 
will  justify.  Rejjute  is  a  somewhat  formal  word,  with  the  same 
general  sense  as  rep)utation.  One's  nature  includes  all  his  origi- 
nal endowments  or  propensities  ;  character  includes  both  natural 
and  acquired  ti-aits.  We  speak  of  one's  physical  constitution  as 
sti'ong  or  weak,  etc.,  and  figuratively,  always  with  the  adjective, 
of  his  mental  or  moral  constitution.  Compare  characteristic. 
Prepositions : 

The  witness  has  a  character  for  veracity  ;  his  character  is  above 
suspicion  ;  the  character  of  the  applicant. 


eliaracteristic 
10«»  citaistteu 


CHARACTERISTIC. 

Synonyms  : 

attribute,        feature.  peculiarity,     sign,  trace, 

character,      indication,      property,  singularity,    trait. 

distinction,    mark,  quality, 

A  cliaracteristic  belongs  to  the  nature  oi*  character  of  the  per- 
son, thing,  or  class,  and  serves  to  identify  an  object ;  as,  a  copper^ 
colored  skin,  high  cheek=bones,  and  straight,  black  hair  are  char- 
acteristics of  the  American  Indian.  A  sign  is  manifest  to  an 
observer  ;  a  mark  or  a  cliaracteristic  may  be  more  difficult  to  dis- 
cover ;  an  insensible  person  may  show  signs  of  life,  while  some- 
times only  close  examination  will  disclose  marks  of  violence. 
Pallor  is  ordinarily  a  mark  of  fear  ;  but  in  some  brave  natures  it 
is  simply  a  characteristic  of  intense  earnestness.  Mark  is  some 
times  used  in  a  good,  but  often  in  a  bad  sense ;  we  speak  of  the 
characteristic  of  a  gentleman,  the  mark  of  a  villain.     Compare 

ATTRIBUTE  ;   CHARACTER. 

CHARHUVO. 

Synonyms: 

bewitching,      delightful,         enrapturing,     fascinating, 
captivating,      enchanting,      entrancing,        winning. 

That  is  charming  or  bewitching  which  is  adapted  to  win  others 
as  by  a  magic  spell.  Enchanting,  enrapturing,  entrancing  repre- 
sent the  influence  as  not  only  supernatural,  but  irresistible  and 
delightful.  That  which  is  fascinating  may  win  without  delight- 
ing, drawing  by  some  unseen  power,  as  a  serpent  its  prey  ;  we  can 
speak  of  horrible  fascination.  Charnmig  applies  only  to  what  is 
external  to  oneself ;  delightful  may  apply  to  personal  experiences 
or  emotions  as  well ;  we  speak  of  a  charming  manner,  a  charming 
dress,  but  of  delightful  anticipations.  Compare  amiable  ;  beau- 
tiful. 

CHASTEX. 
^Synonyms : 

afflict,  chastise,    discipline,    punish,    refine,      subdue, 

castigate,    correct,      humble,         purify,      soften,     try. 

Castigate  and  chastise  refer  strictly  to  corporal  punishment,  tlio 
both  are  somewhat  archaic  ;  correct  and  punish  are  often  used  as 
euphemisms  in  preference  to  either.  Punish  is  distinctly  retribu- 
tive in  sense  ;  chastise,  jjartly  retributive,  and  partly  corrective  ; 
chasten,  wholly  corrective.  Chasten  is  used  exclusively  in  the 
spiritual  sense,  and  chiefly  of  the  visitation  of  God. 
Prepositions  : 

"We  are  chastened  of  the  Lord,"  1  Cor.  xi,  32;    "they  ,  .  . 


clierish  ^  ^  . 

clioose  IW'l 

chastened  us  after  their  own  pleasure,  but  He /or  our  profit,"  jETeb. 
xii,  10  ;  "chasten  in  thy  hot  displeasure,"  Ps.  iv,  7  ;  chasten  ivith 
pain  ;  hy  trials  and  sorrows. 

€HERI§H. 

Synonyms: 

clieer,  encourage,    harbor,  nurse,  shelter, 

cling  to,  entertain,       hold  dear,     nurture,       treasure, 

comfort,  foster.  nourish,         protect,        value. 

To  cherish  is  both  to  Tiold  dear  and  to  treat  as  dear.  Mere  un- 
expressed esteem  would  not  be  cherishing.  In  the  marriage  vow, 
"to  love,  honor,  and  cherish,"  the  word  cherish  implies  all  that 
each  can  do  by  love  and  tenderness  for  the  welfare  and  happiness 
of  the  other,  as  by  support,  protection,  care  in  sickness,  comfort 
in  sorrow,  sympathy,  and  help  of  every  kind.  To  nurse  is  to  tend 
the  helpless  or  feeble,  as  infants,  or  the  sick  or  wounded.  To 
nourish  is  strictly  to  sustain  and  build  up  by  food  ;  to  nurture  in- 
cludes careful  mental  and  s]3iritual  ti-aining,  with  something  of 
love  and  tenderness  ;  to  foster  is  simply  to  maintain  and  care  for, 
to  bring  up  :  a/oster=child  will  be  nourished,  but  may  not  be  as 
tenderly  nurtured  or  as  lovingly  cherished  as  if  one's  own.  In  the 
figurative  sense,  the  opinion  one  cherishes  he  holds,  not  with  mere 
cold  conviction,  but  with  loving  devotion. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  abandon  ;  chasten. 


CHOOSE. 

Synonyms : 

cull,  elect,  pick,  pick  out,        prefer,        select. 

Prefer  indicates  a  state  of  desire  and  approval ;  choose,  an  act 
of  will.  Prudence  or  generosity  may  lead  one  to  choose  what  he 
does  not  prefer.  Select  implies  a  careful  consideration  of  the 
reasons  for  preference  and  choice.  Among  objects  so  nearly  aUke 
that  we  have  no  reason  to  prefer  any  one  to  another  we  may  sim- 
ply choose  the  nearest,  but  we  could  not  be  said  to  select  it.  Aside 
from  theology,  elect  is  popularly  confined  to  the  political  sense  ; 
as,  a  free  people  elect  their  own  rulers.  Cull,  from  the  Latin  col- 
ligere,  commonly  means  to  collect,  as  well  as  to  select.  In  a  gar- 
den we  ctdl  the  choicest  flowers. 
Antonyms  : 

cast  away,  decline,  dismiss,  refuse,  repudiate, 

cast  out,  disclaim,  leave,  reject,  throw  aside. 

Prepositions : 

Choose  fi'om  or  from  among  the  number  ;  choose  out  of  the 


circumlocution 
105  clrcuui!!>taiice 


army  ;  choose  between  (o^  betwixt)  two  ;  among  many  ;  choose  for 
the  purpose. 

CIRCnflLOClTTIOM. 

Synonyms: 

diffuseness,        prolixity,  surplusage,        verbiage, 

periphrasis,        redundance,        tautology,  verbosity, 

pleonasm,  redundancy,       tediousness,       wordiness. 

Circumlocution  and  periphrasis  are  roundabout  ways  of  ex- 
pressing thought ;  circumlocution  is  the  more  common,  periphra- 
sis the  more  technical  word.  Constant  circumlocution  produces 
an  affected  and  heavy  style  ;  occasionally,  skilful  periphrasis  con- 
duces both  to  beauty  and  to  simplicity.  Etymologically,  diffuse- 
ness  is  a  scattering,  both  of  words  and  thought ;  redundancy  is  an 
overflow.  Prolixity  goes  into  endless  petty  details,  without  selec- 
tion or  perspective.  Pleonasm  is  the  expression  of  an  idea  already 
plainly  implied  ;  tautology  is  the  restatement  in  other  words  of  an 
idea  already  stated,  or  &  useless  repetition  of  a  word  or  words. 
Pleonasm  may  add  emphasis ;  tautology  is  always  a  fault.  "  I 
saw  it  with  my  eyes  "  is  a  pleonasm  ;  "  all  the  members  agreed 
unanimously '"  is  tautology.  Verbiage  is  the  use  of  mere  words 
without  thought.  Verbosity  and  wordiness  denote  an  excess  of 
words  in  proportion  to  the  thought.  Tediousness  is  the  sure  result 
of  any  of  these  faults  of  style. 

Autonyms: 

brevity,  compression,         condensation,       plainness,       succinctness, 

compactness,         conciseness,  directness,  sliortness,       terseness. 


CIRCUMSTANCE. 

Synonyms: 

accompaniment,       fact,  item.  point, 

concomitant,  feature.  occurrence,       position, 

detail,  incident,         particular,         situation, 

event, 

A  circumstance  (L.  circum,  around,  and  sto,  stand),  is  some- 
thing existing  or  occurring  in  connection  with  or  relation  to  some 
other  fact  or  event,  modifying  or  throwing  light  upon  the  princi- 
pal matter  without  affecting  its  essential  character ;  an  accompa- 
niment is  sometliing  that  unites  with  the  principal  matter,  tlio 
not  necessary  to  it ;  as,  the  piano  accompaniment  to  a  song ;  a 
concomitant  goes  with  a  thing  in  natural  connection,  but  in  a  sub- 
ordinate capacity,  or  perliaps  in  contrast ;  as,  cheerfulness  is  a 
concomitant  of  virtue.  A  circumstance  is  not  strictly,  nor  usually, 
an  occasion,  condition,  effect,  or  result.     (See  these  words  under 


class  106 

CAUSE.)  Nor  is  the  circumstance  properly  an  incident.  (See  under 
ACCIDENT.)  We  say,  "My  decision  will  dei^end  upon  circum- 
stances " — not  "  upon  incidents."  That  a  man  wore  a  blue  necktie 
would  not  probably  be  the  cause,  occasion,  condition,  or  concomi- 
tant of  his  committing  murder  ;  but  it  might  be  a  very  important 
circumstance  in  identifying  liim  as  the  murderer.  All  the  circum- 
stances make  up  the  situation.  A  certain  disease  is  the  cause  of  a 
man's  death  ;  his  suffering  is  an  incident ;  that  he  is  in  his  own 
home,  that  he  has  good  medical  attendance,  careful  nursing,  etc., 
are  consolatory  circumstances.  With  the  same  idea  of  subordi- 
nation, we  often  say,  "  This  is  not  a  circumstance  to  that."  So  a 
person  is  said  to  be  in  easy  circumstances.  Compare  event. 
Prepositions : 

"Mere  situation  is  expressed  by  '  in  the  circumstances '  •  action 
affected  is  performed  '  under  the  circumstances.'  "     [M.] 


CI.ASS. 
Synonyms: 

association,     circle,     clique,     company,     grade,     rank, 
caste,  clan,        club,         coterie,         order,      set. 

A  class  is  a  number  or  body  of  persons  or  objects  having  com- 
mon pursuits,  purposes,  attributes,  or  characteristics.  A  caste  is 
hereditary ;  a  class  may  be  independent  of  lineage  or  descent ; 
membership  in  a  caste  is  supposed  to  be  for  life  ;  membership  in  a 
class  may  be  very  transient ;  a  religious  and  ceremonial  sacred- 
ness  attaches  to  the  caste,  as  not  to  the  class.  The  rich  and  the 
poor  form  separate  classes ;  yet  individuals  are  constantly  passing 
from  each  to  the  other  ;  the  classes  in  a  college  remain  the  same, 
but  their  membership  changes  every  year.  We  speak  of  rank 
among  hereditary  nobility  or  military  officers  ;  of  various  orders 
of  the  priesthood  ;  by  accommodation,  we  may  refer  in  a  general 
way  to  the  higher  ranks,  the  lower  orders  of  any  society.  Grade 
implies  some  regular  scale  of  valuation,  and  some  inlierent  quali- 
ties for  which  a  person  or  thing  is  placed  higher  or  lower  in  the 
scale  ;  as,  the  coarser  and  finer  grades  of  wool ;  a  man  of  an  infe- 
rior grade.  A  coterie  is  a  small  company  of  persons  of  similar 
tastes,  who  meet  frequently  in  an  informal  way,  rather  for  social 
enjoyment  than  for  any  serious  pm-pose.  Clique  has  always  an 
unfavorable  meaning.  A  clique  is  always  fractional,  implying 
some  greater  gathering  of  which  it  is  a  part ;  the  association  breaks 
up  into  cliques.     Persons  unite  in  a  coterie  through  simple  liking 


cleanse 
107  clear 


for  one  another  ;  they  withdraw  into  a  cliqtie  largely  through  aver- 
sion to  outsiders.  A  set,  while  exclusive,  is  more  extensive  than 
a  clique,  and  chiefly  of  persons  who  are  united  by  common  social 
station,  etc.  Circle  is  similar  in  meaning  to  set,  but  of  wider  ap- 
plication ;  we  speak  of  scientific  and  religious  as  well  as  of  social 
circles. 
Prepositions : 

A  class  of  merchants  ;  the  senior  class  at  (sometimes  of)  Har- 
vard ;  the  classes  in  college. 


CLEANSE. 
Synonyms : 

brush,  dust,        purify,        scour,       sponge,       wash, 

clean,  lave,        rinse,  scrub,       sweep,         wipe, 

disinfect,       mop, 

To  clean  is  to  make  clean  by  removing  dirt,  impurities,  or  soil 

of  any  kind.     Cleanse  implies  a  worse  condition  to  start  from, 

and  more  to  do,  than  clean.     Hercules  cleansed  the  Augean  stables. 

Cleanse  is  especially  applied  to  purifying  processes  where  liquid  is 

used,  as  in  the  flushing  of  a  sti-eet,  etc.     We  hrush  clothing  if 

dusty,  sponge  it,  or  sponge  it  off,  if  soiled ;  or  sponge  off  a  spot. 

Furniture,  books,  etc.,  are  dusted  ;  floors  are  mopped  or  scrubbed  ; 

metallic  utensils  are  scoured  ;  a  room  is  siv.ept ;  soiled  garments 

are  washed  ;  foul  air  or  water  is  imrified.     Cleanse  and  purify 

are  used  extensively  in  a  moral  sense  ;  icash  in  that  sense  is  archaic. 

Compare  amend. 

Antonyms: 

befoul,       besmirch,    contaminate,    debase,    deprave,    soil,       stain,    taint, 
besmear,    bespatter,    corrupt,  defile,       pollute,      spoil,    sully,    vitiate. 

Prepositions : 

Cleanse  of  or  from  physical  or  moral  defilement ;  cleanse  rnth 
an  instrviment ;  by  an  agent ;  the  room  was  cleansed  by  the  attend- 
ants with  soap  and  water. 


CLEAR. 

Synonyms: 

apparent,  intelligible,  pellucid,  transparent, 

diaphanous,  limpid,  perspicuous,  unadorned, 

distinct,  lucid,  plain,  unambiguous, 

evident,  manifest,  straightforward,    unequivocal, 

explicit,  obvious,  translucent,  unmistakable. 

Clear  (L.  clarus,   bright,    brilliant)   primarily  refers  to  that 
which  shines,  and  impresses  the  mind  through  the  eye  with  a 


clear  108 

sense  of  luster  or  splendor.  A  substance  is  said  to  be  clear  that 
offers  no  impediment  to  vision — is  not  dim,  dark,  or  obscure. 
Transjjarent  refers  to  the  medium  through  wliich  a  substance  is 
seen,  clear  to  the  substance  itself,  without  reference  to  anything 
to  be  seen  through  it ;  we  speak  of  a  stream  as  clear  when  we 
think  of  the  water  itself  ;  we  speak  of  it  as  transparent  with  ref- 
erence to  the  ease  with  which  we  see  the  pebbles  at  the  bottom. 
Clear  is  also  said  of  that  which  comes  to  the  senses  ■wnthout 
dimness,  dulness,  obstruction,  or  obscurity,  so  that  there  is 
no  uncertaint}^  as  to  its  exact  form,  character,  or  meaning,  with 
something  of  the  brightness  or  brilliancy  implied  in  the  primary 
meaning  of  the  word  clear  ;  as,  the  outlines  of  the  sliip  were  clear 
against  the  sky  ;  a  clear  view  ;  a  clear  note ;  "  cJear  as  a  bell"  ;  a 
clear,  frosty  air  ;  a  clear  sky  ;  a  clear  statement ;  hence,  the  word 
is  used  for  that  which  is  free  from  any  kind  of  obstruction  ;  as,  a 
clear  field.  Lucid  and  pellucid  refer  to  a  shining  clearness,  as  of 
crystal.  A  transparent  body  allows  the  forms  and  colors  of  ob- 
jects beyond  to  be  seen  through  it ;  a  translucent  body  allows 
light  to  pass  tlu-ough,  but  may  not  permit  forms  and  colors  to  be 
distinguished  ;  plate  glass  is  transparent,  ground  glass  is  translu- 
cent. Limpid  refers  to  a  liquid  clearness,  or  that  which  suggests 
it ;  as,  limpid  streams.  That  which  is  distinct  is  well  defined, 
especially  in  outline,  each  part  or  object  standing  or  seeming 
apart  from  any  other,  not  confused,  indefinite,  or  blurred  ;  distinct 
enunciation  enables  the  hearer  to  catch  every  word  or  vocal  sound 
without  perplexity  or  confusion  ;  a  distinct  statement  is  free  from 
indefiniteness  or  ambiguity  ;  a  distinct  ajDprehension  of  a  thought 
leaves  the  mind  in  no  doubt  or  uncertainty  regarding  it.  That  is 
plain,  in  the  sense  here  considered,  which  is,  as  it  were,  level  to 
the  thought,  so  that  one  goes  sti-aight  on  without  difficulty  or 
hindrance  ;  as,  plain  language  ;  a  plain  statement ;  a  clear  ex- 
planation. Perspicuous  is  often  equivalent  to  plain,  but  plain 
never  wholly  loses  the  meaning  of  unadorned,  so  that  we  can  say 
the  style  is  perspicuous  tho  highly  ornate,  when  we  couid  not  call 
it  at  once  ornate  and  J9Za^?^.     Compare  E\nDENT. 

Antonyms: 

ambiguous,      dim,  ^oegy,  mysterious,       opaque,       unintelligible, 

cloudy,  dubious,     indistinct,       obscure,  turbid,        vague. 

Prepositions : 

Clear  to  the  mind  ;  clear  in  argument ;  clear  of  or  from  annoy- 
ances. 


109 


clever 

t-olll!!)iUII 


CLEVER. 

Syiioiiynis: 

able,         capable,        happy,  keen.  sharp, 

adroit,     dexterous,    ingenious,         knowing,  skilful, 

apt,  expert,  intellectual,     quick,  smart, 

bright,     gifted,  intelligent,       quick=witted,  talented. 

Clever,  as  used  in  England,  especially  implies  an  aptitude  for 
study  or  learning,  and  for  excellent  tlio  not  preeminent  mental 
achievement.  The  early  New  England  usage  as  implying  simple 
and  weak  good  nature  has  largely  affected  the  use  of  the  word 
throughout  the  United  States,  where  it  has  never  been  much  in 
favor.  Smart,  indicating  dashing  ability,  is  now  coming  to  have  a 
suggestion  of  unscrupulousness,  similar  to  that  of  the  word  sharp, 
which  makes  its  use  a  doubtful  compliment.  The  discriminating 
use  of  such  words  as  able,  gifted,  talented,  etc. ,  is  greatly  prefer- 
able to  an  excessive  use  of  the  word  clever.     Compare  acumen  ; 

ASTUTE  ;   POWER. 
Antonyms  : 

awkward,  clumsy,         foolish,        ignorant,         slow, 

bungling,  dull,  idiotic,        senseless,        stupid. 


tliick«headed, 

witless. 


opposition, 
shock. 


COEEISIOM. 

Synonyms  : 

clash,  concussion,    contact,  impact, 

clashing,     conflict,  encounter,    meeting. 

Collision,  the  act  or  fact  of  striking  violently  together,  is  the 
result  of  motion  or  action,  and  is  sudden  and  momentary  ;  contaet 
may  be  a  condition  of  rest,  and  be  continuous  and  permanent ;  col- 
lision is  sudden  and  violent  contact.  Concussion  is  often  by  trans- 
mitted force  rather  than  by  direct  impact;  two  railway=trains 
come  into  collision;  an  explosion  of  dynamite  shatters  neighbor- 
ing windows  by  concussion.  Impact  is  the  blow  given  by  the 
striking  body  ;  as,  the  impact  of  the  cannon=shot  upon  the  target. 
An  encounter  is  always  violent,  and  generally  hostile.  Meeting  is 
neutral,  and  may  be  of  the  dearest  friends  or  of  the  bitterest  foes  ; 
of  objects,  of  persons,  or  of  opinions ;  of  two  or  of  a  multitude. 
Shock  is  the  result  of  collision.  In  the  figurative  use,  we  speak  of 
clashing  of  views,  collision  of  persons.  Opposition  is  used  chielly 
of  persons,  more  rarely  of  opinions  or  interests  ;  conflict  is  used  in- 
differently of  all. 
Antonyms: 

agreement,  coincidence,        concord,  conformity,  unison, 

amity,  concert,  concurrence,        harmony,  unity. 

Prepositions  : 

Collision  of  one  object  tcitli  another  :  of  or  hetiveen  opposing 
objects. 


comfortable 
company 


110 


COIWFORTABLE. 

Synonyms  : 

agreeable,      cheery,  genial,  snug, 

at  ease,  comuiodious,         pleasant,  well=off, 

at  rest.  contented,  satisfactory,  wellsprovided, 

cheerful,  convenient,  satisfied,  well=tO:do. 

A  person  is  comfortable  in  mind  when  contented  and  nieasui-a- 
bly  satisfied.  A  little  additional  brightness  makes  him  cheerful. 
He  is  comfortable  in  body  when  free  from  pain,  quiet,  at  ease,  at 
rest.  He  is  comfortable  in  circumstances,  or  in  comfortable  cir- 
cumstances, when  things  about  him  are  generally  agreeable  and 
satisfactory,  usually  with  the  suggestion  of  sufficient  means  to 
secure  that  result. 
Antonyms : 

clieerless,  discontented,        distressed,  forlorn,  uncomfortable, 

disagreeable,      dissatisfied,  dreary,  miserable,        wretched. 


COMMIT. 

Synonyms : 

assign,      confide,       consign,     entrust,     relegate,     trust. 

Commit,  in  the  sense  here  considered,  is  to  give  in  charge,  put 
into  care  or  keeping ;  to  confide  or  intrust  is  to  commit  especially 
to  one's  fidelity,  confide  being  used  chiefly  of  mental  or  spiritual, 
intrust  also  of  material  things  ;  we  assign  a  duty,  confide  a  secret, 
intrust  a  treasure  ;  we  commit  thoughts  to  writing  ;  commit  a  pa- 
per to  the  flames,  a  body  to  the  earth  ;  a  prisoner  is  committed  to 
jail.  Consign  is  a  formal  word  in  mercantile  use  ;  as,  to  consign 
goods  to  an  agent.  Religiously,  we  consign  the  body  to  the  grave, 
commit  the  soul  to  God.  Compare  do. 
Prepositions : 

Commit  to  a  friend  for  safe=keeping ;  in  law,  commit  to  prison ; 
for  trial ;  without  bail  •  in  default  of  bail ;  on  suspicion. 


Synonyms  -. 

assemblage, 
assembly, 
collection, 
conclave, 


COMPANY. 


concourse,  convocation, 

conference,         crowd, 
congregation,  gathering, 
convention,        group. 


host, 
meeting, 
multitude, 
throng. 


Companij,  from  the  Latin  cum,  with,  and  panis,  l)read,  de- 
notes primarily  the  association  of  those  who  eat  at  a  common 
table,  or  the  persons  so  associated,  table=companions,  messmates, 
friends,  and  hence  is  widely  extended  to  include  any  association 
of  those  united  permanently  or  temporarily,  for  business,  pleasure, 


Ill  compel 

festivity,  travel,  etc. ,  or  by  sorrow,  misfortune,  or  wrong ;  eovi- 
pany  may  denote  an  indefinite  number  (ordinarily  more  than  two), 
but  less  than  a  multitude;  in  the  military  sense  a  company  is  a 
limited  and  definite  number  of  men  ;  company  implies  more  unity 
of  feeling  and  purpose  than  crowd,  and  is  a  less  formal  and  more 
familiar  word  than  assemblage  or  assembly.  An  assemblage  may 
be  of  persons  or  of  objects  ;  an  assembly  is  always  of  persons.  An 
assemblage  is  promiscuous  and  unorganized  ;  an  assembly  is  organ- 
ized and  united  in  some  common  purpose.  A  conclave  is  a  secret  as- 
sembly. A  convocation  is  an  assembly  called  by  authority  for  a  spe- 
cial purpose  ;  the  term  convention  suggests  less  dependence  upon 
any  superior  authority  or  summons.  A  group  is  small  in  number 
and  distinct  in  outline,  clearly  marked  off  from  all  else  in  space  or 
time.  Collect  ion,  crowd,  gathering,  group,  and  multitude  have 
the  unorganized  and  promiscuous  character  of  the  assemblage  ;  the 
other  terms  come  under  the  general  idea  of  assembly.  Congrega- 
tion is  now  almost  exclusively  religious  ;  meeting  is  often  so  used, 
but  is  less  i-estricted,  as  we  may  speak  of  a  meeting  of  armed  men. 
Gathering  refers  to  a  coming  together,  commonly  of  numbers, 
from  far  and  near  ;  as,  the  gathering  of  the  Scottish  clans. 
Antonyms: 

dispersion,       loneliness,       privacy,       retirement,       seclusion,       solitude. 


COMPEL. 

Synonyms : 

coerce,  drive,  make,  oblige, 

constrain,      force,  necessitate. 

To  compel  one  to  an  act  is  to  secure  its  performance  by  the  use 
of  irresistible  physical  or  moral  force.  Force  implies  primarily  an 
actual  physical  process,  absolutely  subduing  all  resistance.  Coerce 
implies  the  actual  or  potential  use  of  so  much  force  as  may  be 
necessary  to  secure  the  surrender  of  the  will ;  the  American  seces- 
sionists contended  that  the  Federal  government  had  no  right  to 
coerce  a  State.  Constrain  implies  the  yielding  of  judgment  and 
will,  and  in  some  cases  of  inclination  or  affection,  to  an  overmas- 
tering power  ;  as.  "  the  love  of  Christ  constraineth  us,"  2  Cor.  v, 
14.  Compare  drive  ;  influence. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  hinder. 
Prepositions : 

The  soldiers  were  compelled  to  desertion  :  preferably  with  the 
infinitive,  compelled  to  desert. 


coini>Iain  tto 

complex  I.*-* 

COMPLAIN. 

Synonyms : 

croak,  groAvl,  grunt,  remonstrate, 

find  fault,       grumble,        murmur,        repine. 

To  complain  is  to  give  utterance  to  dissatisfaction  or  objection, 
express  a  sense  of  wrong  or  ill  treatment.  One  complains  of  a 
real  or  assumed  grievance  ;  he  may  murmur  tlu-ough  mere  pee- 
vishness or  ill  temper  ;  he  repines,  with  vain  distress,  at  the  irrev- 
ocable or  the  inevitable.  Complaining  is  by  speech  or  writing  ; 
murmuring  is  commonly  said  of  lialf=repressed  utterance ;  repi- 
ning of  the  mental  act  alone.  One  may  complain  of  an  offense  to 
the  offender  or  to  others ;  he  remonstrates  with  the  offender  only. 
CompMin  has  a  formal  and  legal  meaning,  which  the  other  words 
have  not,  signifying  to  make  a  formal  accusation,  present  a  spe- 
cific charge  ;  the  same  is  true  of  the  noun  complaint. 
Antonyms: 

applaud,  approve,  commend,        eulogize,  laud,  praise. 

Prepositions : 

Complain  of  a  thing  to  a  person  ;  of  one  person  to  another,  of 
or  against  a  person  for  an  act ;  to  an  officer ;  before  the  court ; 
about  a  thing. 


COMPLEX. 

Synonyms : 

abstruse,  confused.  intricate,  mixed, 

complicated,      conglomerate.       involved,  multiform, 

composite,  entangled,  manifold,  obscure, 

compound,         heterogeneous,     mingled,  tangled. 

Tliat  is  complex  which  is  made  up  of  several  connected  parrs. 
That  is  compound  in  which  the  parts  are  not  merely  connected, 
but  fused,  or  otherwise  combined  into  a  single  substance.  In  a 
composite  object  the  different  parts  have  less  of  unity  than  in  that 
which  is  complex  or  compound,  but  maintain  their  distinct  indi- 
viduality. In  a  heterogeneous  body  unlike  parts  or  particles  are 
intermingled,  often  without  apparent  order  or  plan.  Conglomer- 
ate (literally,  globed  together)  is  said  of  a  confused  mingling  of 
masses  or  lumps  of  various  substances.  The  New  England  pud- 
ding=stone  is  a  conglomerate  rock.  In  a  complex  object  the  ar- 
rangement and  relation  of  parts  may  be  perfectly  clear  ;  in  a  com- 
plicated mechanism  the  parts  are  so  numerous,  or  so  combined, 
that  the  mind  can  not  readily  grasp  their  mutual  relations  ;  in  an 
intricate  arrangement  the  parts  are  so  intertwined  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  follow  their  windings  ;  things  are  involved  which  are  rolled 


113  condeniu 

together  so  as  not  to  be  easily  separated,  either  in  thought  or  in 
fact ;  things  which  are  tangled  or  entangled  mutually  hold  and 
draw  upon  each  other.  The  conception  of  a  material  object  is 
usually  complex,  involving  form,  color,  size,  and  other  elements  ; 
a  clock  is  a  complicated  mechanism  ;  the  Gordian  knot  was  intri- 
cate ;  the  twining  serpents  of  the  Laocoon  are  involved.  We 
speak  of  an  abstruse  statement,  a  complex  conception,  a  confused 
heap,  a  heterogeneous  mass,  a  tangled  skein,  an  intricate  problem  ; 
of  coinposite  architecture,  an  involved  sentence  ;  of  the  complicated 
or  intricate  accounts  of  a  gi'eat  business,  the  entangled  accounts 
of  an  incompetent  or  dishonest  bookkeeper. 
Aiitouyms: 

clear,  homogeneous,  plain,  nncombined,  nniform, 

direct,  obvious,  simple,  uucompounded,         unraveled. 


Synonyms : 

'blame,  convict,  doom,  reprove, 

censure,  denounce,  reprobate,  sentence. 

To  condemn  is  to  pass  judicial  sentence  or  render  judgment  or 
decision  against.  We  may  censure  silently  ;  we  condemn  ordina- 
rily by  open  and  formal  utterance.  Condemn  is  more  final  than 
blame  or  censure  ;  a  condemned  criminal  has  had  his  trial  ;  a  con- 
demned building  can  not  stand  ;  a  condemned  ship  can  not  sail.  A 
person  is  convicted  when  his  guilt  is  made  clearly  manifest  to 
others  ;  in  somewhat  archaic  use,  a  person  is  said  to  be  convicted 
when  guilt  is  brought  clearly  home  to  his  own  conscience  {convict 
in  this  sense  being  allied  with  convince,  which  see  under  per- 
suade); in  legal  usage  one  is  said  to  be  convicted  only  by  the  ver- 
dict of  a  jury.  In  stating  the  penalty  of  an  offense,  the  legal 
word  sentence  is  now  more  common  than  condemn ;  as,  he  was 
sentenced  to  imprisonment ;  but  it  is  good  usage  to  say,  he  was 
condemned  to  imprisonment.  To  denounce  is  to  make  public  or 
official  declaration  against,  especially  in  a  violent  and  threatening 
manner. 

From  the  pulpits  in  the  northern  States  Burr  was  denounced  as  an  assassin. 
Coffin  Building  the  Nation  ch.  10,  p.  137.  [u.  '&3.] 

To  doom  is  to  condemn  solemnly  and  consign  to  evil  or  desti-uc- 
tion  or  to  predetermine  to  an  evil  destiny  ;  an  inferior  race  in 
presence  of  a  superior  is  doomed  to  subjugation  or  extinction. 
Compare  arraign  ;  reprove. 

8 


confess 

coufirm  114 


Autonyms: 

absolve,  applaud,  exonerate,  pardon, 

acquit,  approve,  justify,  praise. 

Prepositions : 

The  bandit  was  condemned  to  death  for  his  crime. 


CONFESS. 
Synonyms: 

accept,  allow^,  concede,  grant, 

acknow^ledge,       avo-w,  disclose,  own, 

admit,  certify,  endorse,  recognize. 

We  accept  another's  statement ;  adm  it  any  point  made  against 
us  i^acknoicledge  wliat  we  liave  said  or  done,  good  or  bad  ;  avoiv 
our  individual  beliefs  or  feelings ;  certify  to  facts  within  our 
knowledge  ;^  confess  our  own  faults  ;  endorse  a  friend's  note  or 
statement  ;  grant  a  request ;  own  our  faults  or  obligations  ;  recog- 
nize lawful  authority  ;  concede  a  claim.  Confess  has  a  high  and 
sacred  use  in  the  religious  sense  ;  as,  to  confess  Christ  before  men. 
It  may  have  also  a  playful  sense  (often  with  to);  as,  one  confesses 
to  a  weakness  for  confectionery.  The  chief  present  use  of  the 
word,  however,  is  in  the  sense  of  making  known  to  others  one's 
own  wrong=doing  ;  in  this  sense  confess  is  stronger  than  acknoivl- 
edge  or  admit,  and  more  specific  than  otvn  ;  a  person  admits  a 
mistake  ;  acknoidedges  a  fault ;  confesses  sin  or  crime.    Compare 

APOLOGY  ;   AVOW, 

Antonyms : 

cloak,  deny,  disown,  hide,  screen, 

conceal,  disavow,  dissemble,  mask,  secrete, 

cover,  disguise,  dissimulate,  repudiate,  veil. 


CONFIR]?!. 

Synonyms: 

assure,  fix,  sanction,  substantiate, 

corroborate,         prove,  settle,  sustain, 

establisb,  ratify,  strengthen,  upbold. 

Confirm  (L.  con,  together,  and  firmus,  firm)  is  to  add  firmness 
or  give  stabihty  to.  Both  confirm  and  corroborate  presuppose 
something  already  existing  to  which  the  confirmation  or  corrobo- 
ration is  added.  Testimony  is  corroborated  by  concurrent  testi- 
mony or  by  circumstances  ;  confirmed  by  established  facts.  That 
which  is  thoroughly  proved  is  said  to  be  established ;  so  is  that 
which  is  official  and  has  adequate  power  behind  it  ;  as,  the  estab- 
lished government ;  the  established  church.  The  continents  are 
fixed.  A  treaty  is  ratified ;  an  appointment  confirmed.  An  act 
is  sanctioned  by  any  person  or  authority  that  passes  upon  it 


«  I  K  eoiij^ratulatc 

***'  conquer 


approvingly.  A  statement  is  substantiated  ;  a  report  confirmed  ; 
a  conti-oversy  settled  ;  the  decision  of  a  lower  court  sustained  by 
a  higher.  Just  government  should  be  upheld.  The  beneficent 
results  of  Christianity  confirm  our  faith  in  it  as  a  divine  reve- 
lation. 
Antonyms : 

abrogate,  cancel,  overthrow,  shatter,  npset, 

annul,  destroy,  shake,  unsettle,  weaken. 

Prepositions : 

Confirm  a  statement  hy  testimony  ;  confirm  a  person  in  a  belief. 


COXGRATULATE. 

Synonym  : 

felicitate. 

To  felicitate  is  to  pronounce  one  happy  or  wish  one  joy  ;  to 
congratulate  is  to  express  hearty  sympathy  in  his  joys  or  hopes. 
Felicitate  is  cold  and  formal.  We  say  one  felicitates  himself  ; 
tho  to  congratulate  oneself,  wliich  is  less  natural,  is  becoming 
prevalent. 
Antonyms: 

condole  with,        console. 
Prepositions : 

Congi-atulate  one  on  or  upon  his  success. 


COMQIJER. 

Synonyms: 

beat,  humble,  overthrow,  subject, 

checkmate,  master,  prevail  over,  subjugate, 

crush,  overcome,  put  dow^n,  surmount, 

defeat,  overmaster,  reduce,  vanquish, 

discomfit,  overmatch,  rout,  win, 

dow^n,  overpow^er,  subdue,  w^orst. 

To  defeat  an  enemy  is  to  gain  an  advantage  for  the  time  ;  to 
vanquish  is  to  win  a  signal  victory  ;  to  conquer  is  to  overcome  so 
effectually  that  the  victory  is  regarded  as  final.  Conquer,  in 
many  cases,  carries  the  idea  of  possession  ;  as,  to  conquer  respect, 
affection,  peace,  etc.  A  country  is  conquered  when  its  armies  are 
defeated  and  its  territory  is  occupied  by  the  enemy ;  it  may  be 
subjected  to  indemnity  or  to  various  disabilities  ;  it  is  subjugated 
when  it  is  held  helplessly  and  continuously  under  military  control ; 
it  is  subdued  when  all  resistance  has  died  out.  An  army  is  de- 
feated when  forcibly  driven  back  ;  it  is  routed  when  it  is  converted 
into  a  mob  of  fugitives.  Compare  beat. 
Antonyms: 

capitulate,        fail,        fly,  lose,  retire,         submit,  surrender, 

cede,  fall,        forfeit,         resign,        retreat,        succumb,        yield. 


oonscions  11 A 

t'onsequeiice  »»w 


CONSCIOUS. 

Synoiiyms  : 

advised,  assured,        certain.  cognizant,       sensible, 

apprised,        aware,  certified,       informed,         sure. 

One  is  aware  of  that  which  exists  without  him  ;  he  is  conscious 
of  the  inner  workings  of  his  own  mind.  Sensible  may  be  used  in 
the  exact  sense  of  consciovs,  or  it  may  partake  of  both  the  senses 
mentioned  above.  One  may  be  sensible  of  his  own  or  another's 
error  ;  he  is  conscious  only  of  his  own.  A  person  may  feel  assured 
or  sure  of  something  false  or  non=existent ;  what  he  is  aivare  of, 
still  more  what  he  is  conscious  of,  must  be  fact.  Sensible  has 
often'a  reference  to  the  emotions  where  conscious  might  apply 
only  to  the  intellect ;  to  say  a  culprit  is  sensible  of  his  degradation 
is  more  forcible  than  to  say  he  is  conscious  of  it. 
Antonyms: 

colli,        dead,        deaf,        ignorant,        ineensible,        unaware,       unconscious. 
Preposition :  '■ 

On  the  stormy  sea,  man  is  conscious  of  the  limitation  of  human 

power. 

CONSEQUENCE. 

Synonyms: 

consequent,        end,  issue,  outgrowth,     sequel, 

effect,  event,       outcome,      result,  upshot. 

Effect  is  the  strongest  of  these  words ;  it  is  that  which  is  di- 
rectly produced  by  the  action  of  an  efficient  cause  ;  we  say,  "Every 
effect  must  have  an  adequate  cause  "  (compare  cause).  In  re- 
gard to  human  actions,  effect  commonly  relates  to  intention  ;  as, 
the  shot  took  effect,  i.  e.,  the  effect  mten^ed.  A  consequence  is 
that  which  follows  an  act  naturally,  but  less  directly  than  the 
effect.  The  motion  of  the  piston  is  the  effect,  and  the  agitation  of 
the  water  under  the  paddle-wheels  a  consequence  of  the  expansion 
of  steam  in  the  cylinder.  The  result  is,  Uterally,  the  rebound  of 
an  act,  depending  on  many  elements ;  the  issue  is  that  which 
flows  forth  directly  ;  we  say  the  issue  of  a  battle,  the  result  of  a 
campaign.  A  consequent  commonly  is  that  which  follows  simply 
in  order  of  time,  or  by  logical  inference.  The  end  is  the  actual 
outcome  without  determination  of  its  relation  to  what  has  gone 
before  ;  it  is  ordinarily  viewed  as  either  the  necessary,  natural,  or 
logical  outcome,  any  effect,  consequence,  or  result  being  termed  an 
end  ;  as,  the  end  of  such  a  coiu-se  must  be  ruin.  The  event  (L.  e, 
out,  and  venio,  come)  is  primarily  exactly  the  same  in  meaning  as 
outcome  ;  but  in  use  it  is  more  nearly  equivalent  to  upshot 


-_»,  console 

**•  coiitliiual 

signifying  the  sum  and  substance  of  all  effects,  consequences,  and 
results  of  a  course  of  action.  Compare  accident  ;  cause  ;  cir- 
cumstance ;  END  ;  EVENT. 


COBfSOLE. 

Synonyms: 

comfort,       condole  ■with,       encourage,       sympathize  ■writh. 

One  condoles  irith  another  by  the  expression  of  kindly  sympa- 
thy in  his  trouble  ;  he  consoles  him  by  considerations  adapted  to 
soothe  and  sustain  the  spirit,  as  by  the  assurances  and  promises  of 
the  gospel ;  he  encourages  him  by  the  hope  of  some  relief  or  de- 
liverance ;  he  comforts  him  by  whatever  act  or  word  tends  to 
bring  mind  or  body  to  a  state  of  rest  and  cheer.  We  sympathize 
until  others,  not  only  in  sorrow,  but  in  joy.     Compare  alleviate  ; 

PITY. 
Antonyms : 

annoy,        distress,        disturb,        grieve,       liurt,      sadden,      trouble,      wound. 


CONTAGION. 

Synonyms  : 

infection. 

Infection  is  frequently  confused  with  contagion,  even  by  med- 
ical men.  The  best  usage  now  limits  contagion  to  diseases  that 
are  transmitted  by  contact  with  the  diseased  person,  either  directly 
by  touch  or  indirectly  by  use  of  the  same  articles,  by  breath, 
effluvia,  etc.  Infection  is  apphed  to  diseases  produced  by  no 
known  or  definable  influence  of  one  person  upon  another,  but 
where  common  climatic,  malarious,  or  other  wide=spread  condi- 
tions are  believed  to  be  chieflv  instrumental. 


C'OXTIXUAC 

Synonyms : 

ceaseless,  incessant.  regular,  uninterrupted, 

constant,  invariable,         unbroken,  unremitting, 

continuous,         perpetual,  unceasing,         unvarying. 

Continuous  describes  that  which  is  absolutely  without  pause 
or  break  ;  continual,  that  which  often  intermits,  but  as  regularly 
begins  again.  A  continuoiis  beach  is  exposed  to  the  continual 
beating  of  the  waves.  A  similar  distinction  is  made  between  in- 
cessant  and  ceaseless.  The  incessant  discharge  of  firearms  makes 
the  ceaseless  roar  of  battle.  Constant  is  sometimes  used  in  the 
sense  of  continual ;  but  its  chief  uses  are  mental  and  moral. 


contraet  1 1  a 

conversation  US 


CONTRACT. 

Synonyms: 

agreement,  cartel,  engagement,        pledge, 

arrangement,        compact,         obligation,  promise, 

bargain,  covenant,       pact,  stipulation. 

All  these  words  involve  at  least  two  parties,  tho  an  engage- 
ment or  promise  may  be  the  act  of  but  one.  A  contract  is  a  formal 
agreement  between  two  or  more  parties  for  the  doing  or  leaving 
undone  some  specified  act  or  acts,  and  is  ordinarily  in  writing. 
Mutual  j^romises  may  have  the  force  of  a  contract.  A  considera- 
tion, or  compensation,  is  essential  to  convert  an  agreement  into  a 
contract.  A  contract  may  be  oral  or  written.  A  covenant  in  law 
is  a  writtencontract  under  seal.  Covenant  is  frequent  in  religious 
usage,  as  contract  is  in  law  and  business.  Compact  is  essentially 
the  same  as  contract,  but  is  applied  to  international  agreements, 
treaties,  etc.  A  bargain  is  a  mutual  agreement  for  an  exchange 
of  values,  without  the  formality  of  a  contract.  A  stipulation  is 
a  single  item  in  an  agreement  or  contract.  A  cartel  is  a  military 
agreement  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners  or  the  like. 


CO»fTRAST. 

Synonj'nis : 

compare,  differentiate,  discriminate,  oppose. 

To  compare  (L.  con,  together,  and  par,  equal)  is  to  place  together 
in  order  to  show  likeness  or  unlikeness  ;  to  contrast  (L.  contra, 
against,  and  sto,  stand)  is  to  set  in  opposition  in  order  to  show 
unlikeness.  We  contrast  objects  that  have  been  already  compared. 
We  must  compare  them,  at  least  momentarilj',  even  to  know  that 
they  are  different.  We  contrast  them  when  we  observe  their  un- 
likeness in  a  general  way;  we  differentiate  them  when  we  note 
the  difi'erence  exactly  and  point  by  point.  We  distinguish  objects 
when  we  note  a  difference  that  may  fall  short  of  contrast ;  we  dis- 
criminate them  when  we  classify  or  place  them  according  to  their 
differences. 
Preposition: 

We  contrast  one  object  ivith  another. 


COX  VE  RS  ATIOX. 

Synonyms: 

chat,  communion,         converse,     intercourse, 

colloquy,  confabulation,    dialogue,     parley, 

communication,     conference,  discourse,    talk. 

Conversation  (Latin  con,  with)  is,  etymologically,  an  inter- 
change of  ideas  with  some  other  person  or  persons.     Talk  may  be 


_  convert 

11»  convey 

wholly  one=sided.  Many  brilliant  talkers  have  been  incapable  of 
conversation.  There  may  be  intercourse  without  conversation, 
as  by  looks,  signs,  etc. ;  communion  is  of  hearts,  with  or  without 
words  ;  communication  is  often  by  writing,  and  may  be  uninvited 
and  unreciprocated.  Talk  may  denote  the  mere  utterance  of 
words  with  little  thought ;  thus,  we  say  idle  talk,  empty  talk, 
rather  ihan  idle  or  empty  conversation.  Discourse  is  now  applied 
chiefly  to  public  addresses.  A  conference  is  more  formal  than  a 
conversation.  Dialog  denotes  ordinarily  an  artificial  or  imagi- 
nary conversatio}i,genevallj  of  two  persons,  but  sometimes  of  more. 
A  colloquy  is  indefinite  as  to  number,  and  generally  somewhat  in- 
formal. ComiJai-e  behavior. 
Prepositions : 

Conversation  wif/i  friends;  betiveen  or  among  the  guests;  about 
a  matter. 

COIVVERT. 

Synonyms : 

disciple,  neopliyte,  proselyte. 

The  name  disciple  is  given  to  the  follower  of  a  certain  faith, 
without  reference  to  any  previous  belief  or  allegiance  ;  a  convert 
is  a  person  who  has  come  to  one  faith  from  a  difl'erent  belief  or 
from  unbelief.  A  jiroselyte  is  one  w^ho  has  been  led  to  accept  a 
religious  system,  whether  with  or  without  trvie  faith  ;  a  convert  is 
always  understood  to  be  a  believer.  A  neophyte  is  a  new  convert, 
not  yet  fully  indoctrinated,  or  not  admitted  to  full  privileges. 
The  antonyms  apostate,  jiervert,  and  renegade  are  condemnatory 
names  applied  to  the  convert  by  those  whose  faith  he  forsakes. 


CONVEY. 

Synonyms; 

carry,  give.  remove,         shift,  transmit, 

change,  move,  sell,  transfer,       transport. 

Convey,  transmit,  and  transport  all  imply  delivery  at  a  destina- 
tion ;  as,  I  will  convey  the  information  to  your  friend ;  air  conveys 
sound  (to  a  listener) ;  carry  does  not  necessarily  imply  delivery,  and 
often  does  not  admit  of  it.  A  man  carries  an  appearance,  conveys 
an  impression,  the  api:)earance  remaining  his  own,  the  impression 
being  given  to  another  ;  I  will  transmit  the  letter  ;  transport  the 
goods.  A  horse  carries  his  mane  and  tail,  but  does  not  convey 
them.  Transfer  may  or  may  not  imply  delivery  to  another  j)er- 
son ;  as,  items  may  be  transferred  from  one  account  to  another, 


convoke  iOA 

criminal  1,«W 

or  a  word  transferred  to  the  following  line.  In  law,  real  estate, 
wliich  can  not  be  moved,  is  conveyed  by  simplj^  transferring  title 
and  possession.  Transport  usually  refers  to  material,  transfer, 
transmit,  and  convey  may  refer  to  immaterial  objects  ;  we  trans- 
fer possession,  transmit  intelligence,  convey  ideas,  but  do  not 
transport  them.  In  the  case  of  convey  the  figurative  sense  now 
predominates.  Compare  carry. 
Autonyms: 

cling  to,  hold,  keep,  possess,  preserve,  retain. 

Prepositions: 

Convey  to  a  friend,  a  purchaser,  etc. ;  convey  from  the  house 
to  the  station  ;  convey  hy  express,  hy  hand,  etc. 


CONVOKE. 

Synonyms : 

assemble,  call  together,      convene,  muster, 

call,  collect,  gather,  summon. 

A  convention  is  called  by  some  officer  or  officers,  as  by  its  pres- 
ident, its  executive  committee,  or  some  eminent  leaders  ;  the  del- 
egates are  assembled  or  convened  in  a  certain  place,  at  a  certain 
hour.  Convoke  implies  an  organized  body  and  a  superior  author- 
ity ;  assemble  and  convene  express  more  independent  action  ;  Par- 
liament is  convoked  ;  Congress  assembles.  Troops  are  mustered  ; 
witnesses  and  jurymen  are  summoned. 
Antonyms  : 

adjourn,  disband,  dismiss,  dissolve,  scatter. 

breali  up,  discharge,  disperse,  prorogue,  separate. 


CRIMI^fAL. 

Synonyms : 

ahominable,    flagitious,    immoral,         sinful,  vile, 

culpable,  guilty,  iniquitous,     unlaw^ful,     'wicked, 

felonious,  illegal,  nefarious,      vicious,         wrong. 

Every  criminal  act  is  illegal  or  imlawful,  but  illegal  or  unlaiv- 
fiil  acts  may  not  be  criminal.  Offenses  against  jiublic  law  are 
criminal;  offenses  against  private  rights  are  merely  illegal  or  un- 
laiifid.  As  a  general  rule,  all  acts  punishable  by  fine  or  imprison- 
ment or  both,  are  criminal  in  view  of  the  law.  It  is  illegal  for  a 
man  to  trespass  on  another's  land,  but  it  is  not  criminal;  the 
trespasser  is  liable  to  a  civil  suit  for  damages,  but  not  to  indict- 
ment, fine,  or  imprisonment.  A  felonious  act  is  a  criminal  act 
of  an  aggi-avated  kind,  which  is  punishable  by  imprisonment  in 
the  penitentiary  or  by  death.     A  flagitious  crime  is  one  that  brings 


MXi  danger 

public  odium.  Vicious  refers  to  the  indulgence  of  evil  appetites, 
habits,  or  passions ;  vicious  acts  are  not  necessarily  criminal,  or 
even  illegal;  we  speak  of  a  vicious  horse.  That  which  is  iniqui- 
tous, i.  e.,  contrary  to  equity,  may  sometimes  be  done  under  the 
forms  of  law.  Ingratitude  is  sinful,  hypocrisy  is  uncked,  but 
neither  is  punishable  by  human  law  ;  hence,  neither  is  criminal 
or  illegal.  Compare  sin. 
Antonyms  : 

innocent,  lawful,  meritorious,  right, 

just,  legal,  moral,  virtuous. 


DAILY. 

Synonym : 

diurnal. 

Daily  is  the  Saxon  and  popular,  diurnal  the  Latin  and  scien- 
tific term.  In  strict  usage,  daily  is  the  antonym  of  nightly  as 
diurnal  is  of  nocturnal.  Daily  is  not,  however,  held  strictly  to 
this  use;  a  physician  makes  daily  visits  if  he  calls  at  some  time 
within  each  period  of  twenty =four  hours.  Diurnal  is  more  exact 
in  all  its  uses  ;  a  diurnal  flower  opens  or  blooms  only  in  daylight ; 
a  diurnal  bird  or  animal  flies  or  ranges  only  by  day  :  in  contra- 
distinction to  nocturnal  flowers,  birds,  etc.  A  diurnal  motion 
exactly  fills  an  astronomical  day  or  the  time  of  one  rotation  of  a 
planet  on  its  axis,  while  a  daily  motion  is  much  less  definite. 
Antonyms: 

nightly,  nocturnal. 


DAWOER. 

Synonyms: 

hazard,       insecurity,       jeopardy,  peril,  risk. 

Danger  is  exposure  co  possible  evil,  which  may  be  either  near 
and  probable  or  remote  and  doubtful ;  peiHl  is  exposure  to  immi- 
nent and  sharply  threatening  evil,  especially  to  such  as  results  from 
violence.  An  invalid  may  be  in  danger  of  consumption ;  a  dis- 
armed soldier  is  in  peril  of  death.  Jeopardy  is  nearly  the  same  as 
peril,  but  involves,  like  risk,  more  of  the  element  of  chance  or  un- 
certainty ;  a  man  tried  upon  a  capital  charge  is  said  to  be  put  in 
jeopardy  of  life.  Insecurity  is  a  feeble  word,  but  exceedingly 
broad,  applying  to  the  placing  of  a  dish,  or  the  possibilities  of  a 
life,  a  fortune,  or  a  government.  Compare  hazaed. 
Antonyms: 

defense,      immunity,      protection,      safeguard,      safety,      security,      shelter. 


decay  12-i 

DARK.  \ 

Synonyms  : 

black,  dusky,  mysterious,  sable,  somber, 

dim.  gloomy,        obscure,  shadowy,      swart, 

dismal,        murky,         opaque,  shady,  swarthy. 

Sti'ictly,  that  which  is  black  is  absokitely  destitute  of  color ; 
that  which  is  dark  is  absohitely  destitute  of  hght.  In  common 
speech,  however,  a  coat  is  black,  tho  not  optically  colorless ; 
the  night  is  dark,  tho  the  stars  shine.  That  is  obscure,  shad- 
owy, or  shady  from  which  the  light  is  more  or  less  cut  off.  Dusky 
is  applied  to  objects  which  appear  as  if  viewed  in  fading  light ; 
the  word  is  often  used,  as  are  swart  and  sivarthy,  of  the  human 
skin  when  quite  dark,  or  even  verging  toward  black.  Dim  refers 
to  imperfection  of  outline,  from  distance,  darkness,  mist,  etc.,  or 
from  some  defect  of  vision.  Opaque  objects,  as  smoked  glass,  are 
impervious  to  light.  Murky  is  said  of  that  which  is  at  once  dark, 
obscure,  and  gloomy ;  as,  a  murky  den ;  a  murky  sky.  Figura- 
tively, dark  is  emblematic  of  sadness,  agreeing  with  somber,  dis- 
mal, gloomy,  also  of  moral  evil ;  as,  a  dark  deed.  Of  intellectual 
matters,  dark  is  now  rarely  used  in  the  old  sense  of  a  dark  saying, 
etc.    See  mysterious  ;  obscure. 

Autonyms : 

bright,  crystalline,  glowing,  lucid,  shining, 

brilliant,  dazzling,  illumined,  luminous,  transparent, 

clear,  gleaming,  light,  radiant,  white. 

Compare  synonyms  for  light. 


DECAY. 

Synonyms; 

corrupt,     decompose,       molder,       putrefy,     rot,       spoil. 

Rot  is  a  strong  word,  ordinarily  esteemed  coarse,  but  on  occa- 
sion capable  of  approved  emphatic  use;  as,  "the  name  of  the 
wicked  shall  rot,''  Prov.  x,  7.;  cZecoy  and  decompose  are  now  com- 
mon euphemisms.  A  substance  is  decomposed  when  resolved  into 
its  original  elements  by  any  process  ;  it  is  decayed  when  resolved 
into  its  original  elements  by  natural  processes  ;  it  decays  gradually, 
but  maybe  instantly  decomposed,  as  water  into  oxygen  and  hydro- 
gen ;  to  say  that  a  thing  is  decayed  may  denote  only  a  partial  re- 
sult, but  to  say  it  is  decomposed  ordinarily  implies  that  the 
change  is  complete  or  nearly  so.  Putrefy  and  the  adjectives 
putrid  and  putrescent,  and  the  nouns,  pmtridity  and  putrescence, 
are  used  almost  exclusively  of  animal  matter  in  a  state  of  decom- 
position, the  more  general  word  decay  being  used  of  either  aniroal 
or  vegetable  substances. 


123 


deception 
defense 


DECEPTIOIV. 


Synonyms : 

craft, 

cunning, 

deceit, 

deceitfulness, 

delusion, 


dissimulation, 

double=dealing, 

duplicity, 

fabrication, 

falsehood. 


finesse, 

fraud, 

guile, 

hypocrisy, 

imposition. 


lie, 

lying, 

prevarication, 

trickery, 

untruth. 


Deceit  is  the  habit,  deception  the  act ;  guile  applies  to  the 
disposition  out  of  which  deceit  and  decejjtion  grow,  and  also  to 
their  actual  practise.  A  lie,  lying,  or  falsehood,  is  the  uttering  of 
what  one  knows  to  be  false  with  intent  to  deceive.  The  novel  or 
drama  is  not  a  lie,  because  not  meant  to  deceive ;  the  ancient 
teaching  that  the  earth  was  flat  was  not  a  lie,  because  not  then 
known  to  be  false.  Untridh  is  more  than  lack  of  accm-acy,  im- 
plying always  lack  of  veracity;  but  it  is  a  somewhat  milder  and 
more  dignified  word  than  lie.  Falsehood  and  lying  are  in  utterance  ; 
deceit  and  deception  may  be  merely  in  act  or  implication.  De- 
ception may  be  innocent,  and  even  unintentional,  as  in  the  case  of 
an  optical  illusion  ;  deceit  always  involves  injurious  intent.  Craft 
and  cunning  have  not  necessarily  any  moral  quality  ;  they  are 
common  traits  of  animals,  but  stand  rather  low  in  the  human 
scale.  Duplicity  is  the  habitual  speaking  or  acting  with  intent  to 
appear  to  mean  what  one  does  not.  Dissimulation  is  rather  a 
concealing  of  what  is  than  a  pretense  of  what  is  not.  Finesse  is 
simply  an  adroit  and  delicate  management  of  a  matter  for  one's 
own  side,  not  necessarily  involving  deceit.     Compare  artifice  ; 

FICTION  ;   FRAUD  ;   HYPOCRISY, 
Autonyms : 

candor,  frankness,  honesty,  simplicity,         truth, 

fair  dealing,        guilelessness,      openness,  sincerity,  veracity. 


DEFEjVSE. 


Synonyms : 

apology, 
hulw^ark, 
fortress, 


guard, 

justification, 

protection, 


rampart, 

resistance, 

safeguard. 


shelter, 

shield, 

vindication. 


The  weak  may  speak  or  act  in  defense  of  the  strong  ;  none  but 
the  powerful  can  assure  others  of  protection.  A  defense  is  ordina- 
rily against  actual  attack  ;  xwotection  is  against  possible  as  well 
as  actual  dangers.  We  speak  of  defense  against  an  assault,  p>ro- 
tection  from  the  cold.  Vindication  is  a  triumphant  defense  of 
character  and  conduct  against  charges  of  error  or  w^-ong.  Com- 
pare APOLOGY.  • 
Antonyms : 

abandonment,        betrayal,      capitulation,      desertion,      flight,      surrender. 


defile 

deflultlon  liS4 

Prepositions : 

Defense  against  assault  or  assailants ;  in  law,  defense  to  an 
action,  from  the  testimony. 


DEFILE. 

Synonyms ; 

befoul.  corrupt,    pollute,    spoil,     sully,    tamisli, 

contaminate,    infect,        soil,  stain,     taint,     vitiate. 

The  hand  may  be  defiled  by  a  touch  of  pitch  ;  swine  that  have 
been  wallowing  in  the  mud  are  hefoided.  Contaminate  and  in- 
fect refer  to  something  evil  that  deeply  pervades  and  permeates, 
as  the  human  body  or  mind.  Pollute  is  used  chiefly  of  liquids  ;  as, 
waier  polluted  with  sewage.  Tainted  meat  is  repulsive;  infected 
meat  contains  germs  of  disease.  A  soiled  garment  may  be  cleansed 
by  washing  ;  a  spoiled  garment  is  beyond  cleansing  or  repair. 
Bright  metal  is  tarnished  by  exposure  ;  a  fair  sheet  is  sidlied  by  a 
dirty  hand.  In  figurative  use,  defile  may  be  used  merely  in  the 
ceremonial  sense  ;  "  they  themselves  went  not  into  the  judgment 
hall,  lest  they  should  be  defiled,"  John  xviii,  28  ;  coiitaminatere- 
fers  to  deep  spiritual  injury.  Pollute  has  also  a  reference  to  sac- 
rilege ;  as,  to  pollute  a  sanctuary,  an  altar,  or  an  ordinance.  The 
innocent  are  often  contaminated  by  association  with  the  wicked ; 
the  vicious  are  more  and  more  corrupted  by  their  own  excesses. 
We  speak  of  a  vitiated  taste  or  style ;  fraud  vitiates  a  title  or  a 
contract. 
Autonyms : 

clean,         cleanse,         disinfect,         hallow,         purify,         sanctify,         wash. 
Prepositions: 

The  temple  was  defiled  icith  blood  ;  defiled  by  sacrilegious 
deeds.  

DEFINITION. 

Synonj  ins : 

comment,  description,       exposition,  rendering, 

commentary,      explanation,     interpretation,    translation. 

A  definition  is  exact,  an  explaudtion  general  ;  a  definition  is 
formal,  a  description  pictorial.  A  definition  must  include  all  that 
belongs  to  the  object  defined,  and  exclude  all  that  does  not ;  a 
description  may  include  only  some  general  features  ;  an  explana- 
tion m<ay  simply  throw  light  upon  some  point  of  special  difficulty. 
An  exposition  undertakes  to  state  more  fully  what  is  compactly 
given  or  only  implied  in  the  text  ;  as,  an  exposition  of  Scripturo. 
Interpretation  is  ordinarily  from  one  language  into  another,  or 
from  the  language  of  one  period  into  that  of  another  ;  it  may  also 


delegate 
l2o  deliberate 


be  a  statement  giving  the  doubtful  or  hidden  meaning  of  that 
which  is  recondite  or  perplexing ;  as,  the  interpretation  of  a 
dream,  a  riddle,  or  of  some  difficult  passage.  Definition,  expla- 
nation, exposition,  and  interpretation  are  ordinarily  blended  in  a 
commentary,  which  may  also  include  description.  A  comment  is 
upon  a  single  passage ;  a  commentary  may  be  the  same,  but  is 
usually  understood  to  be  a  volume  of  comments. 


DELEGATE. 

Syiionytn»<> : 

deputy,       legate,       proxy,       representative,       substitute. 

These  words  agree  in  designating  one  who  acts  in  the  place  of 
some  other  or  others.  The  legate  is  an  ecclesiastical  officer  repre- 
senting the  Pope.  In  strict  usage  the  deputy  or  delegate  is  more 
limited  in  functions  and  more  closely  bound  by  instructions  than 
a  representative.  A  single  officer  may  have  a  deputy ;  many  per- 
sons combine  to  choose  a  delegate  or  representative.  In  the  United 
States  informal  assemblies  send  delegates  to  nominating  conven- 
tions with  no  legislative  authority  ;  representatives  are  legally 
elected  to  Congress  and  the  various  legislatures,  with  lawmaking 
power. 

OELIBERATE. 

SynonyniH  : 

confer,  consult,  meditate,  reflect, 

consider,  debate,  ponder,  weigb. 

An  individual  considers,  meditates,  ponders,  reflects,  by  him- 
self ;  he  iceiglis  a  matter  in  his  own  mind,  and  is  sometimes  said 
even  to  debate  with  himself.  Consult  and  confer  ahvays  imply 
two  or  more  persons,  as  does  debate,  unless  expressly  limited  as 
above.  Confer  suggests  the  interchange  of  counsel,  advice,  or  in- 
formation; consult  indicates  almost  exclusively  the  receiving  of 
it.  A  man  confers  with  his  associates  about  a  new  investment ; 
he  considts  his  physician  about  his  health ;  he  may  confer  with 
him  on  matters  of  general  interest.  He  cojisidts  a  dictionary,  but 
does  not  confer  with  it.  Deliberate,  which  can  be  applied  to  a 
single  individual,  is  also  the  word  for  a  great  number,  while 
considt  is  ordinarily  limited  to  a  few  ;  a  committee  consuUs  ;  an 
assembly  deliberates.  Deliberating  always  carries  the  idea  of 
slowness  ;  consulting  is  compatible  with  haste  ;  we  can  speak  of  a 
hasty  consultation,  not  of  a  hasty  deliberation.  Debate  implies 
opposing  views ;  deliberate,  simply  a  gathering  and  balancing  of 


delicious  ««^ 

deliglttful  lifiw 

all  facts  and  reasons.     We  consider  or  deliberate  with  a  view  to 
action,  while  meditation  may  be  quite  purposeless. 
IPrepositioiis  : 

We  deliberate  o?i  or  upon,  also  about  or  concerning  a  matter  : 
the  first  two  are  preferable. 


DELICIOUS. 

Synonyms: 

dainty,       deliglitful,       exctuisite,       luscious,       savory. 

That  is  d§licious  which  affords  a  gratification  at  once  vivid  and 
delicate  to  the  senses,  especially  to  those  of  taste  and  smell ;  as, 
deJicious  fruit ;  a  delicious  odor  ;  luscious  has  a  kindi'ed  but  more 
fulsome  meaning,  inclining  toward  a  cloying  excess  of  sweetness 
or  richness.  Savory  is  applied  chiefly  to  cooked  food  made  pala- 
table by  spices  and  condiments.  Delightful  maybe  applied  to  the 
higher  gratifications  of  sense,  as  delightful  music,  but  is  chiefly 
used  for  that  which  is  mental  and  spiritual.  Delicious  has  a  lim- 
ited use  in  this  way  ;  as,  a  delicious  bit  of  poetiy  ;  the  word  is 
sometimes  used  ironically  for  some  pleasing  absurdity  ;  as,  this  is 
delicious  !  Compare  deughtftjl. 
Autonyms: 

acrid,    bitter,    loathsome,    nauseous,    repulsive,    unpalatable,    unsavory. 


DELIOHTFUI.. 

Synonyms: 

acceptable,         delicious,  pleasant.  refreshing, 

agreeable,  grateful,  pleasing,  satisfying, 

congenial,  gratifying,         pleasurable,      welcome. 

Agreeable  refers  to  whatever  gives  a  mild  degree  of  pleasure  ; 
as,  an  agreeable  perfume.  Acceptable  indicates  a  thing  to  be 
worthy  of  acceptance  ;  as,  an  acceptable  offering.  Grateful  is 
stronger  than  agreeable  or  gratifying,  indicating  whatever  awakens 
a  feeling  akin  to  gi'atitude.  A  pleasant  face  and  2J^^'^tsing  man- 
ners arouse  pleasurable  sensations,  and  make  the  possessor  an 
agreeable  companion  ;  if  possessed  of  intelhgence,  vivacity,  and 
goodness,  such  a  person's  society  will  be  delightful.  Criminals 
may  find  each  other's  company  congenial,  but  scarcely  delightful. 
Satisfying  denotes  anything  that  is  received  with  calm  acquies- 
cence, as  substantial  food,  or  established  truth.  That  is  welcome 
which  is  received  with  joyful  heartiness  ;  as,  tcelcome  tidings. 
Compare  beautiful  ;  charming  ;  delicious. 
Antonyms: 

depressing,        distressing,    horrible,         miserable,      painful,  wofiil, 

disappointing,  hateful,  melancholy,  mournful,      saddening,     wretched. 


.^■^^  delii^iioii 

■'**  dcuiuustratioii 

DELUSION. 

SyiioiiyniM  : 

error,       fallacy,       hallucination,       illusion,       phantasm. 

A  delusion  is  a  mistaken  conviction,  an  illusion  a  mistaken  per- 
ception or  inference.  An  illusion  may  be  wholly  of  the  senses  ;  a 
delusion  always  involves  some  mental  error.  In  an  optical  illusion 
the  observer  sees  either  what  does  not  exist,  or  what  exists  other- 
wise than  as  he  sees  it,  as  when  in  a  mirage  distant  springs  and 
trees  appear  close  at  hand.  We  speak  of  the  illusions  of  fancy  or 
of  hope,  but  of  the  delusions  of  the  insane.^  A  hallucination  is  a 
false  image  or  belief  which  has  nothing,  outside  of  the  disordered 
mind,  to  suggest  it  ;  as,  the  hallucinations  of  delirium  tremens. 
Compare  deception  ;  insanity. 
Antonyms : 

actuality,  certainty,  fact,  reality,  truth,  verity. 


DEMOLISH. 

Synonyms: 

destroy,  overthrow,  overturn,         raze,         ruin. 

A  building,  monument,  or  other  structure  is  demolished  when 
reduced  to  a  shapeless  mass  ;  it  is  razed  when  leveled  with  the 
ground  ;  it  is  destroyed  when  its  structural  unity  is  gone,  whether 
or  not  its  component  parts  remain.  An  edifice  is  destroyed  by 
fire  or  earthquake  ;  it  is,  demolishedhj  bombardment ;  it  is  ruined 
when,  by  violence  or  neglect,  it  has  become  unfit  for  human  habi- 
tation. Compare  abolish  ;  break. 
Antonyms: 

build,  coDBtruct,  create,  make,  repair,  restore. 


DEMOMSTRATIOM. 

Synonyms : 

certainty,  consequence,       evidence,  inference, 

conclusion.         deduction,  induction,         proof. 

Demonstration,  in  the  strict  and  proper  sense,  is  the  highest 
form  of  jjroof,  and  gives  the  most  absolute  certainty,  but  can  not 
be  applied  outside  of  pure  mathematics  or  other  strictly  deduct- 
ive reasoning ;  there  can  be  proof  and  certainty,  however,  in 
matters  that  do  not  admit  of  demonstration.  A  conclusion  is 
the  absolute  and  necessary  result  of  the  admission  of  certain  pre- 
mises ;  an  inference  is  a  probable  conclusion  toward  which  known 
facts,  statements,  or  admissions  point,  but  which  they  do  not  ab- 
solutely establish  ;  sound  premises,  together  with  their  necessary 
conclusion,  constitute  a  demonstration.    Evidence  is  that  which 


design  ^na 

desire  ■.-•o 

tends  to  show  a  thing  to  be  ti-ue  ;  in  the  widest  sense,  as  including 
seU'^evidence  oi*  consciousness,  it  is  the  basis  of  all  knowledge. 
Proof  in  the  strict  sense  is  complete,  hresistible  evidence  ;  as, 
there  was  much  evidence  against  the  accused,  but  not  amounting 
to  proof  of  guilt.  Moral  certainty  is  a  conviction  resting  on  such 
evidence  as  puts  a  matter  beyond  reasonable  doubt,  while  not  so 
irresistible  as  demonstration.     Compare  hypothesis  ;  induction. 


Synonyms: 

aim,  final  cause,  object,  proposal, 

device,  intent,  plan,  purpose, 

end,  intention,  project,  sclieme. 

Design  refers  to  the  adaptation  of  means  to  an  end,  the  corre- 
spondence and  coordination  of  parts,  or  of  separate  acts,  to  produce 
a  result ;  intent  &Qd purpose  overleap  all  particulars,  and  fasten  on 
the  erid  itself.  Intention  is  simply  the  more  familiar  form  of  the 
legal  and  philosophical  intent.  Plan  relates  to  details  of  form, 
structure,  and  action,  in  themselves  ;  design  considers  these  same 
details  all  as  a  means  to  an  end.  The  plan  of  a  campaign  may  be 
for  a  series  of  sharp  attacks,  with  the  design  of  thus  surprising  and 
overpowering  the  enemy.  A  man  comes  to  a  fixed  intention  to 
kill  his  enemy ;  he  forms  a  plan  to  entrap  him  into  his  power, 
with  the  design  of  then  compassing  his  death ;  as  the  law  can  not 
read  the  heart,  it  can  only  infer  the  intent  from  the  evidences  of 
design.  Intent  denotes  a  straining,  stretching  forth  toward  an  ob- 
ject ;  purpose  simply  the  placing  it  before  oneself ;  hence,  we 
speak  of  the  purpose  rather  than  the  intent  or  intention  of  God. 
We  hold  that  the  marks  of  design  in  nature  prove  it  the  work  of 
a  great  Designer.  Intention  contemplates  the  possibiUty  of 
faihire  ;  purpose  looks  to  assured  success  ;  intent  or  intention  re- 
fers especially  to  the  state  of  mind  of  the  actor  ;  purjwse  to  the 
result  of  the  action.  Compare  aim  ;  cause  ;  idea  ;  model. 
Prepositions : 

The  design  of  defrauding ;  the  design  of  a  building :  a  design 
for  a  statue. 

OESIRE. 

Synonyms  : 

appetency,  eoncupisence,     hankering,        proclivity, 

appetite,  coveting,  inclination,       propensity, 

aspiration,  craving,  longing,  w^ish. 

Inclination  is  the  mildest  of  these  terms  ;  it  is  a  quiet,  or  even 

a  vague  or  unconscious,  tendency.     Even  when  we  speak  of  a 


despair 
1^9  dexterity 

strong  or  decided  inclination  we  do  not  express  the  intensity  of 
desire.  \  Desire  has  a  wide  range,  from  the  highest  objects  to  the 
lowest  'jfTTesire  is  for  an  object  near  at  hand,  or  near  in  thought, 
and  viewed  as  attainable  ;  a  wish  may  be  for  what  is  reraote  or 
uncertain,  or  even  for  what  is  recognized  as  impossible.")  Craving 
is  stronger  than  hankering  ;  hankering  may  be  the  result  of  a  fit- 
ful and  capricious  appetite  ;  craving  may  be  the  imperious  and 
reasonable  demand  of  the  whole  nature.  Longing  is  a  reaching 
out  with  deep  and  persistent  demand  for  that  which  is  viewed  as 
now  distant  but  at  some  time  attainable  ;  as,  the  captive's  longing 
for  release.  Coveting  ordinarily  denotes  wrong  desire  for  that 
which  is  another's.  Compare  appetite. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  antipathy. 
Prepositions : 

The  desire  of  fame  ;  a  desire  for  excellence. 


WESPAIR. 

Synonyms: 

desperation,  despondency,  discouragement,  hopelessness. 

Discouragement  is  the  result  of  so  much  repulse  or  failure  as 
wears  out  courage.  Discouragements  too  frequent  and  long 
continued  may  produce  a  settled  hopelessness.  Hopelessness  is 
negative,  and  may  result  fi'om  simple  apathy  ;  despondency  and 
despair  are  more  emphatic  and  decided.  Despondency  is  an  inca- 
pacity for  the  present  exercise  of  hope  ;  despair  is  the  utter  aban- 
donment of  hope.  Despondency  relaxes  energy  and  effort  and  is 
always  attended  with  sadness  or  distress  ;  despair  may  produce  a 
stony  calmness,  or  it  may  lead  to  desperation.  Desperation  is 
energized  despair,  vigorous  in  action,  reckless  of  consequences. 
Antonyms : 

anticipation,    cheer,  conrage,    encouragement,   expectation,    hopefulness, 

assurance,        confidence,  elation,      expectancy,  hope,  trust. 


DEXTERITY. 

Synonyms: 

adroitness,  aptitude,  cleverness,  expertness,  readiness,  skill. 

Adroitness  (F.  d,  to,  and  droit,  right)  and  dexterity  (L.  dexter, 
right,  right-hand)  might  each  be  rendered  "  rightshandedness  " ; 
but  adroitness  carries  more  of  the  idea  of  eluding,  parrying,  or 
checking  some  hostile  movement,  or  taking  advantage  of  another 
in  controversy  :  dexterity  conveys  the  idea  of  doing,  accomplish- 
ing something  readily  and  well,  without  reference  to  any  action 


diction  -  .-,„ 

die  1«»0 

of  others.  "We  speak  of  adroitness  in  fencing,  boxing,  or  debate  ; 
of  dexterity  in  horsemanship,  in  the  use  of  tools,  weapons,  etc. 
Aptitude  (L.  a2)tus,  fit,  fitted)  is  a  natural  readiness,  which  by 
practise  may  be  developed  into  dexterity.  Skill  is  more  exact  to 
line,  rule,  and  method  than  dexterity.  Dexterity  can  not  be  com- 
municated, and,  oftentimes  can  not  even  be  explained  by  its  pos- 
sessor ;  skill  to  a  very  great  extent  can  be  imparted;  '■'skilled 
workmen  "  in  various  trades  are  numbered  by  thousands.  Com- 
pare ADDRESS  ;  CLEVER  ;  POWER  ;  SKILFUL. 
Prepositions : 

Dexterity  of  hand,  of  movement,  of  management ;    loitli  the 
pen  ;  in  action,  in  maniijulating  men  ;  at  cards. 


DICTION. 

Synonyms ; 

expression,       phrase,  style,  vocabulary, 

language,         phraseology,         verbiage,  w^ording. 

An  author's  diction  is  strictly  his  choice  and  use  of  words, 
with  no  special  reference  to  thought ;  expression  regards  the 
words  simply  as  the  vehicle  of  the  thought.  Phrase  and  phrase- 
ology apply  to  words  or  combinations  of  words  which  are  some- 
what technical  ;  as,  in  legal  phraseology ;  in  military  p)hrase. 
Diction  is  general ;  ivording  is  limited  ;  we  speak  of  the  diction 
of  an  author  or  of  a  work,  the  wording  of  a  proposition,  of  a  res- 
olution, etc.  Verbiage  never  bears  this  sense  (see  circumlocu- 
tion.) The  language  of  a  writer  or  speaker  may  be  the  national 
speech  he  employs  ;  as,  the  English  or  French  language ;  or  the 
word  may  denote  his  use  of  that  language;  as,  the  author's  lan- 
guage is  well  (or  ill)  chosen.  Style  includes  diction,  expression, 
rhetorical  figures  such  as  metaphor  and  simile,  the  effect  of  an 
author's  prevailing  tone  of  thought,  of  his  personal  traits  —  in 
short,  all  that  makes  up  the  clothing  of  thought  in  words ;  thus, 
we  speak  of  a  figurative  style,  a  frigid  or  an  argumentative  style, 
etc.,  or  of  tlie  style  of  Macaulay,  Prescott,  or  others.  An  author's 
vocabxdary  is  the  range  of  words  which  he  brings  into  his  use. 
Compare  language. 

DIE. 

Synonyms ; 

cease,  decline,  expire,  perish, 

decease,  depart,  fade,  w^ither. 

Die,  to   go   out  of  life,  become  destitute  of  vital  power  and 


131  difference 

action,  is  figuratively  applied  to  anything  which  has  the  appear- 
ance of  life. 

Where  the  dying  night-himp  flickers.  Tennyson  Locksky  Hall  et.  40. 

An  echo,  a  strain  of  music,  a  tempest,  a  topic,  an  issue,  dies.  Ex- 
pire (literally,  to  breathe  out)  is  a  softer  word  for  die;  it  is  used 
figuratively  of  things  that  cease  to  exist  by  reaching  a  natural 
limit ;  as,  a  lease  expires ;  the  time  has  expired.  To xierisTi  (liter- 
ally, in  Latin,  to  go  through,  as  in  English  we  say,  "the  fire 
goes  out ")  is  oftenest  used  of  death  by  privation  or  exposure  ;  as, 
"I  perish  with  hunger,"  LuTie  xv,  17;  sometimes,  of  death  by 
violence.  Knowledge  and  fame,  art  and  empires,  may  be  said  to 
perish;  the  word  denotes  utter  destruction  and  decay. 
Autouyins : 

be  born,  come  into  being,  flourish,  rise  agam, 

begin,  come  to  life,  grow,  rise  from  the  dead, 

be  immortal,  exist,  live,  survive. 

Prepositions : 

To  die  of  fever ;  hy  violence ;  rarely,  with  the  sword,  famine, 
etc.  {Ezek.  vii,  15)  ;  to  die  for  one's  country ;  to  die  at  sea ;  in 
one's  bed  ;  in  agony  ;  die  to  the  woi'ld. 


DIFFERENCE. 

Synonyms: 

contrariety,  discrimination,  distinction,         inequality, 

contrast,  disparity,  divergence,        unlikeness, 

disagreement,      dissimilarity,       diversity,  variation, 

discrepancy,         dissimilitude,      inconsistency,  variety. 

Difference  is  the  state  or  quality  of  being  luilike  or  the  amount 
of  such  unlikeness.  A  difference  is  in  the  things  compared ;  a 
discrimination  is  in  our  judgment  of  them  ;  a  distinction  is  in 
our  definition  or  description  or  mental  image  of  them.  Careful 
discrimination  of  real  differences  results  in  clear  distinctions. 
Disparity  is  stronger  than  inequality,  implying  that  one  thing 
falls  far  below  another  ;  as,  the  disparity  of  our  achievements 
when  compared  with  our  ideals.  Dissimilarity  is  betw-een  things 
sharply  contrasted ;  there  may  be  a  difference  between  those  al- 
most aUke.  There  is  a  discrepancy  in  accounts  that  fail  to  bal- 
ance. Variety  involves  more  than  two  objects  ;  so,  in  general, 
does  diversity  ;  variation  is  a  difference  in  the  condition  or  action 
of  the  same  object  at  different  times.  Disagreement  is  not  merely 
the  lack,  but  the  opposite,  of  agreement ;  it  is  a  mild  word  for 
opposition  and  conflict ;  difference  is  sometimes  used  in  the  same 
sense. 


difficult 

direction  132 


Antonyms  : 

agreement,  harmony,  likeness,  sameness,  uniformity 

consonance,  identity,  resemblance,  similarity,  unity. 

Prepositions : 

Difference  between  the  old  and  the  new  ;  differences  among 
men  ;  a  difference  in  character  ;  of  action  ;  of  style  ;  (less  fre- 
quently) a  difference  (controversy)  loitli  a  person  ;  a  difference  of 
one  tiling //-o  Hi  (incorrectly  to)  another. 


DIFFICUI.T. 

Synonyms : 

arduous,  hard,  onerous,  toilsome, 

exhausting;,      laborious,         severe,  trying. 

Arduous  (L.  arduus,  steep)  signifies  primarily  so  steep  and  lofty 
as  to  be  difficult  of  ascent,  and  hence  applies  to  that  which  involves 
great  and  sustained  exertion  and  ordinarily  for  a  lofty  aim ;  gi-eat 
learning  can  only  be  won  by  arduous  toil.  Hard  applies  to  any- 
thing that  resists  our  endeavors  as  a  scarcely  penetrable  mass  re- 
sists our  physical  force.  Anything  is  hard  that  involves  tax  and 
sti-ain  whether  of  the  physical  or  mental  powers.  Difficult  is  not 
used  of  that  which  merely  taxes  physical  force  ;  a  dead  lift  is 
called  hard  rather  than  difflcidt ;  breaking  stone  on  the  road 
would  be  called  hard  rather  than  difflcidt  work  ;  that  is  difficult 
which  involves  skill,  sagacity,  or  address,  with  or  without  a  con- 
siderable expenditure  of  physical  force  ;  a  geometrical  problem 
may  be  difflcidt  to  solve,  a  tangled  skein  to  unravel ;  a  mountain 
difficult  to  ascend.  Hard  may  be  active  or  passive  ;  a  thing  may 
be  hard  to  do  or  liard  to  bear.  Arduous  is  always  active.  That 
which  is  laborious  or  toilsome  simply  requires  the  steady  applica- 
tion of  labor  or  toil  till  accomplished ;  toilsome  is  the  sti-onger 
word.  That  which  is  onerous  (L.  onus,  a  burden)  is  mentally  bur- 
densome or  oppressive.  Responsibility  may  be  onerous  even  when 
it  involves  no  special  exertion. 
Antonyms: 

easy,        facile,        light,        pleasant,        slight,        trifling,        trivial. 


DIRECTION. 

Synonyms: 

aim,    bearing,    course,    inclination,    tendency,    w^ay. 

The  direction  of  an  object  is  the  line  of  motion  or  of  vision 
toward  it,  or  the  line  in  which  the  object  is  moving,  considered 
from  oiu-  own  actual  or  mental  standpoint.  Way,  literally  the  road 
or  path,  comes  naturally  to  mean  the  direction  of  the  road  or  path; 


■gffff  discern 

1«>«*  discover 


conversationally,  tcay  is  almost  a  perfect  synonym  of  direction  ; 
as,  which  way  did  he  go?  or,  in  which  direction  '/  Bearing  is  the 
direction  in  which  an  object  is  seen  with  reference  to  another,  and 
especially  with  reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass.  Coiirse 
is  the  direction  of  a  moving  object ;  inclination,  that  toward  which 
a  stationary  object  leans ;  tendency,  the  direction  toward  which 
anything  stretches  or  reaches  out  ;  tendency  is  sti-onger  and  more 
active  than  inclination.  Compare  aim  ;  care  ;  order  ;  over- 
sight. 

Synoiiyiiis  : 

behold,  discriminate,  observe.  recognize, 

descry,  distinguish,  perceive,         see. 

What  we  discern  we  see  apart  from  all  other  objects  ;  what  we 

discriminate  we  jndge  apart  ;  what  we   distinguish  we  mark 

apart,  or  recognize  by  some  special  mark  or  manifest  difference. 

We  discriminate  by  real  differences  ;  we  distinguish  by  outward 

signs  ;  an  officer  is  readily  distinguished  from  a  common  soldier 

by  his  uniform.     Objects  may  be  dimly  discerned  at  twilight, 

when  yet  we  can  not  clearly  distinguish  one  from  another.     We 

descry  (originally  espy)  what  is  diffi.cult  to  discover.      Compare 

DISCOVER  ;   LOOK. 

DISCOVER. 

Synonyms : 

ascertain,  detect,  disclose,        ferret  out,     find  out, 

descry,  discern,        expose,  find,  invent. 

Of  human  actions  or  character,  detect  is  used,  almost  without 
exception,  in  a  bad  sense  ;  discover  may  be  used  in  either  the  good 
or  the  bad  sense,  oftener  in  the  good ;  he  was  detected  in  a  fraud  ; 
real  merit  is  sure  to  be  discovered.  In  scientific  language,  detect 
is  used  of  dehcate  indications  that  appear  in  course  of  careful 
watching ;  as,  a  slight  fluttering  of  the  pulse  could  be  detected. 
We  discover  what  has  existed  but  has  not  been  known  to  us  ;  we 
invent  combinations  or  arrangements  not  before  in  use  ;  Columbus 
discovered  America  ;  Morse  invented  the  electric  telegraph.  Find 
is  the  most  general  word  for  every  means  of  coming  to  know  what 
was  not  before  certainly  known.  A  man  fuids  in  the  road  some 
stranger's  purse,  or  finds  his  own  which  he  is  searching  for.  The 
expert  discovers  or  detects  an  error  in  an  account ;  the  auditor 
finds  the  account  to  be  correct.  Compare  discern. 
Antonyms  : 

See  synonyms  for  hide. 


disease  I  t>M 

disparage  M.tp'* 


DISEASE. 

Syiioiiyins ! 

affection,  disorder,  indisposition,       sickness, 

ailment,  distemper,        infirmity,  unhealthiness, 

complaint,        illness,  malady,  unsoundness. 

Disease  is  the  general  term  for  any  deviation  from  health  ;  in 
a  more  limited  sense  it  denotes  some  definite  morbid  condition  ; 
disorder  and  affection  are  rather  partial  and  limited  ;  as,  a  ner- 
vous affection;  a  disorder  of  the  digestive  system.  Sickness  was 
generally  used  in  English  speech  and  literatvu-e,  till  the  close  of 
the  eighteenth  century  at  least,  for  every  form  of  physical  disor- 
der, as  abundantly  appears  in  the  English  Bible:  "Jesus  went 
about  .  .  .  healing  all  manner  of  sickness  and  all  manner  of  dis- 
ease among  the  people,"  Matt,  iv,  23  ;  "  Elisha  was  fallen  sick  of 
his  sickness  whereof  he  died,"  2  Kings  xiii,  14.  There  is  now,  in 
England,  a  tendency  to  restrict  the  words  sick  and  sickness  to 
nausea,  or  "sickness  at  the  stomach,"'  and  to  hold  ill  and  illness  as 
the  only  proper  words  to  use  in  a  general  sense.  This  distinction 
has  received  but  a  very  limited  acceptance  in  the  United  States, 
where  sick  and  sickness  have  the  earlier  and  wider  usage.  We 
speak  of  trifling  ailments,  a  slight  indisposition,  a  serious  or  a 
deadly  disease ;  a  slight  or  severe  illness ;  a  painful  siclcness. 
Complaint  is  a  popular  term,  which  may  be  applied  to  any  de- 
gree of  ill  health,  shght  or  severe.  Infirmity  denotes  a  chronic  or 
lingering  Aveakness  or  disability,  as  blindness  or  lameness. 

Antonyms : 

health,         robustness,        soundness,        strength,        sturdiness,        vigor. 


DISPARAGE. 

Synonyms : 

"  belittle,       depreciate,  discredit,  underestimate, 

carp  at,        derogate  from,        dishonor,  underrate, 

decry,  detract  from,  low^er,  undervalue. 

To  decry  is  to  cry  down,  in  some  noisy,  public,  or  conspicuous 
manner.  A  witness  or  a  statement  is  discredited  ;  the  currency  is 
depreciated  ;  a  good  name  is  dislionored  by  unworthy  conduct ; 
we  underestimate  in  om-  own  minds  ;  we  may  underrate  or  under- 
value in  statement  to  others.  These  words  are  used,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, of  things  such  as  qualities,  merits,  attaiimaents,  etc.  To 
disparage  is  to  belittle  by  damaging  comparison  or  suggestion  ;  it 
is  used  only  of  things.  A  man's  achievements  are  disparaged,  his 
motives  depreciated,  his  professions  discredited ;  he  himself  is 
calumniated,  slandered,  etc.  Compare  slander. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  pra.ise. 


135 


displace 


derange,  disturb,       mislay,  remove, 

disarrange,    jumble,        misplace,      unsettle. 


DISPLACE. 

S]rnoiiyni!<: 

confuse, 
crowd  out, 

Objects  are  displaced  when  moved  out  of  the  place  they  liave 
occvipied  ;  they  are  misplaced  when  jiut  into  a  place  where  they 
should  not  be.     One  may  know  where  to  find  wliat  he  has  mis- 
X>laced  ;  what  he  has  mislaid  he  can  not  locate. 
Antoiiyni!ti : 

adjust,  assort,  dispose,         order,  put  in  order,        set  in  order, 

array,  classify,         group,  place,  put  in  place,        sort. 


Synonyms : 

accomplish, 
achieve, 
actualize, 
bring  about, 
bring  to  pass, 


DO. 

carry  out, 
carry  through, 
commit, 
complete, 
consummate, 


discharge, 

effect, 

execute, 

finish, 

fulfil, 


perform, 
perpetrate, 
realize, 
transact, 
work  out. 


Do  is  the  one  comprehensive  word  which  includes  this  whole 
class.  We  may  say  of  the  least  item  of  daily  work,  "It  is  done," 
and  of  the  gi-andest  human  achievement,  "  Well  done!"  Finish 
and  comjjlete  signify  to  bring  to  an  end  what  was  previously  begun  ; 
there  is  frequently  the  difference  in  visage  that  finish  is  applied  to 
the  fine  details  and  is  superficial,  while  eomplete  is  comprehensive, 
being  applied  to  the  whole  ideal,  plan,  and  execution  ;  as,  to  finish 
a  statue  ;  to  complete  a  scheme  of  philosophy.  To  discharge  is  to 
do  what  is  given  in  charge,  expected,  or  required  ;  as,  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  the  office.  To  fidfil  is  to  do  or  to  be  what  has  been 
promised,  expected,  hoped,  or  desired  ;  as,  a  son  fulfils  a  father's 
hopes.  Realize,  effect,  execute,  and  consummate  all  signify  to  em- 
body in  fact  what  was  before  in  thought.  One  may  realize  that 
which  he  has  done  nothing  to  bring  about ;  he  may  realize  the 
dreams  of  youth  by  inheriting  a  fortune  ;  but  he  can  not  effect  his 
early  designs  excejit  by  doing  the  vitmost  that  is  necessary  to  make 
them  fact.  Effect  includes  all  that  is  done  to  accomplish  the  intent ; 
execute  refers  rather  to  the  final  steps ;  consummate  is  limited 
quite  sharply  to  the  concluding  act.  An  officer  executes  the  law 
when  he  proceeds  against  its  violators ;  a  purchase  is  consum- 
mated when  the  money  is  paid  and  the  iDroperty  delivered.  Exe- 
cute refers  more  commonly  to  the  commands  of  another,  effect 
and  consummate  to  one's  own  designs  ;  as,  the  commander  effected 
the  capture  of  the  fort,  because  his  officers  and  men  promptly  exe- 
cuted his  commands.     Achieve — to  do  something  worthy  of  a  chief 


docile 
doctrine 


136 


— signifies  always  to  perform  some  great  and  generally  some  wor- 
thy exploit.  Perform  and  accomplish  both  imply  working  toward 
the  end ;  but  perform  always  allows  a  possibiUty  of  not  attaining, 
while  accomplish  carries  the  thought  of  full  completion.  In  Long- 
fellow's hnes,  "Patience;  accomplish  thy  labor,"  etc.,  perform 
could  not  be  substituted  without  great  loss.  As  between  complete 
and  accomplish,  complete  considers  rather  the  thing  as  done  ;  ac- 
complish, the  whole  i^rocess  of  doing  it.  Commit,  as  applied  to 
actions,  is  used  only  of  those  that  are  bad,  whether  grave  or  trivial ; 
perpetrate  is  used  chiefly  of  aggravated  crimes  or,  somewhat 
humorously,  of  blunders.  A  man  may  commit  a  sin,  a  trespass,  or 
a  murder  ;  2i6r2Jetrate  an  outrage  or  a  felony.  We  finish  a  gar- 
ment or  a  letter,  complete  an  edifice  or  a  life=work,  consum,mate  a 
bargain  or  a  crime,  discharge  a  duty,  effect  a  purpose,  execute  a 
command,  f^dfil  a  promise,  perform  our  daily  tasks,  realize  an 
ideal,  accomplish  a  design,  achieve  a  victory.  Compare  trans- 
act ;  TRANSACTION. 
Autonyms : 


baffle, 
come  stort, 


defeat, 
destroy, 


fail, 
frustrate, 


mar, 
miscarry, 


miss, 
neglect, 


rum, 
spoil. 


DOCILE. 

Synonyms-. 

amenable,         manageable,  pliant,  teachable, 

compliant,         obedient,  submissive,  tractable, 

gentle,  pliable,  tame,  yielding. 

One  who  is  docile  is  easily  taught ;  one  who  is  tractable  is 
easily  led  ;  one  who  is  pliant  is  easily  bent  in  any  direction  ;  com- 
pliant represents  one  as  inclined  or  persuaded  to  agreement  with 
another's  will.     Compare  duty. 
Autonyms: 

determined,    firm,  intractable,      opinionated,    self=willed,    wilful, 

dogged,  inflexible,      obstinate,        resolute,  stubborn,       imyielding. 


Synonyms: 

article  of  belief, 
article  of  faitb. 


DOCTRINE. 


belief, 
dogma. 


precept, 
principle. 


teaching, 
tenet. 


Doctrine  primarily  signifies  that  which  is  taught ;  x^^'inciple, 
the  fundamental  basis  on  which  the  teaching  rests.  A  doctrine  is 
reasoned  out,  and  may  be  defended  by  reasoning  ;  a  dogma  rests 
on  authority,  as  of  direct  revelation,  the  decision  of  the  church, 
etc.  A  doctrine  or  dogma  is  a  statement  of  some  one  item  of  be- 
lief ;  a  creed  is  a  summary  of  doctrines  or  dogmas.    Dogma  has 


dogmatic 
137  doubt,  17. 

commonly,  at  the  present  day,  an  offensive  signification,  as  of  a 
belief  arrogantly  asserted.  Tenet  is  simply  that  which  is  held, 
and  is  applied  to  a  single  item  of  belief ;  it  is  a  neutral  word, 
neither  approving  nor  condemning  ;  we  speak  of  the  doctrines  of 
our  own  church ;  of  the  tenets  of  others.  A  precept  relates  not 
to  belief,  but  to  conduct.     Compare  faith  ;  law. 


DOGMATIC. 

Syuoiij'ins: 

arrogant,  doctrinal,  magisterial,    positive, 

authoritative,  domineering,  opinionated,    self=opinionated, 

dictatorial,        imperious,  overbearing,  systematic. 

Dugmatic  is  technically  applied  in  a  good  sense  to  that  which 
is  formally  enunciated  by  adequate  authority ;  doctrinal  to  that 
which  is  stated  in  the  form  of  doctrine  to  be  taught  or  defended. 
Dogmatic  theology,  called  also  "dogmatics,"  gives  definite  propo- 
sitions, which  it  holds  to  be  delivered  by  authority  ;  systematic 
theology  considers  the  same  propositions  in  their  logical  connec- 
tion and  order  as  parts  of  a  system  ;  a  doctrinal  statement  is  less 
absohite  in  its  claims  than  a  dogmatic  treatise,  and  may  be  moi'e 
partial  than  the  term  systematic  would  imply.  Outside  of  theol- 
ogy, dogmatic  has  generally  an  offensive  sense  ;  a  dogmatic  state- 
ment is  one  for  which  the  author  does  not  trouble  himself  to  give  a 
reason,  either  because  of  the  strength  of  his  convictions,  or  because 
of  his  contempt  for  those  whom  he  addresses  ;  thus  dogmatic  is, 
in  common  use,  allied  with  arrogant  and  kindred  words. 


DOUBT,  V. 
Synonyms: 

distrust,  mistrust,  surmise,  suspect. 

To  doubt  is  to  lack  conviction.  Incompleteness  of  evidence 
may  compel  one  to  doubt,  or  some  perverse  bias  of  mind  may  in- 
cline him  to.  Distrust  may  express  simi)ly  a  lack  of  confidence  ; 
as,  I  distrust  my  own  judgment ;  or  it  may  be  nearly  equivalent 
to  suspect ;  as,  I  distrusted  that  man  from  the  start.  Mistrust 
and  suspect  imply  that  one  is  almost  assured  of  positive  evil ;  one 
may  distrust  himself  or  others  ;  he  swspecfs  others.  Mistrust  is 
now  rarely,  if  ever,  used  of  persons,  but  only  of  motives,  inten- 
tions, etc.  Distrust  is  always  serious ;  mistrust  is  often  used 
playfully.  Compare  suppose.  Compare  synonyms  for  doubt,  n. 
Antonyms: 

believe,    confide  in,    depend  on,    depend  upon,    rely  on,    rely  upon,    trust. 


doubt,  n. 
draw 


13§ 


Synonyms: 

disbelief, 
distrust, 
hesitancy, 
hesitation, 


DOUBT,  n. 


incredulity, 
indecision, 
irresolution, 
misgiving, 


perplexity, 
question, 
scruple, 
skepticism, 


suspense, 
suspicion, 
unbelief, 
uncertainty. 


Doubt  is  a  lack  of  conviction  that  may  refer  either  to  matters 
of  belief  or  to  matters  of  practise.  As  regards  belief,  wliile 
doubt  is  lack  of  conviction  disbelief  is  conviction,  to  the  contrary  ; 
unbelief  refers  to  a  settled  state  of  mind,  generally  accompanied 
with  opposition  of  heart.  Perplexity  is  active  and  painful ;  dotibt 
may  be  quiescent.  Perplexity  presses  toward  a  solution;  doid)t 
may  be  content  to  linger  unresolved.  Any  improbable  statement 
awakens  incredulity.  In  theological  usage  unbelief  and  skepti- 
cism have  a  condemnatory  force,  as  implying  wilful  rejection  of 
manifest  truth.  As  regards  practical  matters,  uncertainty  ap- 
plies to  the  unknown  or  undecided  ;  doidit  implies  some  negative 
evidence.  Suspense  regards  the  future,  and  is  eager  and  anxious ; 
uncertainty  may  relate  to  any  period,  and  be  quite  indifferent. 
Misgiving  is  ordinarily  in  regard  to  the  outcome  of  something 
already  done  or  decided  ;  hesitation,  indecision,  and  irresolution 
have  reference  to  something  that  remains  to  be  decided  or  done, 
and  are  due  of  tener  to  infirmity  of  will  than  to  lack  of  knowledge. 
Distrust  and  suspicion  apply  especially  to  the  motives,  character, 
etc.,  of  others,  and  are  more  decidedly  adverse  than  doubt. 
Scruple  relates  to  matters  of  conscience  and  duty. 
Antonyms: 


assurance, 
belief. 


certainty, 
confidence, 


conviction, 
decision, 


determination, 
persuasion. 


resolution, 
resolve. 


induce, 
lead, 


lure, 
pull, 


tow^, 
tug. 


I>RAW. 

Synonyms: 

allure,  drag,  haul, 

attract,         entice  inclim 

One  object  draios  another  when  it  moves  it  toward  itself  or  in 
the  direction  of  its  own  motion  by  the  exertion  of  adequate  force, 
whether  shght  or  powerful.  To  attract  is  to  exert  a  force  that 
tends  to  draiv,  tho  it  may  produce  no  actual  motion ;  all  ob- 
jects are  attracted  toward  the  earth,  tho  they  may  be  sustained 
from  falling.  To  drag  is  to  draiv  against  sti'ong  resistance ;  as, 
to  drag  a  sled  over  bare  ground,  or  a  carriage  up  a  steep  hill.  To 
pidl  is  to  exert  a  draiving  force,  whether  adequate  or  inadequate ; 


!'»«'  dream 

as,  the  fish  pidls  on  the  Hue  ;  a  dentist  pulls  a  tooth.  To  tug  is  to 
draw,  or  try  to  drmv,  a  resisting  object  with  a  continuous  sti-ain- 
ing  motion  ;  as,  to  tug  at  the  oar.  To  haid  is  to  draw  somewhat 
slowly  a  heavy  object ;  as,  to  hatd  a  seine ;  to  Jiaul  logs.  One 
vessel  totes  another.  In  the  figurative  sense,  attract  is  more 
nearly  akin  to  incline,  draw  to  induce.  We  are  attracted  by  one's 
appearance,  drawn  to  his  side.  Compare  allure  ;  array  ;  influ- 
ence. 

Aiitouynijii : 

alienate,  estrange,  rebuff,  reject,  repel,  repulse. 

See  synonyms  for  drive. 
Prepositions: 

To  draw  water  fro^n  or  otd  of  the  well ;  draw  the  boat  through 
the  water,  to  the  shore  ;  draw  air  into  the  lungs  ;  draw  ivith 
cords  of  love  ;  the  wagon  is  drawn  hy  horses,  along  the  road, 
across  the  field,  over  the  stones,  through  the  woods,  to  the  barn. 


DREAM. 

Synonyms: 

day=dream,  fantasy,  reverie,  trance, 

fancy,  liallucination,  romance,  vision. 

A  dream  is  strictly  a  train  of  thoughts,  fantasies,  and  images 
passing  through  the  mind  dming  sleep  ;  a  vision  may  occur  when 
one  is  awake,  and  in  clear  exercise  of  the  senses  and  mental  powers  ; 
vision  is  often  applied  to  something  seen  by  the  mind  through 
supernatural  agency,  whether  in  sleep  or  wakefulness,  conceived 
as  more  real  and  authoritative  than  a  dream ;  a  trance  is  an  ab- 
normal state,  which  is  different  from  normal  sleep  or  wakefulness. 
A  reverie  is  a  purposeless  drifting  of  the  mind  when  awake, 
under  the  influence  of  mental  images  ;  a  day-dream  that  w-liich 
passes  before  the  mind  in  such  condition.  A  fancy  is  some  image 
presented  to  the  mind,  often  in  the  fullest  exercise  of  its  powers. 
Hallucination  is  the  seeming  perception  of  non=existent  objects, 
as  in  insanity  or  delirium.  In  the  figurative  sense,  we  speak  of 
dreams  of  fortune,  visions  of  glory,  with  little  ditference  of  mean- 
ing except  that  the  vision  is  thought  of  as  fuller  and  more  vivid. 
We  speak  of  a  trance  of  delight  when  the  emotion  almost  sweeps 
one  away  from  the  normal  exercise  of  the  faculties. 
Antonyms : 

certainty,  fact,  reality,         realization,         substance,         verity. 


dress 

drive  140 


DRESS. 

Synonyms: 

apparel,     clothes,        garb,  habit,  uniform, 

array,         clothing,     garments.  raiment,     vestments, 

attire,         costume,     habiliments,     robes,  vesture. 

Clothing  denotes  the  entire  covering  of  the  body,  taken  as  a 
whole ;  clothes  and  garments  view  it  as  composed  of  separate 
parts.  Clothes,  clotliing,  and  garments  may  be  used  of  inner  or 
outer  covering  ;  all  the  other  words  in  the  hst  (with  possible  rare 
exceptions  in  the  case  of  raiment)  refer  to  the  outer  garments. 
Array,  raiment,  and  vesture  are  archaic  or  poetic ;  so,  too,  is 
habit,  except  in  technical  use  to  denote  a  lady's  riding=dress.  The 
word  vestments  is  now  rare,  except  in  ecclesiastical  use.  Apparel 
and  attire  are  most  frequently  used  of  somewhat  complete  and 
elegant  outer  clothing,  tho  Shakespeare  speaks  of  ' '  poor  and 
mean  attire."  Dress  may  be  used,  specifically,  for  a  woman's 
gown,  and  in  that  sense  may  be  either  rich  or  shabby  ;  but  in  the 
general  sense  it  denotes  outer  clothing  which  is  meant  to  be 
elegant,  complete,  and  apjiropriate  to  some  social  or  public  occa- 
sion ;  as,  full  dress,  court  dress,  evening  dress,  etc.  Dress  has 
now  largely  displaced  apparel  and  attire.  Garb  denotes  the 
clothing  characteristic  of  some  class,  profession,  or  the  like  ;  as, 
the  garb  of  a  priest.  Costume  is  chiefly  used  for  that  which  befits 
an  assumed  character ;  as,  a  threatrical  costume  ;  we  sometimes 
speak  of  a  national  costume,  etc. 
Antonyms; 

bareness,    disarray,    dishabille,    exposure,    nakedness,    nudity,    undress. 


DRIVE. 

Synonyms: 

compel,  propel,  repel,  resist,  thrust, 

impel,  push,  repulse,  ride,  urge  on. 

To  drive  is  to  move  an  object  with  some  force  or  violence  be- 
fore or  away  from  oneself  ;  it  is  the  direct  reverse  of  dratc,  lead, 
etc.  A  man  leads  a  horse  by  the  halter,  drives  him  with  whip 
and  rein.  One  may  be  driven,  to  a  thing  or  from  it ;  hence,  drive 
is  a  synonym  equally  for  compel  or  for  repel  or  repxdse.  Beptdse 
is  stronger  and  more  conclusive  than  repel ;  one  may  be  repelled 
by  the  very  aspect  of  the  person  whose  favor  he  seeks,  but  is  not 
repulsed  except  by  the  direct  refusal  or  ignoring  of  his  suit.  A 
certain  conventional  modern  usage,  especially  in  England,  re- 
quires us  to  say  that  we  drive  in  a  carriage,  ride  upon  a  horse  ; 
tho  in  Scripture  we  read  of  riding  in  a  chariot  (2  Kings  ix,  16 ; 
Jer.  xvii,  35,   etc.) ;   good  examples  of  the  same  usage  may  be 


141  duplicate 

found  abundantly  in  the  older  English,  The  propriety  of  a  per- 
son's saying  that  he  is  going  to  drive  when  he  is  simply  to  be  con- 
veyed in  a  carriage,  where  some  one  else,  as  the  coachman,  does 
all  the  driving,  is  exceedingly  questionable.  Many  good  author- 
ities prefer  to  use  ride  in  the  older  and  broader  sense  as  signifying 
to  be  supported  and  borne  along  by  any  means  of  conveyance. 
Compare  banish  ;  compel  ;  influence. 
AutonyiU!i«: 

See  synonyms  for  deaw. 
Prepositions : 

Drive  to  market ;  to  despair  ;  drive  into  exile  ;  from  one's 
presence  ;  out  of  the  city  ;  drive  by,  with,  or  under  the  lash  ;  chuve 
by  or  j^ast  beautiful  estates  ;  cdong  the  beach  ;  beside  the  river  ; 
through  the  park ;  across  the  field  ;  around  the  square  ;  to  the 
door ;  into  the  barn  ;  out  of  the  sunshine. 


DUPLICATE. 

Syiioiiyins  : 

copy,  facsimile,  likeness,  reproduction, 

counterpart,         imitation,  replica,  transcript. 

A  cojyy  is  as  nearly  like  the  original  as  the  copyist  has  power 
to  make  it  ;  a  duplicate  is  exactly  like  the  original  ;  a  carbon  copy 
of  a  typewritten  document  must  be  a  duplicate  ;  we  may  have  an 
inaccurate  copy,  but  never  an  inaccurate  duplicate.  A  facsimile 
is  like  the  original  in  appearance  ;  a  duplicate  is  the  same  as  the 
original  in  substance  and  effect ;  a  facsimile  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  is  not  a  duplicate.  A  facsimile  of  a  key  might  be 
quite  useless  ;  a  duplicate  will  open  the  lock.  A  counterpart  ex- 
actly corresponds  to  another  object,  but  perhaps  without  design, 
while  a  copy  is  intentional.  An  imitation  is  always  thought  of  as 
infei'ior  to  the  original  ;  as,  an  imitation  of  Milton.  A  replica  is 
a  copy  of  a  work  of  art  by  the  maker  of  the  original.  In  law,  a 
copy  of  an  instrument  has  in  itself  no  authority  ;  the  signatures, 
as  well  as  other  matters,  may  be  copied  ;  a  duplicate  is  really  an 
original,  containing  the  same  provisions  and  signed  by  the  same 
persons,  so  that  it  may  have  in  all  respects  the  same  force  and  ef- 
fect ;  a  transcript  is  an  official  copy,  authenticated  by  the  signa- 
ture of  the  projjer  officer,  and  by  the  seal  of  the  appropriate  court. 
While  strictly  there  could  be  but  one  dup)licate,  the  word  is  now 
extended  to  an  indefinite  number  of  exact  copies.  Reproduction 
is  chiefly  applied  to  living  organisms. 
Antonyms: 

archetype,  model,  original,  pattern,  prototype. 


duty 
eager 


142 


I>UTY. 

Synoiiyiiis  : 

accountability,  function,  office,  right, 

business,  obligation,     responsibility,   righteousness. 

Etymologically,  duty  is  that  which  is  owed  or  dvie  ;  obligation, 
that  to  or  by  which  one  is  bound ;  right,  that  which  is  correct, 
straight,  or  in  the  direct  Hne  of  truth  and  goodness ;  responsi- 
bility, that  for  which  one  must  answer.  Duty  and  responsihility 
are  thought  of  as  to  some  person  or  persons  ;  right  is  impersonal. 
One's  duty  may  be  to  others  or  to  himself ;  his  obligations  and 
responsibilities  are  to  others.  Duty  arises  from  the  nature  of 
things  ;  obligation  and  responsibility  may  be  created  by  circum- 
stances, as  by  one's  own  promise,  or  by  the  acceptance  of  a  trust, 
etc.  We  speak  of  a  parent's  didy,  a  debtor's  obligation  ;  or  of  a 
child's  duty  of  obedience,  and  a  parent's  responsibility  for  the 
child's  welfare.  Right  is  that  which  accords  with  the  moral  sys- 
tem of  the  imiverse.  Righteousness  is  right  incarnated  in  action. 
In  a  more  limited  sense,  right  may  be  used  of  what  one  may 
rightly  claim,  and  so  be  the  converse  of  duty.  It  is  the  creditor's 
right  to  demand  payment,  and  the  debtor's  duty  to  pay.  Compare 
BUSINESS.  

EAO£R. 

Synonyms : 

animated,  desirous.  glowing,      importunate,  longing, 

anxious,      earnest,  hot.  intense,  vehement, 

ardent.        enthusiastic,  impatient,   intent,  yearning, 

burning,     fervent,  impetuous,  keen,  zealous. 

One  is  eager  who  impatiently  desires  to  accomplish  some  end  ; 

one  is  earnest  with  a  desire  that  is  less  impatient,  but  more  deep, 

resolute,  and  constant  ;  one  is  anxious  with  a  desire  that  foresees 

rather  the  pain  of  disappointment  than  the  delight  of  attainment. 

One  is  eager  for  the  gratification  of  any  appetite  or  passion  ;  he  is 

earnest  in  conviction,  purpose,  or  character.    Eager  usually  refers 

to  some  specific  and  immediate  satisfaction,  earnest  to  something 

permanent  and  enduring  ;  the  patriotic  soldier  is  earnest  in  his 

devotion  to  his  country,  eager  for  a  decisive  battle. 

Antonyms: 

apathetic,       cool,  indifferent,         regardless,  unconcerned, 

calm,  dispassionate,        negligent,  stolid,  uninterested, 

careless,  frigid,  phlegmatic,         stony,  unmindful, 

cold,  heedless,  purposeless,        stupid,  unmoved. 

Prepositions  : 

Eager  for  (more  rarely  after)  favor,   honor,   etc.;  eager  in 

pursuit. 


*4«»  education 

EASE. 
^tyiioiiyiiiN : 

easiness,       expertness,       facility,        knack,       readiness. 

Ease  in  the  sense  here  considered  denotes  freedom  from  con- 
scious or  apparent  effort,  tax,  or  strain.  Ease  may  be  either  of 
condition  or  of  action  ;  facility  is  always  of  action  ;  readiness  is  of 
action  or  of  expected  action.  One  lives  at  ease  who  has  no  j^ress- 
ing  cares  ;  one  stands  at  ease,  moves  or  speaks  with  ease,  when 
wholly  without  constraint.  Facility  is  always  active  ;  readiness 
may  be  active  or  passive  ;  the  speaker  has  facility  of  expression, 
readiness  of  wit ;  any  appliance  is  in  reudiness  for  use.  Ease  of 
action  may  imply  merely  the  possession  of  ample  jjower  ;  facility 
always  implies  practise  and  skill ;  any  one  can  press  down  the 
keys  of  a  typewriter  with  ease  ;  only  the  skilled  operator  works 
the  machine  with  facility.  Readiness  in  the  active  sense  includes 
much  of  the  meaning  of  ease  with  the  added  idea  of  promptness 
or  alertness.  Easiness  applies  to  the  thing  done,  rather  than  to 
the  doer.  Exjjertness  applies  to  the  more  mechanical  processes  of 
body  and  mind  ;  we  speak  of  the  readiness  of  an  orator,  but  of 
the  expertness  of  a  gymnast.  Compare  comfortable  :  dexter- 
ity ;  POWER. 
Antonyms : 

annoyance,  constraint,     discomfort,     irritation,        trouble,  vexation, 

awkwardness,    difficulty,      disquiet,         perplexity,      uneasiness,      worry. 


EDCCATIOX. 

Synonyms: 

breeding,  discipline,  learning,  study, 

cultivation,  information,         nurture,  teaching, 

culture.  instruction,  reading,  training, 

development,        know^ledge,  schooling,  tuition. 

Education  (L.  educere,  to  lead  or  draw  out)  is  the  systematic 
development  and  cultivation  of  the  mind  and  other  natural  pow- 
ers. ' '  Education  is  the  harmonious  development  of  all  our  fac- 
ulties. It  begins  in  the  nursery,  and  goes  on  at  school,  but  does 
not  end  there.  It  continues  through  life,  whether  we  will  or  not. 
.  .  .  'Every  person,'  says  Gibbon,  'has  two  educations,  one 
which  he  receives  from  others,  and  one  more  important,  which  he 
gives  himself.'"  John  Lubbock  The  Use  of  Life  ch.  vii,  p.  111. 
[Macm,  '94.]  Instruction,  the  impartation  of  knowledge  by 
others  (L.  instruere,  to  build  in  or  into)  is  but  a  part  of  education, 
often  the  smallest  part.  Teaching  is  the  more  familiar  and  less 
formal  word  for  instruction.     Training  refers  not  merely  to  the 


eflrontery 


144 


impartation  of  knoivledge,  but  to  thejexercising  of  one  in  actions 
witli  the  design  to  form  habits.  l^isd^Mneis,  systematic  and  rig- 
orous training,  with  the  idea  of  siibjection  to  authority  and  per- 
haps of  punishment.  Tuition  is  the  technical  term  for  teaching 
as  the  business  of  an  instructor  or  as  in  the  routine  of  a  school ; 
-tidtion  is  narrower  than  teaching,  not,  like  the  latter  word,  in- 
cluding training.  Study  is  emphatically  what  one  does  for  him- 
self. We  speak  of  the  teaching,  training,  or  discipline,  but  not 
of  the  education  or  tuition  of  a  dog  or  a  horse.  Breeding  and 
nurture  include  teaching  and  training,  especially  as  directed  by 
and  dependent  upon  home  life  and  personal  association  ;  breeding 
having  reference  largely  to  manners  with  such  qualities  as  are 
deemed  distinctively  characteristic  of  high  birth  ;  nurture  (liter- 
ally 7iourishing)  having  more  direct  reference  to  moral  quahties, 
not  overlooking  the  physical  and  mental.  Knowledge  and  learn- 
ing tell  nothing  of  mental  development  apart  from  the  capacity 
to  acquire  and  remember,  and  nothing  whatever  of  that  moral 
development  which  is  included  in  education  in  its  fullest  and 
noblest  sense  ;  learning,  too,  may  be  acquired  by  one's  unaided 
industry,  but  any  full  education  must  be  the  result  in  great  part 
of  instruction,  training,  and  personal  association.  Study  is 
emphatically  what  one  does  for  himself,  and  in  which  instruction 
and  tuition  can  only  point  the  way,  encourage  the  student  to 
advance,  and  remove  obstacles ;  vigorous,  persevering  study  is 
one  of  the  best  elements  of  training.  Study  is  also  used  in  the 
sense  of  the  thing  studied,  a  subject  to  be  mastered  by  study,  a 
studious  pursuit.  Compare  knowledge  ;  refinement  ;  wisdom. 
Antoiiymfii : 

ignorance,  illiteracy. 

Comi^are  synonyms  for  ignorant. 


EFFRO:\TERY. 

Synonyms: 

assurance,         boldness,  hardihood,  insolence, 

audacity,  brass,  impudence,         shamelessness. 

Audacity,  in  the  sense  here  considered,  is  a  reckless  defiance  of 
law,  decency,  public  opinion,  or  personal  rights,  claims,  or  views, 
approaching  the  imeaning  of  imjjudence  or  shamelessness,  but 
always  carrying  the  thought  of  the  personal  risk  that  one  disre- 
gards in  such  defiance  ;  the  merely  impudent  or  shameless  person 
may   take  no  thought  of  consequences ;   the  audacious  person 


145  egotism 

recognizes  and  recklessly  braves  them.  HardiJiood  defies  and 
disregards  the  rational  judgment  of  men.  Effvoniery  (L.  effrons, 
barefaced,  shameless)  adds  to  audacity  and  hardihood  the  special 
element  of  defiance  of  considerations  of  propriety,  duty,  and 
respect  for  others,  yet  not  to  the  extent  impUed  in  impudence  or 
shamelessiiess.  Impudence  disregards  what  is  due  to  superiors ; 
shamelessness  defies  decency.  Boldness  is  forward=stepping  cour- 
age, spoken  of  with  reference  to  the  presence  and  observation  of 
others  ;  boldness,  in  the  good  sense,  is  courage  viewed  from  the 
outside  ;  but  the  word  is  frequently  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense 
to  indicate  a  lack  of  proper  sensitiveness  and  modesty.     Compare 

ASSURANCE ;  BRAVE . 
Antonyms : 

bashfulness,  diffidence,  sensitiveness,  shyness, 

coyness,  modesty,  shrinking,  timidity. 


EGOTISITI. 

Synonyms  : 

conceit,        self-assertion,      self=confldence.  self-esteem, 

egoism,        self=conceit,  self=consciousness,     vanity. 

Egoism  is  giving  the  "  I "'  undue  supremacy  in  thought ;  ego- 
tism is  giving  the  "  I  "  undue  prominence  in  speech.  Egotism  is 
sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  egoism,  or  supreme  regard  for  one- 
self. Self-assertion  is  the  claim  by  word,  act,  or  manner  of  what 
one  believes  to  be  his  due  ;  self-conceit  is  an  overestimate  of  one's 
own  powers  or  deserts.  Conceit  is  a  briefer  expression  for  6e//= 
conceit,  with  always  an  offensive  implication  ;  self-conceit  is  ridic- 
ulous or  pitiable  ;  conceit  arouses  resentment.  There  is  a  worthy 
self-confidence  which  springs  from  consciousness  of  rectitude  and 
of  power  equal  to  demands.  Self-assertion  at  times  becomes  a 
duty  ;  but  self-conceit  is  always  a  weakness.  Self-consciousness 
is  the  keeping  of  one's  thoughts  upon  oneself,  with  the  constant 
anxious  question  of  what  others  will  think.  Vanity  is  an  over- 
weening admiration  of  self,  craving  equal  admiration  from  others; 
self-consciousness  is  commonly  painful  to  its  possessor,  vanity 
always  a  source  of  satisfaction,  except  as  it  fails  to  receive  its 
supposed  due.  Self-esteem  is  more  solid  and  better  founded  than 
self-conceit ;  but  is  ordinarily  a  weakness,  and  never  has  the 
worthy  sense  of  self-confide7ice.  Compare  assurance  ;  pride. 
Antonyms: 

bashfulness,    diffidence,    modesty,  self»forgetfulness,    unobtrusiveness, 

deference,        humility,      self  ^distrust,    shyness,  unostentatiousness. 

10 


emblem  146 

EMBLEM. 

Synonyms; 

attribute,     figure,     image,    sign,    symbol,    token,    type. 

Emblem  is  the  English  form  of  emblema,  a  Latin  word  of  Greek 
origin,  signifying  a  figure  beaten  out  on  a  metallic  vessel  by  blows 
from  within  ;  also,  a  figure  inlaid  in  wood,  stone,  or  other  mate- 
rial as  a  copy  of  some  natural  object.     The  Greek  ^vord  symbolon 
denoted  a  victor's  wreath,  a  check,  or  any  object  that  might  be 
compared  with,  or  found  to  correspond  with  another,  whether 
tliere  was  or  was  not  anything  in  the  objects  compared  to  suggest 
the  comimrison.     Thus  an  emblem  resembles,  a  sijmJwl  represents. 
An  emblem  has  some  natural  fitness  to  suggest  that  for  which  it 
stands  ;  a  symbol  has  been  chosen  or  agreed  upon  to  suggest  some- 
thing else,  with  or  without  natural  fitness  ;  a  sig?i  does  actually 
suggest  the  thing  with  or  without  reason,  and  with  or  without  in- 
tention or  choice.     A  symbol  may  be  also  an  emblem ;  thus  the 
elements  of  bread  and  wine  in  the  Lord's  Supper  are  both  appro- 
priate emblems  and  his  own  chosen  sijmbols  of  suffering  and  death. 
A  statement  of  doctrines  is  often  called  a  symbol  of  faith  ;  but  it 
is  not  an  emblem.     On  tlie  other  hand,  the  same  thing  may  be 
both  a  sign  and  a  symbol ;  a  letter  of  the  alphabet  is  a  sign  which 
indicates  a  sound ;  but  letters  are  often  used  as  mathematical, 
chemical,  or  astronomical  symbols.     A  token  is  something  given 
or  done  as  a  pledge  or  expression  of  feeling  or  intent ;  while  the 
sign  may  be  unintentional,  the  token  is  voluntary ;  kind  looks  may 
be  signs  of  regard  ;  a  gift  is  a  token  ;  a  ring,  which  is  a  natural  em- 
blem of  eternity,  and  also  its  accepted  symbol,  is  frequently  given 
as  a  token  of  friendship  or  love.     A  figure  in  the  sense  here  con- 
sidered is  something  that  represents  an  idea  to  the  mind  somewhat 
as  a  form  is  represented  to  the  eye,  as  in  drawing,  painting,  or 
sculpture  ;  as  representing  a  future  reaUty,  a  figure  may  be  prac- 
tically the  same  as  a  tyjje.     An  image  is  a  visible  representation, 
especially  in  sculpture,  having  or  supposed  to  have  a  close  resem- 
blance to  that  which  it  represents.     A  tyjM  is  in  religion  a  repre- 
sentation of  a  greater  reality  to  come  ;  we  speak  of  one  object  as 
the  type  of  the  class  whose  characteristics  it  exhibits,  as  in  the 
case  of  animal  or  vegetable  types.     An  attribtite  in  art  is  some  ac- 
cessory used  to  characterize  a  figure  or  scene ;  the  attribute  is 
often  an  emblem  or  symbol ;  thus  the  eagle  is  the  attribute  of  St. 
John  as  an  emblem  of  lofty  spiritual  vision.     Compare  sign. 


emigrate 
147  employ 

EMIORATE. 

Synonyms : 

immigrate,  migrate. 

To  inigraie  is  to  change  one's  dwelling=place,  usually  with  the 
idea  of  repeated  change,  or  of  periodical  return ;  it  applies  to 
wandering  tribes  of  men,  and  to  many  birds  and  animals.  Emi- 
grate and  immigrate  carry  the  idea  of  a  permanent  change  of 
residence  to  some  other  country  or  some  distant  region  ;  the  two 
words  are  used  distinctively  of  human  beings,  and  apply  to  the 
same  person  and  the  same  act,  according  to  the  side  from  which 
the  action  is  viewed. 
Prepositions : 

A  person  emigrates  from  the  land  he  leaves,  and  immigrates  to 
the  land  where  he  takes  up  his  abode. 


EMPLOY. 

Synonyms : 

call,    engage,    engross,    hire,    make  use  of,    use,    use  up. 

In  general  terms  it  may  be  said  that  to  employ  is  to  devote  to 
one's  purpose,  to  use  is  to  render  subservient  to  one's  purpose ; 
what  is  used  is  viewed  as  more  absolutely  an  instrument  than 
what  is  employed  ;  a  merchant  employs  a  clerk  ;  he  uses  pen  and 
paper  ;  as  a  rule,  use  is  not  said  of  persons,  except  in  a  degrading 
sense  ;  as,  the  conspirators  used  him  as  a  go=between.  Hence  the 
expression  common  in  some  religious  circles  "that  God  would 
use  me  "  is  not  to  be  commended ;  it  has  also  the  fault  of  repre- 
senting the  human  worker  as  absolutely  a  passive  and  helpless  in- 
strument ;  the  phrase  is  altogether  unscriptural ;  the  Scripture 
says,  ''We  are  laborers  together  with  (co= workers  with)  God." 
That  which  is  used  is  often  consumed  in  the  using,  or  in  familiar 
phrase  used  tip ;  as,  we  tised  twenty  tons  of  coal  last  winter  ;  in 
such  cases  we  could  not  substitute  employ.  A  person  may  be  em- 
ployed in  his  own  work  or  in  that  of  another  ;  in  the  latter  case 
the  service  is  always  understood  to  be  for  pay.  In  this  connection 
employ  is  a  word  of  more  dignity  than  hire  ;  a  general  is  employed 
in  his  country's  service ;  a  naercenary  adventurer  is  hired  to  fight 
a  tyrant's  battles.  It  is  unsuitable,  according  to  present  usage,  to 
speak  of  hiring  a  pastor ;  the  Scripture,  indeed,  says  of  the 
preacher,  "The  laborer  is  worthy  of  his  hire";  but  this  sense  is 
archaic,  and  hire  now  implies  that  the  one  hired  works  directly 
and  primarily  for  the  pay,  as  expressed  in  the  noun  "hireling"; 
a  pastor  is  properly  said  to  be  called,  or  when  the  business  side 


end 


148 


of  the  transaction  is  referred  to,  engaged,  or  possibly  employed, 
at  a  certain  salary. 
Prepositions  : 

Employ  in,  on,  upon,  or  about  a  work,  business,  etc.;  for  a 
purpose  ;  at  a  stipulated  salary. 


quit,    terminate, 
stop,    ■wind  up. 


EMD,  V. 
Synonyms  : 

break  off,    close,  conclude,    expire, 

cease,  complete,    desist,  finish. 

That  ends,  or  is  ended,  of  which  there  is  no  more,  whether  or 
not  more  was  intended  or  needed  ;  that  is  closed,  completed,  con- 
cluded, or  finished  which  has  come  to  an  expected  or  appropriate 
end.  A  speech  may  be  ended  almost  as  soon  as  begun,  because  of 
the  speaker's  illness,  or  of  tumult  in  the  audience  ;  in  such  a  case, 
the  speech  is  neither  closed,  completed,  nor  finished,  nor,  in  the 
strict  sense,  concluded.  An  argument  may  be  closed  with  noth- 
ing proved  ;  when  an  argument  is  concluded  all  that  is  deemed 
necessary  to  prove  the  point  has  been  stated.  To  finish  is  to  do 
the  last  thing  there  is  to  do  ;  as,  "  I  have  finished  my  course,"  S 
Tim.  iv,  7.  Finish  has  come  to  mean,  not  merely  to  complete  in 
the  essentials,  but  to  perfect  in  all  the  minute  details,  as  in  the  ex- 
pression "to  add  t\\e  finishing  touches."  The  enumeration  is 
completed;  the  poem,  the  picture,  the  statue  is  finished.  To  ter- 
minate may  be  either  to  bring  to  an  arbitrary  or  to  an  appropriate 
end  ;  as,  he  terminated  his  remarks  abruptly;  the  spire  terminates 
in  a  cross.  A  thing  stops  that  comes  to  rest  from  motion ;  or  the 
motion  stops  or  ceases  when  the  object  comes  to  rest  ;  stop  fre- 
quently signifies  to  bring  or  come  to  a  sudden  and  decided  cessa- 
tion of  motion,  progress,  or  action  of  any  kind.     Compare  DO  ; 

TRANSACT. 
A.ntouyius : 

See  synonymns  for  begin. 


Synonyms: 

accomplishment, 

achievement, 

bound. 

boundary, 

cessation, 

close. 

completion, 

conclusion, 

consectuence, 

consummation, 

design. 


E5JI>,  n. 

effect, 

expiration, 

extent, 

extremity, 

finale, 

finis, 

finish, 

fulfilment, 

goal, 

intent, 

issue, 


limit, 

outcome, 

period, 

point, 

purpose, 

result, 

termination, 

terminus, 

tip, 

utmost. 

uttermost. 


I'*"  endeavor,  v. 

The  end  is  the  terminal  part  of  a  material  object  that  has 
length ;  the  extremity  is  distinctively  the  terminal  point,  and  may 
thus  be  but  part  of  the  end  in  the  general  sense  of  that  word  ;  the 
extremity  is  viewed  as  that  which  is  most  remote  from  some  cen- 
ter, or  some  mean  or  standard  position ;  the  southern  end  of 
South  America  includes  all  Patagonia,  the  southern  extremity  or 
point  is  Cape  Horn.  Tip  has  nearly  the  same  meaning  as  ex- 
tremity, but  is  said  of  small  or  slight  and  tapering  objects  ;  as,  the 
tip  of  the  finger  ;  point  in  such  connections  is  said  of  that  which 
is  drawn  out  to  exceeding  fineness  or  sharpness,  as  the  point  of  a 
needle,  a  fork,  or  a  sword  ;  extremity  is  said  of  something  consid- 
erable ;  we  do  not  speak  of  the  extremity  of  a  needle.  Terminus  is 
chiefly  used  to  designate  the  end  of  a  line  of  travel  or  transporta- 
tion :  specifically,  the  furthermost  station  in  any  direction  on  a 
railway,  or  by  extension  the  town  or  village  where  it  is  situated. 
Termination  is  the  Latin  and  more  formal  word  for  the  Saxon 
end,  but  is  chiefly  used  of  time,  words,  undertakings,  or  abstrac- 
tions of  any  kind.  Expiration  signifies  the  coming  to  an  end  in 
the  natural  course  of  things ;  as,  the  expiration  of  a  year,  or  of  a 
lease  ;  it  is  used  of  things  of  some  consequence  ;  we  do  not  ordi- 
narily speak  of  the  expiration  of  an  hour  or  of  a  day.  Limit  im- 
plies some  check  to  or  restraint  upon  further  advance,  right,  or 
privilege  ;  as,  the  limits  of  an  estate  (compare  boundary).  A 
goal  is  an  end  sought  or  striven  for,  as  in  a  race.  For  the  figura- 
tive senses  of  end  and  its  associated  words,  compare  the  synonyms 
for  the  verb  end;  also  for  aim  ;  conseqence;  design. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  beoinning. 


E]\DEAVOR,  V. 
Synonyms: 

attempt,  essay,  strive,  try,  undertake. 

To  attempt  is  to  take  action  somewhat  experimentally  with  the 
hope  and  purpose  of  accomplishing  a  certain  result ;  to  endeavor 
is  to  attempt  sh-enuously  and  with  firm  and  enduring  purpose. 
To  attempt  expresses  a  single  act ;  to  endeavor,  a  continuous 
exertion ;  we  say  I  will  endeavor  (not  I  will  attempt)  while  I  live. 
To  attempt  is  with  the  view  of  accomplishing  ;  to  essay,  with  a 
view  of  testing  our  own  powers.  To  iindertake  is  to  accept  or 
take  upon  oneself  as  an  obligation,  as  some  business,  labor,  or 
trust ;  the  word  often  implies  complete  assurance  of  success  ;  as. 


endeavor,  n.  -  _  _ 

endure  lOU 

I  will  undertake  to  produce  the  witness.  To  strwe  suggests  little 
of  the  result,  much  of  toil,  strain,  and  contest,  in  seeking  it ;  I 
will  airive  to  fulfil  your  wishes,  i.  e.,  I  will  spare  no  labor  and 
exertion  to  do  it.  Try  is  the  most  comprehensive  of  these  woi-ds. 
The  original  idea  of  testing  or  experimenting  is  not  thought  of 
when  a  man  says  "  I  will  try."  To  attempt  suggests  giving  up,  if 
the  thing  is  not  accomplished  at  a  stroke  ;  to  try  implies  using 
other  means  and  studying  out  other  ways  if  not  at  first  successful. 
Endeavor  is  more  mild  and  formal ;  the  pilot  in  the  burning  pilot= 
house  does  not  say  "  I  will  endeavor"  or  "I  will  attemxit  to  hold 
the  ship  to  her  course,"  but  "  I'll  try,  sir  ! " 
Antonyms : 

abandon,  give  up,  omit,  throw  away, 

dismiss,  let  go,  overlook,  throw  over, 

drop,  neglect,  pass  by,  throw  up. 


ENDEAVOR,  n. 
Synonymis  : 

attempt,       effort,       essay,      exertion,      struggle,     trial. 

Effort  denotes  the  voluntary  putting  forth  of  power  to  attain 
or  accomplish  some  specific  thing ;  it  reaches  toward  a  definite 
end  ;  exertion  is  a  putting  forth  of  power  without  special  refer- 
ence to  an  object.  Every  effort  is  an  exertion,  but  not  every 
exertion  is  an  effort.  Attempt  is  more  experimental  than  effort, 
endeavor  less  strenuous  but  more  continuous.  An  effort  is  a  sin- 
gle act,  an  endeavor  a  continued  series  of  acts ;  an  endeavor  is 
sustained  and  enduring,  and  may  be  lifelong ;  we  do  not  have  a 
society  of  Christian  Attempt,  or  of  Christian  Effort,  but  of  Chris- 
tian Endeavor.  A  struggle  is  a  violent  effort  or  sti-enuous  exer- 
tion. An  essay  is  an  attenqjt,  effort,  or  endeavor  made  as  a  test 
of  the  powers  of  the  one  who  makes  it.     Compare  endeavor,  v. 


E^^DURE. 

Synonyms :  * 

abide,     bear,  brook,  submit  to,    sustain, 

afford,    bear  up  under,    permit,  suffer,  tolerate, 

allow,     bear  with,  put  up  with,    support,        undergo. 

Bear  is  the  most  general  of  these  words;  it  is  metaphorically 

to  hold  up  or  keep  up  a  burden  of  care,  pain,  grief,  annoyance,  or 

the  like,  without  sinking,  lamenting,  or  repining.     AUoio  and  j;er- 

viit  involve  large  concession  of  the  will  ;  p)iit  up  tvith  and  tolerate 

imply  decided  aversion  and  reluctant  withliolding  of  opposition  or 


131  enemy 

interference  ;  whispering  is  allowed  by  the  school-teacher  who 
does  not  forbid,  nor  censure  it ;  one  puts  up  u-ith  the  presence  of  a 
disagreeable  visitor  ;  a  state  tolerates  a  religion  which  it  would  be 
glad  to  suppress.  To  endure  is  to  hear  tcith  strain  and  resist- 
ance, but  with  conscious  power ;  endure  conveys  a  fviUer  suggestion 
of  contest  and  conquest  than  hear.  One  may  clioose  to  endure 
x\\e  pain  of  a  surgical  operation  rather  than  take  anesthetics  ;  he 
permits  the  thing  to  come  which  he  must  brace  himself  to  endure 
when  it  comes.  To  afford  is  to  be  equal  to  a  pecuniary  demand, 
*.  e.,  to  be  able  to  hear  it.  To  hrook  is  quietly  to  put  up  ivith 
provocation  or  insult.  Ahide  combines  the  senses  of  await  and 
endure  ;  as,  I  will  ahide  the  result.  Compare  abide  ;  support. 
AiitoiiyiU)^: 

break,  despair       fail,  fall,  Rive  out,      6inl<,  surremlor, 

break  down,      droop,        faint,       falter,      give  up,        succumb,      yield. 


Syiioiiyiiis: 

adversary,    antagonist,    competitor,    foe,    opponent,    rival. 

An  enemy  in  private  life  is  one  who  is  moved  by  hostile  feeling 
with  active  disposition  to  injure  ;  but  in  military  language  all  who 
fight  on  the  opposite  side  are  called  enemies  or  collectively  "the 
enemy,"  where  no  personal  animosity  may  be  implied  ;  foe,  which 
is  rather  a  poetical  and  literary  word,  implies  intensely  hostile 
spirit  and  purpose.  An  antagonist  is  one  who  opposes  and  is 
opposed  actively  and  with  intensity  of  effort ;  an  oppo7ient,  one 
in  whom  the  attitude  of  resistance  is  the  more  prominent ;  a  com- 
petitor, one  who  seeks  the  same  object  for  which  another  is  sti'i- 
ving  ;  antago7iists  in  wTestling,  competitors  in  business,  oppo7ients 
in  debate  may  contend  with  no  personal  ill  will ;  rivals  in  love, 
ambition,  etc.,  rarely  avoid  inimical  feeling.  Adversary  was 
formerly  much  iised  in  the  general  sense  of  antagonist  or  oppo- 
nent, but  is  now-  less  common,  and  largely  restricted  to  the  hostile 
sense  ;  an  adversary  is  ordinarily  one  who  not  only  opposes  an- 
other in  fact,  but  does  so  with  hostile  spirit,  or  perhaps  out  of  pure 
malignity ;   as,  the  gi-eat  Adversary.     Compare  synonyms  for 

AMBITION. 

Antonyms  : 

abettor,       accessory,       accomplice,      ally,      friend,       helper,      supporter. 
Prepositions . 

He  was  the  enemy  of  my  friend  in  the  contest. 


enmity  ■»  /-« 

entertain  *«*.« 


ENMITY. 

Synonyms: 

acrimony,  bitterness,  ill  will,  malignity, 

animosity,         hatred,  malevolence,     rancor, 

antagonism,     hostility,  malice,  spite. 

Enmity  is  the  state  of  being  an  enemy  or  the  feeling  and  dispo- 
sition characterizing  an  enemy  (compare  enemy).  Animosity  de- 
notes a  feeling  more  active  and  vehement,  but  often  less  enduring 
and  determined,  than  enmity.  Enmity  distinctly  recognizes  its 
object  as  an  enemy,  to  be  met  or  dealt  with  accordingly.  Hostil- 
ity is  enmity  in  action  ;  the  term  hostilities  between  nations  de- 
notes actual  armed  coUision.  Bitterness  is  a  resentful  feeling 
arising  from  a  belief  that  one  has  been  wronged  ;  acrimony  is  a 
kindred  feeling,  but  deeper  and  more  persistent,  and  may  arise 
from  the  crossing  of  one's  wishes  or  plans  by  another,  where  no 
injustice  or  vrcong  is  felt.  Antagonism,  as  between  two  competing 
authors  or  merchants,  does  not  necessarily  imply  enmity,  but  or- 
dinarily suggests  a  shade,  at  least,  of  hostile  feeling.  Malice  is  a 
disposition  or  intent  to  injure  others,  for  the  gratification  of  some 
evil  passion  ;  malignity  is  intense  and  violent  enmity,  hatred,  or 
malice.  Compare  synonyms  for  ACRIMONY  ;  anger  ;  hatred. 
Antonyms : 

asfeement,  amity,  friendship,  kimlliness,        regard, 

alliance,  concord,  harmony,  kindness,  sympathy. 


ENTERTAIN. 
Synonyms : 

amuse.       cheer,       disport,    enliven,    interest,    please, 
beguile,     delight,    divert,      gratify,     occupy,     recreate. 

To  entertain,  in  the  sense  here  considered,  is  to  engage  and 
pleasantly  occupy  the  attention  ;  to  amuse  is  to  occupy  the  atten- 
tion in  an  especially  bright  and  cheerful  way,  often  with  that 
which  excites  merriment  or  laughter  ;  as,  he  entertained  us  with 
an  amusing  story.  To  divert  is  to  turn  from  serious  thoughts 
or  laborious  pursuits  to  something  that  lightly  and  agreeably  oc- 
cupies the  mind ;  one  may  be  entertained  or  amused  who  has 
nothing  serious  or  laborious  from  which  to  be  diverted.  To  recre- 
ate, literally  to  re=create,  is  to  engage  mind  or  body  in  some  pleas- 
ing activity  that  restores  sti-ength  and  energy  for  serious  work. 
To  beguile  is,  as  it  were,  to  cheat  into  cheer  and  comfort  by  some- 
thing that  insensibly  draws  thought  or  feeling  away  from  pain  or 
disquiet.  We  beguile  a  weary  hour,  cheer  the  despondent,  divert 
the  preoccupied,  enliven  a  dull  evening  or  company,  gratify  our 


eiitertainineiit 
lo3  cutliuiiitasiii 


friends'  wishes,  entertain,  interest,  please  a  listening  audience, 
occupy  idle  time,  disport  ourselves  when  merry,  recreate  when 
worn  with  toil  ;  we  amuse  ourselves  or  others  with  whatever 
pleasantly  passes  the  time  without  special  exertion,  each  according 
to  his  taste. 
Antoiiyni!^: 

annoy,    bore,    busy,    disquiet,    distract,    disturb,    tire,    weary. 


EBfTERTAiafMEl^T. 
Synonyms  : 

amusement,  diversion,  fun.  pleasure, 

cheer,  enjoyment,  merriment,       recreation, 

delight,  frolic,  pastime,  sport. 

Entertainment  and  recreation  imply  thought  and  mental  occu- 
pation, tho  in  an  agreeable,  refreshing  way ;  they  are  there- 
fore words  of  a  high  order.  Entertainment,  apart  from  its  special 
senses  of  a  public  performance  or  a  social  party,  and  predom- 
inantly even  there,  is  used  of  somewhat  mirthful  mental  delight ; 
recreation  may,  and  usually  does,  combine  the  mental  with  the 
physical.  Amusement  and  pastime  are  nearly  equivalent,  the 
latter  probably  the  lighter  word  ;  many  slight  things  may  be 
pastimes  which  we  should  hardly  dignify  by  the  name  of  amuse- 
ments. Sports  are  almost  wholly  on  the  physical  plane,  tho 
involving  a  certain  grade  of  mental  action ;  fox-liunting,  horse* 
racing,  and  baseball  are  sports.  Certain  sports  may  afford  enter- 
tainment or  recreation  to  certain  persons,  according  to  their  indi- 
vidual tastes  ;  but  entertainment  and  recreation  are  capable  of  a 
meaning  so  high  as  never  to  be  approached  by  any  meaning  of 
sport.  Cheer  may  be  very  quiet,  as  the  cheer  of  a  bright  fire  to 
an  aged  traveler  ;  merriment  is  with  liveliness  and  laughter  ;  fun 
and  frolic  are  apt  to  be  boisterous.  Amusement  is  a  form  of  enjoy- 
ment, but  enjoyment  may  be  too  keen  to  be  called  amusement. 
Compare  synonoyms  for  ENTERTAIN. 

Antonyms : 

ennui,        fatigue,        labor,        lassitude,        toil,        weariness,        work. 


EI^THIJSIASM. 

Synonyms  : 

ardor.  excitement,  frenzy,  transport, 

devotion,  extravagance,  inspiration,       vehemence, 

eagerness,  fanaticism,  intensity  w^armth, 

earnestness,  fervency,  passion,  zeal, 

ecstacy,  fervor,  rapture. 

The  old  meaning  of  enthusiasm  implies  a  -pseudo'insjnration, 


154 

entrance  *"■•« 

an  almost  frantic  extravagance  in  behalf  of  something  supposed 
to  be  an  expression  of  the  divine  will.  This  sense  remains  as  the 
controUing  one  in  the  kindi-ecl  noun  entlmsiast.  Enthusiasm  has 
now  chiefly  the  meaning  of  an  earnest  and  commendable  devotion, 
an  intense  and  eager  interest.  Against  the  hindrances  of  the 
world,  nothing  great  and  good  can  be  carried  without  a  certain 
fervor,  intensity,  and  vehemence  ;  these  joined  with  faith,  courage, 
and  hopefulness  make  enthusiasm.  Zeal  is  burning  earnestness, 
always  tending  to  vigorous  action  with  all  the  devotion  of  enthu- 
siasm, tho  often  without  its  hopefulness.  Compare  eager. 
Antonyms:  ^ 

calculation,    caution,        deadness,     indifference,  policy,  timidity, 

calmness,       coldness,      dulness,        lukewarmness,        prudence,        warmesB. 


E]\TRA]\[CE. 
Synonyms : 

access,  approacU,  gate.  introduction, 

accession,  door,  gateway,  opening, 

adit,  doorway,  ingress,  penetration, 

admission,  entree  inlet,  portal, 

admittance,  entry, 

Entrance,  the  act  of  entering,  refers  merely  to  the  fact  of  pass- 
ing from  without  to  within  some  enclosure  ;  admission  and  ad- 
mittance  refer  to  entering  by  or  with  some  one's  consent,  or  at 
least  to  opportunity  afforded  by  some  one's  act  or  neglect.  We 
may  effect  or  force  an  entrance,  but  not  admittance  or  admission; 
those  we  gain,  procm-e,  obtain,  secure,  win.  Admittance  vetevs  to 
place,  admission  refers  also  to  position,  privilege,  favor,  friend- 
sliip,  etc.  An  intruder  may  gain  admittance  to  the  hall  of  a  soci- 
ety who  would  not  be  allowed  admission  to  its  membership.  Ap- 
proach  is  a  movement  toward  another ;  access  is  coming  all  the 
way  to  his  presence,  recognition,  and  consideration.  An  unworthy 
favorite  may  prevent  even  those  who  gain  admittance  to  a  king's 
audience  from  obtaining  any  real  access  to  the  king.  Entrance 
is  also  used  figuratively  for  setting  out  upon  some  career,  or  be- 
coming a  member  of  some  organization;  as,  we  speak  of  one's 
entrance  upon  college  life,  or  of  entrance  into  the  ministry. 
Antonyms: 

departure,  ejection,  exit,  refusal,  withdrawal. 

egress,  exclusion,  expulsion,  rejection, 

Prepositions : 

Entrance  iiito  a  place  ;  on  or  upon  a  work  or  course  of  action  ; 
into  or  %ipon  office  ;  into  battle  ;  hij  or  through  the  door  ;  unthin 
the  gates  ;  into  or  among  tlie  company. 


envious 
155  equivocal 


E»JVIOUS. 
Synonyms: 

jealous,       suspicious. 

One  is  envious  who  cherishes  selfish  ill  will  toward  another  be- 
cause of  his  superior  success,  endowments,  possessions,  or  the 
like.  A  person  is  euTious  of  that  wliich  is  another's,  and  to  which 
he  himself  has  no  right  or  claim  ;  he  is  jealous  of  intrusion  upon 
that  which  is  his  own.  or  to  which  he  maintains  a  right  or  claim. 
An  envious  spirit  is  always  bad  ;  a  jealous  spirit  may  be  good  or 
bad,  according  to  its  object  and  tendency.  A  free  people  must  be 
jealous  of  their  liberties  if  they  would  retain  tliem.  One  is  sus- 
picious of  another  from  unfavorable  indications  or  from  a  knowl- 
edge of  wrong  in  his  previous  conduct,  or  even  without  reason. 
Compare  doubt. 
Antonyms : 

contented,        friendly,        kindly,        satisfied,        trustful,        well=disposed. 
Prepositions: 

Envious  of  (formerly  at  or  against)  a  person ;  envious  of  his 
wealth  or  power  ;  envious  of  him  for,  because  of,  on  account  of 
his  wealth  or  power. 

EQIJIVOCAI.. 

Synonyms: 

ambiguous        enigmatical,        indistinct,        questionable, 
doubtful,  Indefinite,  obscure,  suspicious, 

dubious,  indeterminate,   perplexing,     uncertain, 

enigmatic, 

Equivocal  (L.  equus,  equal,  and  vox,  voice,  word)  denotes  that 
which  may  equally  well  be  understood  in  either  of  two  or  more 
ways.  Ambiguous  (L.  ambi,  around,  and  ago,  drive,  lead)  signi- 
fies lacking  in  distinctness  or  certainty,  obscure  or  doubtful 
through  indefiniteness  of  expression.  Ambiguous  is  applied  only 
to  spoken  or  written  statements  ;  equivocal  has  other  applications. 
A  statement  is  ambiguous  when  it  leaves  the  mind  of  the  reader 
or  hearer  to  fluctuate  between  two  meanings,  which  would  fit  the 
language  equally  weU ;  it  is  equivocal  w4ien  it  would  naturally  be 
understood  in  one  way,  but  is  capable  of  a  different  interpretation  ; 
an  equivocal  expression  is,  as  a  rule,  intentionally  deceptive, 
while  an  ambiguous  utterance  may  be  simply  the  result  of  a  want 
either  of  clear  thought  or  of  adequate  expression.  That  which  is 
enigmatical  must  be  guessed  like  a  riddle  ;  a  statement  may  be 
purposely  made  enigmatical  in  order  to  provoke  thought  and 
study.  That  is  doubtful  which  is  fairly  open  to  doubt ;  that  is 
dubious  which  has  become  the  subject  of  doubts  so  grave  as 


esteem,  v.  156 

scarcely  to  fall  short  of  condemnation  ;  as.  a  dubious  reputation. 
Questionable  may  be  used  nearly  in  the  sense  either  of  dubious  or 
of  doubtful ;  a  questionable  statement  is  one  that  must  be  proved 
before  it  can  be  accepted.  To  say  that  one's  honesty  is  questionable 
is  a  mild  way  of  saying  that  in  the  opinion  of  the  speaker  he  is 
likely  to  prove  dishonest.  Equivocal  is  sometimes,  tho  more 
rarely,  used  in  this  sense,  A  suspicious  character  gives  manifest 
reason  to  be  suspected ;  a  suspicious  temper  is  inclined  to  suspect 
the  motives  and  intentions  of  others,  with  or  Avithout  reason. 
Compare  clear. 

Antonyms: 

certain,  evident,  lucid,  perspicnous,  unequivocal, 

clear,  indisputable,  manifest,  plain,  iinquestionaDle, 

distinct,  indubitable,  obvious,  unambiguous,  unquestioned. 


ESTEEII,  V. 
Synonyms: 

appreciate,       consider,       estimate,       prize,  think, 

calculate,  deem,  hold,  regard,       value. 

Esteem  and  estimate  alike  imply  to  set  a  certain  mental  value 
upon,  but  esteem  is  less  precise  and  mercantile  than  calcidate  or 
estimate.  "We  esteem  a  jewel  precious  ;  we  estimate  it  to  be  worth 
so  mvich  money.  This  sense  of  esteem  is  now  chiefly  found  in  lit- 
erary or  oratorical  style,  and  in  certain  conventional  phi'ases  ;  as, 
I  esteem  it  an  honor,  a  favor.  In  popular  usage  esteem,  as  said  of 
persons,  denotes  a  union  of  respect  and  kindly  feeling  and,  in  the 
highest  sense,  of  moral  approbation ;  as,  one  whom  I  highly 
esteem  ;  the  word  may  be  used  in  a  similar  sense  of  material 
things  or  abstractions  ;  as,  one  whose  friendship  I  esteem  ;  a  shell 
gTeatly  esteemed  for  inlaid  work.  To  appreciate  anything  is  to 
be  deeply  or  keenly  sensible  of  or  sensitive  to  its  qualities  or  in- 
fluence, to  see  its  full  import,  be  alive  to  its  value,  importance,  or 
worth  ;  as,  to  appreciate  beauty  or  harmony  ;  to  appreciate  one's 
services  in  a  cause ;  the  word  is  similarly,  tho  rarely,  used  of 
persons.  To  prize  is  to  set  a  high  value  on  for  something  more 
than  merely  commercial  reasons.  One  may  vcdue  some  object,  as 
a  j)icture,  beyond  all  price,  as  a  family  heirloom,  or  may  ];>rize  it 
as  the  gift  of  an  esteemed  friend,  without  at  all  appreciating  its 
artistic  merit  or  commercial  value.  To  regard  (F.  regarder,  look 
at,  observe)  is  to  have  a  certain  mental  view  favorable  or  unfavor- 
able ;  as,  I  regard  him  as  a  friend  ;  or,  I  regard  him  as  a  villain ; 
regard  has  a  distinctively  favorable  sense  as  applied  to  institutions 


1^  esteem,??. 

loT  eternal 


propi'ieties,  duties,  etc. ,  but  does  not  share  the  use  of  the  noun  re- 
gard as  applied  to  persons  ;  we  regard  the  Sabbath  ;  we  regard  a 
person's  feelings ;  we  have  a  regard  for  the  person.  Compare 
ESTEEM,  n. 

ESTEEM,  n. 
Synonyms: 

estimate,         estimation,         favor,         regard,         respect. 

Esteem  for  a  person  is  a  favorable  oj)inion  on  the  basis  of 
worth,  especially  of  moral  worth,  joined  with  a  feeling  of  interest 
in  and  attraction  toward  the  person.  Regard  for  a  person  is  the 
mental  view  or  feeling  that  springs  from  a  sense  of  his  value,  ex- 
cellence, or  superiority,  with  a  cordial  and  hearty  friendliness. 
Regard  is  more  personal  and  less  distant  than  esteem,  and  adds  a 
special  kindliness ;  respect  is  a  more  distant  word  than  esteem. 
Respeet  may  be  wholly  on  one  side,  while  regard  is  more  often 
mutual ;  respect  in  the  fullest  sense  is  given  to  what  is  lofty, 
worthy,  and  honorable,  or  to  a  person  of  such  qualities  ;  we  may 
pay  an  external  respect  to  one  of  lofty  station,  regardless  of  i^er- 
sonal  qualities,  showing  resjject  for  the  office.  Estimate  has  more 
of  calculation ;  as,  my  estimate  of  the  man,  or  of  his  abilities,  is 
very  high.  Estimation  involves  the  idea  of  calculation  or  ap- 
praisal with  that  of  esteem  or  regard,  and  is  especially  used  of  the 
feeling  entertained  by  numbers  of  people  ;  as,  he  stood  high  in 
public  estimation.  Compare  esteem,  v.;  friendship  ;  love. 
Antonyms: 

abhorrence,  aversion,  dislike,  loathing, 

antipathy,  contenii)t,  hatred,  repugnance. 


ETERNAE. 

Synonyms: 

deathless,  fadeless.  never=failing,  undying, 

endless,  immortal,  perennial,  unending, 

eonian.  imperishable,  perpetual,  unfading, 

everlasting,  interminable,  timeless,  unfailing, 

ever^living,  never-ending,  unceasing,  w^ithout  end. 

Eterncd  strictly  signifies  without  beginning  or  end,  in  which 
sense  it  applies  to  God  alone ;  everJasting  applies  to  that  which 
may  or  may  not  have  beginning,  but  will  never  cease  ;  eternal  is 
also  used  in  this  more  limited  sense  ;  endless,  without  end,  in  its 
utmost  I'each,  is  not  distinguishable  from  everlasting  ;  but  endless 
is  constantly  used  in  inferior  senses,  especially  in  mechanics,  as  in 
the  phrases  an  endless  screw,  an  endless  chain.  Everlasting  and 
endless  are  both  used  in  a  limited  sense  of  protracted,  indefinite, 


event  ,  -^ 

every  *«»» 

but  not  infinite  duration ;  as,  the  everlasting  hills ;  endless  de- 
bates ;  so  we  speak  of  interminable  qaarxels.  is/^e?'?ioZ  holds  quite 
strictly  to  the  vast  and  sacred  meaning  in  which  it  is  applied  to 
the  Divine  Being  and  the  future  state.  Everlasting,  endless,  and 
eternal  may  be  applied  to  that  which  has  no  life  ;  as,  everlasting 
chains,  endless  night,  eternal  death ;  immortal  applies  to  that 
wdiich  now  has  Ufe,  and  is  forever  exempt  from  death.  Timeless 
carries,  perhaps,  the  fullest  idea  of  eternal,  as  above  and  beyond 
time,  and  not  to  be  measured  by  it. 


EVENT. 
Synonyms: 

case,  contingency,    fortune,  outcome, 

chance,  end,  incident,  possibility, 

circumstance,      episode,  issue,  result, 

consequence,        fact,  occurrence,  sequel. 

Etymologically,  the  incident  is  that  which  falls  in,  the  event 
that  which  comes  out ;  event  is  thus  gi-eater  and  more  signal  than 
incident ;  we  speak  of  trifling  incidents,  great  events  ;  incidents 
of  daily  life,  events  of  history.  Circumstance  agi-ees  with  inci- 
dent  in  denoting  a  matter  of  relatively  slight  importance,  but  im- 
plies a  more  direct  connection  with  the  principal  matter ;  "circum- 
stantial evidence"  is  evidence  from  seemingly  minor  matters 
directly  connected  with  a  case  :  ' '  incidental  evidence  "  would  be 
some  evidence  that  happened  unexpectedly  to  touch  it.  An  occur- 
rence is,  etymologically,  that  wliich  we  run  against,  without 
thought  of  its  origin,  connection  or  tendency.  An  ejnsode  is  con- 
nected with  the  main  course  of  events,  like  an  incident  or  circum- 
stance, but  is  of  more  independent  interest  and  imjiortance.  Out- 
come is  the  Saxon,  and  event  the  Latin  for  expressing  the  same 
original  idea.  Consequence  or  residt  would  express  more  of  logic- 
al connection,  and  be  more  comprehensive.  The  end  may  be 
simple  cessation  ;  the  event  is  what  has  been  accomplished ;  the 
eveiit  of  a  war  is  victory  or  defeat ;  the  end  of  the  war  is  reached 
when  a  treaty  of  peace  is  signed.  Since  the  future  is  contingent, 
event  comes  to  have  the  meaning  of  a  contingency  ;  as,  in  the  event 
of  his  death,  the  policy  will  at  once  fall  due.  Compare  circum- 
stance ;  CONSEQUENCE  ;  END. 


EVERY. 

Synonyms  r 

all,  any,  botli,  eacli,  either. 

All  and  hoth  are  collective  ;  any,  each,  and  every  are  disti'ibu- 


159 


evident 


tive.  Any  makes  no  selection  and  may  not  reach  to  the  full  limits 
of  all ;  each  and  every  make  no  exception  or  omission,  and  must 
extend  to  all ;  all  sweeps  in  the  units  as  part  of  a  total,  each  and 
every  proceed  through  the  units  to  the  total.  A  promise  made  to 
all  omits  none  ;  a  promise  made  to  any  may  not  reach  all ;  a 
promise  made  to  every  one  is  so  made  that  no  individual  shall  fail 
to  be  aware  of  it ;  a  promise  made  to  each  is  made  to  the  individ- 
uals personally,  one  by  one.  Each  is  thus  more  individual  and 
specific  than  every ;  every  classifies,  each  individuaUzes.  Each 
divides,  both  unites  ;  if  a  certain  sum  is  given  to  each  of  two  per- 
sons, both  (together)  must  receive  twice  the  amount ;  both  must 
be  aware  of  wiiat  has  been  separately  communicated  to  each  ;  a 
man  may  fire  both  barrels  of  a  gun  by  a  single  movement ;  if  he 
fires  each  barrel,  he  discharges  them  separately.  Either  properly 
denotes  one  of  two,  indefinitely,  to  the  exclusion  of  the  other. 
The  use  of  either  in  the  sense  of  each  or  both,  tho  sustained  by 
good  authority,  is  objectionable  because  ambiguous.  His  friends 
sat  on  either  side  of  the  room  would  naturally  mean  on  one  side 
or  the  other ;  if  the  meaning  is  on  both  sides,  it  would  be  better  to 
say  so. 

EVI1>ENT. 

Synonyms: 

apparent,  glaring,  overt,  tangible, 

clear,  indubitable,  palpable,  transparent, 

conspicuous,  manifest,  patent,  unmistakable, 

discernible,  obvious,  perceptible,  visible, 

distinct,  open,  plain. 

That  is  apparent  which  clearly  appears  to  the  senses  or  to  the 
mind  as  soon  as  the  attention  is  directed  toward  it ;  that  is  evident 
of  which  the  mind  is  made  sure  by  some  inference  that  supple- 
ments the  facts  of  perception  ;  the  marks  of  a  struggle  were  appar- 
ent in  broken  shrubbery  and  trampled  ground,  and  the  finding  of 
a  mutilated  body  and  a  rifled  purse  made  it  evident  that  robbery 
and  murder  had  been  committed.  That  is  manifest  which  we  can 
lay  the  hand  upon;  manifest  is  thus  stronger  than  evident,  as 
touch  is  more  absolute  than  sight ;  that  the  picture  was  a  modern 
copy  of  an  ancient  work  was  evident,  and  on  comparison  with  the 
original  its  inferiority  was  manifest.  That  is  obvious  which  is 
directly  in  the  way  so  that  it  can  not  be  missed  ;  as,  the  apphca- 
tion  of  the  remark  was  obvious.  Visible  applies  to  all  that  can  be 
perceived  by  the  sense  of  sight,  whether  the  noonday  sun,  a  ship 
on  the  horizon,  or  a  microscopic  object.     Discernible  applies  to 


example  160 

excess 


that  which  is  dimly  or  faintly  visible,  requiring  strain  and  effort  in 
order  to  be  seen ;  as,  the  ship  was  discernible  tlu-ough  the  mist. 
That  is  conspicuous  which  stands  out  so  as  necessarily  or  strikingly 
to  attract  the  attention.  Palpable  and  tangible  express  more 
emphatically  the  thought  of  manifest. 
Antonyms  : 

concealed,        impalpable,  latent,  secret,  unknown, 

covert,  impenetrable,         obscure,        undiscovered,        unseen, 

dark,  imperceptible,        occult,  unimagmed,  unthought  ot. 

hidden,  invisible, 

EXA]?IPLE. 

Synonyms: 

archetype,  ideal,  prototype,  type, 

ensample,  model,  sample,  warning, 

exemplar,  pattern.  specimen, 

exemplification,     precedent,  standard. 

From  its  original  sense  of  sample  or  specimen  (L.  exemplmn) 
example  derives  the  seemingly  contradictory  meanings,  on  the  one 
hand  of  a  patterii  or  model,  and  on  the  other  hand  of  a  teaming— 
a  sample  or  specimen  of  what  is  to  be  followed,  or  of  what  is  to 
be  shunned.  An  example,  however,  may  be  more  than  a  sample 
or  specimen  of  any  class  ;  it  may  be  the  very  archetype  or  proto- 
type to  which  the  whole  class  must  conform,  as  when  Clu-ist  is 
spoken  of  as  being  an  example  or  leaving  an  example  for  his  dis- 
ciples. Example  comes  nearer  to  the  possible  freedom  of  the 
model  than  to  the  necessary  exactness  of  the  pattern ;  often  we 
can  not,  in  a  given  case,  exactly  imitate  the  best  example,  but 
only  adapt  its  teachings  to  altered  circumstances.  In  its  applica- 
tion to  a  person  or  thing,  exemplar  can  scarcely  be  distinguished 
from  example  ;  but  example  is  most  frequently  used  for  an  act,  or 
course  of  action,  for  which  exemplar  is  not  used  ;  as,  one  sets  a 
good  (or  a  bad)  example.  An  exemplification  is  an  illustrative 
working  out  in  action  of  a  principle  or  law,  without  any  reference 
to  its  being  copied  or  repeated  ;  an  example  guides,  an  exemplifi- 
cation illustrates  or  explains.  Ensample  is  the  same  as  example, 
but  is  practically  obsolete  outside  of  Scriptural  or  theological  lan- 
guage.    Compare  model  ;  sample. 


EXCESS. 
Synonyms : 

dissipation.        lavishness,    redundance,  surplus, 

exorbitance,      overplus.        redundancy,  w^aste. 

extravagance,  prodigality,  superabundance,  wastefulness, 
intemperance,  profusion,      superfluity. 
Excess  is  more  than  enough  of  anytliing,  and,  since  this  in 


161 


very  many  cases  indicates  a  lack  either  of  judgment  or  of  self= 
conti-ol,  the  word  is  used  frequently  in  an  unfavorable  sense. 
Careless  expenditure  in  excess  of  income  is  extravagance ;  we 
may  have  also  extravagance  of  language,  professions,  etc.  As 
extravagance  is  excess  in  outlay,  exorbitance  is  excess  in  demands, 
and  especially  in  pecuniary  demands  upon  others.  Overplus  and 
superabundance  denote  in  the  main  a  satisfactory,  and  superflu- 
ity an  undesirable,  excess  ;  lavishness  and  profusion,  a  generous, 
bountiful,  or  amiable  excess  ;  as,  a  profusion  of  fair  hair  :  lavish- 
ness of  hospitality.  Swplus  is  neutral,  having  none  of  the  unfa- 
vorable meaning  that  often  attaches  to  excess  ;  a  surplus  is  that 
which  remains  over  after  all  demands  are  met.  Redundance  or 
redundancy  refers  chiefly  to  literary  style,  denoting  an  excess  of 
words  or  matter.  Excess  in  the  moral  sense  is  expressed  by  dissi- 
pation, prodigality,  intemperance,  etc. 
Autonyms: 

dearth,  destitution,  frugality,  lack,  scantiness, 

defect,  economy,  inadequacy,  need,  shortcoming, 

deficiency,  failure,  insufficiency,         poverty,  want. 


EXECUTE. 

Synonyms : 

administer,       carry  out,       do,       enforce,       perform. 

To  execute  is  to  follow  through  to  the  end,  put  into  absolute 
and  final  effect  in  action  ;  to  administer  is  to  conduct  as  one  hold- 
ing a  trust,  as  a  minister  and  not  an  originator ;  the  sheriff 
executes  a  writ ;  the  trustee  administers  an  estate,  a  charity,  etc. ; 
to  enforce  is  to  put  into  effect  by  force,  actual  or  potential.  To 
administer  the  laws  is  the  province  of  a  court  of  justice ;  to  exe- 
cute the  laws  is  the  province  of  a  sheriff,  marshal,  constable,  or 
other  executive  officer  ;  to  administer  the  law  is  to  declare  or 
apply  it  ;  to  execute  the  law  is  to  put  it  in  force  ;  for  this  enforce 
is  the  more  general  word,  execute  the  more  specific.  From  signi- 
fying to  superintend  officially  some  application  or  infliction,  ad- 
minister passes  by  a  natural  transition  to  signify  inflict,  mete  out, 
dispense,  and  blows,  medicine,  etc. ,  are  said  to  be  administered  : 
a  usage  thoroughly  established  and  reputable  in  spite  of  pedantic 
objections.  Enforce  signifies  also  to  present  and  urge  home  by 
intellectual  and  moral  foi'ce ;  as,  to  enforce  a  precept  or  a  duty. 
Compare  DO  ;  kill  ;  iviake. 
11 


exercise 
explicit 


162 


EXERCISE. 

Synonyms  : 

act.  application.  exertion,  performance, 

action.  drill.  occupation,  practise, 

activity,      employment,        operation,  use. 

E.vercise,  in  the  ordinary  sense,  is  the  easy  natural  action  of 
any  power  ;  exertion  is  the  putting  of  any  power  to  sti-ain  and 
tax.  An  exercise'drixe  for  a  horse  is  so  much  as  will  develop 
strengtii  and  health  and  not  appreciably  weary.  But  by  qualify- 
ing adjectives  we  may  bring  exereise  up  to  the  full  sense  of  exer- 
tion ;  as,  violent  exercise.  Exercise  is  action  taken  at  any  time 
with  a  view  to  employing,  maintaining,  or  increasing  power,  or 
merely  for  enjoyment ;  practise  is  systematic  exercise  with  a  view 
to  the  acquirement  of  facility  and  skill  in  some  pursuit ;  a  person 
takes  a  walk  for  exercise,  or  takes  time  for  practise  on  the  piano. 
Practise  is  also  used  of  putting  into  action  and  effect  what  one 
has  learned  or  holds  as  a  theory  ;  as,  the  practise  of  law  or  medi- 
cine ;  a  profession  of  x-eligion  is  good,  but  the  jjr act ise  of  it  is  bet- 
ter. Drill  is  systematic,  rigorous,  and  commonly  enforced  pixic- 
tise  imder  a  teacher  or  commander.  Compare  habit. 
Autonyms: 

idleness,  inaction,  inactivity,  relaxation,  rest. 


EXPEXSE. 

Synonyms: 

cost,  expenditure,  outgo,  outlay. 

The  cost  of  a  thing  is  whatever  one  surrenders  or  gives  up  for 
it,  intentionally  or  imintentionally,  or  even  unconsciously  ;  ex- 
pense is  what  is  laid  out  by  calculation  or  intention.  We  say, 
"he  won  his  fame  at  the  cost  of  liis  life ; "  "I  know  it  to  my  cost ; " 
we  speak  of  a  joke  at  another's  expense  ;  at  another's  cost  would 
seem  to  make  it  a  more  serious  matter.  There  is  a  tendency  to 
use  cost  of  what  we  pay  for  a  possession,  expense  of  what  we  pay 
for  a  service  ;  we  speak  of  the  cost  of  goods,  the  expense  of  ma- 
king up.  Outlay  is  used  of  some  definite  expenditure,  as  for  the 
purchase  of  supplies  ;  outgo  of  a  steady  drain  or  of  incidental  ex- 
penses.   See  PRICE. 

Antonyms: 

gain,  proceeds,  profit,  receipt,  return, 

income,  product,  profits,  receipts,  returns. 


EXPEICIT. 

Synonym: 

express. 

Both  explicit  and  express  are  opposed  to  what  is  merely  im- 


^_  oxteniporaneons 

plicit  or  implied.  That  which  is  explicit  is  uniolded,  so  that  it 
may  not  be  obscure,  doubtful,  or  ambiguous ;  that  which  is  ex- 
press is  uttered  or  stated  so  decidedly  that  it  may  not  be  forgotten 
nor  overlooked.  An  explicit  statement  is  too  clear  to  be  misun- 
derstood ;  an  express  command  is  too  emphatic  to  be  disregarded. 
Compare  clear. 
Antonyms : 

ambiguous,  implicit,  indefinite,  uncertain, 

doubtful,  implied,  indeterminate,  vague. 


EXTEItlPORAAEOlJS. 

Synonyni««: 

extemporary,  impromptu,  offhand, 

extempore,  improvised,  unpremeditated. 

Extemporaneous,  originally  signifying  of  or  from  tlie  time  or 
occasion,  has  come  to  mean  done  or  made  with  but  little  (if  any) 
prei^aration,  and  is  now  chiefly  applied  to  addresses  of  which  the 
thought  has  been  prepared,  and  only  the  language  and  incidental 
treatment  left  to  the  suggestion  of  the  moment,  so  that  an  ex- 
temporaneous speech  is  understood  to  be  any  one  that  is  not  read 
or  recited;  imx^romptu  keeps  its  original  sense,  denoting  something 
that  springs  from  the  instant ;  the  impromptu  utterance  is  gen- 
erally brief,  direct,  and  vigorous ;  the  extemporaneoiis  speech 
may  chance  to  be  prosy.  Offhand  is  still  more  emphatic  as  to 
the  readiness  and  freedom  of  the  utterance.  Unpremeditated  is 
gi-aver  and  more  formal,  denoting  absolute  want  of  preparation, 
but  is  rather  too  heavy  a  word  to  be  applied  to  such  apt,  ready 
utterance  as  is  generally  designated  by  impromptu. 
Antonyms : 

elaborated,     premeditated,      prepared,     read,     recited,      studied,    written. 


EXTERMINATE. 

Synonyms: 

annihilate,  eradicate,  overthrow,  uproot, 

banish,  expel,  remove,  w^ipe  out. 

destroy,  extirpate,  root  out, 

Exterminate  (L.  ex,  out,  and  terminus,  a  boundary)  signified 
primarily  to  drive  beyond  the  bounds  or  limits  of  a  country  ;  the 
word  is  applied  to  races  of  men  or  animals,  anb  is  now  almost  ex- 
clusively used  for  removal  by  death  •,  individuals  are  now  said  to  be 
banished  or  expelled.  Eradicate  (L.  e,  out,  and  radix,  root)  is 
primarily  applied  to  numbers  or  groups  of  plants  which  it  is  de- 
sired to  remove  effectually  from  the  soil ;  a  single  tree  may  be  up- 
rooted, but  is  not  said  to  be  eradicated;  we  labor  to  eradicate 


faint 
faith 


164 


or  root  out  noxious  weeds.  To  extirpate  (L.  ex,  out,  and  stirps, 
stem,  stock)  is  not  only  to  destroy  the  individuals  of  any  race  of 
lilants  or  animals,  but  the  veiy  stock,  so  that  the  race  can  never 
be  restored  ;  we  speak  of  eradicating  a  disease,  of  extirpating  a 
cancer,  exterminating  wild  beasts  or  hostile  tribes ;  we  seek  to 
eradicate  or  extirpate  all  vices  and  evils.  Compare  ABOLISH. 
Antonyms: 

augment,     breed,  cherish,      develop,    increase,    populate,        replenish. 

beget,  build  up,    colonize,    foster,        plant,         propagate,     settle. 


FAI^JT. 


Synonyms : 

dim, 

exhausted, 

faded, 

faint=liearted, 

faltering. 


fatigued, 

feeble, 

half=hearted, 

ill=defined, 

indistinct. 


irresolute, 

languid 

listless, 

purposeless, 

timid, 


wealc, 
w^earied, 
worn, 

worn  down, 
w^orn  out. 


Faint,  with  the  general  sensG  of  lacking  strength  or  effective- 
ness, covers  a  wide  range  of  meaning,  signifying  overcome  with 
physical  weakness  or  exhaustion,  or  lacking  in  purpose,  courage, 
or  energy,  as  said  of  persons  ;  or  lacking  definiteness  or  distinct- 
ness of  color  or  sound,  as  said  of  written  characters,  voices,  or 
musical  notes.  A  person  may  be  faint  when  physically  icearied, 
or  when  overcome  with  fear  ;  he  may  be  a  faint  adherent  because 
naturally  feeble  or  purposeless,  or  because  half-hearted  in  the 
cause  ;  he  may  be  a  faltering  supporter  because  naturally  irreso- 
lute or  because  faint-hearted  and  timid  in  view  of  perils  that 
tlu-eaten,  a  listless  worker,  through  want  of  mental  energy  and 
purpose.  "Written  characters  may  he  faint  or  dim,  either  because 
originally  written  vs^ith  poor  ink,  or  because  they  have  become 
faded  by  time  and  exposure. 
Antonyms: 

bright,  clear,  daring,  fresh,  resolute,        sturdy, 

brilliant,        conspicuous,      energetic,        hearty,         strong,  vigorous. 

Prepositions : 

Faint  with  hunger  ;  faint  in  color. 


Antonyms: 

assent, 

assurance 

belief. 


FAITH. 


confidence,  credit,  opinion, 

conviction,  creed,  reliance, 

credence,  doctrine,  trust. 

Belief,  as  an  intellectual  process,  is  the  acceptance  of  some- 


165  faltliful 

thing  as  true  on  otlier  grounds  than  personal  observation  and  ex- 
perience. We  give  credence  to  a  report,  assent  to  a  proposition  or 
to  a  proposal.  Belief  is  stronger  than  credence  ;  credence  might  be 
described  as  a  prima  facie  belief ;  credence  is  a  more  formal  word 
than  belief,  and  seems  to  imply  somewhat  more  of  volition  ;  we 
speak  of  giving  credence  to  a  report,  but  not  of  giving  belief. 
Goods  are  sold  on  credit ;  we  give  one  credit  for  good  intentions. 
Conviction  is  a  belief  established  by  argument  or  evidence  ;  assur- 
ance is  belief  beyond  the  reach  of  argument ;  as,  the  Clu-istian's 
assurance  of  salvation.  An  opinion  is  a  general  conclusion  held 
as  probable,  tho  without  full  certainty  ;  a  persuasion  is  a  more 
confident  opinion,  involving  the  heart  as  well  as  the  intellect.  In 
religion,  a  doctrine  is  a  statement  of  belief  regarding  a  single 
point ;  a  creed  is  a  summary  statement  of  doctrines.  Confidence 
is  a  firm  dependence  upon  a  statement  as  true,  or  upon  a  person  as 
worthy.  Reliance  is  confidence  on  which  we  act  or  are  ready  to  act 
unquestioningly  ;  we  have  a  calm  reliance  upon  the  uniformity  of 
nature.  Trust  is  a  practical  and  tranquil  resting  of  the  mind  upon 
the  integrity,  kindness,  friendship,  or  promises  of  a  person ;  we 
have  trust  in  God.  Faith  is  a  union  of  belief  and  trust.  Faith 
is  chiefly  personal ;  belief  may  be  quite  impersonal ;  we  speak  of 
belief  of  a  proposition,  faith  in  a  promise,  because  the  promise  em- 
anates from  a  person.  But  belief  in  a  person  is  often  used  with 
no  appreciable  difference  from  faith.  In  religion  it  is  common  to 
distinguish  between  intellectual  belief  of  reUgious  truth,  as  any 
other  truth  might  be  believed,  and  belief  of  the  heart,  or  saving 
faith. 
Autonyniis: 

denial,  dissent,  doubt,  infidelity,      rejection,        suspicion, 

disbelief,       distrust,  incredulity,    misgiving,     skepticism,     unbelief. 

Prepositions : 

Have  faith  in  God  ;  the  faith  of  the  gospel. 


FAITHFUI.. 

Synonyms : 

devoted,    incorruptible,    stancli,    true,  trusty, 

firm,  loyal,  sure,         trustworthy,  unwavering. 

A  person  is  faithf id  who  will  keep  faith,  whether  with  or  with- 
out power  to  aid  or  serve ;  a  person  or  thing  is  trusty  that  pos- 
sesses such  qualities  as  to  justify  the  fullest  confidence  and  de- 


fame 
faiiaticisni 


166 


pendence.     We  may  speak  of  a  faithful  but  feeble  friend  ;  we  say 

a  trusty  agent,  a  trusty  steed,  a  trusty  sword. 

Antonyms : 

capricious,  false,  unfaithful,  untrustworthy, 

faithless,  fickle,  untrue,  wavering. 

Prepositions : 

Faithful  in  service ;   to  duty  ;    to  comrade  or  commander ; 

faithful  among  the  faithless. 


eminence, 
glory, 


honor, 
laurels. 


notoriety,    reputation, 
renow^n,        repute. 


FAME. 

Synonyms : 

celebrity, 

credit, 

distinction, 

Fame  is  the  wudely  disseminated  report  of  a  person's  character, 
deeds,  or  abilities,  and  is  oftenest  used  in  the  favorable  sense. 
Reputation  and  repute  are  more  limited  than  fame,  and  may  be 
either  good  or  bad.  Notoriety  is  evil  repute  or  a  dishonorable 
counterfeit  of  fame.  Eminence  and  distinction  may  result  from 
rank,  station,  or  character.  Celebrity  is  Hmited  in  range ;  we 
speak  of  local  celebrity,  or  world=wide  fame.  Fame  in  its  best 
sense  may  be  defined  as  the  apjilause  of  numbers  ;  renoini,  as  such 
applause  worthily  won  ;  we  speak  of  the  conqueror's  fame,  the 
patriot's  renown.  Glory  and  lionor  are  of  good  import  ;  honor 
may  be  given  for  qualities  or  acts  that  should  not  win  it,  but  it  is 
always  given  as  something  good  and  worthy  ;  we  can  sjjeak  of  an 
evil  fame,  but  not  of  evil  honor ;  glory  has  a  more  exalted  and 
often  a  sacred  sense. 
Antonyms  : 

contempt,  discredit,        dishonor,        humiliation,       infamy,        obscurity, 

contumely,        disgrace,         disrepute,        ignominy,  oblivion,      shame. 


FANATICISM. 

Synonynjs ; 

bigotry,  credulity,  intolerance,  superstition. 

Fanaticism  is  extravagant  or  even  frenzied  zeal;  bigotry  is 
obstinate  and  unreasoning  attachment  to  a  cause  or  creed  ;  fanat- 
icism and  bigotry  usually  include  intolerance,  which  is  unwilling- 
ness to  tolerate  beUefs  or  opinions  contrary  to  one's  own  ;  super- 
stition is  ignorant  and  irrational  religious  belief.  Credulity  is  not 
distinctively  religious,  but  is  a  general  readiness  to  believe  with- 
out sufficient  evidence,  with  a  proneness  to  accept  the  marvellous. 
Bigotry  is  narrow,  fanaticism  is  fierce,  superstition  is  ignorant, 
credulity  is  weak,  intolerance  is  severe.     Bigotry  has  not  the 


-^1^  fanciful 

*"•  fancy 


capacity  to  reason  fairly,  fanaticism  lias  not  the  patience,  super- 
stition has  not  the  knowledge  and  mental  discipline,  intolerance 
has  not  the  disposition.  Bigotry,  fanaticism,  and  superstition 
are  perversions  of  the  religious  sentiment ;  credulity  and  intoler- 
ance often  accompany  skepticism  or  atheism. 
Anton}'ni8  : 

cynicism,  free»tliinking,  Indifference,  latitudinarianism. 


FAXCIFIIL,. 

Synonyms: 

chimerical,   fantastic,    grotesque,  imaginative,    visionary. 

That  in  fanciful  which  is  dictated  or  suggested  by  fancy  inde- 
pendently of  more  serious  considerations  ;  the  fantastic  is  the/a?j- 
ciful  with  the  added  elements  of  whimsicalness  and  extravagance. 
The  fanciful  swings  away  from  the  real  or  the  ordinary  lightly 
and  pleasantly,  the  fantastic  extravagantly,  the  grotesque  ridicu- 
lously. A  fanciful  arangement  of  objects  is  commonly  pleasing, 
a  fantastic  arrangement  is  striking,  a  grotesque  arrangement 
is  laughable.  A  fanciful  theory  or  suggestion  may  be  clearly 
recognized  as  such ;  a  visionary  scheme  is  erroneously  supposed 
to  have  a  basis  in  fact.     Compare  synonyms  for  dream  ;  idea  ; 

IMAGINATION. 

Antonyms  : 

accurate,  commonplace,       prosaic,  regular,  sound, 

calculable,  literal,  real,  sensible,  sure, 

calculated,  ordinary,  reasonable,         solid,  true. 


Synonyms  : 

belief,  desire,  imagination,  predilection, 

caprice,  humor,  inclination,  supposition, 

conceit.  idea,  liking,  vagary, 

conception,  image,  mood,  whim. 

An  intellectual  fancy  is  a  mental  image  or  picture  founded 
upon  slight  or  whimsical  association  or  resemblance  ;  a  conceit 
has  less  of  the  picturesque  and  more  of  the  theoretic  than  a  fancy  ; 
a  conceit  is  somewhat  aside  from  the  common  laws  of  reasoning, 
as  a  fancy  is  lighter  and  more  airy  than  the  common  mode  of 
thought.  A  conceit  or  fancy  may  be  wholly  unfounded,  while  a 
conception  always  has,  or  is  believed  to  have,  some  answering  re- 
ality. (Compare  reason.)  An  intellectual  fancy  or  conceit  may 
be  pleasing  or  amusing,  but  is  never  worth  serious  discussion  ;  we 
speak  of  a  mere  fancy,  a  droll  or  odd  conceit.  An  emotional  or 
personal /coic?/  is  a  capricious  liking  formed  with  slight  reason  and 


farewell  i  ^s 

fear  **** 

no  exercise  of  judgment,  and  liable  to  fade  as  lightly  as  it  was 
formed.  In  a  broader  sense,  the  fancy  signifies  the  faculty  by 
which  fancies  or  mental  images  are  formed,  associated,  or  com- 
bined.    Compare  synonyms  for  dream  ;  idea  ;  imagination. 

Antonyms: 

actuality,  certainty,  fact,  reality,  truth,  verity. 

Prepositions : 

To  have  a  fancy  for  or  take  a  fancy  to  a  person  or  thing. 


FAREAVELL.. 

Synonyms: 

adieu,        goodiby,  parting  salutation,    valedictory, 

conge,       leave=taking,       valediction, 

Good'-by  is  the  homely  and  hearty,  farewell  the  formal  English 
word  at  parting.  Adieu,  from  the  French,  is  still  more  ceremo- 
nious than  faretcell ;  conge,  also  from  the  French,  is  commonly 
contemptuous  or  supercilious,  and  equivalent  to  dismissal.  Vale- 
diction is  a  learned  word  never  in  popular  use.  A  valedictory  is 
a  public  farewell  to  a  company  or  assembly. 
Prepositions : 

I  bade  farewell  to  my  comrades,  or  (without  preposition)  I  bade 
my  comrades  farewell ;  I  took  a  sad  farewell  of  my  friends. 


FEAR. 

Synonyms : 

affright,  dismay,  horror,  timidity, 

apprehension,       disquietude,    misgiving,  trembling, 

aw^e,  dread,  panic,  tremor, 

consternation,      fright,  terror,  trepidation. 

Fear  is  the  generic  term  denoting  an  emotion  excited  by  threat- 
ening evil  with  a  desire  to  avoid  or  escape  it ;  fear  may  be  sudden 
or  lingering,  in  view  of  present,  of  imminent,  or  of  distant  and 
only  possible  danger ;  in  the  latter  sense  dread  is  oftener  used. 
(  Horror  (etymologically  a  shivering  or  shuddering)  denotes  a 
shuddering  fear  accompanied  witli  abhorrence  or  such  a  shock  to 
the  feelings  and  sensibilities  as  may  exist  without  fear,  as  when 
one  suddenly  encounters  some  ghastly  spectacle  ;  we  say  of  a  des- 
perate but  fettered  criminal,  "I  looked  upon  him  with  horror.^' 
Where  horror  includes  fear,  it  is  fear  mingled  with  abhorrence. 
(See  ABHOR.)  Affright,  fright,  and  terror  are  always  sudden,  and 
in  actual  presence  of  that  which  is  terrible,  i'^ea?- may  overwhelm, 
or  may  nerve  one  to  desperate  defense ;  fright  and  terror  ren- 
der one  incapable  of  defense  ;  fear  may  be  controlled  by  force  of 


feminine 
169  fetter 


will  ;  fright  and  terror  overwhelm  the  will ;  terror  paralyzes; 
fright  may  cause  one  to  fly,  to  scream,  or  to  swoon.  Fright 
is  largely  a  matter  of  the  nerves  ;  fear  of  the  intellect  and  the 
imagination  ;  terror  of  all  the  faculties,  bodily  and  mental.  Panic 
is  a  sudden  fear  or  fright,  affecting  numbers  at  once  ;  vast  armies 
or  crowded  audiences  are  liable  to  panic  upon  slight  occasion.  In 
a  like  sense  we  speak  of  a  financial  panic.  Dismay  is  a  helpless 
sinking  of  heart  in  view  of  some  overwhelming  peril  or  sorrow. 
Dismay  is  more  reflective,  enduring,  and  despairing  than  fright; 
a  horse  is  subject  to  fright  or  terror,  but  not  to  dismay.  Awe  is 
a  reverential /car.  Compare  alarm» 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  fortitude. 


FEUIXINE. 

Synonyms. 

effeminate,  female,  womanlsli,  w^omanly. 

We  apply  female  to  the  sex,fe7ninine  to  the  qualities,  especially 
the  finer  physical  or  mental  qualities  that  distinguish  the  female 
sex  in  the  human  family,  or  to  the  objects  appropriate  for  or  es- 
pecially employed  by  them.  A  female  voice  is  the  voice  of  a  wom- 
an ;  a  feminine  voice  may  belong  to  a  man.  Womanish  denotes 
the  undesirable,  womanly  the  admirable  or  lovely  quahties  of  wom- 
an. Womanly  tears  would  suggest  respect  and  sympathy,  icoman- 
ish  tears  a  touch  of  contempt.  The  word  effeminate  is  always 
used  reproachfully,  and  only  of  men  as  possessing  icomanly  traits 
such  as  are  inconsistent  with  true  manliness. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  masculine. 


FETTER. 

Synonyms : 

bondage,  custody,  gyves,  irons, 

bonds,  durance,  handcuffs,  manacles, 

cbains,  duress,  imprisonment,  shackles. 

Bonds  may  be  of  cord,  leather,  or  any  other  substance  that  can 

bind  ;  chains  are  of  linked  metal.    Manacles  and  handcuffs  are  for 

the  hands,  fetters  are  primarily  chains  or  jointed  iron  fastenings 

for  the  feet ;  gyves  may  be  for  either.     A  shackle  is  a  metallic  ring, 

clasp,  or  bracelet=like  fastening  for  encircling  and  restraining  a 

limb  :  commonly  one  of  a  pair,  used  either  for  hands  or  feet. 

Bonds,  fetters,  and  chains  are  used  in  a  general  way  for  almost 


feud 

fiction  170 

any  form  of  restraint.  Gyves  is  now  wholly  poetic,  and  the  other 
Avords  are  mostly  restricted  to  the  literary  style  ;  handcuffs  is  the 
specific  and  irons  the  general  term  in  popular  usage  ;  as,  the  pris- 
oner was  put  in  irons.  Bonds,  chains,  and  shackles  are  frequently 
used  in  the  metaphorical  sense. 


FEUD. 

Synonyms: 

affray,  brawl,  contest,  dissension,    hostility, 

animosity,    broil,  controversy,  enmity,  quarrel, 

bitterness,    contention,  dispute,  fray,  strife. 

A  feud  is  enmity  between  families,  clans,  or  parties,  with  acts 
of  hostility  mutually  retaliated  and  avenged  ;  feud  is  rarely  used 
of  individuals,  never  of  nations.  Wliile  all  the  other  words  of  the 
group  may  refer  to  that  wiaich  is  transient,  a  feud  is  long=endur- 
ing,  and  often  hereditary.  Dissension  is  used  of  a  nvimber  of  per- 
sons, of  a  party  or  other  organization.  Bitterness  is  in  feeling 
only ;  enmity  and  hostility  involve  will  and  purpose  to  oppose  or 
injure.  A  quarrel  is  in  word  or  act,  or  both,  and  is  commonly 
slight  and  transient,  as  we  speak  of  cliildish  quarrels ;  contention 
and  strife  may  be  in  word  or  deed ;  contest  ordinarily  involves 
some  form  of  action.  Contest  is  often  used  in  a  good  sense,  con- 
tention and  strife  very  rarely  so.  Controversy  is  commonly  in 
words  ;  strife  extends  from  verbal  controversy  to  the  contests  of 
armies.  Affray,  hraid,  and  broil,  like  quarrel,  are  words  of  infe- 
rior dignity.  An  affray  or  broil  may  arise  at  a  street  corner  ;  the 
affray  always  involves  physical  force  ;  the  brawl  or  broil  may  be 
confined  to  violent  language. 


FICTIOIV. 

Synoiiynts 

allegory,       fabrication,      invention,      myth.      romance, 
apologue,      falsehood,         legend,  novel,      story. 

fable.  figment, 

Fiction  is  now  chiefly  used  of  a  prose  work  in  narrative  form 
in  which  the  characters  are  partly  or  Avholly  imaginary,  and 
which  is  designed  to  portray  human  life,  with  or  without  a  prac- 
tical lesson  ;  a  romance  portrays  what  is  pictm-esque  or  striking, 
as  a  mere  fiction  may  not  do  ;  7iovel  is  a  general  name  for  any  con- 
tinuous fictitious  narratiA'e,  especially  a  lovesstory  ;  fiction  and 
novel  are  used  with  little  difference  of  meaning,  except  that  novel 
characterizes  a  work  in  Avhich  the  emotional  element  is  especially 


I'M  fierce 

prominent.  The  moral  of  the  fable  is  expressed  formally ;  the 
lesson  of  the  Jict ion,  if  any,  is  inwrought.  A  fiction  is  studied  ;  a 
myth  grows  up  without  intent.  A  legend  may  be  true,  but  can 
not  be  historically  verified  ;  a  myth  has  been  received  as  ti-ue  at 
some  time,  but  is  now  known  to  be  false.  A  fabrication  is  de- 
signed to  deceive  ;  it  is  a  less  odious  word  than  falsehood,  but  is 
really  sti-onger,  as  a  fcdsehood  may  be  a  sudden  unpremeditated 
statement,  while  a  fabrication  is  a  series  of  statements  carefully 
studied  and  fitted  together  in  order  to  deceive  ;  the  falsehood  is  all 
false  ;  the  fabrication  may  mingle  the  true  with  the  false.  A^g- 
ment  is  something  imaginary  which  the  one  who  utters  it  may  or 
may  not  beheve  to  be  true  ;  we  say,  "That  statement  is  a, figment 
of  his  imagination."  The  story  may  be  either  true  or  false,  and 
covers  the  various  senses  of  all  the  words  in  the  group.  Apologue, 
a  word  simply  ti-ansferred  from  Greek  into  English,  is  the  same 
as  fable.    Compare  allegory. 

Antonyiuis: 

certainty,        fact,        history,        literalness,        reality,       truth,       verity. 


FIERCE. 

Synonyms: 

ferocious,     furious,  raging,     uncultivated,    violent, 

fiery,  impetuous,      savage,    untrained,  w^ild. 

Fierce  signifies  having  a  furious  and  cruel  nature,  or  being  in 
a.  furious  and  cruel  mood,  more  commonly  the  latter.  It  applies 
to  that  which  is  now  intensely  excited,  or  liable  to  intense  and 
sudden  excitement.  Ferocious  refers  to  a  state  or  disposition  ;  that 
which  is ^eroe  flashes  or  blazes;  that  which  is  ferocious  steadily 
burns  ;  we  speak  of  a  ferocious  animal,  a  fierce  passion.  A  fiery 
spirit  w^th  a  good  disposition  is  quickly  excitable  in  a  good  cause, 
but  may  not  he  fierce  or  ferocious.  Savage  signifies  untrained,  un- 
cultivated. Ferocious  always  denotes  a  tendency  to  violence  ;  it 
is  more  distinctly  bloodthirsty  than  the  other  words  ;  a  person 
maybe  deeply,  intensely  cruel,  and  not  at  aM.  ferocious ;  a  ferocious 
countenance  expresses  habitual  ferocity;  a  fierce  countenance 
may  express  habitual  fierceness,  or  only  the  sudden  anger  of  the 
moment.  That  which  is  icild  is  simply  unrestrained ;  the  word 
may  imply  no  anger  or  harshness  ;  as,  wild  delight,  icild  alarm. 

Antonyms : 

nffectionate,        gentle,  kind,        patient,  submissive,         tame, 

docile,  harmless,  mUd,        peaceful,        sweet,  tender. 


financial  ^  ^^ 

fine  172 


FIXAMCIAL. 

Synonyms ; 

fiscal,  monetary  pecuniary. 

These  words  all  relate  to  monej".  receipts,  or  expenditures. 
Monetary  relates  to  actual  money,  coin,  currency  ;  as,  the  mone- 
tary system  ;  a  monetary  transaction  is  one  in  which  money  is 
transferred.  Pecuniary  refers  to  that  in  which  money  is  in- 
volved, but  less  directly  ;  we  speak  of  one's  pecuniary  affairs  or 
interests,  with  no  special  reference  to  the  handling  of  cash.  Fi- 
nancial applies  especially  to  governmental  revenues  or  expendi- 
tures, or  to  private  transactions  of  considerable  moment ;  we 
speak  of  a  xjecuniai^y  reward,  a  financial  enterj)rise  ;  we  give  a 
needy  person  pecuniary  (not  financial)  assistance.  It  is  com- 
mon to  speak  of  t\\e  fiscal  rather  than  the  financial  year. 


FIXE 

Synonyms; 

beautiful. 

excellent. 

polished. 

small. 

clarified. 

exquisite. 

pure. 

smooth. 

clear. 

gauzy. 

refined. 

splendid, 

comminuted. 

handsome. 

sensitive. 

subtile. 

dainty. 

keen. 

sharp, 

subtle. 

delicate, 

minute. 

slender, 

tenuous, 

elegant. 

nice, 

slight. 

thin. 

Fine  (L.  finis,  end)  denotes  that  which  has  been  brought  to  a 
full  end,  finished.  From  this  root=sense  many  derived  meanings 
branch  out,  causing  words  quite  remote  from  each  other  to  be 
alike  synonyms  of  fine.  That  which  is  truly  finished,  brought  to 
an  ideal  end,  is  excellent  of  its  kind,  and  beautiful,  if  a  thing  that- 
admits  of  beauty ;  as.  a.  fine  house,  fine  trees,  a,  fine  woman,  a  fine 
morning  ;  if  a  thing  that  admits  of  the  removal  of  impurities,  it  " 
is  not  finished  till  these  are  removed,  and  hence  fine  signifies  clc(r-- 
ified,  clear,  pure,  refined ;  as,  fi^ie  gold.  That  which  is  finished 
is  apt  to  be  polished,  smooth  to  the  touch,  minutely  exact  in  out- 
line ;  hence  ^?ie  comes  to  be  a  synonym  for"  all  words  like  dainty, 
delicate,  exquisite  ;  as,  fine  manners,  a  fine  touch,  fine  percep- 
tions. As  that  which  is  delicate  is  apt  to  be  small,  by  an  easy  ex- 
tension of  meaning  fine  becomes  a  synonym  for  sletider,  slight, 
minute,  comminuted  :  as,  a  fine  thread,  fine  sand  ;  or  for  filmy, 
tenuous,  thin  ;  as,  a,  fine  lace,  fine  wire  ;  and  as  a  thin  edge  is  keen, 
sharp,  fine  becomes  also  a  synonym  for  these  words  ;  as,  a  fine 
point,  a  fine  edge.  Compare  beautiful  ;  minute. 
Antonyms: 


liiK^ 

clumsy, 

great, 

huge, 

large, 

stout, 

blunt, 

coarse, 

heavy. 

immeuse, 

rude, 

thick. 

1  wn  Are 

■  •«>  fluctuate 


FIRE. 

Syiioiiyiiis: 

blaze,     burning,      combustion,      conflagration,     flame. 

CovibustioH  is  the  essential  fact  which  is  at  tlie  basis  of  that 
assemblage  of  visible  phenomenon  which  we  call/tre;  combustion 
being  the  continuous  chemical  combination  of  a  substance  with 
some  element,  as  oxygen,  evolving  heat,  and  extending  from  slow 
processes,  such  as  those  by  which  the  heat  of  the  human  body 
is  maintained,  to  the  processes  producing  the  most  intense  light 
also,  as  in  a  blast=furnace,  or  on  the  surface  of  the  sun.  Fire  is 
always  attended  with  light,  as  well  as  heat;  blaze,  flame,  etc., 
designate  the  mingled  light  and  heat  of  a  fi,re.  Combustion  is  the 
scientific,  fire  the  popular  term,  A  conflagration  is  an  extensive 
fire.     Compare  light. 


FI^OCK. 

Synonyms : 

bevy,  covey,  group,         herd,  lot,  set, 

brood,  drove,  hatch,         litter,  pack,       sw^arm. 

Oroup  is  the  general  word  for  any  gathering  of  a  small  num- 
ber of  objects,  whether  of  persons,  animals,  or  inanimate  things. 
The  individuals  in  a  brood  or  Utter  are  related  to  each  other  ; 
those  in  the  other  groups  may  not  be.  Brood  is  used  chiefly  of 
fowls  and  birds,  litter  of  certain  quadrupeds  which  bring  forth 
many  young  at  a  birth  ;  we  speak  of  a  brood  of  chickens,  a  litter 
of  puppies  ;  brood  is  sometimes  applied  to  a  family  of  young  chil- 
dren. Bevy  is  used  of  birds,  and  figuratively  of  any  bright  and 
lively  group  of  women  or  children,  but  rarely  of  men.  Flock 
is  applied  to  birds  and  to  some  of  the  smaller  animals  ;  herd  is 
confined  to  the  larger  animals ;  we  sj^eak  of  a  bevy  of  quail,  a 
covey  of  partridges,  a  flock  of  blackbirds,  or  a  flock  of  sheep,  a 
herd  of  cattle,  horses,  buffaloes,  or  elephants,  a  pack  of  wolves, 
a  pack  of  hounds,  a  sivarm  of  bees.  A  collection  of  animals 
driven  or  gathered  for  driving  is  called  a  drove. 


FLUCTUATE. 
Synonyms: 

hesitate,  sw^erve,  vacillate,  veer, 

oscillate,  undulate,  vary,  w^aver. 

To  fluctuate  (L.  fluctus,  a  wave)  is  to  move  like  a  wave  with 
alternate  rise  and  fall.  A  pendulum  oscillates;  waves  fluctuate 
or  undidate  ;  a  light  or  a  flame  ivavers  ;  a  frightened  steed  SM'erre.s 


fluid  -  «,  . 

follow  l^'i 

from  his  course  ;  a  tool  or  weapon  siceriies  from  the  m^ark  or  line ; 
the  temperature  varies  ;  the  wind  veers  when  it  suddenly  changes 
its  direction.  That  which  veers  may  steadily  hold  the  new  direc- 
tion ;  that  which  oseillates,  flnctuafes,  undulates,  or  reavers  re- 
turns upon  its  way.  As  regards  mental  states,  he  who  hesitates 
sticks  (L.  Jicerere)  on  the  verge  of  decision ;  he  who  tvavers  does 
not  stick  to  a  decision  ;  he  who  vacillates  decides  now  one  way, 
and  now  another  ;  one  vacillates  between  contrasted  decisions  or 
actions ;  he  may  leaver  between  decision  and  indecision,  or  be- 
tween action  and  inaction.  Persons  hesitate,  vacillate,  reaver ; 
feelings  fluctuate  or  vary.  Compare  shake. 
/liitoiiyins : 

abide,        adhere,        hold  fast,        persist,        stand  fast,        stay,        stick. 


FLUID. 

Synonyms : 

gas,  licLuid. 

A  fluid  is  a  substance  that,  like  air  or  water,  yields  to  any 
force  that  tends  to  change  its  form  ;  a  liquid  is  a  body  in  that 
state  in  which  the  particles  move  freely  among  themselves,  but 
remain  in  one  mass,  keeping  the  same  volume,  but  taking  always 
the  form  of  the  containing  vessel ;  a  liquid  is  an  inelastic  fluid ; 
a  gas  is  an  elastic  fluid  that  tends  to  expand  to  the  utmost  limits 
of  the  containing  space.  All  liquids  are  fluids,  but  not  all  fluids 
are  liquids ;  air  and  all  the  gases  are  fluids,  but  they  are  not 
liquids  under  ordinary  circumstances,  tho  capable  of  being  re- 
duced to  a  liquid  form  by  special  means,  as  by  cold  and  pressiu'e. 
Water  at  the  ordinary  temperature  is  at  once  a  fluid  and  a  liquid. 


FOLI.OAV. 

Synonyniff : 

accompany,      come  after,      go  after,      obey,  pursue, 

attend,  copy,  heed.  observe,      result, 

cbase,  ensue,  imitate,      practise,     succeed. 

Anything  that  comes  after  or  goes  after  another,  either  in  space 

or  in  time,  is  said  to  folloiv  it.     A  servant  folloivs  or  attends  his 

master  ;    a   victorious   general   may  folloiv    the  retiring  enemy 

merely  to  watch  and  hold  him  in  check  ;  he  chases  or  pursues 

with  intent  to  overtake  and  attack  ;  the  chase  is  closer  and  hotter 

tlian  the  pursuit.    (Compare  synonyms  for  HUNT.)    One  event  may 

follow  another  either  with  or  without  special  connection ;   if  it 


175 


food 


ensues,  there  is  some  orderly  connection  ;  as,  the  ensuing  year  ; 
if  it  results  from  another,  there  is  some  relation  of  effect,  conse- 
quence, or  inference.  A  clerk  observes  his  employer's  directions, 
A  child  obeys  his  parent's  commands,  follows  or  copies  his  exam- 
ple, imiiates  liis  speech  and  manners.  The  compositor  follows 
copy  ;  the  incoming  succeeds  the  outgoing  official. 


FOOD. 


Synonym!^ : 

aliment,    feed,         nourishment,     paliulum,  sustenance, 

diet,  fodder,    nutriment,  provender,       viands, 

fare,  forage,    nutrition,  regimen,  victuals. 

Food  is,  in  the  poptdar  sense,  whatever  one  eats  in  contradis- 
tinction to  what  one  drinks.  Thus,  we  speak  of  food  and  drink,  of 
wholesome,  unwholesome,  or  indigestible  food;  biit  in  a  more 
scientific  sense  whatever,  when  taken  into  the  digestive  organs, 
serves  to  build  up  structure  or  supply  waste  may  be  termed  food  ; 
the  word  is  extended  to  plants  to  signify  whatever  taken  in  any 
way  into  the  organism  serves  similar  purposes  ;  thus,  we  speak  of 
liquid  food,  plant  food,  etc. ;  in  this  wider  sense  food  is  closely 
synonymous  with  nutriment,  nourishment,  and  sustenance.  Diet 
refers  to  the  quantity  and  quality  of  food  habitually  taken,  with 
reference  to  preservation  of  health.  Victuals  is  a  plain,  homely 
word  for  whatever  may  be  eaten  ;  we  speak  of  choice  viands,  cold 
victuals.  Nourishment  and  G::stcnance  apply  to  whatever  can  be 
introduced  into  the  system  as  a  means  of  sustaining  life  ;  we  say 
of  a  convalescent,  he  is  taking  nourishment.  Nutriment  and 
nutrition  have  more  of  scientific  reference  to  the  vitalizing 
principles  of  various  foods  ;  thus,  wheat  is  said  to  contain  a  great 
amount  of  nutriment.  Regimen  considers  food  as  taken  by  strict 
rule,  but  applies  more  widely  to  the  whole  ordering  of  life.  Fare 
is  a  general  word  for  all  table  supplies,  good  or  bad  ;  as,  sumptu- 
ous fare ;  wretched  fare.  Feed,  fodder,  and  x>rovender  are  used 
only  of  the  food  of  the  lower  animals,  feed  denoting  anything 
consumed,  but  more  commonly  grain,  fodder  denoting  hay,  corn- 
stalks, or  the  like,  sometimes  called  "long  feed''''  ;  provender  is 
dry  feed,  whether  gi-ain  or  hay,  straw,  etc.  Forage  denotes  any 
kind  of  food  suitable  for  horses  and  cattle,  primarily  as  obtained 
by  a  military  force  in  scouring  tlie  country,  especially  an  enemy's 
country. 


formidable  ^ 

fortitude  I7t» 


FOR9III>ABLE. 

Synonyms: 

dangerous,  redoubted,  terrible,  tremendous. 

That  which  is  formidable  is  worthy  of  fear  if  encountered  or 
opposed;  as,  a  formidable  array  of  troops,  or  of  evidence.  For- 
midable is  a  word  of  more  dignity  than  dangerous,  and  suggests 
more  calm  and  collected  power  than  terrible  ;  formidable  is  less 
overwhelming  than  tremendous.  A  loaded  gun  is  dangerous ;  a 
park  of  artillery  is  formidable  ;  a  charge  of  cavalry  is  terrible ; 
the  full  shock  of  gi-eat  armies  is  tremendous.  A  dangerous  man 
is  likely  to  do  mischief,  and  needs  watching  ;  a  formidable  man 
may  not  be  dangerous  if  not  attacked  ;  an  enraged  maniac  is  ter- 
rible ;  the  force  of  ocean  waves  in  a  storm,  and  the  silent  pressure 
in  the  ocean  depths,  are  tremendous. 
Antonyms: 

contemptible,    despicable,    feeble,    harmless,    helpless,    powerless,    weak. 
Prepositions: 

Formidable  by  or  in  numbers  ;  in  strength  ;  formidable  to  the 
enemy. 

FORTIFICATION. 

Synonyms: 

castle,      citadel,     fastness,     fort,     fortress,      strongbold. 

Fortification  is  the  general  word  for  any  artificial  defensive 
work  ;  a  fortress  is  a  fortification  of  especial  size  and  strength  ;  a 
fortress  is  regarded  as  permanent,  and  is  ordinarily  an  independ- 
ent work;  a  fort  or  fortification  may  be  temporary  ;  a  fortifica- 
tion may  be  but  part  of  a  defensive  system  ;  we  speak  of  the  forti- 
fications of  a  city.  A  citadel  is  a  fortification  within  a  city,  or  the 
fortified  inner  part  of  a  city  or  fortress,  within  which  a  garrison 
may  be  placed  to  overawe  the  citizens,  or  to  which  the  defenders 
may  retire  if  the  outer  works  are  captured ;  the  medieval  castle 
was  the  fortified  residence  of  a  king  or  baron.  Fort  is  the  com- 
mon military  term  for  a  detached  fortified  building  or  enclosure  of 
moderate  size  occupied  or  designed  to  be  occupied  by  troops.  The 
fortifications  of  a  modern  city  usually  consist  of  a  chain  of  forts. 
Any  defensible  place,  whether  made  so  by  nature  or  by  art,  is  a 
fastness  or  stronghold. 

FORTITUDE. 

Synonyms : 

courage,  endurance,  lieroism,  resolution. 

Fortitude  (L.  fort  is,  strong)  is  the  strength  or  firmness  of  mind 


^_,_,  fortunate 

1>7  fraud 

or  soul  to  endure  pain  or  adversity  patiently  and  determinedly. 
Fortitude  has  been  defined  as  "  passive  courage,'''  which  is  a  good 
definition,  but  not  complete.  Fortitude  might  be  termed  "still 
courage,^''  or  "  enduring  courage  "  ;  it  is  that  quality  which  is  able 
not  merely  to  endure  j^ain  or  trial,  but  steadily  to  confront  dan- 
gers that  can  not  be  actively  opposed,  or  against  which  one  has  no 
adequate  defense  ;  it  takes  courage  to  charge  a  battery,  fortitude 
to  stand  still  under  an  enemy's  fire.  Resolution  is  of  the  mind  ; 
endurance  is  partly  physical ;  it  requires  resolution  to  resist  temp- 
tation, endurance  to  resist  hunger  and  cold.     Compare  brave  ; 

PATIENCE. 

FORTUNATE. 

Synonyms: 

favored,     lucky,      prospered,    prosperous,    successful, 
happy, 

A  man  is  successful  in  any  case  if  he  achieves  or  gains  what  he 
seeks ;  he  is  known  as  a  successfid  man  if  he  has  achieved  or 
gained  worthy  objects  of  endeavor ;  he  is  fortunate  or  lucky  if 
advantages  have  come  to  him  without  or  beyond  his  direct  plan- 
ning or  achieving.  Lticky  is  the  more  common  and  colloquial,  for- 
tuncde  the  more  elegant  word  ;  fortunate  is  more  naturally  applied 
to  the  graver  matters,  as  we  speak  of  the  fortunate,  rather  than 
the  lucky,  issue  of  a  great  battle  ;  lucky  more  strongly  emphasizes 
the  element  of  chance,  as  when  we  speak  of  a  lucky  liit,  a  lucky 
guess,  or  of  one  as  ' '  born  under  a  lucky  star.'"  Favored  is  used  in 
a  religious  sense,  implying  that  one  is  the  object  of  divine  favor. 
Happy,  in  this  connection,  signifies  possessed  of  the  means  of  hap- 
piness. One  is  said  to  be  liappy  or  prosperous  whether  liis  pros- 
perity be  the  result  of  fortune  or  of  achievement ;  prospered 
rather  denotes  the  action  of  a  superintending  Providence. 
Antonyms: 

broken,  fallen,  miserable,  unhappy,  woful, 

crushed,  ill=starred,  unfortunate,  unlucky,  wretched. 


FRAUD. 

Synonyms  : 

artifice,       deceit,  duplicity,       swindle,         treason, 

cheat,  deception,       imposition,    swindling,    trick, 

cheating;,    dishonesty,    imposture,     treachery, 

A  fraud  is  an  act  of  deliberate  deception  with  the  design  of 
securing  something  by  taking  unfair  advantage  of  another.   A  de- 
ceit or  deception  may  be  designed  merely  to  gain  some  end  of  one's 
own,  with  no  intent  of  harming  another  ;  an  imposition,  to  take 
12 


friendly 


1T8 


some  small  advantage  of  another,  or  simply  to  make  another 
ridiculous.  An  imposture  is  designed  to  obtain  money,  credit,  or 
position  to  which  one  is  not  entitled,  and  may  be  practised  by  a 
street  beggar  or  by  the  pretender  to  a  throne.  All  action  that  is 
not  honest  is  dishonesty,  but  the  term  dishonesty  is  generally  ap- 
plied in  business,  politics,  etc.,  to  deceitful  practises  which  are 
not  directly  criminal.  Fraud  includes  deceit,  but  deceit  may  not 
reach  the  gravity  of  fraud  ;  a  cheat  is  of  the  nature  of  fraud,  but 
of  a  petty  sort ;  a  sivindle  is  more  serious  than  a  cheat,  involving 
larger  values  and  more  flagrant  dishonesty.  Fraud  is  commonly 
actionable  at  law  ;  cheating  and  swindling  are  for  the  most  part 
out  of  the  reach  of  legal  proceedings.  Treachery  is  chiefly  used 
of  dishonesty  in  matters  of  friendship,  social  relations,  govern- 
ment, or  war;  treachery  may  be  more  harmful  ih.a.n  fraud,  but  is 
not  so  gi-oss,  and  is  not  ordinarily  open  to  legal  redress.  Treason 
is  a  specific  form  of  treachery  of  a  subject  to  the  government  to 
which  he  owes  allegiance,  and  is  definable  and  punishable  at  law. 
Compare  artifice  ;  deception. 

Autonyms: 

fairness,      good  faith,         honesty,         integrity,        truth,  uprightness. 


Synonyms: 

accessible, 

affable, 

affectionate, 

amicable, 

brotberly, 

FRIENDLY. 

companionable,      genial, 
complaisant,            hearty, 
cordial.                        kind, 
favorable,                 kindly, 
fond,                            loving, 

neighborly, 

sociable, 

social, 

tender, 

w^ell=disposed, 

Friendly,  as  said  of  persons,  signifies  having  the  disposition  of 
a  friend  ;  as  said  of  acts,  it  signifies  befitting  or  worthy  of  a  friend. 
The  adjective  friendly  does  not  reach  the  full  significance  of  the 
nouns  "  friend"  and  "friendship";  one  may  be  friendly  to  those 
who  are  not  his  friends,  and  to  be  in  friendly  relations  often 
signifies  little  more  than  not  to  be  hostile.  In  its  apphcation  to 
persons,  accessible  is  used  of  public  and  eminent  persons,  who 
might,  if  disposed,  hold  themselves  at  a  distance  from  others. 
Companionahle  and  sociable  refer  to  manner  and  behavior,  cordial 
and  genial  express  genuine  kindliness  of  heart.  We  speak  of  a 
cordial  gi-eeting,  a  favorable  reception,  a  neighborly  call,  a  socia- 
ble visitor,  an  amicable  settlement,  a  kind  interest,  a  friendly 
regard,  a  hearty  welcome.  The  Saxon  friendly  is  stronger  than 
the  Latin  amicable  ;  the  amicable  may  be  merely  formal ;  the 
friendly  is  from  the  heart.     Fond  is   commonly  applied  to  an 


**^  frieiidslifp 

affection  that  becomes,  or  at  least  appears,  excessive.    Affectionate, 
devoted,  and  tender  are  almost  always  used  in  a  high  and  good 
sense;   as,  an  affectionate  son;   a  devoted  friend;    "the  tender 
mercy  of  our  God,"  Luke  i,  78.     Compare  friendship. 
Antonyms: 

adverse,  bellicose,        contentious,    estranged,    iil=disposed,    unfriendly, 

alienated,  belligerent,    disaffected,      frigid,  indifferent,      unkind, 

antagonistic,    cold,  distant,  hostile,         inimical,  warlike. 


Synonyms  ; 


FRIENDSHIP. 


affection,  comity,  esteem,  good  will, 

amity,  consideration,       favor,  love, 

attachment,        devotion,  friendliness,       regard. 

Friendship  is  a  deep,  quiet,  enduring  affection,  founded  upon 
mutual  respect  and  esteem.  Friendship  is  always  mutual ;  there 
may  be  unreciprocated  affection  or  attachment,  unrequited  love, 
or  even  unrecognized  and  unappreciated  devotion,  but  never  un- 
reciprocated or  unrequited  friendship;  one  may  have  friendly 
feelings  toward  an  enemy,  but  while  there  is  hostility  or  coldness 
on  one  side  there  can  not  be  friendship  between  the  two.  Friend- 
liness is  a  quality  of  friendly  feehng,  without  the  deep  and  settled 
attachment  implied  in  the  state  of  friendship.  Comity  is  mutual 
kindly  courtesy,  with  care  of  each  other's  right,  and  amity  a 
friendly  feeling  and  relation,  not  necessarily  implying  special 
friendliness  ;  as,  the  comity  of  nations,  or  amity  between  neigh- 
boring countries.  Affection  may  be  purely  natural  ;  friendship 
is  a  growth.  Friendship  is  more  intellectual  and  less  emotional 
than  love ;  it  is  easier  to  give  reasons  for  friendship  than  for 
love  ;  friendship  is  more  calm  and  quiet,  love  more  fervent ;  love 
often  rises  to  intensest  passion  ;  we  can  not  speak  of  the  passion 
oi  friendship.  Friendship)  implies  some  degree  of  equality,  while 
love  does  not  ;  we  can  speak  of  man's  love  toward  God,  not  of  his 
friendship  for  God,  (There  is  more  latitude  in  the  use  of  the  con- 
crete noun  friend;  Abraham  was  called  "the  friend  of  God"; 
Christ  was  called  "  the  friend  of  sinners. '')  Compare  acquaint- 
ance ;  LOVE. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  battle  ;  enmity  ;  feud  ;  hatred. 
Prepositions : 

The  friendship  of  one  person  for  or  toward  another,  or  the 
friendship  hetireen  them. 


frigliteu  -  _ - 

frugality  ISO 

IRI«HTEIV. 

Synonyms: 

affright,        appal,  cow,  dismay,  scare, 

alarm,  bro^vbeat,        daunt,        intimidate,       terrify. 

One  is  frightened  by  a  cause  of  fear  addressed  directly  and 
suddenly  to  the  senses  ;  he  is  intimidated  by  an  apprehension  of 
contingent  consequences  dependent  on  some  act  of  his  own  to  be 
done  or  forborne  ;  the  means  of  intimidation  may  act  through  the 
senses,  or  may  appeal  only  to  the  intellect  or  the  sensibilities.  The 
sudden  rush  of  an  armed  madman  may  frighten ;  the  quiet  level- 
ing of  a  highwayman's  pistol  intimidates.  A  savage  beast  is  in- 
timidated by  the  keeper's Avhip.  Employers  may  intimidate  their 
employees  from  voting  contrary  to  their  will  by  tlu-eat  of  dis- 
charge ;  a  mother  may  be  intimidated  through  fear  for  her  child. 
To  hroivbeat  or  cotv  is  to  bring  into  a  state  of  submissive  fear  ;  to 
daunt  is  to  give  pause  or  check  to  a  violent,  tln-eatening,  or  even 
a  brave  spirit.  To  scare  is  to  cause  sudden,  unnerving  fear ;  to 
terrify  is  to  awaken  fear  that  is  overwhelming.     Compare  alarm. 


FRIJGAIATY. 

Synonyms ; 

economy,  parsimony,        saving,  sparing, 

miserliness,  providence,        scrimping,    thrift, 

parsimoniousness,       prudence. 

Economy  is  a  wise  and  careful  administration  of  the  means  at 
one's  disposal ;  frugality  is  a  withholding  of  expenditure,  or  spoor- 
ing of  supplies  or  provision,  to  a  noticeable  and  often  to  a  painful 
degi'ee ;  parsimony  is  excessive  and  unreasonable  saving  for  the 
sake  of  saving.  Frugality  exalted  into  a  virtue  to  be  practised 
for  its  own  sake,  instead  of  as  a  means  to  an  end,  becomes  the 
vice  of  parsimony.  Miserliness  is  the  denying  oneself  and  others 
the  ordinary  comforts  or  even  necessaries  of  hfe,  for  the  mere 
sake  of  hoarding  money.  Prudence  and  providence  look  far 
ahead,  and  sacrifice  the  present  to  the  future,  saving  as  much  as 
may  be  necessary  for  that  end.  (See  prudence.)  Thrift  seeks 
not  merely  to  save,  but  to  earn.  Economy  manages,  frugality 
saves,  providence  plans,  thrift  at  once  earns  and  saves,  with  a 
view  to  wholesome  and  profitable  expenditm'e  at  a  fitting  time. 

See  ABSTINENCE. 

waste, 
wealth. 


Antonyms : 

abundance, 

bounty, 

liberality. 

opulence. 

affluence, 

extravagance, 

luxury, 

riches, 

garrulous 
181  ffeneral 


OARRUJLOIJS. 

Sjnonynis : 

chattering,  loquacious,  talkative,  verbose. 

Garrulovs  signifies  given  to  constant  trivial  talking.  Uhatter- 
ing  signifies  uttering  rapid,  noisy,  and  unintelligible,  or  scarcely 
intelligible,  sounds,  whether  articvilate  words  or  such  as  resemble 
them ;  chattering  is  often  used  of  vocal  sounds  that  may  be  in- 
telligible by  themselves  but  are  ill  understood  owing  to  confusion 
of  many  voices  or  other  cause.  The  talkative  person  has  a  strong- 
disposition  to  talk,  with  or  without  an  abundance  of  words,  or 
many  ideas ;  the  loquacious  jjerson  has  an  abundant  flow  of 
language  and  much  to  say  on  any  subject  svxggested ;  either  may 
be  lively  and  for  a  time  entertaining ;  the  garrulous  person  is 
tedious,  repetitious,  petty,  and  selfsabsoi-bed.  Verbose  is  applied 
to  utterances  more  formal  than  conversation,  as  to  writings  or 
public  addresses.  We  speak  of  a  cliattering  monkey  or  a  chatter- 
ing idiot,  a  talkative  child,  a  talkative  or  loquacious  woman,  a 
garrulous  old  man,  a  verbose  writer.  Compare  circumlocution. 
Autouyius: 

laconic,         reserved,         reticent,         silent,         speecliless,         taciturn. 


OENDER. 

Synonym  : 

sex. 

Sex  is  a  distinction  among  living  beings  :  it  is  also  the  charac- 
teristic by  which  most  living  beings  are  distinguished  from  inani- 
mate things,  which  are  of  no  sex  ;  gender  is  a  distinction  in 
language  partially  corresponding  to  this  distinction  in  nature ; 
while  there  are  but  two  sexes,  there  are  in  some  languages,  as  in 
English  and  German,  three  genders.  The  French  language  has 
but  two  genders  and  makes  the  names  of  all  inanimate  objects 
either  masculine  or  feminine  ;  some  languages  are  without  the 
distinction  of  gender,  and  those  that  maintain  it  are  often  quite 
arbitrary  in  its  application.  We  speak  of  the  masculine  or  femi- 
nine gender,  the  male  or  female  sex. 


GEl^ERAL,. 

Synonyms : 

common.  familiar.  ordinary,  universal, 

commonplace.         frequent,  popular,  usual, 

customary,  habitual,  prevalent, 

everyday,  normal,  public. 

Common  signifies  frequently  occurring,  not  out  of  the  regular 


generous 


1§2 


course,  not  exceptional  ;  hence,  not  above  the  average,  not  excel- 
lent or  distinguished,  inferior,  or  even  low  ;  common  also  signi- 
fies pertaining  to  or  participated  in  by  two  or  more  persons  or 
things  ;  as,  sorrow  is  common  to  the  race.  General  may  signify 
pertaining  equally  to  all  of  a  class,  race,  etc. ,  but  very  commonly 
signifies  pertaining  to  the  gi-eater  number,  but  not  necessarily  to 
all.  Universal  applies  to  all  without  exception  ;  general  applies  to 
all  with  possible  or  comparatively  slight  exceptions  ;  common  ap- 
plies to  very  many  without  deciding  whether  they  are  even  a 
majority.  A  common  remark  is  one  we  often  hear  ;  a  general  fex- 
Ijerience  is  one  that  comes  to  the  majority  of  people  ;  a  imiversal 
experience  is  one  from  which  no  hviman  being  is  exempt.  It  is 
dangerous  for  a  debater  to  affirm  a  universal  proposition,  since 
that  can  be  negatived  by  a  single  exception,  while  a  general  state- 
ment is  not  invalidated  even  by  adducing  many  exceptions.  We 
say  a  common  opinion,  common  experience,  a  general  rule,  gen- 
eral truth,  a  universal  law.    Compare  synonyms  for  normal; 

USUAL. 

Antonyms: 

exceptional,    infrequent,    rare,     singular,    uncommon,     unknown,    unusual. 


OEBfEROfJS. 

Synonyms : 

bountiful,  free,  liberal,  noble, 

chivalrous,         free=handed,     magnanimous,    open=handed, 
disinterested,    free=liearted.    munificent,  open-hearted. 

Generous  (L.  genus,  a  race)  primarily  signifies  having  the 
qualities  worthy  of  noble  or  honorable  birth ;  hence,  free  and 
abundant  in  giving,  giving  freely,  heartily,  and  selfssacrificingly. 
As  regards  giving,  generous  refers  rather  to  the  self-sacrificing 
heartiness  of  the  giver,  liberal  to  the  amount  of  the  gift ;  a  child 
may  show  himself  generous  in  the  gift  of  an  apjile,  a  millionaire 
makes  a  liberal  donation  ;  a  generous  gift,  however,  is  commonly 
thought  of  as  both  ample  and  hearty.  A  munificent  gift  is  vast 
in  amount,  whatever  the  motive  of  its  bestowal.  One  may  be 
free  with  another's  money ;  he  can  be  generous  only  with  his 
own.  Disinterested  suggests  rather  the  thought  of  one's  own 
self=denial ;  generous,  of  one's  hearty  interest  in  another's  wel- 
fare or  happiness.  One  is  magnanimous  by  a  greatness  of  soul 
(L.  magnus,  great,  and  animus,  soul)  that  rises  above  all  that  is 
poor,  mean,  or  weak,  especially  above  every  petty  or  ignoble 
motive  or  feeling  pertaining  to  one's  self,  and  thus  above  resent- 


,  ^eniuH 

*s«*  get 


ment  of  injury  or  insult ;  one  is  generotis  by  a  kindness  of  heart 

that  would  rejoice  in  the  welfare  rather  than  in  the  punishment 

of  the  offender. 

Antonyms : 

avaricious,    covotous,      ipioble, '  mean,        nigtrardly,  penurious,   rapacious, 

close,  greedy,  illiberal,   miserly,     parBiuionious,    petty,  stingy. 


GEXIfJS. 
Synonyms : 

talent,  talents. 

Genius  is  exalted  intellectual  power  capable  of  ojDerating  inde- 
pendently of  tuition  and  training,  and  marked  by  an  extraordinary 
faculty  for  original  creation,  invention,  discovery,  expression,  etc. 
Talent  is  marked  mental  ability,  and  in  a  special  sense,  a  particu- 
lar and  uncommon  aptitude  for  some  special  mental  work  or  at- 
tainment. Genius  is  higher  than  talent,  more  spontaneous,  less 
dependent  upon  insti'uction,  less  amenable  to  training ;  talent  is 
largely  the  capacity  to  learn,  acquire,  appropriate,  adapt  oneself 
to  demand.  Yet  the  genius  that  has  won  the  largest  and  most 
enduring  success  has  been  joined  with  tireless  industiy  and  pains- 
taking. Compare  synonyms  for  mind  ;  power. 
Antonyms: 

dulness,        folly,        imbecility,        obtuseness,        senselessness,        stupidity. 


OET. 

Synonyms : 

achieve,  attain,  gain,  procure,        secure, 

acquire,  earn,  obtain,  receive,        -wiix. 

Get  is  a  most  comprehensive  word.  A  person  gets  whatever 
he  comes  to  possess  or  experience,  whether  with  or  without  en- 
deavor, expectation,  or  desire  ;  he  gets  a. bargain,  a  blow,  a  fall, 
a  fever  ;  he  gains  what  he  comes  to  by  effort  or  striving  ;  the 
swimmer  gains  the  shore  ;  a  man  acquires  by  continuous  and  or- 
dinarily by  slow  process  ;  as,  one  acquires  a  foreign  language.  A 
person  is  sometimes  said  to  gain  and  often  to  acquire  what  has 
not  been  an  object  of  direct  endeavor  ;  in  the  pursuits  of  trade,  he 
incidentally  gains  some  knowledge  of  foreign  countries ;  he  ac- 
quires by  association  Avith  others  a  correct  or  incorrect  accent ;  he 
acquires  a  bronzed  complexion  by  exposure  to  a  tropical  sun;  in 
such  use,  what  he  gains  is  viewed  as  desirable,  what  he  acquires 
as  slowly  and  gradually  resulting.  A  person  earns  what  he  gives 
an  equivalent  of  labor  for,  tho  he  may  not  get  it.  On  the  other 
hand,   he  may   get  what    he   has  not  earned ;    the    temptation 


gift  184 

to  all  dishonesty  is  the  desire  to  get  a  living  or  a  fortune  without 
earning  it.  When  one  gets  the  object  of  his  desire,  he  is  said  to 
obtain  it,  whether  he  has  gained  or  earned  it  or  not.  Win  denotes 
contest,  with  a  suggestion  of  chance  or  hazard ;  in  popular  lan- 
guage, a  person  is  often  said  to  win  a  lawsuit,  or  to  win  in  a  suit 
at  law,  but  in  legal  phrase  he  is  said  to  gain  his  suit,  case,  or  cause. 
In  receiving,  one  is  strictly  passive  ;  he  may  get  an  estate  by  his 
own  exertions  or  by  inlieritance  ;  in  the  latter  case  he  is  said  to 
receive  it.  One  obtains  a  thing  commonly  by  some  direct  effort 
of  his  own  ;  he  procures  it  commonly  by  the  intervention  of  some 
one  else  ;  \\e  procures  a  dinner  or  an  interview  ;  he  secures  what 
has  seemed  uncertain  or  elusive,  when  he  gets  it  firmly  into  his 
possession  or  under  his  conti'ol.     Compare  synonyms  for  attain  ; 

MAKE  ;  REACH. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  abandon. 


GIFT. 

Synonyms: 

benefaction, 
bequest, 

boon, 
bounty, 

bribe, 
donation. 

grant, 
gratuity. 

largess, 
present 

A  gift  is  in  the  popular,  and  also  in  the  legal  sense  that  wliich 
is  voluntarily  bestowed  without  expectation  of  return  or  compen- 
sation. Qift  is  now  almost  always  used  in  the  good  sense,  bribe 
always  in  the  evil  sense  to  signify  payment  for  a  dishonor- 
able service  under  the  semblance  of  a  gift.  In  Scriptural  language 
gift  is  often  used  for  bribe.  "  The  king  by  judgment  establisheth 
the  land  ;  but  he  that  receiveth  gifts  overthroweth  it."  Prov. 
xxix,  4.  A  benefaction  is  a  charitable  gift,  generally  of  large 
amount,  and  viewed  as  of  enduring  value,  as  an  endowment  for  a 
college.  A  donation  is  something,  perhaps  of  great,  never  of  triv- 
ial value,  given  usually  on  some  pubhc  ground,  as  to  a  cause  or  to  a 
person  representing  a  cause,  but  not  necessarily  of  value  beyond 
the  immediate  present ;  as,  a  donation  to  a  pastor.  A  gratuity  is 
usually  something  of  moderate  value  and  is  always  given  as  to  an 
inferior,  and  as  of  favor,  not  of  right ;  as,  a  gratuity  to  a  waiter. 
Largess  is  archaic  for  a  bountiful  gratuity,  usually  to  be  distrib- 
uted among  many,  as  among  the  heralds  at  ancient  tournaments. 
A  present  is  a  gift  of  friendship,  or  conciliation,  and  given  as 
to  an  equal  or  a  superior  ;  no  one's  pride  is  hurt  by  accepting 
what  is  viewed  as  strictly  a  present.     A  boon  is  a  gift  that  has 


ISO  govern 

been  desired  or  craved  or  perhaj^s  asked,  or  something  freely  given 
that  meets  some  great  desire.     A  grant  is  commonly  considerable 
in  amount  and  given  by  public  authority  ;  as,  a  grant  of  public 
lands  for  a  college. 
Antoiiyins : 

compensation,        earnings,        guerdon,        i)enalty,        remuneration,     wages. 


OIVE. 

Synonyms  : 

bestow,    communicate,       deliver,         ^rant,  supply, 

cede,         confer,  furnisli,         impart, 

To  give  is  primarily  to  transfer  to  another's  possession  or  owner- 
ship without  compensation  ;  in  its  secondary  sense  in  popular  use, 
it  is  to  put  into  another's  possession  by  any  means  and  on  any 
tei'ms  whatever;  a  buyer  may  say  "  Give  me  the  goods,  and  I 
will  give  you  the  money  "  ;  we  speak  of  giving  answers,  informa- 
tion, etc. ,  and  often  of  giving  what  is  not  agi-eeable  to  the  recip- 
ient, as  blows,  medicine,  reproof;  but  when  there  is  nothing  in  the 
context  to  indicate  the  contrary,  give  is  always  understood  in  its 
primary  sense  ;  as,  this  book  was  given  me.  Give  thus  becomes, 
like  get,  a  term  of  such  general  import  as  to  be  a  synonym  for  a 
wide  variety  of  words.  To  grant  is  to  put  into  one's  possession  in 
some  formal  way,  or  by  authoritative  act ;  as,  Congi-ess  grants  lands 
to  a  railroad  corporation.  To  speak  of  granting  a  favor  carries  a 
claim  or  concession  of  superiority  on  the  part  of  the  one  by  whom 
the  grant  may  be  made  ;  to  confer  has  a  similar  sense  ;  as,  to  con- 
fer a  degree  or  an  honor  ;  we  grant  a  request  or  petition,  but  do 
not  confer  it.  To  impart  is  to  give  of  that  which  one  still,  to  a 
greater  or  less  degree,  retains  ;  the  teacher  imparts  instruction. 
To  bestow  is  to  give  that  of  which  the  receiver  stands  in  especial 
need  ;  we  bestoiv  alms. 
Prepositions:  " 

We  give  money  to  a  person  for  a  thing,  for  a  purpose,  etc.  (or 
without  proposition,  give  a  person  a  sum  of  money)  ;  we  give  a 
thing  to  or  info  one's  care  or  keeping  ;  the  weary  fugitive  gave 
himself  up  to  his  pursuers. 


OOVERX. 

Synonyms : 

command,    curb,       influence,    mold,     reign  over,    rule, 
control,         direct,    manage,      reign,    restrain,  sw^ay. 

Govern  carries  tlie  idea  of  authoritative  administration  or  some 

exercise  of  authority  that  is  at  once  effective  and  continuous  ;  con- 


graceful  186 

trol  is  effective,  but  may  be  momentary  or  occasional.  One  con- 
trols what  he  holds  or  can  hold  at  will  absolutely  in  check  ;  as,  a 
skilful  horseman  conirols  a  spirited  horse  ;  a  person  controls  his 
temper ;  "wre  say  to  one  who  is  excited,  "  control  yovu'self."  A  per- 
son commands  another  when  he  has,  or  claims,  the  right  to  make 
that  other  do  his  vrill,  with  power  of  inflicting  penalty  if  not 
obeyed  ;  he  controls  another  whom  he  can  effectually  prevent  from 
doing  anything  contrary  to  his  will ;  he  governs  one  whom  he 
actually  does  cause,  regularly  or  constantly,  to  obey  his  will ;  a 
parent  may  command  a  child  whom  he  can  not  govern  or  control. 
The  best  teachers  are  not  gi-eatly  prone  to  command,  but  govern 
or  control  their  pupils  largely  by  other  means.  Command  is, 
however,  often  used  in  the  sense  of  securing,  as  well  as  requiring, 
submission  or  obedience,  as  when  we  speak  of  a  commanding  in- 
fluence ;  a  man  commands  the  situation  when  he  can  shape 
events  as  he  pleases  ;  a  fortress  commands  the  region  when  no 
enemy  can  pass  against  its  resistance.  Govern  implies  the  exer- 
cise of  knowledge  and  judgment  as  well  as  power.  To  ride  is 
more  absolute  and  autocratic  than  to  govern ;  to  sway  is  to  move 
by  quiet  but  effectual  influence  ;  to  mold  is  not  only  to  influ- 
ence feeling  and  action,  but  to  shape  character ;  to  manage  is 
to  secure  by  skilful  contrivance  the  doing  of  one's  will  by  those 
whom  one  can  not  directly  control ;  a  wise  mother,  by  gentle 
means,  sicays  the  feelings  and  molds  the  lives  of  her  children ; 
to  be  able  to  manage  sei-vants  is  an  important  element  of  good 
housekeeping.  The  word  reign,  once  so  absolute,  now  simply  de- 
notes that  one  holds  the  official  station  of  sovereign  in  a  mon- 
archy, with  or  without  effective  power ;  the  Queen  of  England 
reigns  ;  the  Czar  of  Eussia  both  reigns  and  rules. 
Antonyms: 

be  in  subjection,         be  subject,         comply,         obey,         submit,         yield. 


GRACEFUL,. 

Synonym  : 

beautiful. 

That  which  is  graceful  is  marked  by  elegance  and  harmony, 
with  ease  of  action,  attitude,  or  posture,  or  delicacy  of  form. 
Gracefid  commonly  suggests  motion  or  the  possibility  of  motion  ; 
beautiful  may  apply  to  absolute  fixity  ;  a  landscape  or  a  blue  sky 
is  beautiful,  but  neither  is  graceful.     Oro.ceful  commonly  applies 


1S7  habit 


to  beauty  as  addressed  to  the  eye,  tlio  we  often  speak  of  a  graceful 
poem  or  a  graceful  compliment.  Graceful  applies  to  the  perfec- 
tion of  motion,  especially  of  the  lighter  motions,  which  convey  no 
suggestion  of  stress  or  strain,  and  are  in  harmonious  curves. 
Apart  from  the  thought  of  motion,  graceful  denotes  a  pleasing 
harmony  of  outline,  proportion,  etc. ,  with  a  certain  degree  of  del- 
icacy ;  a  Hercules  is  massive,  an  Apollo  is  graceful.  We  speak  of 
a  graceful  attitude,  graceful  drapery.  Compare  beautiful  ;  be- 
coming. 
Autonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  awkward. 


ORIEF. 

Synonyms : 

affliction,    melancholy,    regret,        sorrow^,  trouble, 

distress,      mourning,        sadness,    tribulation,    w^o. 

Grief  is  acute  mental  pain  resulting  from  loss,  misfortune,  or 
deep  disappointment.  Grief  is  more  acute  and  less  enduring  than 
sorroiv.  Sorroio  and  grief  are  for  definite  cause  ;  sadness  and 
melancholy  may  arise  from  a  vague  sense  of  want  or  loss,  from  a 
low  state  of  health,  or  other  ill=defined  cause  ;  sadness  may  be 
momentary  ;  melancholy  is  more  enduring,  and  may  become 
chronic.  Affliction  expresses  a  deep  heart=sorrovv  and  is  apj^lied 
also  to  the  misfortune  producing  such  sorrow ;  mourning  most 
frequently  denotes  sorrow  pubhcly  expressed,  or  the  public  ex- 
pression of  such  sorrow  as  may  reasonably  be  expected;  as,  it  is 
common  to  observe  thirty  days  of  mourning  on  the  death  of  an 
officer  of  state. 
Autonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  happiness. 
Prepositions : 

Grief  at  a  loss ;  for  a  friend. 


HABIT. 

Synonyms  J 

custom,  habitude,         routine,         system,         use. 

fashion,  practise,  rule,  usage,  wont. 

Habit  is  a  tendency  or  inclination  toward  an  action  or  con- 
dition, which  by  repetition  has  become  easy,  spontaneous,  or  even 
unconscious,  or  an  action  or  regular  series  of  actions,  or  a  con- 
dition so  induced.     Custom  is  the  uniform  doing  of  the  same  act 


happen  ISS 

in  the  same  circumstance  for  a  definite  reason;  routine  is  the  doing 
of  customary  acts  in  a  regular  and  uniform  sequence  and  is  more 
mechanical  than  custom.  It  is  the  custom  of  tradesmen  to  open 
at  a  uniform  hom-,  and  to  follow  a  regular  routine  of  business 
until  closings  time.  ifrtZ>fr  always  inchides  an  involuntary  tend- 
ency, natural  or  acquired,  greatly  strengthened  by  frequent 
repetition  of  the  act,  and  may  be  uncontrollable,  or  even  uncon- 
scious. Habitude  is  habitual  relation  or  association.  Custom  is 
chiefly  used  of  the  action  of  many ;  habit  of  the  action  of  one  ; 
we  speak  of  the  customs  of  society,  the  habits  of  an  individual. 
Fashion  is  the  generally  recognized  c?fsfo??i  in  the  smaller  matters, 
especially  in  dress.  A  rule  is  prescribed  either  by  some  external 
authority  or  by  one's  own  will ;  as,  it  is  the  rule  of  the  house  ;  or, 
I  make  it  my  invariable  rule.  System  is  the  coordination  of  many 
acts  or  things  into  a  unity,  and  is  more  and  better  than  routine. 
Use  and  usage  denote  the  manner  of  using  something  ;  we  speak 
of  one  person's  use  of  language,  but  of  the  usage  of  many ;  a  use 
or  usage  is  almost  always  a  habit.  Practise  is  the  active  doing  of 
something  in  a  systematic  way  ;  we  do  not  speak  of  the  practise, 
but  of  the  habit  of  going  to  sleep  ;  we  speak  of  a  tradesman's  cus- 
tom, a  lawyer's  or  a  physician's  practise.  Educationally,  practise 
is  the  voluntary  and  persistent  attempt  to  make  skill  a  habit ;  as, 
practise  in  penmanship.  Wont  is  blind  and  instinctive  habit  like 
that  which  attaches  an  animal  to  a  locnlity  :  the  word  is  now 
almost  wholly  poetic.     Compare  dress. 


HAPPEW. 

iSynoiiyiiis : 

bechance,  chance,  faU  out,  supervene, 

befall,  come  to  pass,    occur,  take  place, 

betide,  fall, 

A  thing  is  said  to  happen  when  no  design  is  manifest,  or  none 

especially  thought  of  ;  it  is  said  to  chance  when  it  appears  to  be 

the  result  of  accident  (compare  synonyms  for  accident).     An 

incident  happens  or  occurs  ;  something  external  or  actual  liapp)ens 

to  one  ;  a  thought  or  fancy  occurs  to  him.     Befall  and  betide  are 

transitive  ;  happen  is  inti-ansitive  ;  sometliing  befalls  or  betides  a 

person  or  happens  to  him.  i?eftde  is  especially  used  for  anticipated 

evil,  thought  of  as  waiting  and  coming  at  its  appointed  time  ;  as, 

wo  betide  him  !     One  event  supervenes  upon  another  event,  one 

disease  upon  another,  etc.     ["  Transpire,"  in  the  sense  of  hap>pe7%, 


189  Iiappinciss 

is  not  authorized  by  good  usage  :    a  thing  that  has  happened  is 
properly  said  to  transpire  when  it  becomes  known.] 
Prepositions : 

An  event  happens  to  a  person  ;  a  person  happens  on  or  upon  a 
fact,  discovery,  etc. 

HAPPINESS. 

Synonyms: 

blessedness,  delight,  gladness,  pleasure, 

bliss.  ecstasy,  gratification,  rapture, 

cbeer,  enjoyment,  joy.  rejoicing, 

comfort,  felicity,  merriment,  satisfaction, 

contentment,  gaiety,  mirth,  triumph. 

Gratification  is  the  giving  any  mental  or  physical  desire  some- 
thing that  it  craves  ;  satisfaction  is  the  giving  such  a  desire  all 
that  it  craves.  Happiness  is  the  positively  agi'eeable  experience 
that  springs  from  the  possession  of  good,  the  gratification  or  sat- 
isfaction of  the  desires  or  the  relief  from  pain  and  evil.  Comfort 
may  be  almost  wholly  negative,  being  found  in  security  or  relief 
from  that  whicli  pains  or  annoys  ;  there  is  comfort  by  a  warm 
fireside  on  a  wintry  night ;  the  sympathy  of  a  true  friend  affords 
comfort  in  sorrow.  Enjoyment  is  more  positive,  always  implying 
something  to  be  definitely  and  consciously  delighted  in  ;  a  sick 
person  finds  comfort  in  relief  from  pain,  while  he  may  be  far  from 
a  state  of  enjoyment.  Pleasure  is  still  more  vivid,  being  an  arous- 
ing of  the  faculties  to  an  intensely  agreeable  activity  ;  satisfaction 
is  more  tranquil  than  pleasure,  being  the  agreeable  consciousness 
of  having  all  that  our  faculties  demand  or  crave  ;  when  a  worthy 
pleasure  is  past,  a  worthy  satisfaction  remains.  As  referring  to  a 
mental  state,  gratification  is  used  to  denote  a  mild  form  of  happi- 
ness resulting  from  some  incident  not  of  very  great  importance  ; 
satisfaction  should  properly  express  a  happiness  deeper,  more 
complete,  and  more  abiding  :  but  as  intellect  or  sensibilities  of  a 
low  order  may  find  satisfaction  in  that  which  is  very  poor  or  un- 
worthy, the  word  has  come  to  be  feeble  and  tame  in  ordinary  use. 
Happiness  is  more  positive  than  comfort,  enjoyment,  or  satisfac- 
tion, more  serene  and  rational  than  pleasure  ;  lileasure  is  of  ne- 
cessity transient ;  happiness  is  abiding,  and  may  be  eternal  ; 
thus,  we  speak  of  pleasures,  but  the  pliu-al  of  hajJjJiness is  scarcely 
used.  Happiness,  in  the  full  sense,  is  mental  or  spiritual  or  both, 
and  is  viewed  as  resulting  from  some  worthy  gratification  or  sat- 
isfaction ;  we  may  speak  of  a  brute  as  experiencing  comfort  or 
pleasure,  but  scarcely  as  in  possession  of  happiiiess ;  we  speak  of 


liappy 


190 


vicious  pleasure,  delight,  or  joy,  but  not  of  vicious  happiness. 
Felicity  is  a  philosophical  term,  colder  and  more  formal  than  hap- 
piness. Gladness  is  happiness  that  overflows,  expressing  itself  in 
countenance,  voice,  manner,  and  action.  Joy  is  more  intense  than 
happiness,  deeper  than  gladness,  to  which  it  is  akin,  nobler  and 
more  enduring  than  pleasure.  Gaiety  is  more  superficial  than 
joy,  more  demonstrative  than  gladness.  Rejoicing  is  happiness  or 
joy  that  finds  utterance  in  word,  song,  festivity,  etc.  Delight  is 
vivid,  overflowing  happiness  of  a  somewhat  transient  kind  ;  ec- 
stasy is  a  state  of  extreme  or  extravagant  delight  so  that  the  one 
affected  by  it  seems  almost  beside  himself  with  joy  ;  rapture  is 
closely  aUied  to  ecstasy,  but  is  more  serene,  exalted,  and  enduring. 
Triumph  is  such  jo?/  as  results  from  victory,  success,  achievement. 
Blessedness  is  at  once  the  state  and  the  sense  of  being  divinely 
blessed  ;  as,  the  blessedness  of  the  righteous.  Bliss  is  ecstatic,  per- 
fected happiness  ;  as,  the  bliss  of  heaven.     Compare  comfort. 

Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  GRIEF. 


HAPPY 

Synonyms : 

blessed. 

cheering. 

gay. 

lucky. 

rejoiced. 

blissful, 

cheery. 

glad. 

merry. 

rejoicing, 

blithe. 

delighted. 

jocund. 

mirthful. 

smiling. 

blithesome, 

delightful, 

jolly. 

pleased. 

sprightly. 

bright. 

dexterous. 

joyful. 

prosperous. 

successful, 

buoyant. 

felicitous. 

joyous. 

rapturous, 

sunny. 

cheerful, 

fortunate. 

Hap2iy  primarily  refers  to  something  that  comes  "by  good 
hap,"  a  chance  that  brings  prosperity,  benefit,  or  success. 

And  grasps  the  skirts  of  hapjjy  chance.  Tennyson  In  Memonam  Ixiii,  st.  2. 

In  this  sense  happy  is  closely  allied  to  fortunate  and  luclcy.  (See 
FORTUNATE.)  Happy  has,  however,  so  far  diverged  from  this  orig- 
inal sense  as  to  apply  to  advantages  where  chance  is  not  recognized, 
or  is  even  excluded  by  direct  reference  to  the  divine  will,  when  it 
becomes  almost  equivalent  to  blessed. 

Behold,  happy  is  the  man  whom  God  correcteth.  Job  v,  17. 

Happy  is  also  applied  to  the  ready  dexterity  or  skill  by  which 
favorable  results  (usually  in  minor  matters)  are  secured,  when  it 
becomes  a  synonym  for  dexterous,  felicitous,  and  the  associated 
words  ;  as,  he  has  a  hax)py  wit ;  happnj  at  retort  (compare  clever). 
In  its  most  frequent  present  use,  hajipy  is  applied  to  the  state  of 
one  enjoying  happiness,  or  to  that  by  which  happiness  is  expressed ; 


191  harmony 

as,  a  hoppij  heart ;  a  ha2>py  face ;  happy  laughter ;  happy  tears 
(compare  synonyms  for  happiness).  Cheerful  appHes  to  the  pos- 
session or  expression  of  a  moderate  and  tranquil  happiness.  A 
cheery  word  spontaneously  gives  cheer  to  others  ;  a  cheering  word 
is  more  distinctly  planned  to  cheer  and  encourage.  Gay  applies 
to  an  effusive  and  superficial  happiness  (often  not  really  worthy  of 
that  name)  perhaps  resulting  largely  from  abundant  animal  spirits  ; 
we  speak  of  gay  revelers  or  a  gay  horse.  A  Inioyant  spirit  is,  as 
it  were,  borne  up  by  joy  and  hope.  A  sunny  disposition  has  a  con- 
stant tranquil  brightness  that  irradiates  all  who  come  within  its 
influence. 
Antonyms' 

Compare  synonyms  for  grief. 
Prepositions : 

A  happy  event  for  him  ;  happy  at  a  reply ;  happy  in  his  home, 
with  his  friends,  among  his  children  ;  happy  at  the  discovery,  over 
his  success. 

HARMOIVY. 

Synonyms? 

accord,  concurrence,  consistency,       uniformity, 

accordance,  conformity,  consonance,        union, 

agreement,  congruity,  symmetry,  unison, 

amity,  consent,  unanimity,  unity, 

concord, 

When  tones,  thoughts,  or  feelings,  individually  different,  com- 
bine to  form  a  consistent  and  pleasing  whole,  there  is  harmony. 
Harmony  is  deeper  and  more  essential  than  agreement ;  we  may 
have  a  superficial,  forced,  or  patched=up  agreement,  but  never  a 
superficial,  forced,  or  patched=up  harmony.  Concord  is  less  full 
and  spiritual  than  harmony.  Concord  implies  more  volition  than 
accord ;  as,  their  views  were  fovind  to  be  in  perfect  accord  ;  or, 
by  conference  concord  was  secured  ;  we  do  not  secure  accord,  but 
discover  it.  We  may  speak  of  being  in  accord  with  a  person  on 
one  point,  but  harmony  is  wider  in  range.  Conformity  is  corre- 
spondence in  form,  manner,  or  use ;  the  word  often  signifies  sub- 
mission to  authority  or  necessity,  and  may  be  as  far  as  possible 
from  harmony ;  as,  the  attempt  to  secure  conformity  to  an  estab- 
lished religion.  Congruity  involves  the  element  of  suitableness  ; 
consistency  implies  the  absence  of  conflict  or  contradiction  in 
views,  statements,  or  acts  which  are  brought  into  comparison,  as 
in  the  different  statements  of  the  same  person  or  the  different 
periods  of  one  man's  life  ;  unanimity  is  the  complete  hearty  agree- 


harvest 


192 


ment  of  many  ;  consent  and  concurrence  refer  to  decision  or  action, 
but  consent  is  more  passive  than  concurrence  ;  one  speaks  by  gen- 
eral consent  when  no  one  in  the  assembly  cares  to  make  formal 
objection  ;  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  depends  upon  the  con- 
currence of  a  majority  of  the  judges.  Compare  ageee  ;  friend- 
ship ;  MELODY. 


Antonyms : 

antagonism, 

battle, 

conflict, 

contention, 


contest, 
controversy, 
difference, 
disagreemeut. 


discord, 
disproportion, 

dissension, 
disunion. 


hostility, 
incongruity, 
inconsistency, 
opposition. 


schism, 
separation, 
variance, 
vk'arfare. 


Synonyms: 

crop, 

fruit, 

g^rowtli, 

harvest'-feast, 

liarvest=festival, 


HARVEST. 

liarvest=liome,  ingathering,     result, 

harvesting,  proceeds,  return, 

harvest=tide,  produce,  yield. 

liarvest=tinie,  product, 

increase,  reaping, 


Harvest,  from  the  Anglo=Saxon,  signified  originally  "autumn," 
and  as  that  is  the  usual  season  of  gathering  ripened  crops  in  North- 
ern lands,  the  word  came  to  its  present  meaning  of  the  season  of 
gathering  ripened  grain  or  fruits,  whether  summer  or  autumn, 
and  hence  a  croj)  gathered  or  ready  for  gathering ;  also,  the  act 
or  process  of  gathering  a  crop  or  crops.  "The  harvest  truly  is 
gTeat,  but  the  laborers  are  few,"  Luke  x,  2.  "Lift  up  your  eyes 
and  look  on  the  fields,  for  they  are  white  already  to  harvest," 
John  iv,  35.  Harvest  is  the  elegant  and  hterary  word  ;  cro2)  is 
the  common  and  commercial  ex^Dression  ;  we  say  a  man  sells  his 
crop,  but  we  should  not  speak  of  his  seUing  liis  harvest ;  we  speak 
of  an  ample  or  abundant  harvest,  a  good  crop.  Harvest  is  apphed 
almost  wholly  to  grain  ;  croj)  applies  to  almost  anything  that  is 
gathered  in  ;  we  speak  of  the  potato=crop,  not  the  yiotaio'harvest ; 
we  may  say  either  the  wheat=cro;j  or  the  v^^heat^harvest.  Prsiduce 
is  a  collective  word  for  all  that  is  produced  in  farming  or  garden- 
ing, and  is,  in  modern  usage,  almost  wholly  restricted  to  this  sense  ; 
we  speak  of  j^roditcc  collectively,  but  of  a  product  or  vaxiou?,  prod- 
ucts;  vegetables,  fruits,  eggs,  butter,  etc.,  may  be  termed  farm* 
produce,  or  t\\e  products  ot  the  farm.  Product  is  a  word  of  wider 
application  than  produce  :  we  speak  of  the  products  of  manufac- 
turing, the  pjroducts  of  thought,  or  the  product  obtained  by  mul- 
tiplying one  number  by  another.  •  The  word  proceeds  is  chiefly 
used  of  the  return  from  an  investment  ;  we  speak  of  the  j)roduce 
of  a  farm,  but  of  the  proceeds  of  the  money  invested  in  farming. 


193  hatred 

The  yield  is  what  the  land  gives  up  to  the  farmer's  demand  ;  we 
speak  of  the  return  from  an  expenditure  of  money  or  labor,  but 
of  the  yield  of  corn  or  oats.  Harvest  has  also  a  figurative  vise, 
such  as  crop  more  rarely  permits  ;  we  term  a  religious  revival  a 
harvest  of  souls  ;  the  result  of  lax  enforcement  of  law  is  a  harvest 
of  crime.  As  regards  time,  harvest,  harvest4ide,  and  harvest- 
time  alike  denote  the  period  or  season  when  the  crops  are  or  should 
be  gathered  {tide  being  simply  the  old  Saxon  word  for  time).  Har- 
vest-home ordinarily  denotes  the  festival  of  harvest,  and  when 
used  to  denote  simply  the  season  always  gives  a  suggestion  of  fes- 
tivity and  rejoicing,  such  as  harvest  and  harvest-time  by  them- 
selves do  not  express. 

HATRED. 

Synonyms: 

abhorrence,  detestation,  hostility,  rancor, 

anger,  dislike,  ill  w^ill,  repugnance, 

animosity,  enmity,  malevolence,      resentment, 

antipathy,  grudge,  malice,  revenge, 

aversion,  hate,  malignity,  spite. 

Repugnance  applies  to  that  which  one  feels  himself  summoned 
or  impelled  to  do  or  to  endure,  and  from  which  he  instinctively 
di'aws  back.  Aversion  is  the  turning  away  of  the  mind  or  feel- 
ings from  some  person  or  thing,  or  from  some  course  of  action, 
etc.  Hate,  or  hatred,  as  applied  to  persons,  is  intense  and  con- 
tinued aversion,  usually  with  disposition  to  injure  ;  anger  is  sud- 
den and  brief,  hatred  is  lingering  and  enduring';  "  Her  wrath  be- 
came a  hate,''  Tennyson  Pelleas  and  Ettarre  st.  16.  As  applied 
to  things,  hatred  is  intense  aversion,  with  desire  to  destroy  or  re- 
move ;  hatred  of  evil  is  a  righteous  passion,  akin  to  abhorrence, 
but  more  vehement.  Malice  involves  the  active  intent  to  injure  ; 
in  the  legal  sense,  malice  is  the  intent  to  injure,  even  tho  with 
no  personal  ill  will ;  as,  a  highwayman  would  be  said  to  entertain 
malice  toward  the  unknown  traveler  whom  he  attacks.  3falice  is 
direct,  pressing  toward  a  result ;  malignity  is  deep,  lingering,  and 
venomous,  tho  often  impotent  to  act ;  rancor  (akin  to  rancid) 
is  cherished  malignity  that  has  soured  and  festered  and  is  virulent 
and  implacable.  Sjnfe  is  petty  malice  that  delights  to  inflict  sting- 
ing pain  ;  grudge  is  deeper  than  sp>ite  ;  it  is  sinister  and  bitter  ; 
grudge,  resentment,  and  revenge  are  all  retaliatory,  grudge  being 
the  disposition,  revenge  the  determination  to  repay  real  or  supposed 
offense  with  injury  ;  revenge  may  denote  also  the  retaliatory  act  ; 
resentment,  the  best  word  of  the  three,  always  holds  itself  to  be 
13 


liave 

Iiazard  194 


justifiable,  but  looks  less  certainly  to  action  than  grudge  or  revenge. 
Simple  goodness  may  arouse  the  hatred  of  the  wicked  ;  they  wiU 
be  moved  to  revenge  only  by  what  they  deem  an  injury  or  affront. 
Compare  abomination  ;  anger  ;  antipathy  ;  enmity. 
Autoiiyius : 

See  synonyms  for  friendship  ;  love. 


HAVE. 

Synonyms  : 

be  in  possession  of,       hold,       occupy,       ow^n,       possess, 
be  possessed  of, 

Have  is  the  most  general  word,  and  is  applied  to  whatever  be- 
longs to  or  is  connected  with  one ;  a  man  has  a  head  or  a  head- 
ache, a  fortune  or  an  opinion,  a  friend  or  an  enemy  ;  he  has  time, 
or  has  need ;  he  may  be  said  to  have  what  is  his  own,  what  he  has 
borrowed,  what  has  been  entrusted  to  him,  or  what  he  has  stolen. 
To  possess  a  thing  is  to  have  the  ownership  with  control  and  en- 
joyment of  it.  To  hold  is  to  have  in  one's  hand,  or  securely  in 
one's  control ;  a  man  holds  his  friend's  coat  for  a  moment,  or  he 
holds  a  struggling  horse  ;  he  holds  a  promissory  note,  or  liolds  an 
office.  To  Oicn  is  to  have  the  right  of  property  in ;  to  2^ossess  is  to 
have  that  right  in  actual  exercise ;  to  occupy  is  to  have  possession 
and  use,  with  some  degree  of  permanency,  with  or  without  own- 
ership. A  man  occtipies  his  own  house  or  a  room  in  a  hotel ;  a 
man  may  own  a  farm  of  which  he  is  not  in  possession  because  a 
tenant  occupies  it  and  is  determined  to  Jiold  it ;  the  proprietor  owns 
the  property,  but  the  tenant  is  in  possession.  To  be  in  possession 
differs  from  possess  in  that  to  possess  denotes  both  right  and 
fact,  while  to  be  in  2)ossession  denotes  simply  the  fact  with  no 
affirmation  as  to  the  right.  To  haf>e  reason  is  to  be  endowed 
with  the  faculty  ;  to  be  in  possession  of  one's  reason  denotes  that 
the  faculty  is  in  actual  present  exercise. 


IIAZARD. 

Synonyms: 

accident,       chance,  danger,       jeopardy,       risk, 

casualty,       contingency,    fortuity,      peril,  venture. 

Hazard  is  the  incurring  the  possibility  of  loss  or  harm  for  the 
possibility  of  benefit ;  danger  may  have  no  compensating  alterna- 
tive. In  hazard  the  possibilities  of  gain  or  loss  are  nearly  bal- 
anced ;  in  risk  the  possibility  of  loss  is  the  chief  thought ;  the  fool- 
hardy take  great  7'isks  in  mere  wantonness  ;  in  chance  and  venture 


195 


liealtby 
help 


the  hope  of  good  predominates  ;  we  speak  of  a  merchant's  venture, 
but  of  an  insurance  company's  risk ;  one  may  be  driven  by  cir- 
cumstances to  run  a  jHsk  ;  he  freely  seeks  a  venture  ;  we  speak  of 
the  chance  of  winning,  the  hazard  or  7'isk  of  losing.  Accidents 
are  incalculable ;  casualties  may  be  to  a  certain  extent  antici- 
pated ;  death  and  wounds  are  casualties  of  battle,  certain  to  hap- 
l^en  to  some,  but  uncertain  as  to  whom  or  how  many.  A  coiitin- 
gency  is  simply  an  indeterminable  future  event,  which  may  or  may 
not  be  attended  with  danger  or  risk.  See  accident  ;  danger. 
Antonyms : 

assurance,  necessity,  protection,  safety,  surety. 

certainty,  plan,  safeguard,  security. 


HEALTHY. 

Synonyms : 

hale,  hygienic,  sanitary,  vigorous, 

hejathful,  salubrious,         sound,  w^ell, 

hearty,  salutary,  strong,  wholesome. 

Healthy  is  most  correctly  used  to  signify  possessing  or  enjoying 
health  or  its  results  ;  as,  a  healthy  person  ;  a  healthy  condition. 
Healthful  signifies  promotive  of  health,  tending  or  adapted  to  con- 
fer, preserve,  or  promote  health  ;  as,  a  healthful  climate.  Whole- 
some food  in  a  healthful  cHmate  makes  a  healthy  man.  With 
healthful  are  ranged  the  words  hygienic,  salubrious,  salutary,  san- 
itary, and  u-holesome,  while  the  other  words  are  associated  with 
healthy.  Salubrious  is  always  used  in  the  physical  sense,  and  is 
chiefly  applied  to  air  or  climate.  Salutary  is  now  chiefly  used  in 
the  moral  sense ;  as,  a  salutary  lesson. 
Antonyms: 

delicate,  failing, 

diseased,  fainting, 

emaciated,  fragile, 

exhausted,  frail, 


ill, 

sick, 

unhealthy, 


unsound, 

wasted, 
weak, 


worn, 

worn  down, 
worn  out. 


HELP. 

foster, 
second, 
stand  by, 


succor, 

support, 

sustain. 


uphold. 


Synonyms: 

abet,  befriend, 

aid,  cooperate, 

assist,        encourage. 

Help  expresses  greater  dependence  and  deeper  need  than  aid. 
In  extremity  we  say  "  God  help  me  !  "  rather  than  "  God  aid  me  !  " 
In  time  of  danger  we  cry  "  help  !  help ! "  rather  than  "  aid  !  aid  !" 
To  aid  is  to  second  another's  own  exertions.  We  can  speak  of 
helpitig  the  helpless,  but  not  of  aiding  them.  Help  includes  aid, 
but  aid  may  fall  short  of  the  meaning  of  helj}.  In  law  to  aid  or 
abet  makes  one  a  principal.     (Comjaare  synonyms  for  ACCESSORY.) 


heretic 
heterogeneous 


196 


To  cooperate  is  to  aid  as  an  equal ;  to  assist  implies  a  subordinate 
and  secondary  relation.  One  assists  a  fallen  friend  to  rise  ;  he  co- 
operates  with  him  in  helping  others.  Encourage  refers  to  men- 
tal aid,  as  uplwld  now  usually  does  ;  succor  and  support,  oftenest 
to  material  assistance.  We  encourage  the  timid  "or  despondent, 
succor  the  endangered,  stqjport  the  weak,  xiphoid  those  who  else 
might  be  shaken  or  cast  down.  Compare  abet;  promote. 
Aiitoiiyius : 

counteract,        discourage,        opjiose,        resist,        tliwart,  withstand. 

Prepositions  : 

Help  in  an  enterprise  ifith  money ;  help  to  success ;  against 

the  enemy,  ■ 

HEKETIC. 

Synonyms : 

dissenter,     heresiarclx,     nonconformist,     schismatic. 

Etymologically,  a  heretic  is  one  who  takes  or  chooses  his  own 
belief,  instead  of  the  belief  of  his  church  ;  hence,  a  heretic  is  one 
who  denies  commonly  accepted  views,  or  who  holds  opinions  con- 
trary to  the  recognized  standard  or  tenets  of  any  established  re- 
ligious, philosophical,  or  other  system,  school,  or  party ;  the  re- 
ligious sense  of  the  word  is  the  predominant  one  ;  a  schismatic  is 
primarily  one  who  produces  a  split  or  rent  in  the  church.  A  heretic 
differs  in  doctrine  from  the  religious  body  with  which  he  is  con- 
nected ;  a  schismatic  differs  in  doctrine  or  practise,  or  in  both.  A 
heretic  may  be  reticent,  or  even  silent ;  a  schismatic  introduces 
divisions.  A  heresiarch  is  the  author  of  a  heresy  or  the  leader  of 
a  heretical  party,  and  is  thus  at  once  a  heretic  and  a  schismatic. 
With  advancing  ideas  of  religious  liberty,  the  odious  sense  once 
attached  to  these  words  is  largely  modified,  and  heretic  is  often 
used  playfully.  Dissenter  and  nonconformist  are  terms  specific- 
ally applied  to  English  subjects  who  hold  themselves  aloof  from 
tlie  Church  of  England  ;  the  former  term  is  extended  to  non=ad- 
herents  of  the  established  church  in  some  other  countries,  as 
Russia. 

HETEROGESfEOUS. 

Synonyms : 

confused.  mingled,  unhomogeneous, 

conglomerate,     miscellaneous,  unlike, 

discordant,  mixed,  variant, 

dissimilar,  non=liomogeneous,      various. 

Substances  quite  unlike  are  heterogeneous  asregsirds  each  other. 

A  heterogeneous  mixture  is  one  whose  constituents  are  not  only 


199'  hide 

unlike  in  kind,  but  unevenly  distributed  ;  cement  is  composed  of 
substances  such  as  lime,  sand,  and  clay,  which  are  heterogeneous 
as  regards  each  other,  but  the  cement  is  said  to  be  homogeneous 
if  the  different  constituents  are  evenly  mixed  throughout,  so  that 
any  one  portion  of  the  mixture  is  exactly  like  any  other.  A  sub- 
stance may  fail  of  being  homogeneous  and  yet  not  be  heterogene- 
ous, in  which  case  it  is  said  to  be  non-homogeneous  or  unhomo- 
geneotis  ;  a  bar  of  iron  that  contains  flaws,  air=bubbles,  etc.,  or  for 
any  other  reason  is  not  of  uniform  structure  and  density  through- 
out, tho  no  foreign  substance  be  mixed  with  the  iron,  is  said 
to  be  no7i'homoge)ieoiis.  A  miscellaneous  mixture  may  or  may 
not  be  heterogeneous  ;  if  the  objects  are  alike  in  kind,  but  different 
in  size,  form,  quality,  use,  etc.,  and  without  special  order  or  rela- 
tion, the  collection  is  miscellaneous  ;  if  the  objects  differ  in  kind, 
such  a  mixture  is  also,  and  more  strictly,  heterogeneous  ;  a  pile  of 
unassorted  lumber  is  miscellaneous  ;  the  contents  of  a  school=boy's 
pocket  are  commonly  miscellaneous  and  might  usually  be  termed 
heterogeneous  as  well.  See  complex. 
Aufoiiyius: 

alike,      homogeneous,      ideutical,      like,      pure,      same,      similar,      uniform. 


HIDE:. 

Synonyms: 

bury.  cover,  entomb,      overwhelm,      suppress, 

cloak,  disguise,        inter,  screen,  veil, 

conceal,     dissemble,     mask,  secrete, 

Hide  is  the  general  term,  including  all  the  rest,  signifying  to 
put  out  of  sight  or  beyond  ready  observation  or  approach  ;  a 
thing  may  be  hidden  by  intention,  by  accident,  or  by  the  im- 
perfection of  the  faculties  of  the  one  from  whom  it  is  hidden; 
in  their  games,  children  hide  the  slipper,  or  hide  themselves  from 
each  other  ;  a  man  imconsciously  hides  a  picture  from  another  by 
standing  before  it,  or  hides  a  thing  from  himself  by  laying  some- 
thing else  over  it.  Even  an  unconscious  object  may  /w'de  another  ; 
as,  a  cloud  hides  the  sun,  or  a  building  hides  some  part  of  the 
prospect  by  intervening  between  it  and  the  observer's  position. 
As  an  act  of  persons,  to  conceal  is  always  intentional  ;  one  may 
hide  his  face  in  anger,  grief,  or  abstraction  ;  he  conceals  his  face 
when  he  fears  recognition.  A  house  is  h  idden  by  foliage ;  the 
bird's  nest  is  artfully  concealed.  Secrete  is  a  stronger  word  than 
conceal,  and  is  used  chiefly  of  such  material  objects  as  may  be 
separated  from  the  person,  or  from  their  ordinary  surroundings, 


liigli 


19S 


and  pvit  in  unlooked=for  places ;  a  man  conceals  a  scar  on  his  face, 
but  does  not  secrete  it ;  a  thief  secretes  stolen  goods ;  an  officer 
may  also  be  said  to  secrete  himself  to  watch  the  thief.  A  thing  is 
covered  by  putting  something  over  or  around  it,  whether  by  ac- 
cident or  design ;  it  is  screened  by  putting  something  before  it, 
always  with  some  purpose  of  protection  from  observation,  incon- 
venience, attack,  censure,  etc.  In  the  figurative  use,  a  person 
may  hide  honorable  feelings  ;  he  conceals  an  evil  or  hostile  intent. 
Anything  which  is  effectually  covered  and  hidden  under  any 
mass  or  accumulation  is  buried.  Money  is  buried  in  the  ground  ; 
a  body  is  buried  in  the  sea  ;  a  paper  is  buried  under  other  docu- 
ments. Whatever  is  buried  is  hidden  or  cmicealed;  but  there 
are  many  ways  of  hiding  or  concealing  a  thing  without  burying 
it.  So  a  person  may  be  covered  with  wraps,  and  not  buried  under 
them.  Bury  may  be  used  of  any  object,  entomb  and  inter  only  of 
a  dead  body.  Figuratively,  one  may  be  said  to  be  buried  in  busi- 
ness, in  study,  etc.     Compare  immerse  ;  palliate. 


Antonyms 

admit, 

advertise, 

avow, 

betray, 

confess. 


disclose, 

discover, 

disinter, 

divulge, 

exhibit, 


exhume, 
expose, 
lay  bare, 
lay  open, 
make  kuowiij 


manifest, 

promulgate, 

publish, 

raise, 
reveal, 


show, 

tell, 

uncover, 

unmask, 

unveil. 


Synonyms : 

elevated, 
eminent, 


exalted, 
lofty, 


HIOH. 

noble, 
proud, 


steep, 
tall, 


tow^ering, 
uplifted. 


Deep,  while  an  antonym  of  high  in  usage,  may  apply  to  the 
very  same  distance  simply  measured  in  an  opposite  direction,  high 
applying  to  vertical  distance  measured  from  below  upward,  and 
deep  to  vertical  distance  measured  from  above  downward  ;  as,  a 
deep  valley  nestling  between  high  mountains.  High  is  a  relative 
term  signifying  greatly  raised  above  any  object,  base,  or  surface, 
in  comparison  with  what  is  usual,  or  with  some  standard  ;  a  table 
is  high,  if  it  exceeds  thirty  inches  ;  a  hill  is  not  high  at  a  hundred 
feet.  That  is  tall  whose  height  is  greatly  in  excess  of  its  breadth 
or  diameter,  and  whose  actual  height  is  great  for  an  object  of  its 
kind  ;  as,  a  tall  ti-ee  ;  a  tall  man ;  tall  grass.  That  is  lofty  which 
is  imposing  or  majestic  in  height ;  we  term  a  spire  tall  with  refer- 
ence to  its  altitude,  or  lofty  with  reference  to  its  majestic  appear- 
ance. That  is  elevated  which  is  raised  somewhat  above  its  surround- 
ings ;  that  is  eminent  which  is  far  above  them ;  as,  an  elevated 


199  binder 

platform  ;  an  eminent  promontory.  In  the  figurative  sense,  elevated 
is  less  than  emment,  and  this  less  than  exalted  ;  we  speak  of  high, 
lofty,  or  elevated  thoughts,  aims,  etc. ,  in  the  good  sense,  but  some- 
times of  high  feelings,  looks,  words,  etc.,  in  the  invidious  sense 
of  haughty  or  arrogant.  A  high  ambition  may  be  merely  selfish  ; 
a  lofty  ambition  is  worthy  and  noble.  Toivering,  in  the  literal 
sense  compares  with  lofty  and  majestic ;  but  in  the  figurative 
sense,  its  use  is  almost  always  invidious  ;  as,  a  toivering  passion; 
a  toicering  ambition  disregards  and  crushes  all  opposing  consider- 
ations, however  rational,  lovely,  or  holy.     Compare  steep. 

Alltoiiyiii!i$ : 

base,  deep,  degraded,  depressed,  dwarfed,  inferior,  low,  mean,  short,  stunted. 


HIIVDER. 

Synonyms: 

baffle,      clog,  foil,  obstruct,    retard, 

balk,        counteract,  frustrate,  oppose,       stay, 

bar,  delay,  hamper,  prevent,     stop, 

block,      embarrass,  impede,  resist,  thwart, 

check,     encumber,  interrupt, 

To  hinder  is  to  keep  from  action,  progress,  motion,  or  growth, 
or  to  make  such  action,  progress,  motion,  or  growth  later  in  be- 
ginning or  completion  than  it  would  otherwise  have  been.  An 
action  is  prevented  by  anything  that  comes  in  before  it  to  make  it 
impossible  ;  it  is  hindered  by  anything  that  keeps  it  from  either 
beginning  or  ending  so  soon  as  it  otherwise  would,  or  as  expected 
or  intended.  It  is  more  common,  however,  to  say  that  the  start  is 
delayed,  the  progress  hindered.  An  action  that  is  hindered  does 
not  take  place  at  the  appointed  or  appropriate  time  ;  that  which  is 
prevented  does  not  take  place  at  all  ;  to  liinder  a,  thing  long  enough 
may  amount  to  preventing  it.  A  railroad=train  may  be  hindered 
by  a  snowsstorm  from  arriving  on  time  ;  it  may  by  special  order 
be  xirevented  from  starting.  To  retard  is  simply  to  make  slow  by 
any  means  whatever.  To  obstruct  is  to  hinder,  or  possibly  to  pre- 
vent advance  or  passage  by  putting  something  in  the  way  ;  to  op- 
pose or  resist  is  to  hinder,  or  possibly  to  prevent  by  directly  con- 
trary or  hostile  action,  resist  being  the  stronger  term  and  having 
more  suggestion  of  physical  force  ;  obstructed  roads  hinder  the 
march  of  an  enemy,  tho  there  may  be  no  force  strong  enough 
to  oppose  it ;  one  opposes  a  measure,  a  motion,  an  amendment,  or 
the  like  ;  it  is  a  criminal  offense  to  I'esist  an  officer  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duty ;  the  physical  system  may  resist  the  attack  of  dis- 


UU^orr  200 


ease  or  the  action  of  a  remedy.     Compare  conquer  ;  impediment  ; 

OBSTRUCT. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  quicken. 
Prepositions : 

Hinder   one    in    his    progress ;  from   acting   promptly ;    by 
opposition. 


HISTORY. 

Synonyms: 

account,  biography,  muniment,  record, 

annals,  chronicle,  narration,  register, 

archives,  memoir,  narrative,  story, 

autobiography,     memorial,  recital. 

History  is  a  systematic  record  of  past  events.  Annals  and 
chronicles  relate  events  with  little  regard  to  their  relative  impor- 
tance, and  with  complete  subserviency  to  their  succession  in  time. 
Annals  are  yearly  records ;  chronicles  follow  the  order  of  time. 
Both  necessarily  lack  emphasis,  selection,  and  perspective.  Ar- 
chives are  public  records,  which  may  be  annals,  or  chronicles,  or 
deeds  of  property,  etc.  Memoirs  generally  record  the  Uves  of  in- 
dividuals or  facts  pertaining  to  individual  lives.  A  biography  is 
distinctively  a  wi-itten  account  of  one  person's  life  and  actions  ;  an 
cmtobiography  is  a  biography  wTitten  by  the  person  whose  life  it 
records.  Annals,  archives,  chronicles,  biographies,  and  memoirs 
and  other  records  furnish  the  materials  of  history.  History  re- 
counts events  with  careful  attention  to  their  importance,  their 
mutual  relations,  their  causes  and  consequences,  selecting  and 
grouping  events  on  the  ground  of  interest  or  importance.  History 
is  usually  applied  to  such  an  account  of  events  affecting  commu- 
nities and  nations,  tho  sometimes  we  speak  of  the  history  of  a 
single  eminent  life.  Compare  RECORD. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  fiction. 


HOI.Y. 

Synonyms: 

blessed,  devoted,  hallowed,  saintly, 

consecrated,  divine,  sacred,  set  apart. 

Sacred  is  applied  to  that  which  is  to  be  regarded  as  inviolable 

on  any  account,  and  so  is  not  restricted  to  divine  tilings  ;  therefore 

in  its  lower  appUcations  it  is  less  than  holy.     That  which  is  sacred 


201  borne 

may  be  made  so  by  institution,  decree,  or  association  ;  that  which 

is  holy  is  so  by  its  own  nature,  possessing  intrinsic  moral  purity, 

and,  in  the  liigliest  sense,  absohite  moral  perfection.    God  is  holy  ; 

liis  commands  are  sacred.    Holy  may  be  applied  also  to  that  which 

is  hallowed  ;  as,  "the  place  whereon  thou  standest  is  Jioly  gi-ound," 

Ex.  iii,  5.     In  sucli  use  holy  is  more  than  sacred,  as  if  the  very 

qualities  of  a  spiritual  or  divine  presence  were  imparted  to  the 

place  or  object.     Divine  has  been  used  with  great  looseness,  as 

applying  to  anything  eminent  or  admirable,  in  the  line  either  of 

goodness  or  of  mere  power,  as  to  eloquence,  music,  etc.,  but  there 

is  a  commendable  tendency  to  restrict  the  word  to  its  higher 

sense,  as  designating  that  which  belongs  to  or  is  worthy  of  the 

Divine  Being.     Compare  perfect  ;  pure. 

Antonyms : 

abominable,      cursed,       polluted,      unconsecrated,      unboly,  wicked, 

common,  impure,      secular,        unhallowed,  unsanctilied,      worldly. 


HOME. 


Synonyms : 

abode.       dwelling,     habitation,     hearthstone,    ingleside, 
domicil,    fireside,        hearth,  house,  residence. 

Abode,  du-elling,  and  habitation  are  used  with  little  difference 
of  meaning  to  denote  the  place  where  one  habitually  lives  ;  abode 
and  habitation  belong  to  the  poetic  or  elevated  style.  Even 
dwelling  is  not  used  in  familiar  speech;  a  person  says  "my 
house,"  "my  home,'"  or  more  formally  "  my  j-mdence."  Home, 
from  the  Anglo=Saxon,  denoting  originally  a  dwelling,  came  to 
mean  an  endeared  direlling  as  the  scene  of  domestic  love  and 
happy  and  cherished  family  life,  a  sense  to  which  there  is  an  in- 
creasing tendency  to  restrict  the  word  —  desirably  so,  since  we 
have  other  words  to  denote  the  mere  dwelling=place  ;  we  say 
"The  wretched  tenement  could  not  be  called  home,'"  or  "The 
humble  cabin  was  dear  to  him  as  the  home  of  his  childhood." 

Home's  not  merely  four  square  walls, 

Tho  with  pictures  hung  and  gilded; 
Home  is  where  affection  calls — 

Where  its  shrine  tho  heart  has  builded. 

Thus  the  word  comes  to  signify  any  place  of  rest  and  peace,  and 
especially  heaven,  as  the  soul's  peaceful  and  eternal  dwellings 
place. 


honest  ««« 

Iiorlzontal  -•v*. 


HONEST. 

Synonyms: 

candid,  frank,  ingenuous,  true, 

equitable,      genuine,         just,  trustwortny, 

fair,  good,  sincere,  trusty, 

faithful,  honorable,     straightforward,  upright. 

One  who  is  Jtoncst  in  the  ordinary  sense  acts  or  is  always  dis- 
posed to  act  with  careful  regard  for  the  rights  of  others,  especially 
in  matters  of  business  or  property  ;  one  who  is  honorable  scrupu- 
lously observes  the  dictates  of  a  personal  honor  that  is  liigherthan 
any  demands  of  mercantile  law  or  pubUc  opinion,  and  will  do 
nothing  unworthy  of  his  own  inherent  nobihty  of  soul.  The  hon- 
est man  does  not  steal,  cheat,  or  defraud  ;  the  honorable  man  wiU 
not  take  an  unfair  advantage  that  would  be  allowed  him,  or  will 
make  a  sacrifice  which  no  one  could  require  of  him,  when  his  own 
sense  of  right  demands  it.  One  who  is  honest  in  the  highest  and 
fullest  sense  is  scrupulously  careful  to  adhere  to  all  known  truth 
and  right  even  in  thought.  In  this  sense  honest  differs  from  hon- 
orable as  having  regard  rather  to  absolute  truth  and  right  than  to 
even  the  highest  personal  honor.  Compare  candid  ;  justice. 
Antonyms: 

deceitful,  faithless,  hypocritical,      perfidious,  unfaithful, 

dishonest,  false,  lying,  traitorous,  unscrupulous, 

disingeuuous,       fradulent,  mendacious,       treacherous,       untrue. 


HORIZONTAL. 

Synonyms: 

even,  flat,  level,  plain,  plane. 

Horizontal  signifies  in  the  direction  of  or  parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon. For  practical  purposes  level  and  horizontal  are  identical, 
tho  level,  as  the  more  popular  word,  is  more  loosely  used  of  that 
which  has  no  especially  noticeable  elevations  or  inequalities  ;  as, 
a  level  road.  Flat,  according  to  its  derivation  from  the  Anglo= 
Saxon  flet,  a  floor,  applies  to  a  surface  only,  and,  in  the  first  and 
most  visual  sense,  to  a  surface  that  is  horizontal  or  levd  in  all  di- 
rections ;  a  line  may  be  level,  a  floor  is  flat  ;  flat  is  also  applied  in 
a  derived  sense  to  any  plane  surface  without  irregularities  or  ele- 
vations, as  a  pictiu'e  may  be  painted  on  t\\eflat  surface  of  a  j)er- 
pendicular  wall.  Plane  applies  only  to  a  surface,  and  is  used 
with  more  mathematical  exactness  than  flat.  The  adjective 
plain,  originally  the  same  word  as  plane,  is  now  rarely  used  ex- 
cept in  the  figurative  senses,  but  the  original  sense  appears  in  the 
noun,  as  we  speak  of  "a  \viAe plain.''  We  speak  of  a  horizontal 
line,  a,  flat  morass,  a  level  road,  a,  plain  country,  a  plane  surface 


humane 
203  hunt 

(especially  in  the  scientific  sense).  That  which  is  level  may  not 
be  even,  and  that  which  is  even  may  not  be  level ;  a  level  road  may 
be  very  rough  ;  a  slope  may  be  even. 

Antowyiiii!* : 

broken,  iiicliued,  rolling,  rugged,  sloping, 

hilly,  irregular,  rough,  slanting,  uneven. 


Synonyms : 

benevolent,  compassionate,  human,  pitying, 

benignant,  forgiving,  kind,  sympathetic, 

charitable,  gentle,  kind=hearted,  tender, 

clement,  gracious,  merciful,  tender=hearted. 

Human  denotes  what  pertains  to  mankind,  with  no  suggestion 
as  to  its  being  good  or  evil  ;  as.  the  human  race  ;  1  mnian  qnalities  ; 
we  speak  of  human  achievements,  virtues,  or  excellences,  human 
follies,  vices,  or  crimes.  Humane  denotes  what  may  rightly  be 
expected  of  mankind  at  its  best  in  the  treatment  of  sentient  beings  ; 
a  humane  enterprise  or  endeavor  is  one  that  is  intended  to  prevent 
or  relieve  suffering.  The  humane  man  will  not  needlessly  inflict 
pain  upon  the  meanest  thing  that  lives  ;  a  merciful  man  is  disposed 
to  withhold  or  mitigate  the  suffering  even  of  the  guilty.  The  com- 
passionate man  sympathizes  with  and  desires  to  relieve  actual 
suffering,  while  one  who  is  humane  would  forestall  and  prevent 
the  sviff  ering  which  he  sees  to  be  possible.  Compare  mercy  ;  piti- 
ful ;  PITY. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  barbarous. 


HUXT. 

Synonyms: 

chase,        hunting,         inquisition,         pursuit,         search. 

A  hunt  may  be  either  the  act  of  pursuing  or  the  act  of  seeking, 
or  a  combination  of  the  two.  A  chase  or  pursuit  is  after  that 
which  is  fleeing  or  departing  ;  a  search  is  for  that  which  is  hidden  ; 
a  hunt  may  be  for  that  which  is  either  hidden  or  fleeing  ;  a  search 
is  a  minute  and  careful  seeking,  and  is  especially  applied  to  a  lo- 
cality ;  we  make  a  search  of  or  through  a  house,  for  an  object,  in 
which  connection  it  would  be  colloquial  to  say  a  hunt.  Hunt 
never  quite  loses  its  association  with  field=spoi-ts,  where  it  in- 
cludes both  search  and  cltase  ;  the  search  till  the  game  is  hunted 
out,  and  the  chase  till  it  is  hunted  down.  Figuratively,  we  speak 
of  literary  pursuits,  or  of  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  ;  a  search  for 


hypocrisy 

hypocrite  ^w* 

reasons;  the  chase  of  fame  or  honor;  hunt,  in  figurative  use,  in- 
cHnes  to  the  unfavorable  sense  of  inquisition,  but  with  more  of 
dash  and  aggi'essiveness  ;  as,  a  hunt  for  heresy. 


HYPOCRISY. 

Synonyms : 

afifectation,  formalism,    pretense,  sanctimony, 

cant,  Pharisaism,  sanctimoniousness,  sham, 

dissimulation,   pietism, 

Pretense  (L.  jjrcetendo)  primarily  signifies  the  holding  some- 
thing forward  as  having  certain  rights  or  claims,  whether  truly  or 
falsely  ;  in  the  good  sense,  it  is  now  rarely  used  except  with  a  neg- 
ative ;  as,  there  can  be  no  j^retense  that  this  is  due ;  a  false  pre- 
tense imphes  the  possibility  of  a  true  jp^^t^^se ;  but,  alone  and 
unlimited,  pretense  commonly  signifies  the  off^ering  of  something 
for  what  it  is  not.  Hypocrisy  is  the  iaXae  pretense  of  moi'al  excel- 
lence, either  as  a  cover  for  actual  wTong,  or  for  the  sake  of  the 
credit  and  advantage  attaching  to  virtue.  Cant  (L.  cantus,  a  song), 
primarily  the  singsong  iteration  of  the  language  of  any  party, 
school,  or  sect,  denotes  the  mechanical  and  pretentious  use  of  relig- 
ious phraseology,  without  corresponding  feeling  or  character; 
sanctimoniousness  is  the  assumption  of  a  saintly  manner  without  a 
saintly  character.  As  cant  is  hypocrisy  in  utterance,  so  sanctimo- 
niousness is  hypocrisy  in  appearance,  as  in  looks,  tones,  etc.  Piet- 
ism, originally  a  word  of  good  import,  is  now  chiefly  used  for  an 
unregulated  emotionalism  ;  formalism  is  an  exaggerated  devotion 
to  forms,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  without  corresponding  earnest- 
ness of  heart ;  sham  (identical  in  origin  with  s}ia))ie)  is  a  trick  or 
device  that  puts  one  to  shame,  or  that  shamefully  disappoints  ex- 
pectation or  falsifies  appearance.  Affectation  is  in  matters  of 
intellect,  taste,  etc.,  much  what  hypocrisy  is  in  morals  and  relig- 
ion ;    affectation  might  be  termed  petty  hyjiocrisy.      Compare 

DECEPTION. 

Antonyms: 

candor,  genuineness,        ingenuonenese,        sincerity,  truth, 

franlinesB,        honesty,  openness,  transparency,        truthfulness. 


HYPOCRITE. 

Synonyms: 

cheat,       deceiver,       dissembler,      impostor,       pretender, 

A  hypocrite  (Gr.  hypokrites,  one  who  answers  on  the  stage,  an 
actor,  especially  a  mimic  actor)  is  one  who  acts  a  false  part,  or 
assvimes  a  character  other  than  the  real.     Deceiver  is  the  most 


205  ]iypotIie)!«li^ 

comprehensive  term,  including  all  the  other  words  of  the  gi'oup. 
The  deceiver  seeks  to  give  false  impressions  of  any  matter  where 
he  has  an  end  to  gain  ;  the  dissembler  or  hypocrite  seeks  to  give 
false  impressions  in  regard  to  himself.  The  dissembler  is  content 
if  he  can  keep  some  base  conduct  or  evil  purpose  from  being  dis- 
covered ;  the  hypocrite  seeks  not  merely  to  cover  his  vices,  but  to 
gain  credit  for  virtue.  The  cheat  and  impjostor  endeavor  to  make 
something  out  of  those  they  may  deceive.  The  cheat  is  the  infe- 
rior and  more  mercenary,  as  the  thimble=rig  gambler  ;  the  impos- 
tor may  aspire  to  a  fortune  or  a  tlu'one.  Compare  hypocrisy. 
Antonyms : 

The  antonyms  of  hypocrite  are  to  be  found  only  in  phrases  em- 
bodying the  adjectives  candid,  honest,  ingenuous,  sincere,  true,  etc. 


HYPOTHESIS. 

Synouynifii : 

conjecture,       scheme,  supposition,         system, 

guess,  speculation,        surmise,  theory. 

A  hypothesis  is  a  statement  of  what  is  deemed  possibly  true, 
assumed  and  reasoned  upon  as  if  certainly  true,  with  a  view  of 
reaching  truth  not  yet  surely  known  ;  especially,  in  the  sciences, 
a  hypothesis  is  a  comprehensive  tentative  explanation  of  certain 
phenomena,  which  is  meant  to  include  all  other  facts  of  the  same 
class,  and  which  is  assumed  as  true  till  there  has  been  opportunity 
to  bring  all  related  facts  into  comparison ;  if  the  hypothesis  ex- 
plains all  the  facts,  it  is  regarded  as  verified  ;  till  then  it  is  re- 
garded as  a  working  hypothesis,  that  is,  one  that  may  answer  for 
present  practical  purposes.  A  hypothesis  may  be  termed  a  com- 
prehensive guess.  A  gitess  is  a  swift  conclusion  from  data  directly 
at  hand,  and  held  as  i^robable  or  tentative,  while  one  confessedly 
lacks  material  for  absolute  certainty.  A  conjecture  is  more  meth- 
odical than  a  guess,  while  a  supposition  is  still  slower  and  more 
settled  ;  a  conjecture,  like  a  guess,  is  preliminary  and  tentative  ;  a 
supposition  is  more  nearly  final :  a  surmise  is  more  fioating  and 
visionary,  and  often  sinister ;  as,  a  surmise  that  a  stranger  may 
be  a  pickpocket.  Theory  is  used  of  the  mental  coordination  of 
facts  and  ijrinciples,  that  may  or  may  not  prove  correct ;  a  ma- 
chine may  be  perfect  in  theory,  but  useless  in  fact.  Scheme  may 
be  used  as  nearly  equivalent  to  theory,  but  is  more  frequently 
applied  to  proposed  action,  and  in  the  sense  of  a  somewhat  vision- 
ary plan.    A  speculation  may  be  wholly  of  the  brain,  resting  upon 


Idea 
ideal,  ». 


206 


no  facts  worthy  of  consideration  ;  system  is  the  highest  of  these 
terms,  having  most  of  assurance  and  fixity ;  a  system  unites  many 
facts,  phenomena,  or  doctrines  into  an  orderly  and  consistent 
whole  ;  we  speak  of  a  system  of  theology,  of  the  Copernican  sys- 
tem of  the  universe.     Compare  system. 

Antonyms: 

certainty,        demoustration,        discovery,        evidence,        fact,        proof. 


IDEA. 


Synonyms: 

apprehension , 

archetype, 

belief, 

conceit, 

concept, 

conception, 


design, 

fancy, 

fantasy, 

ideal, 

image, 

imagination, 


impression, 

judgment, 

model. 

notion, 

opinion, 

pattern. 


plan, 

purpose, 

sentiment, 

supposition, 

theory, 

thought. 


Idea  is  in  Greek  a  form  or  an  image.  The  word  signified  in 
early  philosophical  use  the  archetype  or  primal  image  which  the 
Platonic  philosophy  supposed  to  be  the  model  or  pattern  that 
existing  objects  imperfectly  embody.  This  high  sense  has  nearly 
disappeared  fiom  the  word  idea,  and  has  been  largely  appropri- 
ated by  ide«Z,  tho  something  of  the  original  meaning  still  appears 
when  in  theological  or  philosophical  language  we  speak  of  the  ideas 
of  God.  The  present  popular  use  of  idea  makes  it  to  signify  any 
product  of  mental  apprehension  or  activity,  considered  as  an  ob- 
ject of  knowledge  or  thought ;  this  coincides  with  the  primitive 
sense  at  but  a  single  point — that  an  idea  is  mental  as  opposed  to 
anything  substantial  or  physical ;  thus,  almost  any  mental  prod- 
uct, as  a  belief,  conception,  design,  opinion,  etc.,  may  now  be 
called  an  idea.     Compare  fancy  ;  ideal. 

Antonyms : 

actuality,        fact,        reality,        substance. 


Synonyms: 

archetype, 
idea. 


model, 
original, 


IDEAL.. 

pattern,       prototype,       standard. 


An  ideal  is  that  which  is  conceived  or  taken  as  the  highest  type 
of  excellence  or  ultimate  object  of  attainment.  The  archetype  is 
the  primal  form,  actual  or  imaginary,  according  to  which  any  ex- 
isting thing  is  consti'ucted  ;  the  prototype  has  or  has  liad  actual  ex- 
istence ;  in  the  derived  sense,  as  in  metrology,  a  prototype  may  not 
be  the  original  form,  but  one  having  equal  authority  with  that  as  a 


207 


Idiocy 


startdard.  An  ideal  may  be  primal,  or  may  be  slowly  developed 
even  from  failures  and  by  negations  ;  an  ideal  is  meant  to  be  per- 
fect, not  merely  the  thing  that  has  been  attained  or  is  to  be 
attained,  but  the  best  conceivable  thing  that  could  by  possibility 
be  attained.  The  artist's  ideal  is  his  own  mental  image,  of  which 
his  finished  work  is  but  an  imperfect  expression.  The  original  is  the 
first  specimen,  good  or  bad  ;  the  original  of  a  master  is  superior  to 
all  copies.  The  standard  may  be  below  tlie  ideal.  The  ide(d  is 
imaginary,  and  ordinarily  unattainable  ;  the  standard  is  concrete, 
and  ordinarily  attainable,  being  a  measure  to  which  all  else  of  its 
kind  must  conform  ;  as,  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures,  of 
corn,  or  of  cotton.  The  idea  of  virtue  is  the  mental  concept  or 
image  of  virtue  in  general ;  the  ideal  of  virtue  is  the  mental  con- 
cept or  image  of  virtue  in  its  highest  conceivable  perfection.  Com- 
pare EXAMPLE  ;  IDEA. 

Antonyms: 

accomplishment,  action,  doing,  fact,  practise, 

achievement,  attainment,  embodiment,  incarnation,  reality, 

act  development,  execution,  performance,  realization. 


IDIOCY. 

Synonyms : 

fatuity,  foolishness,  incapacity,  stupidity, 

folly,  imbecility,  senselessness. 

Idiocy  is  a  state  of  mental  unsoundness  amounting  almost  or 
quite  to  total  absence  of  understanding.  Imbecility  is  a  condition 
of  mental  weakness,  which  may  or  may  not  be  as  complete  as  that 
of  idiocy,  but  is  at  least  such  as  to  incapacitate  for  the  serious 
duties  of  life.  Incapacity,  or  lack  of  legal  qualification  for  certain 
acts,  necessarily  results  from  imbecility,  but  may  also  result  from 
other  causes,  as  from  insanity  or  from  age,  sex,  etc. ;  as,  the  inca- 
pacity of  a  minor  to  make  a  contract.  Idiocy  or  imbecility  is 
weakness  of  mind,  while  insanity  is  disorder  or  abnormal  action 
of  mind.  Folly  and  foolishness  denote  a  want  of  mental  and 
often  of  moral  balance.  Fatuity  is  sometimes  used  as  equivalent 
to  idiocy,  but  more  frequently  signifies  conceited  and  excessive 
foolishness  or  folly.  Stujndity  is  dulness  and  slowness  of  inental 
action  which  may  range  all  the  way  from  lack  of  normal  readiness 
to  absolute  imbecility.    Compare  insanity. 

Antonyms: 

acutenesB,  brilliancy,        common  sense,        sagacity,        soundness, 

astuteness,        capacity,  intelligence,  sense,  wisdom. 


idle 
Ignorant 


20S 


IDLE. 

Synonyms^ : 

inactive,     inert,      slothful,       trifling.  unoccupied, 

indolent,     lazy,       sluggish,     unemployed,    vacant. 

Idle  in  all  uses  rests  upon  its  root  meaning,  as  derived  from 
the  Anglo=Saxon  idel,  wliich  signifies  vain,  empty,  useless.  Idle 
thus  denotes  not  primarily  the  absence  of  action,  but  vain  action 
—  the  absence  of  useful,  effective  action;  the  idle  schoolboy  may 
be  very  actively  whittling  his  desk  or  tormenting  his  neighbors. 
Doing  nothing  whatever  is  the  secondary  meaning  of  idle.  One 
may  be  temporarily  idle  of  necessity  ;  if  he  is  habitually  idle,  it  is 
his  own  fault.  Lazy  signifies  indisposed  to  exertion,  averse  to 
labor  ;  idleness  is  in  fact ;  laziness  is  in  disposition  or  inclination, 
A  lazy  person  may  chance  to  be  employed  in  useful  work,  but  he 
acts  without  energy  or  impetus.  We  speak  figuratively  of  a  lazy 
stream.  The  inert  person  seems  like  dead  matter  (characterized 
by  inertia),  powerless  to  move  ;  the  sluggish  moves  lieavily  and 
toilsomely  ;  the  most  active  person  may  sometimes  find  the  bodily 
or  mental  powers  sluggish.  Slothful  belongs  in  the  moral  realm, 
denoting  a  self=indulgent  aversion  to  exertion.  "The  slothftd 
hideth  his  hand  in  his  bosom  ;  it  grieveth  him  to  bring  it  again  to 
his  mouth,"  Prov.  xxvi,  15.  Indolent  is  a  milder  term  for  the 
same  quality  ;  the  slothful  man  hates  action ;  the  indolent  man 
loves  inaction.  Compare  vain. 
Antonyms: 

active,     busy,     diligent,     employed,      industrious,      occupied,      working. 


IO^ORA]\T. 

Synonyms: 

illdnformed,      unenlightened,       unlearned,        untaught, 
illiterate.  uninformed,  unlettered,        untutored, 

uneducated,      uninstructed,  unskilled. 

Ignorant  signifies  destitute  of  education  or  knowledge,  or 
lacking  knowledge  or  information  ;  it  is  thus  a  relative  term. 
The  most  learned  man  is  still  ignorant  of  many  things ;  persons 
are  spoken  of  as  ignorant  who  have  not  the  knowledge  that  has 
become  generally  diffused  in  the  world  ;  the  ignorant  savage  may 
be  well  instructed  in  matters  of  the  field  and  the  chase,  and  is  thus 
more  properly  untutored  than  ignorant.  Illiterate  is  without 
letters  and  the  knowledge  that  comes  through  reading.  Unlettered 
is  similar  in  meaning  to  illiterate,  but  less  absolute  ;  the  uidettered 
man  may  have  acquired  the  art  of  reading  and  writing  and  some 
elementary  knowledge  ;  the  uneducated  man  has  never  taken  any 


209  iniagl  nation 

systematic  course  of  mental  training.     /g/jora»ee  is  relative  ;  illit- 
eracy is  absolute  ;  we  have  statistics  of  illiteracy  ;  no  statistics  of 
igtwrance  are  possible. 
Antonyms  : 

educated,    iustructed,    learned,    sage,    skilled,    trained,    well=iuformed,    wise. 


IMAGINATION. 

Synonyms: 

fancy,  fantasy,  phantasy. 

The  old  psychology  treated  of  the  Reprod^ictive  Imaginatio7i, 
which  simply  reproduces  the  images  that  the  mind  has  in  any  way 
acquired,  and  the  Productive  Imagination  which  modifies  and 
combines  mental  images  so  as  to  produce  what  is  virtually  new. 
To  this  Reproductive  Imagination  President  Noah  Porter  and 
others  have  given  the  name  of  phantasy  or  fantasy  (many  psy- 
chologists preferring  the  former  spelling).  Phantasy  or  fantasy, 
so  understood,  presents  numerous  and  varied  images,  often  com- 
bining them  into  new  forms  with  exceeding  vividness,  yet  without 
any  ti'ue  constructive  power,  but  with  the  mind  adrift,  blindly 
and  passively  following  the  laws  of  association,  and  with  reason 
and  will  in  torpor  ;  the  mental  images  being  perhaps  as  varied  and 
as  vivid,  but  also  as  purposeless  and  vmsystematized  as  the  visual 
images  in  a  kaleidoscope  ;  such  fantasy  (often  loosely  called  im- 
agination) appears  in  dreaming,  revery,  somnambulism,  and  in- 
toxication. Fantasy  in  ordinary  usage  simply  denotes  capricious 
or  erratic  fancy,  as  appears  in  the  Pidjective  fantastic.  Imagina- 
tion and  fancy  differ  from  fantasy  in  bringing  the  images  and 
their  combinations  under  the  control  of  the  will ;  imagination  is 
the  broader  and  higher  term,  including /a «c?/;  imagination  is  the 
act  or  power  of  imaging  or  of  reimaging  objects  of  perception 
or  thought,  of  combining  the  products  of  knowledge  in  mod- 
ified, new,  or  ideal  forms  —  the  creative  or  constructive  power 
of  the  mind  ;  while  fancy  is  the  act  or  power  of  forming  pleas- 
ing, graceful,  whimsical,  or  odd  mental  images,  or  of  combining 
them  with  little  regard  to  rational  processes  of  construction; 
imagination  in  its  lower  form.  Both  fancy  and  imagination 
recombine  and  modify  mental  images  ;  either  may  work  with  the 
other's  materials  ;  imagination  may  glorify  the  tiniest  flower ; 
fancy  may  play  around  a  mountain  or  a  star  ;  the  one  gi-eat  dis- 
tinction between  them  is  that  fancy  is  superficial,  while  imagina- 
tion is  deep,  essential,  spiritual.     Wordsworth,  who  was  the  first 

14 


imagination  .*«.v 

clearly  to  draw  the  tlistinction  between  the  ftmey  and  the  imag- 
ination, states  it  as  follows  : 

To  aggregate  and  to  associate,  to  evoke  and  to  combine,  belong  as  well  to  the 
imagination  as  to  Xhnfanaj  ;  but  either  the  materials  evoked  and  combined  are  dif- 
ferent; or  they  are  brought  together  under  a  different  law,  and  for  a  different  pur- 
pose. Fancy  does  not  require  that  the  materials  which  she  makes  use  of  should  be 
susceptible  of  changes  in  their  constitution  from  her  touch;  and  where  they  admit  of 
modification,  it  is  enough  for  her  purpose  if  it  be  slight,  limited,  and  evanescent. 
Directly  the  reverse  of  these  are  the  desires  and  demands  of  the  iinaginatimi.  She 
recoils  from  everything  but  the  plastic,  the  pliant,  and  the  indefinite.  She  leaves  it 
to  fancy  to  describe  Queen  Mab  as  coming: 

'  In  shape  no  bigger  than  an  agate  stone 
On  the  forefinger  of  an  alderman.' 

Having  to  speak  of  stature,  she  does  not  tell  you  that  her  gigantic  angel  was  as  tall 
as  Pompey's  Pillar;  much  less  that  he  was  twelve  cubits  or  twelve  hundred  cubits 
high;  or  that  his  dimensions  equalled  those  of  Teneriffe  or  Atlas;  because  these,  and 
if  they  were  a  million  times  as  high,  it  would  be  the  same,  are  bounded.  The  expres- 
sion is,  '  His  stature  reached  the  sky!  the  illimitable  firmament!  —  M'hen  the  imagi- 
nation frames  a  comparison,  ...  a  sense  of  the  truth  of  the  likeness  from  the 
moment  that  it  is  perceived  grows  —  and  continues  to  grow  —  upon  the  mind ;  the  re- 
semblance depending  less  upon  outline  of  form  and  feature  than  upon  expression 
and  effect,  less  upon  casual  and  outstanding  than  upon  inherent  and  internal  prop- 
erties.* Poetical  Works,  Prff.  to  Ed.  of  ISlo,  p.  646,  app.  [t.  &  h.  '51.] 

So  far  as  actual  images  are  concerned,  both  fancy  and  imagina- 
tion are  limited  to  the  materials  furnished  by  the  external  world  ; 
it  is  remarkable  that  among  all  the  representations  of  gods  or 
demigods,  fiends  and  demons,  griffins  and  chimseras,  the  human 
mind  has  never  invented  one  organ  or  attribute  that  is  not  pre- 
sented in  human  or  animal  life  ;  the  lion  may  have  a  human  head 
and  an  eagle's  wings  and  claws,  but  in  the  various  features, 
individually,  there  is  absolutely  nothing  new.  But  imagination 
can  transcend  the  work  of  fancy,  and  compare  an  image  drawn 
from  the  external  world  with  some  spiritual  truth  born  in  the 
mind  itself,  or  infuse  a  series  of  images  with  such  a  spiritual 
truth,  molding  them  as  needed  for  its  more  vivid  expression. 

The  imagination  modifies  images,  and  gives  unity  to  variety;  it  sees  all  things  in 
one.  .  .  .  There  is  the  epic  imagination,  ihe  perfection  of  which  is  in  Milton;  and 
the  dramatic,  of  which  Shakspeare  is  the  absolute  master. 

Coleridge  Table  Talk  June  23,  '34. 

Fancy  keeps  the  material  image  prominent  and  clear,  and 
works  not  only  with  it,  but  for  it ;  imagination  always  uses  the 
material  object  as  the  minister  of  something  greater  than  itself, 

*The  whole  discussion  from  which  the  quotation  is  taken  is  worthy  of,  and  will 
well  repay  careful  study. 


'bH  immediately 

and  often  almost  loses  the  object  in  the  spiritual  idea  with  which 
she  has  associated  it,  and  for  wliich  alone  she  values  it.  Fancy 
flits  about  the  surface,  and  is  airy  and  playful,  sometimes  petty 
and  sometimes  false  ;  imagination  goes  to  the  lieart  of  things,  and 
is  deep,  earnest,  serious,  and  seeks  always  and  everywhere  for  es- 
sential truth.  Fancy  sets  off,  variegates,  and  decorates  ;  imagina- 
tio7i  transforms  and  exalts.  Fancy  delights  and  entertains  ;  ini- 
agination  moves  and  thrills.  Imagination  is  not  only  poetic  or 
literary,  but  scientific,  philosophical,  and  practical.  By  imagina- 
tion the  architect  sees  the  unity  of  a  building  not  yet  begun,  and 
the  inventor  sees  the  unity  and  varied  interactions  of  a  machine 
never  yet  constructed,  even  a  unity  that  no  human  eye  ever  can 
see,  since  when  the  machine  is  in  actual  motion,  one  part  may 
hide  the  connecting  parts,  and  yet  all  keep  the  unity  of  the  inven- 
tor's thought.  By  imagination  a  Newton  sweeps  sun,  planets, 
and  stars  into  unity  with  the  earth  and  the  apple  that  is  drawn  ir- 
resistibly to  its  surface,  and  sees  them  all  within  the  circle  of  one 
grand  law.  Science,  philosophy,  and  mechanical  invention  have 
little  use  for  fancy,  but  the  creative,  penetrative  power  of  imagi- 
natiofi  is  to  them  the  breath  of  life,  and  the  condition  of  all  ad- 
vance and  success.     See  also  fancy  ;  idea. 


I]WMEDIATELV. 

Synonyms: 

at  once,  instanter,        presently,  straightw^ay, 

directly,  instantly,        right  aw^ay,         this  instant, 

forthwith,         now^,  right  off,  w^ithout  delay. 

The  strong  and  general  human  tendency  to  procrastination  is 
shown  in  the  progi-essive  weakening  of  the  various  words  in  tliis 
gi'oup.  Immediately  primarily  signifies  without  the  intervention 
of  anything  as  a  medium,  hence  without  the  intervention  of  any, 
even  the  briefest,  interval  or  lapse  of  time.  By  and  by,  which  was 
once  a  synonym,  has  become  an  antonym  of  immediately,  mean- 
ing at  some  (perhaps  remote)  future  time.  Directly,  wiiich  once 
meant  with  no  intervening  time,  now  means  after  some  little 
while  ;  presently  no  longer  means  in  this  very  present,  but  before 
very  long.  Even  immediately  is  sliding  from  its  instantaneous- 
ness,  so  that  we  are  fain  to  substitute  at  once,  instantly,  etc., 
when  we  would  make  promptness  emphatic.  Right  aicay  and 
right  off  are  vigorous  conversational  expressions  in  the  United 
States. 
Antonyms-. 

after  a  while,        by  and  by,        hereafter,        in  the  future,        some  time. 


liiiniiiieut  Ji*-* 

IlflMiERSE. 

SynoiiyiiiK: 

toury,  dip,  douse,  duck,  immerge,  plunge,  sink,  submerge. 

Dip  is  Saxon,  while  immerse  is  Latin  for  tlie  same  initial  act ; 
diji  is  accordingly  the  more  popular  and  commonplace,  immerse 
the  more  elegant  and  dignified  expression  in  many  cases.  To 
speak  of  baptism  by  immersion  as  dipping  now  seems  rude; 
tho  entirely  proper  and  usual  in  early  English.  Baptists  now 
universally  use  the  word  immerse.  To  dip  and  to  immerse  alike 
signify  to  hury  or  submerge  some  object  in  a  liquid  ;  but  dip  im- 
plies that  the  object  dipped  is  at  once  removed  from  the  liquid, 
while  immerse  is  wholly  silent  as  to  the  removal.  Immerse  also 
suggests  more  absolute  completeness  of  the  action  ;  one  may  dip 
his  sleeve  or  dip)  a  sponge  in  a  liqmd,  if  he  but  touches  the  edge  ; 
if  he  immerses  it,  he  completely  sinks  it  under,  and  covers  it  with 
the  liquid.  Submerge  implies  that  the  object  can  not  readily  be 
removed,  if  at  all ;  as,  a  submerged  wreck.  To  plunge  is  to 
immerse  suddenly  and  violently,  for  which  douse  and  duck  are 
colloquial  terms.  Dip  is  used,  also,  unlike  the  other  words,  to 
denote  the  putting  of  a  hollow  vessel  into  a  liquid  in  order  to 
remove  a  portion  of  it;  in  this  sense  we  say  dip  tip,  dip  out. 
Compare  synonyms  for  bury. 
Preposition : 

The  object  is  immersed  in  water. 


IMMINENT. 

Synonyms  : 

impending,  threatening. 

Imviinent,  from  the  Latin,withthe  sense  of  projecting  over,  sig- 
nifies liable  to  happen  at  once,  as  some  calamity,  dangerous  and 
close  at  hand.  Impending,  also  from  the  Latin,  with  the  sense  of 
hanging  over,  is  closely  akin  to  imminent,  but  somewhat  less 
emphatic.  Imminent  is  more  immediate,  impending  more  re- 
mote, threatening  more  contingent.  An  impending  evil  is  al- 
most sure  to  happen  at  some  uncertain  time,  perhaps  very  near  ; 
an  imminent  peril  is  one  liable  to  befall  very  speedily  ;  a  threaten- 
ing peril  may  be  near  or  remote,  but  always  with  hope  that  it 
may  be  averted. 

Antonyms: 

chimerical,  contingent,  doubtful,  improbable,  problematical,  unexpected,  unlikely. 


213 


iiiipedliueiit 
iiiipudciive 


IMPEDI]?IE]VT. 

Syiioiiyiiis  : 

bar,  clog,  encumbrance,  obstacle, 

barrier,  diflaculty,         hindrance,  obstruction. 

Difficulty  makes  an  undertaking  otherwise  than  easy.  That 
wMch  rests  upon  one  as  a  burden  is  an  encumbrance.  '^  An  impedi- 
ment is  primarily  sometliing  that  checks  the  foot  or  in  any  way 
makes  advance  slow  or  difficult ;  an  obstacle  is  something  that 
stands  across  the  way,  an  obstruction  something  that  is  built  or 
placed  across  the  way.  An  ohstructioii  is  always  an  obstacle,  but 
an  obstacle  may  not  always  be  properly  termed  an  obstruction ; 
boxes  and  bales  placed  on  the  sidewalk  are  obstructions  to  travel ; 
an  ice=floe  is  an  obstacle  to  navigation,  and  may  become  an  ob- 
struction if  it  closes  an  inlet  or  channel '  A  hindrance  (kindred 
with  liind,  behind)  is  anything  that  makes  one  come  behind  or 
short  of  his  purjiose.  (  An  impediment  may  be  either  what  one 
finds  in  his  way  or  what  he  carries  with  him  ;  impedimenta  was 
the  Latin  name  for  the  baggage  of  a  soldier  or  of  an  army.  The 
tendency  is  to  view  an  impediment  as  something  constant  or,  at 
least  for  a  time,  continuous  ;  as,  an  impediment  in  one's  speech., 
A  difficulty  or  a  hindrance  may  be  either  within  one  or  without ; 
a  speaker  may  find  difficulty  in  expressing  himself,  or  difficulty  in 
holding  the  attention  of  restless  children.  An  encumbrance  is 
always  what  one  carries  with  him  ;  an  obstacle  or  an  obstruction 
is  always  without.  To  a  marching  soldier  the  steepness  of  a  moun- 
tain path  is  a  difficulty,f[oose  stones  are  impediments,  a  fence  is  an 
obstruction,  a  cliff  or  a  boulder  across  the  way  is  an  obstacle  ;  a 
knapsack  is  an  encumbrance. 
Aiitouym8: 

advantage,        aid,        assistance,        benefit,        help,        relief,        succor. 


IMPUDEXCE. 

Synonyms: 

assurance,  impertinence,  intrusiveness,  presumption, 

boldness,  incivility,  officiousness,  rudeness, 

effrontery,  insolence,  pertness,  sauciness. 
forw^ardness. 

Impertinence  primarily  denotes  what  does  not  pertain  or  belong- 
to  the  occasion  or  the  person,  and  hence  comes  to  signify  interfer- 
ence by  word  or  act  not  consistent  with  the  age,  position,  or  rela- 
tion of  the  person  interfered  with  or  of  the  one  who  interferes ; 
especially,  forward,  presumi)tuous,  or  meddlesome  speech.  Impu- 
dence is  shameless  impertinence.     What  would  be  arrogance  in  a 


incongruous  -**'• 

superior  becomes  impertinence  or  impudence  in  an  inferior. 
Impertinetice  has  less  of  intent  and  determination  than  tntpitdence. 
We  speak  of  thoughtless  impertinence,  shameless  impudence.  In- 
solence is  literally  that  which  is  against  custom,  i.  e. ,  the  violation 
of  customary  respect  and  courtesy.  Offlciuiisness  is  thrusting  upon 
others  unasked  and  undesu-ed  service,  and  is  often  as  well=meant 
as  it  is  annoying.  Rudeness  is  the  behavior  that  might  be  ex- 
pected from  a  thoroughly  uncultured  person,  and  may  be  either 
deliberate  and  insulting  or  unintentional  and  even  unconsciovis. 
Compare  arrogance  ;  assurance  ;  effrontery  ;  pertness. 

Antonymis : 

bashfulness,  difflrtcncp,  lowliness,  modesty, 

coyness,  huniility,  meekness,  snbmissiveness. 

Prepositions : 

The   impudence  of,  or   impudence  from,  a  subordinate   to  a 
superior. 


I]\CO]\OItUOUS. 

Synonyms: 

absurd,  ill=niatclied.  inharmonious, 

conflicting,  inapposite,  irreconcilable, 

contradictory,  inappropriate,  mismatched, 

contrary,  incommensurable,  mismated, 

discordant,  incompatible,  repugnant, 

discrepant,  inconsistent,  unsuitable. 

Two  or  more  things  that  do  not  fit  well  together,  or  are  not 
adapted  to  each  other,  are  said  to  be  incongruous  ;  a  thing  is  said 
to  be  incongruous  that  is  not  adapted  to  the  time,  place,  or  occa- 
sion ;  the  term  is  also  applied  to  a  thing  made  up  of  illsassorted 
parts  or  inharmonious  elements.  Discordant  is  api^lied  to  all 
things  that  jar  in  association  like  musical  notes  that  are  not  in  ac- 
cord ;  inharmonious  has  the  same  original  sense,  bvit  is  a  milder 
term.  Bicompatible  primarily  signifies  unable  to  sympathize  or 
feel  aUke  ;  inconsistent  means  unable  to  stand  together.  Things 
are  incompatible  which  can  not  exist  togetlier  in  harmonious  re- 
lations, and  whose  action  when  associated  tends  to  ultimate  ex- 
tinction of  one  by  the  other.  Inconsistent  applies  to  tilings  that 
can  not  be  made  to  agTee  in  thought  with  each  other,  or  with 
some  standard  of  truth  or  right ;  sla^-ery  and  freedom  are  incon- 
sistent with  each  other  in  theory,  and  incompatible  in  fact.  In- 
congruous appHes  to  relations,  unsuitcd>le  to  pvirpose  or  use  ;  two 
colors  are  incongruous  which  can  not  be  agreeably  associated; 
either  may  be  unsuitable  for  a  person,  a  room,  or  an  occasion. 


nti\  induction 

Incommensurable  is   a  mathematical  term,  applying  to  two  or 
more  quantities  that  have  no  common  measure  or  aliquot  part. 
Antonyms!) : 

accordant,      agreeing,      compatible,      consistent,      harmonious,      suitable. 
Proposition  : 

The  illustrations  were  incongruous  with  the  theme. 


IWDUCTIOX. 

Synonym!!! : 

deduction,       inference. 

Deduction  is  reasoning  from  the  general  to  the  particular  ;  in- 
duction is  reasoning  from  the  particular  to  the  general.  Deduc- 
tion proceeds  from  a  general  principle  through  an  admitted  in- 
stance to  a  conckision.  Induction,  on  the  other  hand,  proceeds 
from  a  number  of  collated  instances,  through  some  attribute 
common  to  them  all,  to  a  general  principle.  The  proof  of  an  in- 
duction is  by  using  its  conclusion  as  the  premise  of  a  new  deduc- 
tion. Thus  what  is  ordinarily  known  as  scientific  induction  is  a 
constant  interchange  of  induction  and  deduction.  In  deduction, 
if  the  general  rule  is  tiaie,  and  the  special  case  falls  under  the 
rule,  the  conclusion  is  certain  ;  induction  can  ordinarily  give  no 
more  than  a  probable  conclusion,  because  we  can  never  be  sure 
that  we  have  collated  all  instances.  An  induction  is  of  the  nature 
of  an  inference,  but  while  an  inference  may  be  partial  and  hasty, 
an  induction  is  careful,  and  aims  to  be  complete.  Compare  dem- 
onstration ;  HYPOTHESIS. 


IMl>USTRIOUS. 

Synonyms : 

active,  busy,  employed,  occupied, 

assiduous,  diligent,  engaged,  sedulous. 

Industrious  signifies  zealously  or  habitually  applying  oneself  to 
any  work  or  business.  Busy  applies  to  an  activity  which  may  be 
temporary,  industrious  to  a  habit  of  life.  We  say  a  man  is  busy  just 
now ;  that  is,  occiipied  at  the  moment  with  something  that 
takes  his  full  attention.  It  would  be  ridicvilous  or  satirical  to  say, 
he  is  industrious  just  now.  But  busy  can  be  used  in  the  sense  of 
industrious,  as  when  we  say  he  is  a  busy  man.  Diligent  indicates 
also  a  disposition,  which  is  ordinarily  habitual,  and  suggests  more 
of  heartiness  and  volition  than  industrious.  We  say  one  is  a  dili- 
gent, rather  than  an  industrious,  reader  of  the  Bible.     In  the  use 


industry 
infiulte 


216 


of  the  nouns,  we  speak  of  plodding  industry,  but  not  of  plodding 
diligence.     Compare  active  ;  industry. 
Antonyms  : 

See  synonyms  for  idle. 


INDUSTRY. 


diligence, 
effort, 
exertion, 
intentness, 


labor, 
pains, 
patience, 
perseverance, 


persistence, 
sedulousuess. 


Synonyms : 

application, 
assiduity, 
attention, 
constancy, 

Industry  is  the  quality,  action,  or  habit  of  earnest,  steady,  and 
continued  attention  or  devotion  to  any  useful  or  productive 
work  or  task,  raanual  or  mental.  Assiduity  (L.  ad,  to,  and 
sedeo,  sit),  as  the  etymology  suggests,  sits  down  to  a  task 
until  it  is  done.  Diligence  (L.  diligo,  love,  choose)  invests 
more  effort  and  exertion,  with  love  of  the  work  or  deep 
interest  in  its  accomplishment  ;  application  (L.  ad,  to,  and 
plico,  fold)  bends  to  its  work  and  concentrates  all  one's  powers 
upon  it  with  utmost  intensity  ;  hence,  application  can  hardly  be 
as  unremitting  as  assiduity.  Constancy  is  a  steady  devotion  of 
heart  and  principle.  Patience  works  on  in  spite  of  annoyances  ; 
perseverance  overcomes  hindrances  and  difficulties  ;  p>ersistence 
strives  relentlessly  against  oj^position ;  persistence  has  very  fre- 
quently an  unfavorable  meaning,  implying  that  one  persists  in  spite 
of  considerations  that  should  induce  him  to  desist.  Industr-y  is 
diligence  applied  to  some  avocation,  business,  or  profession. 
Labor  and  pains  refer  to  the  exertions  of  the  worker  and  the  tax 
upon  him,  while  assiduity,  perseverance,  etc.,  refer  to  his  continu- 
ance in  the  work. 
Antonyms : 

changeableness,      idleness,  inconstancy,       neglect,  remissness, 


fickleness. 


inattention,        indolence. 


negligence,         sloth. 


Synonyms : 

absolute, 
boundless, 
countless, 
eternal, 


I»fFI]*ITE. 


illimitable, 
immeasurable, 
innumerable, 
interminable , 


limitless, 
measureless, 
numberless, 
unbounded. 


Infinite  (L.  in,  not,  and  finis,  limit)  signifies 
Hmits  in  any  way,  and  may  be  applied  to  space, 
number.     Countless,  innumerable,  and  nuniber 


unconditioned, 
unfathomable , 
unlimited, 
unmeasured. 

without  bounds  or 
time,  quantity,  or 
less,  which  should 


217 


Influence 


be  the  same  as  infinite,  are  in  common  usage  vaguely  employed  to 
denote  what  it  is  difficult  oi*  practically  impossible  to  count  or 
number,  tho  perhaps  falling  far  short  of  infinite  ;  as,  countless 
leaves,  the  countless  sands  on  the  seashore,  numberless  battles,  in- 
numerable delays.  So,  too,  boundless,  illimitable,  limitless,  meas- 
iireless,  and  uiilhnited  are  loosely  used  in  reference  to  what  has  no 
apparent  or  readily  determinable  limits  in  space  or  time ;  as,  we 
speak  of  the  boundless  ocean.  Infinite  space  is  without  bounds, 
not  only  in  fact,  but  in  thought ;  infinite  time  is  ti'uly  eternal. 
Compare  synonyms  for  eternal. 
Antonymis: 


boundeii, 
brief, 

circumscribed, 
evanescent, 


finite, 

limited, 

little, 


measurable, 

moderate, 

narrow, 


restricted, 

shallow, 

stiort, 


small, 

transient, 

transitory. 


impel, 
incite, 
incline, 


induce, 

instigate, 

lead. 


move,  stir, 

persuade,      sAvay, 
prompt,  urge. 


INFLUENCE. 
Synonyms  : 

actuate,  draw, 
compel,  drive, 
dispose,      excite, 

To  infiuence  (L.  in,  in  or  into,  and  fluo,  flow)  is  to  affect,  mod- 
ify, or  act  upon  by  physical,  mental,  or  moral  power,  especially  in 
some  gentle,  subtle,  and  gradual  way  ;  as,  vegetation  is  infiuenced 
by  light ;  every  one  is  influenced  to  some  extent  by  pviblic  opinion  ; 
influence  is  chiefly  used  of  power  acting  from  without,  tho  it  may 
be  used  of  motives  regarded  as  forces  acting  upon  the  will.  Actu- 
ate refers  solely  to  mental  or  moral  power  impelling  one  from 
within.  One  may  infiuence,  but  can  not  directly  actuate  another  ; 
but  one  may  be  actuated  to  cruelty  by  hatred  which  another's  mis- 
representation has  aroused.  Prompt  and  stir  are  words  of  mere 
suggestion  toward  some  course  of  action  ;  dispose,  draw,  incline, 
infiuence,  and  lead  refer  to  the  use  of  mild  means  to  awaken  in 
another  a  purpose  or  disposition  to  act.  To  excite  is  to  arouse  one 
from  lethargy  or  indifference  to  action.  Incite  and  instigate,  to 
spur  or  goad  one  to  action,  differ  in  the  fact  tliat  incite  may  be  to 
good,  while  instigate  is  always  to  evil  (compare  abet).  To  tirge 
and  impel  signify  to  produce  strong  excitation  toward  some  act. 
We  are  urged  from  without,  imj^elled  from  within.  Drive  and 
compel  imply  irresistible  influence  accomplishing  its  object.  One 
may  be  driven  either  by  his  own  passions  or  by  external  force  or 
urgency ;  one  is  compelled  only  by  some  external  power  •,  as,  the 


inherent  21S 

owner  was  compelled  by  his  misfortunes  to  sell  his  estate      Com- 
pare COMPEL  ;  DRIVE. 

Antonyms  : 

deter,  dissuade,         impede,         prevent,         restrain,         retard, 

discourage,         hinder,  inhibit, 

Prepositions : 

Actuated  to  crime  by  revenge. 


INHERENT. 

Synonyms: 

congenital,  indispensable,  innate,  native, 

essential,  indw^elling,  inseparable,      natural. 

Immanent,  infixed,  internal,  subjective, 

inborn,  ingrained,  intrinsic, 

inbred,  inhering,  inwrought. 

Inherent  signifies  permanently  united  as  an  element  or  original 
quality,  naturally  existent  or  incorporated  in  something  so  as  to 
have  become  an  integral  part.  Immanent  is  a  philosophic  word, 
to  denote  that  which  dwells  in  or  pervades  any  substance  or  spirit 
without  necessarily  being  a  part  of  it,  and  without  reference  to 
any  working  out  (compare  subjective).  That  which  is  inherent  is 
an  inseparable  part  of  that  in  which  it  inheres,  and  is  usually 
thought  of  with  reference  to  some  outworking  or  eflPect ;  as,  an 
inherent  difficulty.  God  is  said  to  be  immanent  (not  inherent)  in 
the  universe.  Frequently  intrinsic  and  inherent  can  be  inter- 
changed, but  inherent  applies  to  qualities,  while  intrinsic  applies 
to  essence,  so  that  to  speak  of  intrinsic  excellence  conveys  higher 
praise  than  if  we  say  inherent  excellence.  Inherent  and  intrinsic 
may  be  said  of  persons  or  things  ;  congenital,  inborn,  inbred,  in- 
nate, apply  to  living  beings.  Congenital  is  frequent  in  medical 
and  legal  use  with  special  application  to  defects  ;  as,  congenital 
idiocy.  Innate  and  inborn  are  almost  identical,  but  innate  is  pre- 
ferred in  philosophic  use,  as  when  we  speak  of  innate  ideas  ;  that 
which  is  inborn,  congenital,  or  innate  may  be  original  with  the 
individual,  but  that  which  is  inbred  is  inlierited.  Ingrained  sig- 
nifies dyed  in  the  gi-ain,  and  denotes  that  which  is  deeply  wrought 
into  substance  or  character, 
Antonyms : 

accidental,  extrinsic,  outward,  superficial,  supplemental, 

casual,  fortuitous,  subsidiary,  superfluous,  transient, 

external,  incidental,         superadded,         superimposed,       unconnected. 


219  injury 

IBUURY. 

Synonyms : 

blemish,        disadvantage,  hurt,  loss,  prejudice, 

damage.        evil,  impairment,  mischief,  Avrong. 

detriment,    harm,  injustice,         outrage, 

Injury  (L.  in,  not,  and  Jits,  juris,  right,  law)  signifies  primarily 
something  done  contrary  to  law  or  right  ;  hence,  something  con- 
trary to  some  standard  of  right  or  good ;  whatever  reduces  the 
value,  utility,  beauty,  or  desirableness  of  anything  is  an  injury  to 
that  thing  ;  of  persons,  whatever  is  so  done  as  to  operate  adversely 
to  one  in  his  person,  rights,  property,  or  reputation  is  an  injury  ; 
the  word  is  especially  used  of  whatever  mars  the  integrity  of  the 
body  or  causes  pain  ;  as,  when  rescued  from  the  wreck  his  injuries 
were  found  to  be  very  slight.  Injury  is  the  general  term  inclu- 
ding all  the  rest.  Damage  (L.  danuium,  loss)  is  that  which  occa- 
sions loss  to  the  possessor  ;  hence,  any  impairment  of  value,  often 
with  the  suggestion  of  fault  on  the  part  of  the  one  causing  it ; 
damage  reduces  value,  utility,  or  beauty  ;  detriment  (L.  deterere, 
to  rub  or  wear  away)  is  similar  in  meaning,  but  far  milder.  Det- 
riment may  affect  value  only ;  damage  always  affects  real  worth 
or  utility  ;  as  a  rule,  the  slightest  use  of  an  article  by  a  purchaser 
operates  to  its  detriment  if  again  offered  for  sale,  tho  the  article 
may  have  received  not  the  slightest  damage.  Damage  is  partial ; 
loss  is  properly  absolute  as  far  as  it  is  predicated  at  all ;  the  loss  of 
a  ship  implies  that  it  is  gone  beyond  recovery  ;  the  loss  of  the  rud- 
der is  a  damage  to  the  ship  ;  but  since  the  loss  of  a  part  still  leaves 
a  part,  we  may  speak  of  a  partial  or  a  total  loss.  Evil  commonly 
suggests  suffering  or  sin,  or  both  ;  as,  the  evils  of  poverty,  the  so- 
cial evil.  Harm  is  closely  synonymous  with  injury  ;  it  may  apply 
to  body,  mind,  or  estate,  but  always  affects  real  worth,  while  in- 
jury may  concern  only  estimated  value.  A  hurt  is  an  injury  that 
causes  pain,  physical  or  mental  ;  a  slight  hurt  may  be  no  real 
harm.  Mischief  is  disarrangement,  trouble,  or  harm  usually 
caused  by  some  voluntary  agent,  with  or  without  injurious  intent ; 
a  child's  thoughtless  sport  may  do  great  mischief ;  ivrong  is  harm 
done  with  evil  intent.  An  outrage  combines  insult  and  injury. 
Compare  synonyms  for  blemish  ;  criminal  ;  injustice. 
Antonyms: 

advantage,  benefit,  boon,  improvement,  service, 

amelioration,  blessing,  help,  remedy,  utility. 

Prepositions : 

The  injury  of  the  cause  ;  an  injury  to  the  structure  ;  injury  hy 

fire  ;  hy  or  from  collision,  interference,  etc. 


injustice  nnA 

innocent  -^^v 

INJUSTICE, 

Synonyms  : 

grievance,    injury,    unfairness,     unrighteousness,    wrong, 
iniquity. 

Injustice  is  a  violation  or  denial  of  justice,  an  act  or  omission 
that  is  contrary  to  equity  or  justice  ;  as,  the  injustice  of  unequal 
taxes.  In  legal  usage  a  ?i'ro??.g  involves  injury  to  person,  property, 
or  reputation,  as  the  resvilt  of  evil  intent ;  injiistice  applies  to  civil 
damage  or  loss,  not  necessarily  involving  injury  to  person  or  prop- 
erty, as  by  misrepresentation  of  goods  which  does  not  amount  to 
a  legal  warranty.  In  popular  usage,  injustice  may  involve  no  di- 
rect injury  to  person,  property,  interest,  or  character,  and  no 
harmful  intent,  while  wrong  always  involves  both  ;  one  who  attrib- 
utes another's  truly  generous  act  to  a  selfish  motive  does  him  an 
injustice.  Iniquity,  in  the  original  sense,  is  a  want  of  or  a  devia- 
tion from  equity  ;  but  it  is  now  applied  in  the  widest  sense  to  any 
form  of  ill^doing.  Compare  synonyms  for  criminal  ;  sin. 
Antonyms : 

equity,  faithfulness,         impartiality,         lawfulness,        righteousness, 

fairness,        honesty,  integrity,  rectitude,  uprightness, 

fair  play,       honor,  justice,  right. 


IXXOCENT. 
Synonyms : 

blameless,  guiltless,  inoflfensive,       spotless, 

clean,  harmless,  pure,  stainless, 

clear,  immaculate,  right,  upright, 

faultless,  innocuous,  righteous,  virtuous, 

guileless,  innoxious,  sinless, 

Innocent,  in  the  full  sense,  signifies  not  tainted  with  sin ;  not 
having  done  wi-ong  or  violated  legal  or  moral  precept  or  duty  ;  as, 
an  innocent  babe.  Innocent  is  a  negative  word,  expressing  less 
than  righteous,  vj^right,  or  virtuous,  which  imply  knowledge  of 
good  and  evil,  with  free  choice  of  the  good.  A  little  child  or  a 
lamb  is  innocent ;  a  tried  and  faithful  man  is  righteous,  uprigJit, 
virtuous.  Immaculate,  pure,  and  sinless  may  be  used  either  of 
one  who  has  never  known  the  possibility  of  evil  or  of  one  wlio  has 
perfectly  and  triumphantly  resisted  it.  Innocent  is  used  of  inani- 
mate substances  in  the  sense  of  harmless  ;  as,  an  innocent  remedy, 
that  is,  one  not  dangerous,  even  if  not  helpful.  Innocent,  in  a 
specific  case,  signifies  free  from  the  guilt  of  a  particular  act,  even 
tho  the  total  character  may  be  very  evil ;  as,  the  thief  was  found 
to  be  innocent  of  the  murder.  See  candid  ;  pure. 
Antonyms : 
Compare  synonyms  for  criminal. 


221 


inquisitive 
insanity 


I^C^UISITIVE. 

Synonyms- 

curiovis,  meddlesome,         peeping,  scrutinizing, 

inquiring,        meddling,  prying,  searching, 

intrusive, 

An  inquisitive  person  is  one  who  is  bent  on  finding  out  all  that 
can  be  found  out  by  inquiry,  especially  of  little  and  personal  mat- 
ters, and  hence  is  generally  meddlesome  and  prying.  Inquisitive 
may  be  used  in  a  good  sense,  tho  in  such  connection  inquiring  is 
to  be  preferred  ;  as,  an  inquiring  mind.  As  applied  to  a  state  of 
mind,  curious  denotes  a  keen  and  rather  pleasurable  desire  to  know 
fully  something  to  which  one's  attention  has  been  called,  but  with- 
out the  active  tendency  that  inquisitive  implies;  a  well=bred  per- 
son may  be  curious  to  know,  but  will  not  be  inquisitive  in  trying 
to  ascertain,  what  is  of  interest  in  the  affairs  of  another. 
Antonyms : 

apathetic,  heedless,  indifferent,        unconcerned,        nninterested. 

careless,  inattentive, 

Prepositions : 

Inquisitive  about,  concerning,  in  regard  to,  regarding  trifles. 


INSANITY. 
Synonyms: 

aberration,      delirium,  frenzy,  madness, 

alienation,       dementia,  hallucination,     mania, 

craziness,         derangement,     lunacy,  monomania. 

Of  these  terms  insanity  is  the  most  exact  and  comiirehensive, 
including  in  its  widest  sense  all  morbid  conditions  of  mind  due  to 
diseased  action  of  the  brain  or  nervous  system,  but  in  its  more  fi-e- 
quent  restricted  use  applied  to  those  forms  in  which  the  mental 
disorder  is  persistent,  as  distinguished  from  those  in  which  it  is 
temporary  or  transient.  Craziness  is  a  vague  popular  term  for 
any  sort  of  disordered  mental  action,  or  for  conduct  suggesting  it. 
Lunacy  originally  denoted  intermittent  insanity,  supposed  to  be 
dependent  on  the  changes  of  the  moon  (L.  luna)  :  the  term  is  now 
applied  in  general  and  legal  use  to  any  form  of  mental  unsound- 
ness except  idiocy.  Madness  is  the  old  popular  term,  now  less 
common,  for  insanity  in  its  widest  sense,  but  with  suggestion  of 
excitement,  akin  to  mania.  In  the  derived  sense,  lunacy  denotes 
what  is  insanely  foolish,  madness  what  is  insanely  desperate,  De- 
rangement  is  a  common  euphemism  for  insanity.  Delirium  is  al- 
ways temporary,  and  is  specifically  the  insanity  of  disease,  as  in 
acute  fevers.     Dementia  is  a  general  weakening  of  the  mental 


Interpose 


222 


powers  :  the  word  is  specifically  applied  to  senile  insanity,  dotage. 
Aberration  is  eccentricity  of  mental  action  due  to  an  abnormal 
sfate  of  the  perceptive  faculties,  and  is  manifested  by  error  in  per- 
ceptions and  rambling  thought.  Hallucination  is  the  apjjarent 
perception  of  that  which  does  not  exist  or  is  not  present  to  the 
senses,  as  the  seeing  of  specters  or  of  reptiles  in  delirium  tremens. 
Monomania  is  mental  derangement  as  to  one  subject  or  object. 
Frenzy  and  mania  are  forms  of  raving  and  furious  insanity. 
Compare  synonyms  for  DELUSION  ;  IDIOCY. 

Antonyms: 

clearness,  good  sense,  lucidity,  rationality,  sanity. 


INTERPOSE. 

Synonyms: 

arbitrate,  intercept,  intermeddle,     meddle, 

intercede,  interfere,  interrupt,  mediate. 

To  interpose  is  to  place  or  come  between  other  things  or  per- 
sons, usually  as  a  means  of  obstruction  or  prevention  of  some 
effect  or  result  that  would  otherwise  occur,  or  be  expected  to  take 
place.  Intercede  and  interpose  are  used  in  a  good  sense ;  inter- 
meddle always  in  a  bad  sense,  and  interfere  frequently  so.  To  in- 
tercede is  to  come  between  persons  who  are  at  variance,  and  plead 
with  the  stronger  in  behalf  of  the  weaker.  One  may  interpose 
with  authority ;  he  intercedes  by  petition.  To  intermeddle  is  to 
thrust  oneself  into  the  concerns  of  others  with  a  petty  oflSciousness; 
meddling  commonly  arises  from  idle  curiosity  ;  ' '  every  fool  "will 
be  meddling  "  Prov.  xx,  3 ;  to  interfere  is  to  intrude  into  others" 
affairs  with  more  serious  purpose,  with  or  ivithout  acknowledged 
right  or  propriety.  Intercept  is  applied  to  an  object  that  may  be 
seized  or  stopped  while  in  transit ;  as,  to  intercept  a  letter  or  a 
messenger  ;  interrupt  is  applied  to  an  action  wliich  might  or  should 
be  continuous,  but  is  broken  in  upon  (L.  rumpere.  to  break)  by 
some  disturbing  power  ;  as,  the  conversation  w^as  interrupted. 
One  who  arbitrates  or  mediates  must  do  so  by  the  request  or  at 
least  with  the  consent  of  the  contending  parties  ;  the  other  words 
of  the  gi'oup  imply  that  he  steps  in  of  his  own  accord. 


Antonyms: 

avoid, 

keep  aloof, 

keep  out, 

retire, 

stand  back. 

hold  aloof, 

keep  away, 

let  alone, 

stand  aside, 

stand  off, 

hold  off, 

keep  clear, 

let  be, 

stand  away, 

withdraw. 

Prepositions : 

Interpose  between  the  combatants  ;  in  the  matter. 


aat  involve 

-«••«»  journey 

Synonyms  : 

complicate,         embroil,  implicate,  include 

eraljarrass,  entangle,  imply,  overwlielm. 

To  involve  (L.  in,  in,  and  volvo,  roll)  is  to  roll  or  wind  up  with 
or  in  so  as  to  combine  inextricably  or  inseparably,  or  nearly  so  ; 
as,  the  nation  is  involved  in  war ;  the  bookkeeper's  accounts,  or 
the  writer's  sentences  are  involved.  Involve  is  a  stronger  word 
than  implieate,  denoting  more  complete  entanglement.  As  ap- 
plied to  persons,  implicate  is  always  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense, 
and  involve  ordinarily  so  ;  but  implicate  applies  only  to  that  which 
is  wrong,  while  involve  is  more  commonly  used  of  that  which  is 
unfortunate  ;  one  is  implicated  in  a  crime,  involved  in  embarrass- 
ments, misfortunes,  or  perplexities.  As  regards  logical  connec- 
tion that  which  is  included  is  usually  expressly  stated  ;  that  which 
is  implied  is  not  stated,  but  is  naturally  to  be  inferred  ;  that  which 
is  involved  is  necessarily  to  be  inferred  ;  as,  a  slate  roof  is  in- 
cluded in  the  contract ;  that  the  roof  shall  be  water=tight  is 
implied;    the  contrary  supposition  involves  an  absurdity.     See 

COMPLEX. 
Antonyms: 

disconnect,    disentangle,    distinguish,    explicate,    extricate,    remove,   separate. 


JOURKEY. 

Synonyms : 

excursion,  pilgrimage,  transit,  ■  trip, 

expedition,  tour,  travel,  voyage. 

A  journey  (F.  journee,  from  L.  dinrnus,  daily)  was  primarily 
a  day's  w^ork  ;  hence,  a  movement  from  place  to  place  within  one 
day,  which  w^e  now  describe  as  "  a  day's  jOHnie?/ "  ;  in  its  ex- 
tended modern  use  a  journey  is  a  direct  going  from  a  stai'ting^ 
point  to  a  destination,  ordinarily  over  a  considerable  distance ; 
we  speak  of  a  day's  journey,  or  the  journey  of  life.  Travel  is  a 
passing  from  place  to  place,  not  necessarily  in  a  direct  line  or  with 
fixed  destination  ;  a  journey  throvigh  Europe  would  be  a  passage 
to  some  destination  beyond  or  at  the  farther  boundary  ;  travel  in 
Europe  may  be  in  no  direct  course,  but  may  include  many  jour- 
neys in  different  directions.  A  voyage,  which  was  formerly  a 
journey  of  any  kind,  is  now  a  going  to  a  considerable  distance  by 
water,  especially  by  sea ;  as,  a  voyage  to  India.  A  trip  is  a  short 
and  direct  journey.  A  tour  is  a  journey  that  returns  to  the 
starting=point,  generally  over  a  considerable  distance  ;  as,  a  bridal 


Judge  .«^'* 

tour,  or  business  tour.  An  excursion  is  a  brief  tour  or  journey, 
taken  for  pleasure,  often  by  many  persons  at  once  ;  as,  an  excur- 
sioji  to  Chautauqua.  Passage  is  a  general  word  for  a  journey  by 
any  conveyance,  especially  by  water;  as,  a  rough  jmssage  across 
the  Atlantic  ;  tra7isit,  literally  the  act  of  passing  over  or  through, 
is  used  specifically  of  the  conveyance  of  passengers  or  merchandise ; 
rapid  transit  is  demanded  for  subm-ban  residents  or  perishable 
goods.  Pilgrimage,  once  always  of  a  sacred  character,  retains  in 
derived  uses  something  of  that  sense  ;  as,  a  xiilgrimage  to  Strat- 
ford=on=Avon. 

Prepositions  : 

A  jom-ney  from  Naples  to  Rome  ;  through  Mexico  ;  across  the 
continent ;  over  the  sea  ;  a  journey  i7ito  Asia  ;  among  savages ;  hy 
land,  hy  rail, /or  health,  on  foot,  on  the  cars,  etc. 


JIDGE. 


Synonj'ms : 

arbiter,       arbitrator,       justice,       referee,       umpire. 

A  judge,  in  the  legal  sense,  is  a  judicial  officer  appointed  oi 
elected  to  preside  in  courts  of  law,  and  to  decide  legal  questions 
duly  brought  before  him  ;  the  name  is  sometimes  given  to  other 
legally  constituted  officers  ;  as,  the  judges  of  election  ;  in  other  re- 
lations, any  person  duly  apiwinted  to  pass  upon  the  merits  of  con- 
testants or  of  competing  articles  may  be  called  a  judge  ;  as,  the 
judges  at  an  agricultural  fair,  or  at  a  racestrack  ;  in  the  widest 
sense,  any  person  who  has  good  capacity  for  judging  is  called  a 
judge  ;  as.  a  person  is  said  to  be  &  judge  of  pictures,  or  a  good  judge 
of  a  horse,  etc.  In  most  games  the  judge  is  called  an  umpire ;  as,  the 
umpire  of  a  game  of  ball  or  cricket.  A  referee  is  appointed  by  a 
court  to  decide  disputed  matters  between  litigants  ;  an  arlntrator 
is  chosen  by  the  contending  parties  to  decide  matters  in  dispute 
without  action  by  a  court.  In  certain  cases  an  umpire  is  appointed 
by  a  court  to  decide  where  arbitrators  disagree.  Arbiter,  with  its 
suggestion  of  final  and  absolute  decision,  has  come  to  be  used  only 
in  a  high  or  sacred  sense  ;  as,  war  must  now  be  the  arbiter  ;  the 
Supreme  Arbiter  of  our  destinies.  The  judges  of  certain  courts, 
as  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  are  technically  known  as 
justices. 


225  justice 

JUSTICE. 

Synonyms; 

equity,  impartiality,  legality,  rightfulness, 

fairness,  integrity,  rectitude,  truth, 

fair  play,  justness,  right,  uprightness, 

faithfulness,  law,  righteousness,  virtue, 

honor,  lawfulness. 

In  its  governmental  relations,  human  or  divine,  justice  is  the 
giving  to  every  person  exactly  what  he  deserves,  not  necessarily 
involving  any  consideration  of  what  any  other  may  deserve;  equity 
(the  quahty  of  being  equal)  is  giving  every  one  as  much  advan- 
tage, privilege,  or  consideration  as  is  given  to  any  other  ;  it  is  that 
which  is  equally  right  or  just  to  all  concerned  ;  equity  is  equal 
justice  and  is  thus  a  close  synonym  for  fai7'ness  and  imjpartiality, 
but  it  has  a  philosopliical  and  legal  precision  that  those  words  have 
not.  In  legal  proceedings  cases  arise  for  which  the  laiv  has  not 
adequately  j^rovided,  or  in  which  general  provisions,  just  in  the 
main,  would  work  individual  hardship.  The  system  of  equity,  de- 
vised to  supply  the  insufficiencies  of  laic,  deals  with  cases  "to 
which  the  Za?fby  reason  of  its  universality  can  not  apply."  ^'■Equity, 
then,  ...  is  the  soul  and  spirit  of  all  laio  ;  positive  laio  is  con- 
strued and  rational  laio  is  made  by  it."  Blackstone  bk.  iii,  ch. 
37,  p.  429.  In  personal  and  social  relations /».s■i^ce  is  the  render- 
ing to  every  one  what  is  due  or  merited,  whether  in  act,  word,  or 
thought ;  in  matters  of  reasoning,  or  literary  work  of  any  kind, 
justice  is  close,  faithful,  unprejudiced,  and  unbiased  adherence  to 
essential  ti'uth  or  fact :  we  speak  of  the  justice  of  a  statement,  or 
of  doing  justice  to  a  subject.  Integrity,  rectitude,  right,  right- 
eousness and  virtue  denote  conformity  of  personal  conduct  to  the 
moral  law,  and  thus  necessarily  include  justice,  which  is  giving 
others  that  which  is  their  due.  Laiofulness  is  an  ambiguous  word, 
meaning  in  its  narrower  sense  mere  legality,  which  may  be  very 
far  from  justice,  but  in  its  higher  sense  signifying  accordance  with 
the  supreme  Icno  of  right,  and  thus  including  perfect  j'lt.sf  ice.  Just- 
ness refers  rather  to  logical  relations  than  to  practical  matters  ;  as, 
we  speak  of  the  justness  of  a  statement  or  of  a  criticism.  See 
JUDGE,  n. 


Antonyms: 

dishonesty, 
favoritism, 

inequity, 
injustice, 

partiality, 
unfairness. 

unlawfulness, 
unreasonableness. 

untruth, 
Wrong. 

Prepositions : 

The  justice  of  the  king ;  to  or  for  the  oppressed. 

1K 


keep 
kill 


226 


Synonyms: 

carry, 
carry  on, 
celebrate, 
conduct, 


defend, 
detain, 
fulfil, 
guard. 


KEEP. 

hold. 

maintain, 
obey, 
observe, 


preserve, 
protect, 
refrain, 
restrain. 


retain, 
support, 
sustain, 
witbliold. 


Keep,  signifying  generally  to  have  and  retain  in  possession,  is 
the  terse,  sti'ong  Saxon  term  for  many  acts  which  are  more  ex- 
actly discriminated  by  other  words.  We  keep,  observe,  or  cele- 
brate a  festival ;  we  keej)  or  liold  a  prisoner  in  custody  ;  we  keep 
or  preserve  silence,  keep  the  peace,  iireserve  order — preserve  being 
the  more  formal  word ;  we  keep  or  maintain  a  horse,  a  servant. 
etc. ;  a  man  supports  his  family ;  we  keep  or  obey  a  command- 
ment ;  keep  or  fulfil  a  promise.  In  the  expressions  to  keex)  a  secret, 
keep  one's  own  counsel,  keep  faith,  or  keep  the  faith,  such  words 
as  preserve  or  maintain  could  not  be  substituted  without  loss.  A 
person  keeps  a  shop  or  store,  conducts  or  carries  on  a  business  ;  he 
keeps  or  carries  a  certain  line  of  goods ;  we  may  keep  or  restraiji 
one  from  folly,  crime,  or  violence  ;  we  keep  from  or  refrain  from 
evil,  ourselves.  Keej)  in  the  sense  of  guard  or  defend  implies  that 
the  defense  is  effectual.  Compare  celebrate  ;  restrain. 
Prepositions : 

Keep  in  hand,  in  mind,  in  or  ivithin  the  house  ;  from  evil ;  out 
of  mischief  ;  keep  to  the  subject ;  keep  for  a  person,  an  occasion, 
etc. 


KIEL. 

Synonyms : 

assassinate,    despatcb,    massacre,    put  to  death,    slay, 
butcher,  execute,      murder,        slaughter, 

To  kill  is  simply  to  deprive  of  life,  human,  animal,  or  vegetable, 
with  no  suggestion  of  how  or  why.  Assassinate,  execute,  murder, 
apply  only  to  the  taking  of  human  Ufe  ;  to  murder  is  to  kill 
with  premeditation  and  malicious  intent;  to  execute  is  to  kill  in 
fulfilment  of  a  legal  sentence  ;  to  assassinate  is  to  kill  by  assault  ; 
this  word  is  chiefly  apphed  to  the  killing  of  public  or  eminent  per- 
sons through  alleged  political  motives,  whether  secretly  or  openly. 
To  slay  is  to  kill  by  a  blow,  or  by  a  weapon.  Butcher  and 
slaughter  apply  primarily  to  the  killing  of  cattle ;  massacre  is 
applied  primarily  and  almost  exclusively  to  human  beings,  signify- 
ing to  kill  them  indiscriminately  in  large  numbers ;  to  massacre 
is  said  when  there  is  no  chance  of  successful  resistance  ;  to  butcher 
when  the  killing  is  especially  brutal  ;  soldiers  mown  down  in  a 


iex7  kuoivledge 

hopeless  charge  are  said  to  be  slaughtered  when  no  brutality  on 
the  enemy's  part  is  implied.     To  deapatcli  is  to  kill  swiftly  and  in 
general  quietly,  always  with  intention,  with  or  without  right. 
Prepositions : 

To  kill  'With  or  hy  sword,  famine,  pestilence,  care,  grief,  etc.  ; 
killed  for  his  money,  hy  a  robber,  ivith  a  dagger. 


Synonyms: 

aflBnity,       blood,  descent,    kind,  race, 

alliance,     consanguinity,    family,      kindred,   relationship, 
birth, 

Kind  is  broader  than  Mn,  denoting  the  most  general-  relation- 
ship, as  of  the  whole  human  species  in  rawakind,  humanfci».d,  etc. ; 
Tcin  and  kindred  denote  direct  relationship  that  can  be  traced 
through  either  blood  or  marriage,  preferably  the  former;  either  of 
these  words  may  signify  collectively  all  persons  of  the  same 
blood  or  members  of  the  same  family,  relatives  or  relations.  Affin- 
ity is  relatio7iship  hj  marriage,  consanguinity  is  relationship  by 
blood.  There  are  no  ti'ue  antonyms  of  Mn  or  kindred,  except  those 
made  by  negatives,  since  sti-angers,  aliens,  foreigners,  and  foes 
m.ay  still  be  kin  or  kindred. 


KNOWLEDGE. 

Synonyms : 

acquaintance,  erudition,  learning,  recognition, 

apprehension,  experience,  light,  scholarship, 

cognition,  information,  lore,  science, 

cognizance,  intelligence,  perception,      w^isdom. 

comprehension,  intuition, 

Knoivledge  is  all  that  the  mind  knows,  from  whatever  source 
derived  or  obtained,  or  by  whatever  process  ;  the  aggregate  of 
facts,  truths,  or  principles  acquired  or  retained  by  the  mind,  in- 
cluding alike  the  intuitions  native  to  tlie  mind  and  all  that  has 
been  learned  respecting  phenomena,  causes,  laws,  principles,  liter- 
ature, etc.  There  is  a  tendency  to  regard  knoidedge  as  accurate 
and  systematic,  and  to  a  certain  degree  complete.  Information  is 
knowledge  of  fact,  real  or  supposed,  derived  fi-om  persons,  books, 
or  observation,  and  is  regarded  as  casual  and  haphazard.  We  say 
of  a  studious  man  that  he  has  a  gi-eat  store  of  knowledge,  or  of  an 
intelligent  man  of  the  world,  that  he  has  a  fund  of  varied  informa- 
tion.  Lore  is  used  only  in  poetic  or  elevated  style,  for  accumu- 
lated knoidedge,  as  of  a  people  or  age,  or  in  a  more  limiited  sense 
for  learning  or  erudition.     We  speak  of  perception  of  external 


language 


22S 


objects,  apprehension  of  intellectual  truth.  Simple  perception 
gives  a  limited  knowledge  of  external  objects,  merely  as  such  ;  the 
cognition  of  the  same  objects  is  a  knowledge  of  them  in  some 
relation  ;  cognizance  is  the  formal  or  official  recognition  of  some- 
thing as  an  object  of  knoioledge ;  we  take  cognizance  of  it. 
Intnition  is  primary  knowledge  antecedent  to  all  teaching  or  rea- 
soning ,  experience  is  knowledge  that  has  entered  directly  into  one's 
own  life  ;  as,  a  child's  experience  that  fire  will  burn.  Learning  is 
much  higher  than  information,  being  preeminently  wide  and  sys- 
tematic knowledge,  the  result  of  long,  assiduous  study  ;  erudition 
is  recondite  learning  secured  only  by  extraordinary  industry,  op- 
portunity,  and  ability.      Compare  acquaintance  ;    education  ; 

SCIENCE  ;    WISDOM. 

Autoiiyuis  : 

ignorance,  inexperience,  misconception,  rudeness, 

illiteracy,  misapprehension,  misunderstanding,         unfamiliarity. 


LAIVGUAGE. 

Synonyms: 

barbarism,         expression,  patois,         vernacular, 

dialect,  idiom,  speech,        vocabulary, 

diction,  mother  tongue,        tongue, 

Language  (F.  langage  <  L.  lingua,  the  tongvie)  signified 
originally  expression  of  thought  by  spoken  words,  but  now  in  its 
widest  sense  it  signifies  expression  of  thought  by  any  means  ;  as, 
the  language  of  the  eyes,  the  language  of  flowers.  As  regards 
the  use  of  words,  language  in  its  broadest  sense  denotes  all  the  ut- 
tered sounds  and  their  combinations  into  words  and  sentences  that 
human  beings  employ  for  the  communication  of  thought,  and,  in 
a  more  limited  sense,  the  words  or  combinations  forming  a  means 
of  communication  among  the  members  of  a  single  nation,  people, 
or  race.  Speech  involves  always  the  power  of  articulate  utter- 
ance ;  we  can  speak  of  the  language  of  animals,  but  not  of  their 
speech.  A  tongtie  is  the  speech  or  language  of  some  one  people, 
country,  or  race.  A  dialect  is  a  special  mode  of  speaking  a  lan- 
guage peculiar  to  some  locality  or  class,  not  recognized  as  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  best  usage :  a  barbarism  is  a  perversion  of  a 
language  by  ignorant  foreigners,  or  some  usage  akin  to  that. 
Idiom  refers  to  the  construction  of  phrases  and  sentences,  and  the 
way  of  forming  or  using  words  ;  it  is  the  pecuUar  mold  in  which 
each  language  casts  its  thought.  The  gi-eat  difficulty  of  transla- 
tion is  to  give  the  thought  expressed  in  one  language  in  the  idiom 
of  another.     A  dialect  may  be  used  by  the  highest  as  well  as  the 


229 


large 
la^v 


lowest  witliiu  its  range  ;  &  patois  is  distinctly  illiterate,  belonging 
to  the  lower  classes  ;  those  who  speak  a  patois  understand  the 
cultured  form  of  their  own  language,  but  speak  only  the  degraded 
form,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Italian  lazzaroni  or  the  former  negro 
slaves  in  the  United  States.  Vernamdar,  from  the  Latin,  has  the 
same  general  sense  as  the  Saxon  mother  tongue,  of  one's  native 
language,  or  that  of  a  people  ;  as,  the  Scriptures  were  translated 
into  the  vernacular.    Compare  diction. 


I.AROE. 

Synonyms  : 

abundant, 

ample . 

big, 

broad, 

bulky, 

capacious, 

coarse, 

colossal, 

commodious, 

considerable, 

enormous, 

extensive. 

gigantic, 

grand, 

great, 

buge, 

immense. 

long, 

massive, 

spacious, 

vast, 
wide. 

Large  denotes  extension  in  more  than  one  direction,  and  be- 
yond the  average  of  the  class  to  which  the  object  belongs ;  we 
speak  of  a  large  surface  or  a  large  soUd,  but  of  a  long  line ;  a 
large  field,  a  large  room,  a  large  apple,  etc.  A  large  man  is  a 
man  of  more  than  ordinary  size  ;  a  great  man  is  a  man  of  remark- 
able mental  power.  Big  is  a  more  emphatic  word  than  large,  but 
of  less  dignity.  "We  do  not  say  that  George  Washington  was  a 
big  man. 
Asitonyms  : 
brief,  inflniteeimal,    little,  minnte,    petty,       slender,     tiny, 


diminutive,  insignificant,    mean,  narrow,    scanty,    slight, 

inconsiderable,     limited,  microscopic,    paltry,      short,      small, 


trifling, 
trivial. 


I.ATV. 


Synonyms: 

canon, 

code, 

command, 

commandment 

decree, 


legislation, 

mandate, 

order, 

ordinance, 

polity, 


principle, 
regulation, 
rule, 
statute. 


economy, 

edict, 

enactment, 

formula, 

jurisprudence, 

Lau\  in  its  ideal,  is  the  statement  of  a  principle  of  right  in  naan- 
datory  form,  by  competent  authority,  with  adequate  penalty  for 
disobedience  ;  in  common  use,  the  term  is  applied  to  any  legisla- 
tive act,  however  imperfect  or  unjust.  Command  and  command- 
ment are  personal  and  particular  ;  as,  the  commands  of  a  parent ; 
the  ten  commandments.  An  edict  is  the  act  of  an  absolute 
sovereign  or  other  authoi-ity  ;  we  speak  of  the  edict  of  an  emperor, 
the  decree  of  a  court.  A  mandate  is  specific,  for  an  occasion  or  a 
purpose  ;  a  supeiuor  court  issues  its  mandate  to  an  inferior  court 


liberty 


230 


to  send  up  its  records.  Statute  is  the  recognized  legal  term  for  a 
specific  law  ;  enactment  is  the  more  vague  and  general  expression. 
We  speak  of  algebraic  or  cliemical  formulas,  municipal  ordi- 
nances, military  orders,  army  regulations,  ecclesiastical  canons, 
the  rides  of  a  business  house.  Laiv  is  often  used,  also,  for  a  rec- 
ognized principle,  whose  violation  is  attended  with  injury  or  loss 
that  acts  like  a  penalty  ;  as,  the  laios  of  business  ;  the  laws  of 
nature.  In  more  strictly  scientific  use,  a  natural  laic  is  simply  a 
recognized  system  of  sequences  or  relations  ;  as,  Kepler's  laws  of 
planetary  distances.  A  code  is  a  system  of  laws  ;  jurisprudence 
is  the  science  of  law,  or  a  system  of  laics  scientifically  considered, 
classed,  and  interi:)reted  ;  legislation,  primarily  the  act  of  legisla- 
ting, denotes  also  the  body  of  statutes  enacted  by  a  legislative  body. 
An  economy  (Gr.  oikonomia,  primarily  the  management  of  a 
house)  is  any  comprehensive  system  of  administration  ;  as,  domes- 
tic economy ;  but  the  word  is  extended  to  the  administi'ation  or 
government  of  a  state  or  people,  signifying  a  body  of  laws  and 
regulations,  with  the  entire  system,  political  or  religious,  especial- 
ly the  latter,  of  which  they  form  a  part ;  as,  the  code  of  Draco, 
Roman  jurisprudence,  British  legislation,  the  Mosaic  economy. 
Law  is  also  used  as  a  collective  novm  for  a  system  of  laws  or  rec- 
ognized rules  or  regulations,  including  not  only  all  special  laws, 
but  the  princixiles  on  which  they  are  based.  The  Mosaic  economy 
is  known  also  as  the  Mosaic  law,  and  we  speak  of  the  EngUsh 
common  law,  or  the  law  of  nations.  Polity  (Gr.  poUteia,  from 
polis,  a  city)  signifies  the  form,  constitution,  or  method  of  govern- 
ment of  a  nation,  state,  church,  or  other  institution  ;  in  usage  it 
differs  from  economy  as  applying  rather  to  the  system,  while 
economy  applies  especially  to  method,  or  to  the  system  as  admin- 
istered ;  an  economy  might  be  termed  a  polity  considered  with  es- 
pecial reference  to  its  practical  administration,  hence  commonly 
with  special  reference  to  details  or  particulars,  while  polity  has 
more  reference  to  broad  principles. 


l^IBERTY. 

Synoiijins  : 

emancipation,       freedom,       independence,       license. 

In  general  terms,  it  may  be  said  that  freedom  is  absolute,  lib- 
erty relative ;  freedom,  is  the  absence  of  restraint,  liberty  is 
primarily  the  removal  or  avoidance  of  restraint ;  in  its  broadest 
sense,  it  is  the  state  of  being  exempt  from  the  domination  of  others 


231 


liglit 


or  from  restricting  circumstances.  Freedom  and  liberty  are  con- 
stantly interchanged  ;  the  slave  is  set  at  liberty,  or  gains  his  free- 
dom ;  but  freedom  is  the  nobler  word.  Independence  is  said  of 
states  or  nations,  freedom  and  liberty  of  individuals ;  the  inde- 
pendence  of  the  United  States  did  not  secure  liberty  or  freedom  to 
its  slaves.  Liberty  keeps  quite  strictly  to  the  thought  of  being 
clear  of  resti-aint  or  compulsion ;  freedom  takes  a  wider  range, 
applying  to  other  oppressive  influences ;  thus,  we  speak  of  freedom 
from  annoyance  or  intrusion.  License  is,  in  its  limited  sense,  a 
permission  or  privilege  granted  by  adequate  authority,  a  bounded 
liberty  ;  in  the  wider  sense,  license  is  an  ignoring  and  defiance  of 
all  that  should  restrain,  and  a  reckless  doing  of  all  that  individual 
caprice  or  passion  may  choose  to  do  —  a  base  and  dangerous  coun- 
terfeit of  freedom.    Compare  allow  ;  permission. 

Autoiiyius: 

captivity,  imprisonment,  oppression,  slavery, 

compulsion,  necessity,  serfdom,  superstition, 

constraint,  obligation,  servitude,  thi-aldom. 


LIGHT. 

Synonyms: 

blaze, 

gleam, 

glow^, 

shimmer, 

flame, 

gleaming. 

illumination. 

shine. 

flare, 

glimmer. 

incandescence. 

shining, 

flash. 

glistening. 

luster. 

sparkle. 

flicker. 

glistering, 

scintillation, 

tw^inkle. 

glare. 

glitter. 

sheen, 

tw^inkling. 

Light,  strictly  denoting  a  form  of  radiant  energy,  is  used  as  a 
general  term  for  any  luminous  effect  discernible  by  the  eye,  from 
the  faintest  phosphorescence  to  the  blaze  of  the  noonday  sun.  A 
flame  is  both  hot  and  luminous  ;  if  it  contains  few  solid  particles 
it  will  yield  little  light,  tho  it  may  afford  intense  heat,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  hydrogen=^a?He.  A  blaze  is  an  extensive,  bril- 
liant flame.  A  flare  is  a  wavering  flame  or  blaze ;  a  flash  is 
a  light  that  appears  and  disappears  in  an  instant ;  as,  a 
flash  of  lightning;  the  flash  of  gunpowder.  The  glare  and 
gloui  are  steady,  the  glare  painfully  bright,  the  gloiv  subdued  ;  as, 
the  glare  of  torches  ;  the  gloio  of  dying  embers.  Shine  and  shining 
refer  to  a  steady  or  continuous  emission  of  light ;  sheen  is  a  faint 
shining,  usually  by  reflection.  Glimmer,  glitter,  and  shimmer 
denote  wavering  light.  We  speak  of  the  glimmer  of  distant  lamps 
through  the  mist ;  of  the  shimmer  of  waves  in  sunlight  or  moon- 
light.  A  gleam  is  not  wavering,  but  transient  or  intermittent ;  a 
sudden  gleam  of  light  came  through  the  half =open  door  ;  a  glitter 


likely 

listen  232 

is  a  hard  light ;  as,  the  glitter  of  burnished  arms,  A  sparkle  is  a 
sudden  light,  as  of  sj^arks  thi'o^vn  out ;  scintillation  is  the  more 
exact  and  scientific  term  for  the  actual  emission  of  sparks,  also 
tlie  figurative  term  for  what  suggests  such  emission  ;  as,  scintilla- 
tions of  wit  or  of  genius.  Tivinkle  and  ticinkling  are  used  of  the 
intermittent  light  of  the  fixed  stars.  Olistening  is  a  shining  as 
from  a  wet  surface.  Illumination  is  a  wide=spread,  brilHant  light, 
as  when  all  the  windows  of  a  house  or  of  a  street  are  lighted. 
The  light  of  incandescence  is  intense  and  white  like  that  from 
metal  at  a  white  heat. 
AntonyiiiM  : 

blackness,  darkness,  dusk,  gloominess,         shade, 

dark,  dimness,  gloom,  obscurity,  shadow. 


LIKELY. 

Synonyms : 

apt,  conceivable,       liable.  probable, 

credible,       conjectural,        presumable,        reasonable. 

Apt  imphes  a  natural  fitness  or  tendency  ;  an  impetuous  per- 
son is  apA  to  speak  hastily.  Liable  refers  to  a  contingency  re- 
garded as  unfavorable ;  as,  the  ship  was  liable  to  founder  at  any 
moment.  Likely  refers  to  a  contingent  event  regarded  as  very 
probable,  and  usually,  tho  not  always,  favorable  ;  as,  an  in- 
dustrious worker  is  likely  to  succeed.  Credible  signifies  readily 
to  be  believed  ;  as,  a  credible  narrative  ;  likely  in  such  connection 
is  used  ironically  to  signify  the  reverse  ;  as,  a  likely  story !  A 
tiling  is  conceivable  of  which  the  mind  can  entertain  the  possibility  ; 
a  tlfing  is  conjectural  which  is  conjectured  as  possible  or  probable 
without  other  support  than  a  conjecture,  or  tentative  judgment ; 
a  thing  is  xwesumable  which,  from  what  is  antecedently  known, 
may  be  taken  for  gi-anted  in  advance  of  proof.  Reasonable  in  this 
connection  signifies  such  as  the  reason  can  be  satisfied  with,  inde- 
pendently of  external  gi-ounds  for  belief  or  disbelief  ;  as,  that 
seems  a  reasonable  supposition.  Compare  apparent. 
Antonyms: 

doubtful,  improbable,  questionable,  unreasonable. 

dubious,  incredible,  unlikely, 


LISTEl^. 
Synonyms : 

attend,  bark,  barken,  hear,  heed^,,        list. 

Between  listen  and  hear  is  a  difference  like  that  between  the 
words  look  and  see.     (Compare  synonyms  for  look.)    To  hear  is 


■    , literature 

233  load 


simply  to  become  conscious  of  sound,  to  listeii  is  to  make  a  con- 
scious effort  or  endeavor  to  hear.  We  may  hear  without  listen- 
ing, as  words  suddenly  uttered  in  an  adjoining  room  ;  or  we  may 
listen  without  hearing,  as  to  a  distant  speaker.  In  listening  the 
ear  is  intent  upon  the  sound  ;  in  attending  the  mind  is  intent 
upon  the  thought,  tho  listening  implies  some  attention  to  the 
meaning  or  import  of  the  sound.  To  heed  is  not  only  to  attend, 
but  to  remember  and  observe.  Harkcn.  is  nearly  obsolete. 
Autonyms : 

be  deaf  to,  ignore,  neglect,  gcorn,  slight. 

Prepositions : 

We  listen  for  what  we  expect  or  desire  to  hear  ;  we  listen  to 
what  we  actually  do  hear  ;  listen /or  a  step,  a  signal,  a  train  ;  lis- 
ten to  the  debate. 

LITERATURE. 

Synonyms: 

belles:lettres,  literary  productions,  publications, 

books,  literary  w^orks,  w^ritings. 

Literature  is  collective,  including  in  the  most  general  sense  all 
the  written  or  printed  productions  of  the  human  mind  in  all  lands 
and  ages,  or  in  a  more  limited  sense,  referring  to  all  that  has  been 
published  in  some  land  or  age,  or  in  some  department  of  human 
knowledge ;  as,  the  literature  of  Greece ;  the  literature  of  the 
Augustan  age  ;  the  liter atiire  of  politics  or  of  art.  Literature,  used 
absolutely,  denotes  what  has  been  called  "polite  literature''''  or 
bellesdettres,  i.  e.,  the  works  collectively  that  embody  taste,  feel- 
ing, loftiness  of  thought,  and  purity  and  beauty  of  style,  as  poetry, 
history,  fiction,  and  dramatic  compositions,  including  also  much 
of  philosophical  writing,  as  the  "Republic"  of  Plato,  and  orator- 
ical productions,  as  the  orations  of  Demosthenes.  In  the  broad 
sense,  we  can  speak  of  the  literature  of  science  ;  in  the  narrower 
sense,  we  speak  of  literature  and  science  as  distinct  departments 
of  knowledge.  Literature  is  also  used  to  signify  literary  pursuits 
or  occupations ;  as,  to  devote  one's  life  to  literature.  Compare 
knowledge;  science.  

LOAD,  n. 
Synonyms: 

burden,     charge,  encumbrance,     incubus,       pack, 

cargo,        clog,  freight,  lading,  w^elght. 

A  burden  (from  the  Anglo=Saxon  hyrthen,  from  the  verb  Z;f  ran, 

bear)  is  what  one  has  to  bear,  and  the  word  is  used  always  of  that 

which  is  borne  by  a  living  agent.     A  load  (from  the  Anglo-Saxon 


lock  ™™  . 

look  234 

lad,  a  way,  course,  carrying,  or  carriage)  is  what  is  laid  upon  a 
person,  animal,  or  vehicle  for  conveyance,  or  what  is  customarily 
so  imposed  ;  as,  a  two=horse  load.  Weight  measures  the  pressure 
due  to  gravity  ;  the  same  weight  that  one  finds  a  moderate  load 
when  in  his  full  strength  becomes  a  heavy  burden  in  weariness  or 
w^eakness.  A  ship's  load  is  called  distinctively  a  cargo,  or  it  may 
be  known  as  freight  or  lading.  Freight  denotes  merchandise  in  or 
for  transportation  and  is  used  largely  of  transportation  or  of  mer- 
chandise transported  by  rail,  which  is,  in  commercial  language, 
said  to  be  "shipped."  A  load  to  be  fastened  upon  a  horse  or 
mule  is  called  a  pack,  and  the  animal  is  known  as  a  pack-horse  or 
pack=mule. 

LOCK. 

Synonyms : 

bar,  catch,  fastening,  hook, 

holt,  clasp,  hasp,  latch. 

A  bar  is  a  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  usually  of  considerable  size, 
by  which  an  opening  is  obstructed,  a  door  held  fast,  etc.  A  bar 
may  be  movable  or  permanent  ;  a  bolt  is  a  movable  rod  or  pin  of 
metal,  sUding  in  a  socket  and  adapted  for  securing  a  door  or  win- 
dow. A  lock  is  an  arrangement  by  which  an  enclosed  bolt  is  shot 
forward  or  backward  by  a  key,  or  other  device  ;  the  bolt  is  the  es- 
sential part  of  the  lock.  A  latch  or  catch  is  an  accessible  fasten- 
ing designed  to  be  easily  movable,  and  simply  to  secure  against 
accidental  opening  of  the  door,  cover,  etc.  A  hasj)  is  a  metallic 
strap  that  fits  over  a  staple,  calculated  to  be  secured  by  a  padlock  ; 
a  simple  hook  that  fits  into  a  staple  is  also  called  a  hasp.  A  clasp 
is  a  fastening  that  can  be  sprung  into  place,  to  draw  and  hold  the 
parts  of  some  enclosing  object  firmly  together,  as  the  clasp  of  a 
book. 


LOOK. 

Synonyms: 

behold, 

contemplate, 

descry. 

discern, 

gaze, 

glance. 

inspect, 
regard, 
scan. 

see, 

stare, 

survey. 

view, 
w^atch. 

To  see  is  simply  to  become  conscious  of  an  object  of  vision  ;  to 
look  is  to  make  a  conscious  and  direct  endeavor  to  see.  To  behold 
is  to  fix  the  sight  and  the  mind  with  distinctness  and  consideration 
upon  something  that  has  come  to  be  clearly  before  the  eyes.  We 
may  look  without  seeing,  as  in  pitch=darkness,  and  we  may  see 
without  looking,  as  in  case  of  a  flash  of  lightning.     To  gaze  is  to 


235  love 

look  intently,  long,  and  steadily  upon  an  object.  To  glance  is  to 
look  casually  or  momentarily.  To  stare  is  to  look  with  a  fixed  in- 
tensity such  as  is  the  effect  of  surprise,  alarm,  or  rudeness.  To 
scan  is  to  look  at  minutely,  to  note  every  visible  feature.  To  in- 
spect is  to  go  below  the  surface,  uncover,  study  item  by  item. 
View  and  survey  are  comprehensive,  shvuci/ expressing  the  gi'eater 
exactness  of  measurement  or  estimate.  Watch  brings  in  the  ele- 
ment of  time  and  often  of  wariness  ;  we  watch  for  a  movement 
or  change,  a  signal,  the  approach  of  an  enemy,  etc.     Compare 

APPEAR. 


LOVE.       . 

Synonyms: 

affection,  charity,  friendship,  regard, 

attachment,        devotion,  liking;,  tenderness, 

attraction,  fondness. 

Affection  is  kindly  feeling,  deep,  tender,  and  constant,  going  out 
to  some  person  or  object,  being  less  fervent  and  ardent  than  love, 
whether  applied  to  persons  or  things.  Love  is  an  intense  and 
absorbing  emotion,  drawing  one  toward  a  pei'son  or  object  and 
causing  one  to  appreciate,  delight  in,  and  crave  the  presence  or 
possession  of  the  person  or  object  loved,  and  to  desire  to  please  and 
benefit  the  person,  or  to  advance  the  cause,  truth,  or  other  object 
of  affection  :  it  is  the  yearning  or  ovitgoing  of  soul  toward  some- 
tlung  that  is  regarded  as  excellent,  beautiful,  or  desirable  ;  love 
may  be  briefly  defined  as  strong  and  absorbing  affection  for  and 
attraction  toward  a  person  or  object.  Love  may  denote  the  sublim- 
estand  holiest  spiritual  affection  as  when  we  are  taught  that  "God 
is  love."  Charity  has  so  far  swung  aside  from  this  original  mean- 
ing that  probably  it  never  can  be  recalled  (compare  benevo- 
lence). The  Revised  Version  uses  Zoueinplaceof  charity  in  1  Cor. 
xiii,  and  elsewhere.  Love  is  more  intense,  absorbing,  and  tender 
than  friendship,  more  intense,  impulsive,  and  perhaps  passionate 
than  affection  ;  we  speak  of  fervent  love,  but  of  deep  or  tender 
affection,  or  of  close,  firm,  sti-ong  friendship.  Love  is  used  spe- 
cifically for  j)ersonal  affection  between  the  sexes  in  the  highest 
sense,  the  love  that  normally  leads  to  marriage,  and  subsists 
throughout  all  happy  wedded  life.  Love  can  never  properly  denote 
mere  animal  passion,  which  is  expressed  by  such  words  as  appetite, 
desire,  lust.  One  may  properly  be  said  to  have  love  for  animals, 
for  inanimate  objects,  or  for  abstract  qualities  that  enlist  the 
affections,  as  we  speak  of  love  for  a  horse  or  a  dog,  for  mountains, 


make 

marriage  236 

woods,  ocean,  or  of  love  of  nature,  and  love  of  virtue.  Love  of 
articles  of  food  is  better  expressed  by  liking,  as  love,  in  its  full 
sense,  expresses  something  spiritual  and  reciprocal,  such  as  can 
have  no  place  in  connection  with  objects  that  minister  merely  to 
the  senses.  Compare  attachment  ;  friendship. 
Antony nii^ : 

See  synonyms  for  antipathy  ;  enmity  ;  hatred. 
Prepositions : 

Love  of  country  ;  for  humanity  ;  love  to  God  and  man. 


MAKE. 

Synonyms: 

become,  constrain,  fabricate,  manufacture, 

bring  about,  construct,  fashion,  occasion, 

bring  into  being,  create,  force,  perform, 

bring  to  pass,  do,  frame,  reach, 

cause,  effect,  get,  render, 

compel,  establish,  make  out,  require, 

compose.  execute,  make  up,  shape, 
constitute. 

Make  is  essentially  causative  ;  to  the  idea  of  cause  all  its  vari- 
ous senses  may  be  traced  (compare  synonyms  for  cause).  To 
make  is  to  cause  to  exist,  or  to  cause  to  exist  in  a  certain  form  or 
in  certain  relations  ;  the  word  thus  includes  the  idea  of  create,  as 
in  Gen.  i,  31,  "And  God  saw  every  thing  that  he  had  made,  and. 
behold,  it  was  very  good."  Make  includes  also  the  idea  of  com- 
pose, constitute;  as.  the  parts  make  up  the  whole.  Similaiiy,  to 
cause  a  voluntary  agent  to  do  a  certain  act  is  to  make  liim  do  it, 
or  compel  him  to  do  it,  compel  fixing  the  attention  more  on  the 
process,  make  on  the  accomplished  fact.  Compare  compel  ;  do  ; 
INFLUENCE  ;  (make  better)  amend  ;  (make  haste)  quicken  ;  (make 
known)  ANNOUNCE  ;  AVOW  ;  CONFESS  ;  (make  prisoner)  arrest  ; 
(make  up)  add  ;  (make  void)  cancel. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  abolish  ;  break  ;  DEMOLISH. 
Prepositions: 

Make  of,  out  of,  ov  from  certain  materials,  into  a  certain  form. 
for  a  certain  purpose  or  person ;  made  with  hands,  by  hand ;  made 
hy  a  prisoner,  with  a  jack=knife. 


MARRIACiE. 

Synonyms: 

conjugal  union,    espousals,       nuptials,  spousals,  w^edding, 
espousal,  matrimony,    spousal,    union,        w^edlock. 

Matrimony  denotes  the  state  of  those  who  are  united  in  the 


237 


iiiascullne 
iiia!S!>iafro 


relation  of  husband  and  wife  :  marriage  denotes  primarily  the  act 
of  so  uniting,  but  is  extensively  used  for  the  state  as  well.  Wed- 
lock, a  word  of  specific  legal  use,  is  the  Saxon  term  for  the  state 
or  relation  denoted  by  matriviony.  Wedding  denotes  the  cere- 
mony, with  any  attendant  festivities,  by  which  two  persons  are 
united  as  husband  and  wife,  nnjHials  being  the  more  formal  and 
stately  term  to  express  the  same  idea, 
Antouyiiis: 

bachelorhood,     celibacy,      divorce,      maidenhood,      virginity,     widowhood. 
Prepoitiltlon»i : 

Marriage  of  or  beticeen  two  persons  ;  of  one  person  to  or  with 
another  ;  among  the  Greeks. 


Synonyms  : 

male,       manful,       manlike,       manly,     mannish,     virile. 

We  apply  male  to  the  sex,  mascxdine  to  the  qualities,  especially 
to  the  stronger,  hardier,  and  more  imperious  qualities  that  dis- 
tinguish the  male  sex ;  as  apjDlied  to  women,  mascidine  has  often 
the  depreciatory  sense  of  unwomanly,  rude,  or  harsh  ;  as,  a  mascu- 
line face  or  voice,  or  the  like  ;  tho  one  may  say  in  a  commend- 
atory way,  she  acted  with  masculine  courage  or  decision. 
Manlike  may  mean  only  having  the  outward  appearance  or 
semblance  of  a  man,  or  may  be  closely  equivalent  to  manly. 
Manly  refers  to  all  the  qualities  and  traits  worthy  of  a  man  ; 
manfid,  especially  to  the  valor  and  prowess  that  become  a  man  ; 
w^e  speak  of  a  manfid  struggle,  manly  decision ;  we  say  manly 
gentleness  or  tenderness  ;  we  could  not  say  manful  tenderness. 
Mannish  is  a  depreciatory  word  referring  to  the  mimicry  or  pa- 
rade of  some  superficial  quahties  of  manhood  :  as,  a  mannish  boy 
or  woman.  Masculine  may  apply  to  the  distinctive  qualities  of 
the  male  sex  at  any  age  ;  virile  applies  to  the  distinctive  qualities 
of  mature  manhood  only,  as  opposed  not  only  to  feminine  or  uiom- 
anly  but  to  childish,  and  is  thus  an  emphatic  word  for  sturdy, 
intrepid,  etc. 
Autonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  feminine. 


MASSACRE. 
Synonyms : 

butchery,  carnage,  havoc,  slaughter. 

A  massacre  is  the  indiscriminate  killing  in  numbers  of  the  un- 


iiieddlesoine  ooe 

melody  -««>S 

resisting  or  defenseless  ;  butchery  is  the  killing  of  men  rudely  and 
ruthlessly  as  cattle  are  killed  in  the  shambles.  Havoc  may  not  be 
so  complete  as  massacre,  nor  so  coldly  brutal  as  huicliery,  but  is 
more  widely  spread  and  furious  ;  it  is  destruction  let  loose,  and 
may  be  applied  to  organizations,  interests,  etc.,  as  well  as  to  hu- 
man life  ;  "  as  for  Saul,  he  made  havoc  of  the  church,"  Acts  viii, 
3.  Carnage  (Latin  caro,  carnis,  flesh)  refers  to  widely  scattered 
or  heaped  up  corpses  of  the  slain  ;  slaughter  is  similar  in  meaning, 
but  refers  more  to  the  process,  as  carnage  does  to  the  result ;  these 
two  words  only  of  the  group  may  be  used  of  great  destruction  of 
life  in  open  and  honorable  battle,  as  when  we  say  the  enemy  was 
repulsed  with  great  slaughter,  or  the  carnage  was  terrible. 


Synonyms  : 

impertinent,    intrusive,    meddling,    obtrusive,    officious. 

The  meddlesome  person  interferes  unasked  in  the  affairs  of 
others  ;  the  intrusive  person  thrusts  himself  uninvited  into  their 
company  or  conversation  ;  the  obtrusive  person  thrusts  himself  or 
his  opinions  conceitedly  and  undesirably  upon  their  notice  ;  the 
officious  person  thrusts  his  services,  unasked  and  undesired,  upon 
others.  Obtrusive  is  oftener  applied  to  words,  qualities,  actions, 
etc. ,  than  to  persons ;  intrusive  is  used  chiefly  of  persons,  as  is 
officious,  tho  we  speak  of  officious  attentions,  intrusive  remarks ; 
meddlesome  is  used  indifferently  of  persons,  or  of  words,  qualities, 
actions,  etc.     Compare  inquisitive  ;  interpose. 

Antonyms : 

modest,        reserved,        retiring,        shy,        unassuming,        unobtrusive. 


MELODY. 

Synonyms: 

harmony,       music,       symphony,       unison. 

IIa7'mony  is  simultaneous  ;  melody  is  successive  ;  harmony  is 
the  pleasing  correspondence  of  two  or  more  notes  sounded  at  once, 
melody  the  pleasing  succession  of  a  number  of  notes  continuovisly 
following  one  another.  A  melody  may  be  wholly  in  one  part  ; 
harmony  must  be  of  two  or  more  parts.  Accordant  notes  of  dif- 
ferent pitch  sounded  simultaneovisly  produce  harmony  ;  imison  is 
the  simultaneous  sounding  of  two  or  more  notes  of  the  same  pitch. 
When  the  pitcli  is  the  same,  there  may  be  unison  between  sounds 
of  very  different  volume  and  quality,  as  a  voice  and  a  bell  may 


mcMiiory 
/£«>V  mercy 

sound  in  tmison.  Tones  sounded  at  the  interval  of  an  octave  are 
also  said  to  be  in  unison,  altho  this  is  not  literally  exact ;  this 
usage  arises  from  the  fact  that  bass  and  tenor  voices  in  attempting 
to  sound  the  same  note  as  the  soprano  and  alto  will  in  fact  sound 
a  note  an  octave  below.  Music  may  denote  the  simplest  melody 
or  the  most  complex  and  jjerfect  harmony.  A  symphony  (apart 
from  its  technical  orchestral  sense)  is  any  pleasing  consonance  of 
musical  sounds,  vocal  or  instrumental,  as  of  many  accordant  voices 
or  instruments. 


MEIHORY. 

Synonyms: 

recollection,     reminiscence,     retrospect,     retrospection, 
remembrance , 

Memory  is  the  faculty  by  wliich  knowledge  is  retained  or 
recalled  ;  in  a  more  general  sense,  memory  is  a  retention  of 
knowledge  within  the  grasp  of  the  mind,  while  remembrance  is  the 
having  what  is  known  consciously  before  the  mind.  Remembrance 
may  be  voluntary  or  involuntary ;  a  thing  is  brought  to  remem- 
brance or  we  call  it  to  remembrance  ;  the  same  is  true  of  memory. 
Recollection  involves  volition,  the  mind  making  a  distinct  effort  to 
recall  something,  or  fixing  the  attention  actively  upon  it  when 
recalled.  Reminiscence  is  a  half=dreamy  memory  of  scenes  or 
events  long  past  ;  retrospection  is  a  distinct  turning  of  the  mind 
back  upon  the  past,  bringing  long  periods  under  survey. 
Retrospection  is  to  reminiscence  much  what  recollection  is  to 
remembrance. 
Antonyms : 

forgetfulness,      oblivion,      obliviousness,      oversight,      unconsciousness. 


MERCY. 

Synonyms; 

benevolence,  favor,  kindness,       miildness, 

benignity,  forbearance.  lenience,        pardon, 

blessing,  forgiveness,  leniency,       pity, 

clemency,  gentleness,  lenity,  tenderness, 

compassion,  grace, 

Mercy  is  the  exercise  of  less  severity  than  one  deserves,  or  in  a 
more  extended  sense,  the  granting  of  kindness  or  favor  beyond 
what  one  may  rightly  claim.  Grace  is  favor,  kindness,  or  blessing 
shown  to  the  undeserving ;  forgiveness,  mercy,  and  pardon  are 
exercised  toward  the  ill=deserving.  Pardon  remits  the  outward 
penalty  which  the  offender  deserves  ;  forgiveness  dismisses  re- 
sentment or  displeasure  from  the  heart  of  the  one  offended ; 


meter 


240 


mercy  seeks  the  highest  possible  good  of  the  offender.  There  may 
be  mercy  without  jicirdon,  as  in  the  mitigation  of  sentence,  or  in 
all  possible  alleviation  of  necessary  severity ;  there  may  be  cases 
where  x)ardon  would  not  be  mercy,  since  it  would  encourage  to 
repetition  of  the  offense,  from  which  timely  punishment  might 
have  saved.  Mercy  is  also  used  in  the  wider  sense  of  refraining 
from  harshness  or  cruelty  toward  those  who  are  in  one's  power 
without  fault  of  their  own ;  as,  they  besought  the  robber  to  have 
mercy.  Clemency  is  a  colder  word  than  mercy,  and  without  its 
reUgious  associations,  signifying  miklness  and  moderation  in  the 
use  of  power  where  severity  would  have  legal  or  military, 
rather  than  moral  sanction ;  it  often  denotes  a  habitual  miklness 
of  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  powerful,  and  is  matter  rather  of 
good  nature  or  policy  than  of  principle.  Leniency  or  lenity  de- 
notes an  easy=going  avoidance  of  severity ;  these  words  are  more 
general  and  less  magisterial  than  clemency ;  we  should  speak  of 
the  leniency  of  a  parent,  the  clemency  of  a  conqueror.     Compare 

PITY. 
Autonyms: 

cruelty,  implacability,        punishment,        rigor,  sternness, 

hardness,  justice,  revenge,  severity,         vengeance, 

harshness,  penalty, 

Prepositions : 

The  mercy  of  God  to  or  toward  sinners  ;   have  mercy  on  or 

tqyon  one. 

METER. 

Synonj^ms: 

euphony,       measure,       rhythm,       verse. 

Evphony  is  agreeable  linguistic  sound,  however  produced; 
meter,  measure,  and  rhythm  denote  agreeable  succession  of  sounds 
in  the  utterance  of  connected  words;  eiqihony  may  apply  to  a 
single  word  or  even  a  single  syllable ;  the  other  words  apply  to 
lines,  sentences,  paragraphs,  etc.  ;  rhythm  and  meter  may  be  pro- 
duced by  accent  only,  as  in  English,  or  by  accent  and  quantity 
combined,  as  in  Greek  or  Italian  ;  rhythm  or  measure  may  apply 
either  to  prose  or  to  poetry,  or  to  music,  dancing,  etc.  ;  meter  is 
more  precise  than  rhythm,  applies  only  to  poetry,  and  denotes 
a  measured  rhythm  with  regular  divisions  into  verses,  stanzas, 
strophes,  etc.  A  verse  is  strictly  a  metrical  line,  but  the  word  is 
often  used  as  synonymous  with  stanza.  Verse,  in  the  general 
sense,  denotes  metrical  writing  without  reference  to  the  thought 
involved  ;  as,  prose  and  verse.     Compare  melody  ;  poetry. 


241  mind 

MIND. 

Syiioiiyiii8  : 

brain.  instinct,  reason,       spirit, 

consciousness,     intellect,  sense,         thought, 

disposition,  intelligence,       soul,  understanding. 

Mind,  in  a  general  sense,  includes  all  the  powers  of  sentient 
being  apart  from  the  j)hysical  factors  in  bodily  faculties  and  activ- 
ities ;  in  a  limited  sense,  mind  is  nearly  synonymous  with  intellect, 
but  includes  disposition,  or  the  tendency  toward  action,  as  appears 
in  the  phrase  "to  have  a  vmid  to  work."  As  the  seat  of  mental 
activity,  hrain  (colloquially  brains)  is  often  used  as  a  synonym  for 
mind,  intellect,  intelligence.  Thought,  the  act,  process,  or  power 
of  thinking,  is  often  used  to  denote  the  thinking  faculty,  and  espe- 
cially the  reason.  The  instinct  of  animals  is  now  held  by  many 
pliilosophers  to  be  of  the  same  nature  as  the  intellect  of  man,  but 
inferior  and  limited  ;  yet  the  apparent  difference  is  very  great. 

An  inntinct  is  a  propensity  prior  to  experience  and  independent  of  instruction. 

Paley  Natural  Philosophy  ch.  18. 

In  this  sense  we  speak  of  human  instincts,  thus  denoting  tenden- 
cies independent  of  reasoning  or  insti'uction.  The  soul  includes 
the  intellect,  sensibilities,  and  will ;  beyond  what  is  expressed  by 
the  word  mind,  the  soiU  denotes  especially  the  moral,  the  immortal 
nature  ;  we  say  of  a  dead  body,  the  sold  (not  the  mind)  has  fled. 
Spirit  is  used  especially  in  contradistinction  from  matter  ;  it  may 
in  many  cases  be  substituted  for  sold,  but  soid  has  commonly  a 
fuller  and  more  determinate  meaning  ;  we  can  conceive  of  spirits 
as  having  no  moral  nature ;  the  fairies,  elves,  and  brownies  of 
mythology  might  be  termed  spirits,  but  not  souls.  In  the  figura- 
tive sense,  spirit  denotes  animation,  excitability,  perhaps  impa- 
tience ;  as,  a  lad  of  spirit ;  he  sang  with  spirit ;  he  replied  with 
spirit.  Sold  denotes  energy  and  depth  of  feeling,  as  when  we 
speak  of  soulful  eyes  ;  or  it  may  denote  the  very  life  of  anything ; 
as,  "the  hidden  soid  of  harmony,"  Milton  L' Allegro  1.  144. 
Sense  may  be  an  antonym  of  intellect,  as  when  we  speak  of  the 
sense  of  hearing  ;  but  sense  is  used  also  as  denoting  clear  mental 
action,  good  judgment,  acumen ;  as,  he  is  a  man  of  sense,  or,  he 
showed  good  sense  ;  sense,  even  in  its  material  signification,  raust 
be  reckoned  among  the  activities  of  mind,  tho  dependent  on  bod- 
ily functions  ;  the  mind,  not  the  eye,  really  sees ;  the  mind,  not 
the  ear,  really  hears.  Consciousness  includes  all  that  a  sentient 
being  perceives,  knows,  thinks,  or  feels,  from  whatever  sovirce 
arising  and  of  whatever  character,  kind,  or  degree,  whether  with 
IG 


minute 
misfortune 


243 


or  without  distinct  thinking,  feeling,  or  willing  ;  we  speak  of  the 
consciousness  of  the  brvite.  of  the  savage,  or  of  the  sage.  The  in- 
tellect is  that  assemblage  of  faculties  which  is  concerned  with 
knowledge,  as  distinguished  from  emotion  and  volition.  Under- 
standing is  the  Saxon  word  of  the  same  general  import,  but  is 
chiefly  used  of  the  reasoning  powers  ;  the  understanding,  which 
Sir  Wm.  Hamilton  has  called  ' '  the  faculty  of  relations  and  com- 
parisons," is  distinguished  by  many  philosophers  from  reason  in 
that  "reason  is  the  faculty  of  the  higher  cognitions  or  a  priori 
truth." 
Antonyms : 

body,  brawn,  brute  force,  material  substance,  matter. 


MINUTE. 
Synonyms: 

circumstantial,    diminutive,       little,  slender, 

comminuted,         exact,  particular,         small, 

critical,  fine,  precise,  tiny, 

detailed. 

That  is  minute  which  is  of  exceedingly  limited  dimensions,  as  a 
grain  of  dust,  or  which  attends  to  matters  of  exceedingly  slight 
amount  or  apparent  importance  ;  as,  a  minute  account ;  minute 
observation.  That  which  is  broken  up  into  mimde  particles  is  said 
to  be  comminuted  ;  things  may  be  termed  fine  which  would  not  be 
termed  comminuted  ;  as,  fine  sand  ;  fine  gravel ;  but,  in  using  the 
adverb,  we  say  a  substance  is  iinely  comminuted,  comminuted  re- 
ferring more  to  the  process,  fine  to  the  result.  An  account  ex- 
tended to  very  ?/ii/mie  particulars  is  circumstantial,  detailed,  par- 
ticidar ;  an  examination  so  extended  is  critical,  exact,  precis^ 
Compare  fine. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  large. 


MISFORTIJXE. 


Synonyms: 

adversity, 

a£Qiction, 

bereavement, 

blow^, 

calamity, 

chastening, 

chastisement, 


disappointment, 

disaster, 

distress, 

failure, 

hardship, 

harm, 

ill. 


ill  fortune,  ruin, 

ill  luck,  sorrow^, 
misadventure,  stroke, 

mischance,  trial, 

misery,  tribulation, 

mishap,  trouble, 

reverse,  visitation. 


Misfortune  is  adverse  fortune  or  any  instance  thereof,  any  un- 
toward event,  usually  of  lingering  character  or  consequences,  and 
such  as  the  sufferer  is  not  deemed  directly  responsible  for ;  as,  he 


243 


mob 
luodcl 


had  the  misforhme  to  be  born  blind.  Any  considerable  disapj^oint- 
ment,  failure,  or  misfortune,  as  regards  outward  circumstances, 
as  loss  of  fortune,  position,  and  the  like,  when  long  continued  or 
attended  with  enduring  consequences,  constitutes  adversity.  For 
the  loss  of  friends  by  deatli  we  commonly  use  affliction  or  bereave- 
ment. Calamity  and  disaster  are  used  of  sudden  and  severe  vnis- 
fortunes,  often  overwhelming  ;  ill  fortune  and  ill  luck,  of  lighter 
troubles  and  failures.  We  speak  of  the  misery  of  the  poor,  the 
hardships  of  the  soldier.  Affliction,  chastening,  trial,  and  tribu- 
lation have  all  an  especially  religious  bearing,  suggesting  some 
disciplinary  purpcjse  of  God  with  beneficent  design.  Affliction 
may  be  keen  and  bitter,  but  brief  ;  tribulation  is  long  and  wear- 
ing. We  speak  of  an  affliction,  but  rarely  of  a  tribulation,  since 
tribidation  is  viewed  as  a  continuous  process,  which  may  endure 
for  years  or  for  a  lifetime ;  but  we  speak  of  our  daily  trials.  Com- 
pare CATASTROPHE. 

Antonyms : 

blessing,  consolation,  gratification,  pleasure,  success, 

boon,  good  fortune,  happiness,  prosperity,        triumph, 

comfort,  good  luck,  joy,  relief, 


Synonyms : 

canaille, 
crowd. 


MOB. 


dregs  of  the  people, 
lower  classes. 


masses, 
populace, 


rabble, 
the  vulgar. 


The  popidace  are  poor  and  ignorant,  but  may  be  la\v=abiding  ; 
a  mob  is  disorderly  and  lawless,  but  may  be  rich  and  influential. 
The  rabble  is  despicable,  worthless,  purposeless  ;  a  mob  may  have 
effective  desperate  purpose.  A  croivcl  may  be  drawn  by  mere 
curiosity  ;  some  strong,  pervading  excitement  is  needed  to  make 
it  a  mob.    Compare  people. 


Synonyms : 

archetype, 
copy, 
design, 
example. 


MODEL. 


facsimile, 
image, 
imitation, 
mold, 


original, 
pattern, 
prototype. 


representation, 

standard, 

type. 


A  pattern  is  always,  in  modern  use,  that  which  is  to  be  copied  ; 
a  model  may  be  either  the  thing  to  be  cojiied  or  the  copy  that  has 
been  made  from  it ;  as,  the  models  in  the  Patent  Office.  A  pat- 
tern is  commonly  su]3erficial ;  a  model  is  visually  in  relief.  A 
pattern  must  be  closely  followed  in  its  minutest  particulars  by  a 


modesty 
money 


244 


faithful  copyist  ;  a  model  may  allow  a  great  degi-ee  of  freedom. 
A  sculptor  may  idealize  his  living  model  ;  his  workmen  must  ex- 
actly co23y  in  marble  or  metal  the  model  he  has  made  in  clay. 
Compare  example  ;  idea  ;  ideal. 


MODESTY. 

Synonyms : 

bacJcwardness,    constraint,     reserve,       timidity, 
bashfulness,         coyness,  shyness,      unotatrusiveness. 

coldness,  diflBdence, 

Bashfulness  is  a  shrinking  from  notice  without  assignable  rea- 
son. Coyness  is  a  half  encouragement,  half  avoidance  of  offered 
attention,  and  may  be  real  or  affected.  Diffidence  is  self=distrust ; 
modesty,  a  humble  estimate  of  oneself  in  comparison  with  others, 
or  with  the  demands  of  some  undertaking.  Modesty  has  also  the 
specific  meaning  of  a  sensitive  shrinking  from  anything  indelicate. 
Shyness  is  a  tendency  to  shrink  from  observation  ;  timidity,  a  dis- 
tinct fear  of  ci'iticism,  error,  or  failure.  Reserve  is  the  holding 
oneself  aloof  from  others,  or  holding  back  one's  feelings  from  ex- 
pression, or  one's  affairs  from  communication  to  others.  Reserve 
may  be  the  retreat  of  shyness,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  the  contemp- 
tuous withdrawal  of  pride  and  haughtiness.     Compare  abash  ; 

PRIDE  ;   TACITURN. 
Antonyms : 

abandon,       boldness,      forwardness,  impudence,         pertness,  sociability, 

arrogance,      conceit,        frankness,  indiscretion,       sauciness, 

assumption,  confidence,  freedom,  loquaciousness,  self»conceit, 

assurance,     egotism,       liaughtiness,  loquacity,  self»sufflciency, 


MOXEY. 

Synonyms : 

bills.  cash,  funds,  property, 

bullion,  coin.  gold,  silver, 

capital,  currency,  notes,  specie. 

Money  is  the  authorized  medium  of  exchange  ;  coined  money 
is  called  coin  or  specie.  What  are  termed  in  England  bank=«oies 
are  in  the  United  States  commonly  called  hills  ;  as,  a  five=dollar 
hill.  The  notes  of  responsible  men  are  readily  transferable  in  com- 
mercial circles,  but  they  are  not  money  ;  as,  the  stock  was  sold  for 
$500  in  money  and  the  balance  in  merchantable  paper.  Cash  is 
specie  or  money  in  hand,  or  paid  in  hand ;  as,  the  cash  account  ; 
the  cash  price.  In  the  legal  sense,  property  is  not  money,  and 
money  is  not  X)roperty  ;  for  loroperty  is  that  which  has  inherent 
value,  while  money,  as  such,  has  but  representative  value,  and 


»«(:  morose 

■^'*«*  motion 

may  or  may  not  have  intrinsic  value.  Bullion  is  either  gold  or 
silver  rmcoined,  or  the  coined  metal  considered  without  reference 
to  its  coinage,  but  simply  as  merchandise,  when  its  value  as  bul- 
lion may  be  very  dififerent  from  its  value  as  money.  The  word 
capital  is  used  chiefly  of  accumulated  property  or  money  invested 
in  productive  enterprises  or  available  for  such  investment. 


MOROSE. 

Synonyms: 

acrimonious,       dogged,  ill=natured,  splenetic, 

cliurlish,  gloomy,  severe.  sulky, 

crabbed,  gruff,  snappish,  sullen, 

crusty,  ill=liumored,        sour,  surly. 

The  sullen  and  stdky  are  discontented  and  resentful  in  regard 
to  that  against  which  they  are  too  proud  to  protest,  or  consider  all 
protest  vain ;  sidlen  denotes  more  of  pride,  sidhy  more  of  resentful 
obstinacy.  The  morose  are  bitterly  dissatisfied  with  the  world  in 
general,  and  disposed  to  vent  their  ill  nature  upon  others.  The 
sidlen  and  sidky  are  for  the  most  part  silent ;  the  morose  growl 
out  bitter  speeches.  A  surly  person  is  in  a  state  of  latent  anger, 
resenting  approach  as  intrusion,  and  ready  to  take  offense  at  any- 
thing ;  thus  we  speak  of  a  surly  dog.  Sullen  and  sulky  moods  may 
be  transitory  ;  one  who  is  morose  or  surly  is  commonly  so  by  dis- 
position or  habit. 
Antonyms : 

amiable,  complaisant,  gentle,  kind,  pleasant, 

benimant,  friendly,  good=nattired,      loving,  sympathetic, 

bland,  genial,  indulgent,  mild,  tender. 


MOTION. 

Synonyms : 

act,  change,       movement,    process,    transition, 

action,       move,  passage,         transit. 

Motion  is  change  of  place  or  position  in  space  ;  transition  is  a 
passing  from  one  point  or  position  in  space  to  another.  3Iotion 
may  be  either  absti-act  or  concrete,  more  frequently  the  former  ; 
movement  is  always  concrete,  that  is,  considered  in  connection 
with  the  thing  that  moves  or  is  moved  ;  thus,  we  speak  of  the 
movements  of  the  planets,  but  of  the  laws  of  planetary  motion  ; 
of  military  movements,  but  of  perpetual  motion.  Move  is  used 
chiefly  of  contests  or  competition,  as  in  chess  or  politics  ;  as,  it  is 
your  move ;  a  shrewd  move  of  the  opposition.  Action  is  a  more 
comprehensive  word  than  motion.    We  now  rarely  speak  of  men- 


mourn 

mutual  5S4b 

tal  or  spiritual  motions,  but  rather  of  mental  or  spiritual  acts  or 
processes,  or  of  the  laws  of  mental  action,  but  a  formal  proposal 
of  action  in  a  deliberative  assembly  is  termed  a  motion.     Compare 

ACT. 
Autonyms: 

immobility,  quiescence,  quiet,  repoae,  rest,  stillness. 


MOURX. 

Synonyms: 

bemoan,       deplore,       lament,       regret,       rue,       sorrow, 
bewail,         grieve. 

To  viourn  is  to  feel  or  express  sadness  or  distress  because  of 
some  loss,  affliction,  or  misfortune ;  mournhig  is  thought  of  as 
prolonged,  gi'ief  or  regret  may  be  transient.  One  may  grieve  or 
mourn,  regret,  rue,  or  sorrow  without  a  sound ;  he  bemoans  with 
suppressed  and  often  inarticulate  sounds  of  grief  ;  he  bewails  with 
passionate  utterance,  whether  of  inarticulate  cries  or  of  spoken 
words.  He  laments  in  plaintive  or  pathetic  words,  as  the  prophet 
Jeremiah  in  his  "Lamentations."  One  deplores  w\i\i  settled  sor- 
row which  may  or  may  not  find  relief  in  words.  One  is  made  to 
rue  an  act  by  some  misfortune  resulting,  or  by  some  penalty  or 
vengeance  inflicted  because  of  it.  One  regrets  a  slight  misfortune 
or  a  hasty  word  ;  he  sorroios  over  the  death  of  a  friend. 
Antonyms : 

be  joyful,  exult,  joy,  make  merry,  rejoice,  triumph. 


MUTUAI.. 

Synonyms: 

common,    correlative,    intercbangeable,   joint,   reciprocal. 

That  is  common  to  which  two  or  more  persons  have  the  same 
or  equal  claims,  or  in  wliich  they  have  equal  interest  or  participa- 
tion ;  in  the  strictest  sense,  that  is  mutual  (Latin  mutare,  to 
change)  which  is  freely  interchanged  ^  that  is  reciprocal  in  respect 
to  which  one  act  or  movement  is  met  by  a  corresponding  act  or 
movement  in  return  ;  we  speak  of  our  common  countiy,  mutual 
affection,  reciprocal  obligations,  the  reciprocal  action  of  cause 
and  effect,  where  the  effect  becomes  in  turn  a  cause.  Many 
good  wi-iters  hold  it  incorrect  to  say  "  a  mutual  friend,"  and  insist 
that  " a  common  friend"  would  be  more  accurate  ;  bvit  "  common 
friend  "  is  practically  never  used,  because  of  the  disagreeable  sug- 
gestion that  attaches  to  common,  of  ordinary  or  inferior.  "  Mu- 
tual friend  "  has  high  literary  authority  (of  Burke,  Scott,  Dickens, 
and  others),  and  a  considerable  usage  of  good  society  in  its  favor, 


mysterious 
24'?'  name 

the  expression  being  quite  naturally  derived  from  the  thoroughly 
correct  phrase  mutual  friendship. 
Antonyms : 

detacliud,  distinct,       separate,      severed,       unconnected,        nnrequited, 

disconnected,    disunited,    separated,    sundered,    unreciprocated,    unsliared. 
dissociated. 


MYSTERIOUS. 

Synonyms: 

abstruse,  inexplicable,         recondite, 

cabalistic,  inscrutable,  secret, 

dark,  mystic,  transcendental, 

enigmatical,  mystical,  unfathomable, 

hidden,  obscure,  unfathomed, 

incomprehensible,  occult,  unknown. 

That  is  mysterious  in  the  true  sense  which  is  beyond  human 
comprehension,  as  the  decrees  of  God  or  the  origin  of  life.  That 
is  mystic  or  mystical  which  has  associated  with  it  some  hidden  or 
recondite  meaning,  especially  of  a  religious  kind ;  as,  the  mystic 
Babylon  of  the  Apocalypse.  That  is  dark  which  we  can  not  per- 
sonally see  through,  especially  if  sadly  perplexing  ;  as,  a  dark 
providence.  That  is  secret  which  is  intentionally  hidden.  Com- 
pare DARK.  • 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  clear. 


NAME. 
Synonyms : 

agnomen,  denomination,       prenomen,       surname, 

appellation,       designation,  style,  title, 

cognomen,         epithet, 

Name  in  the  most  general  sense,  signifying  the  word  by  which 
a  person  or  thing  is  called  or  known,  includes  all  other  words  of 
this  group  ;  in  this  sense  every  noun  is  a  name  ;  in  the  more  lim- 
ited sense  a  name  is  personal,  an  appellation  is  descriptive,  a  title 
is  official.  In  the  phrase  William  the  Conqueror,  King  of  Eng- 
land, William  is  the  man's  name,  which  belongs  to  him  personally, 
independently  of  any  rank  or  achievement ;  Conqueror  is  the  ap- 
pellation which  he  won  by  his  acquisition  of  England  ;  King  is 
the  title  denoting  his  royal  rank.  An  epithet  (Gr.  epitheton, 
something  added,  from  epi,  on,  and  tithemi,  put)  is  something 
placed  upon  a  person  or  thing ;  the  epithet  does  not  strictly  be- 
long to  an  object  like  a  name,  but  is  given  to  mark  some  assumed 
characteristic,  good  or  bad  ;  an  epithet  is  always  an  adjective,  or 
a  word  or  phrase  used  as  an  adjective,  and  is  properly  used  to  em- 
phasize a  characteristic  but  not  to  add  information,  as  in  the 


native  nmta 

nautical  248 

phrase  "the  sounding  sea'';  the  idea  that  an  epithet  is  always 
opprobrious,  and  that  any  word  used  opprobriously  is  an  epithet  is 
a  popular  error.  Designation  may  be  used  much  in  the  sense  of 
appellation,  but  is  more  distinctive  or  specific  in  meaning  ;  a  des- 
ignation properly  so  caUed  rests  upon  some  inherent  quality,  wliile 
an  appellation  may  be  fanciful.  Among  the  Romans  the  pre- 
nomen  was  the  individual  part  of  a  man's  name,  the  "nomen" 
designated  the  gens  to  which  he  belonged,  the  cognomen  showed 
liis  family  and  was  borne  by  all  pati'icians,  and  the  agnomen  was 
added  to  refer  to  his  acliievements  or  character.  When  scientists 
name  an  animal  or  a  plant,  they  give  it  a  binary  or  binomial  tech- 
nical name  comjmsing  a  generic  and  a  specific  appellation.  In 
modern  use,  a  personal  name,  as  John  or  Mary,  is  given  in  infancy, 
and  is  often  called  the  given  name  or  Clu-istian  name,  or  simply 
the  fu'st  name  (rarely  the  prenomen) ;  the  cognomen  or  surname 
is  the  family  name  which  belongs  to  one  by  right  of  birth  or  mar- 
riage. Style  is  the  legal  designation  by  which  a  person  or  house 
is  known  in  official  or  business  relations  ;  as,  the  name  and  style 
of  Baring  Brothers.  The  term  denomination  is  applied  to  a  sep- 
arate reUgious  organization,  without  the  opprobrious  meaning 
attaching  to  the  word  "sect" ;  also,  to  designate  any  class  of  like  ob- 
jects collectively,  especially  money  or  notes  of  a  certain  value ;  as, 
the  sum  was  in  notes  of  the  denomination  of  one  thousand  dollars. 
Compare  term. 


NATIVE. 

Synonyms : 

indigenous,       innate,       natal,       natural,       original. 

Native  denotes  that  which  belongs  to  one  by  birth  ;  natal  that 
which  pertains  to  the  event  of  birth  ;  natural  denotes  that  which 
rests  upon  inherent  qualities  of  cliaracter  or  being.  We  sjieak  of 
one's  native  country,  or  of  his  natal  day  ;  of  natural  ability,  native 
genius.  Compare  inherent  ;  primeval  ;  radical. 
Antonyms : 

acquired,       alien,       artificial,       assumed,       foreign,        unnatural. 


IVAIITICAL. 

Synonyms: 

marine,  maritime,  naval,  ocean,  oceanic. 

Marine  (L.  mare,  sea)  signifies  belonging  to  the  ocean,  mari- 
time, a  secondary  derivative  from  the  same  root,  bordering  on  or 


249  neat 

connected  with  the  ocean  ;  as,  marine  products  ;  viarine  animals  ; 
maritime  nations ;  maritime  laws.  Nautical  (Gr.  naufes,  a  sailor) 
denotes  primarily  anything  connected  with  sailors,  and  hence 
with  ships  or  navigation  ;  7iaval  (L.  navis,  Gr.  naus,  a  ship)  refers 
to  the  armed  force  of  a  nation  on  the  sea,  and,  by  extension,  to 
similar  forces  on  lakes  and  rivers  ;  as,  a  naval  force  ;  a  nautical 
almanac.  Ocean,  used  adjectively,  is  applied  to  that  which  be- 
longs to  or  is  part  of  the  ocean  ;  oceanic  may  be  used  in  the  same 
sense,  but  is  especially  applied  to  that  which  borders  on  (or  upon) 
or  is  connected  with,  or  which  is  similar  to  or  suggestive  of  an 
ocean  ;  we  speak  of  ocean  currents,  oceanic  islands,  or,  perhaps, 
of  an  oceanic  intellect. 


BfEAT. 
Synonyms: 

clean,  dapper,  nice,  prim,  tidy, 

cleanly,       natty,  orderly,  spruce,  trim. 

That  which  is  clean  is  simply  free  from  soil  or  defilement  of 
any  kind.  Things  are  orderly  when  in  due  relation  to  other  things  ; 
a  room  or  desk  is  orderly  when  every  article  is  in  place  ;  a  person 
is  orderly  who  habitually  keeps  things  so.  Tidy  denotes  that 
which  conforms  to  propriety  in  general ;  an  unlaced  shoe  may  be 
perfectly  clean,  but  is  not  tidy.  Neat  refers  to  that  which  is  clean 
and  tidy  with  nothing  superfluous,  conspicuous,  or  showy,  as  when 
we  speak  of  plain  but  neat  attire  ;  the  same  idea  of  freedom  from 
the  superfluous  appears  in  the  phrases  "aviea^  speech,"  "a  neat 
turn,"  "a  neat  reply,"  etc.  A  cleaji  cut  has  no  ragged  edges;  a 
neat  stroke  just  does  what  is  intended.  Nice  is  stronger  than  neat, 
implying  value  and  beauty  ;  a  cheap,  coarse  dress  may  be  perfectly 
neat,  but  would  not  be  termed  nice.  Spruce  is  applied  to  the  show 
and  afi'ectation  of  neatness  with  a  touch  of  smartness,  and  is  al- 
ways a  term  of  mild  contempt ;  as,  a  spruce  serving  man.  Trim 
denotes  a  certain  shapely  and  elegant  firmness,  often  with  supple- 
ness and  grace ;  as,  a  trim  suit ;  a  trim  figure.  Prim  applies  to  a 
precise,  formal,  affected  nicety.  Dapper  is  f<pruce  with  the  sug- 
gestion of  smallness  and  slightness ;  natty,  a  diminutive  of  neat, 
suggests  minute  elegance,  with  a  tendency  toward  the  exquisite ; 
as,  a  dapper  little  fellow  in  a  natty  business  suit. 

Antonyms: 

dirty  negligent,  slouchy,  tmcared  for, 

disorderly,  rough,  slovenly,  unkempt, 

dowdy,  rude,  soiled,  untidy. 


necessary 

necessity  250 


Synonyms: 


BfECESSARY. 


essential.  infallible,  required,         unavoidable, 

indispensable,    needed,  requisite,        undeniable, 

inevitable,  needful, 

That  is  necessary  which  must  exist,  occur,  or  be  true ;  which 
in  the  nature  of  things  can  not  be  otherwise.  That  which  is  essen- 
tial belongs  to  the  essence  of  a  thing,  so  that  the  thing  cannot  ex- 
ist in  its  completeness  w-ithout  it ;  that  which  is  indispensable  may 
be  only  an  adjunct,  but  it  is  one  that  can  not  be  spared  ;  vigorous 
health  is  essential  to  an  arctic  explorer  ;  warm  clothing  is  indis- 
pensahle.  That  which  is  requisite  (or  required)  is  so  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  person  requiring  it,  but  may  not  be  so  absolutely  ;  thus, 
the  requisite  is  more  a  matter  of  personal  feeling  than  the  indis- 
pensable. Inevitable  (L.  in,  not,  and  evito,  shun)  is  primarily  the 
exact  equivalent  of  the  Saxon  unavoidable ;  both  words  are  ap- 
plied to  things  which  some  at  least  would  escape  or  prevent,  while 
that  which  is  necessary  may  meet  with  no  objection  ;  food  is  nec- 
essary, death  is  inevitable  ;  a  necessary  conclusion  satisfies  a 
thinker  ;  an  inevitable  conclusion  silences  opposition.  Aji  infalli- 
ble proof  is  one  that  necessarily  leads  the  mind  to  a  sound  conclu- 
sion. Needed  and  needfid  are  more  concrete  than  necessary,  and 
respect  an  end  to  be  attained  ;  we  speak  of  a  necessary  inference ; 
necessary  food  is  Avhat  one  can  not  live  without,  while  needful 
food  is  that  without  which  he  can  not  enjoy  comfort,  health,  and 
strength. 
Antonyms: 

casual,  needless,  optional,  useless, 

contingent,  non»essential,  unnecessary,  worthless. 

Prepositions: 

Necessary  to  a  sequence  or  a  total ;  for  or  to  a  result  or  a  per- 
son ;  unity  is  necessary  to  (to  constitute)  completeness  ;  decision 
is  necessary /or  command,  or  for  a  commander. 


NECESSITY. 
Synonyms: 

compulsion,  fatality,  requisite, 

destiny,  fate.  sine  qua  non. 

emergency,  indispensability,  unavoidableness, 

essential,  indispensableness        urgency, 

exigency,  need.  want, 

extremity,  requirement, 

Necessity  is  the  quality  of  being  necessary,  or  the  quality  of  that 
which  can  not  but  be,  become,  or  be  true,  or  be  accepted  as  true. 
Need    and  ivant  always  imply  a  lack ;    necessity  may  be  used 


251  neglect 

in  this  sense,  but  in  the  higher  philosophical  sense  necessity  simply 
denotes  the  exclusion  of  any  alternative  either  in  thought  or  fact ; 
righteousness  is  a  necessity  (not  a  need)  of  the  divine  nature. 
Need  suggests  the  possibility  of  supplying  the  deficiency  which 
want  expresses  ;  to  speak  of  a  person's  ivant  of  decision  merely 
points  out  a  weakness  in  his  character ;  to  say  that  he  has  need  of 
decision  implies  that  he  can  exercise  or  attain  it.  As  applied  to  a 
deficiency,  necessity  is  more  imperative  than  need  ;  a  weary  per- 
son is  in  need  of  rest ;  when  rest  becomes  a  necessity  he  has  no 
choice  but  to  stop  work.  An  essential  is  something,  as  a  quality, 
or  element,  that  belongs  to  the  essence  of  something  else  so  as  to 
be  inseparable  from  it  in  its  normal  condition,  or  in  any  complete 
idea  or  statement  of  it.  Comi^are  necessary  ;  predestination. 
Antoiiyinis«: 

choice,  doubt,  dubiousness,        freedom,  possibility, 

contingency,     doubtfulness,      fortuity,  option,  uncertainty. 

Prepositions : 

The  necessity  of  surrender ;  a  necessity  for  action ;  this  is  a 
necessity  to  me. 


XEGLECT. 

Synonyms : 

carelessness,  heedlessness,      negligence,    scorn, 
default,  inadvertence,     omission  slackness, 

disregard,         inattention,         oversight,       slight, 
disrespect,        indifference,        remissness,    thoughtlessness, 
failure,  neglectfulness. 

Neglect  (L.  nee,  not,  and  lego,  gather)  is  the  failing  to  take  such 
care,  show  such  attention,  pay  such  covirtesy ,  etc.,  as  may  be  right- 
fully or  reasonably  expected.  Negligence,  which  is  the  same  in 
origin,  may  be  used  in  almost  the  same  sense,  but  with  a  slighter 
force,  as  when  Whittier  speaks  of  "  the  negligence  which  friend- 
ship loves  "  ;  but  negligence  is  often  used  to  denote  the  quality  or 
ti-ait  of  character  of  which  the  act  is  a  manifestation,  or  to  denote 
the  habit  of  neglecting  that  which  ought  to  be  done.  Neglect  is 
transitive,  negligence  is  intransitive ;  we  speak  of  neglect  of  his 
books,  friends,  or  duties,  in  which  cases  we  could  not  use  negli- 
gence ;  negligence  in  dress  implies  want  of  care  as  to  its  arrange- 
ment, tidiness,  etc. ;  neglect  of  one's  garments  would  imply  leaving 
them  exposed  to  defacement  or  injury,  as  by  dust,  moths,  etc. 
Neglect  has  a  passive  sense  which  negligence  has  not ;  the  child 
was  suffering  from  neglect,  i.  e.,  from  being  neglected  by  others  ; 
the  cliild  was  suffering  from  negligence  would  imply^hat  he  him- 


new  252 

self  was  neglectful.  The  distinction  sometimes  naade  that  neglect 
denotes  the  act,  and  negligence  the  habit,  is  but  partially  true  ;  one 
may  be  guilty  of  habitual  neglect  of  duty  ;  the  wife  may  suffer 
from  her  husband's  constant  neglect,  while  the  negligence  which 
causes  a  railroad  accident  may  be  that  of  a  moment,  and  on  the 
part  of  one  ordinarily  careful  and  attentive  ;  in  such  cases  the  laAv 
provides  punishment  for  criminal  negligence. 
Antonyms  : 

See  synonyms  for  care. 
Prepositions : 

Neglect  of  duty,  of  the  child  hy  the  parent ;  there  was  neglect 
on  the  part  of  the  teacher. 


Synonyms : 

fresh,  modern,  new^=made,  upstart, 

juvenile,  new^=fangled,  novel,  young, 

late,  new^=fashioned,  recent,  youtliful. 

i  That  which  is  new  has  lately  come  into  existence,  possession, 
or  use  ;  a  new  house  is  just  built,  or  in  a  more  general  sense  is  one 
that  has  just  come  into  the  possession  of  the  present  owner  or 
occupant.  \  Modern  denotes  that  which  has  begun  to  exist  in  the 
present  age,  and  is  still  existing ;  recent  denotes  that  wliich  has 
come  into  existence  within  a  comparatively  brief  period,  and  niay 
or  may  not  be  existing  still.  Modem  liistory  pertains  to  any  period 
since  the  middle  ages ;  modern  literature,  modern  arcliitecture, 
etc. ,  are  not  strikingly  remote  from  the  styles  and  types  prevalent 
to=day.  That  which  is  late  is  somewhat  removed  from  the  present, 
but  not  far  enough  to  be  called  old.  That  which  is  recent  is 
not  quite  so  sharply  distinguished  from  the  past  as  that  which 
is  neiv ;  recent  publications  range  over  a  longer  time  than 
new  books.  That  which  is  novel  is  either  absolutely  or  rela- 
tively unprecedented  in  kind  ;  a  novel  contrivance  is  one  that  has 
never  before  been  known  ;  a  novel  experience  is  one  that  has 
never  before  occun-ed  to  the  same  person ;  that  which  is  new  may 
be  of  a  famiHar  or  even  of  an  ancient  sort,  as  a  neiv  copy  of  an  old 
book. )  Young  and  youtliftd  are  applied  to  that  which  has  life ; 
that  wliich  is  young  is  possessed  of  a  comparatively  neio  existence 
as  a  living  thing,  possessing  actual  youth  ;  that  which  is  youth- 
ful manifests  the  attributes  of  youth.  (Compare  youthful.) 
Fresh  applies  to  that  which  has  the  characteristics  of  newness  or 
youth,  while  capable  of  deterioration  by  lapse  of  time ;  that  which 


0«Q  nimble 

'*<''»  noriual 

is  unworn,  unspoiled,  or  unfaded ;  as,  a  fresh  countenance,  fresh 
eggs,  fresh  flowers.  Neiv  is  opposed  to  old,  modern  to  ancient, 
recent  to  remote,  young  to  old,  aged,  etc. 

Antonyms  : 

See  synonyms  for  old. 


Synonyms: 

active,      alert,        bustling,        prompt,       speedy,  spry, 

agile,        brisk,       lively,  quick,  sprightly,      swift. 

Nimble  refers  to  lightness,  freedom,  and  quickness  of  motion 
within  a  somewhat  narrow  range,  with  readiness  to  turn  suddenly 
to  any  point ;  stvift  applies  commonly  to  more  sustained  motion 
over  greater  distances  ;  a  pickpocket  is  7iimble'fmgered,  a  dancer 
nimble-footed ;  an  arrow,  a  race=horse,  or  an  ocean  steamer  is 
swift;  Shakespeare's  "'nimble  lightnings"  is  said  of  the  visual  ap- 
pearance in  sudden  zigzag  flash  across  the  sky.  Figuratively,  we 
speak  of  nimble  wit,  sunft  intelligence,  swift  destruction.  Alert, 
which  is  strictly  a  synonym  for  ready,  comes  sometimes  near  the 
meaning  of  nimble  or  quick,  from  the  fact  that  the  ready,  wide= 
awake  person  is  likely  to  be  lively,  quick,  speedy.  Compare  act- 
ive ;  ALERT. 

Antonyms: 

clumsy,    dilatory,    dull,    heavy,     inactive,      inert,     slow,    sluggish,    unready. 


Synonyms : 

common,     natural,    ordinary,    regular,     typical,     usual. 

That  which  is  natural  is  according  to  nature  ;  that  which  is 
normal  is  according  to  the  standard  or  rule  which  is  observed  or 
claimed  to  prevail  in  nature  ;  a  deformity  may  be  natural,  sym- 
metry is  normal ;  the  normal  color  of  the  crow  is  black,  while  the 
normal  color  of  the  sparrow  is  gray,  but  one  is  as  natural  as  the 
other.  Typical  refers  to  such  an  assemblage  of  qualities  as  makes 
the  specimen,  genus,  etc.,  a  type  of  some  more  comprehensive 
group,  while  normal  is  more  commonly  applied  to  the  parts  of  a 
single  object  ;  the  specimen  was  typical :  color,  size,  and  other 
characteristics,  normal.  The  regular  is  etymologically  that  which 
is  according  to  rule,  hence  that  which  is  steady  and  constant,  as 
opposed  to  that  which  is  fitful  and  changeable  ;  the  normal  action 
of  the  heart  is  regular.     That  which  is  common  is  shared  by  a 


uotwithstanding,  coni.  ^_ 

oath  254 


great  number  of  persons  or  things  ;  disease  is  common,  a  normal 

state  of  health  is  rare.     Compare  general  ;  usual. 

Autonyms : 

abnormal,  irregular,  peculiar,        singular,  unprecedented, 

exceptional,         monstrous,        rare,  imcommon,      unusual. 


]VOTWITHSTA»JI>I»irO,  conj. 
Synonyms: 

altho(ugh),        howbeit,  nevertheless,  tho(ugli), 

tout,  however,  still,  yet. 

Hoivever  simply  waives  discussion,  and  (like  the  archaic  houi- 
beit)  says  "  be  that  as  it  may,  this  is  true"  ;  nevertheless  concedes 
the  truth  of  what  precedes,  but  claims  that  what  follows  is  none 
the  less  true  ;  notwithstanding  marshals  the  two  statements  face 
to  face,  admits  the  one  and  its  seeming  contradiction  to  the  other, 
while  insisting  that  it  can  not,  after  all,  withstand  the  other  ;  as, 
noticithstanding  the  force  of  the  enemy  is  superior,  we  shall  con- 
quer. Yet  and  still  are  weaker  than  notwitlistanding,  while 
stronger  than  htd.  Tho  and  altho  make  as  little  as  possible  of 
the  concession,  di-opping  it,  as  it  were,  incidentally ;  as,  "  tho  we 
are  guilty,  thou  art  good "  ;  to  say  ' '  we  are  guilty,  but  thou  art 
good,"  would  make  the  concession  of  guilt  more  emphatic. 
Compare  but  ;  yet. 


XOTWITHSTAl^DIBf  CJ,  prep. 

Synonyms : 

despite,  in  spite  of. 

Notwithstanding  simply  states  that  circumstances  shall  not  be 
or  have  not  been  allowed  to  withstand  ;  despite  and  in  spite  of  refer 
primarily  to  personal  and  perhaps  spiteful  opposition  ;  as,  he  failed 
noticithstanding  his  good  intentions  ;  or,  he  persevered  in  spite  of 
the  most  bitter  hostility.  Wlien  despite  and  in  sjrite  of  are  applied 
to  inanimate  things,  it  is  with  something  of  personification  ;  ''in 
spite  of  the  storm  "  is  said  as  if  the  storm  had  a  hostile  purjjose  to 
oppose  the  undertaking. 


OATH. 

Synonyms: 

adjuration,  curse.  profane  swearing, 

affidavit,  cursing.  profanity, 

anathema,  denunciation,  reprobation, 

toan,  execration,  swearing, 

blaspheming,  imprecation,  sworn  statement, 

blasphemy,  malediction,  vow^. 

In  the  highest  sense,  as  in  a  court  of  justice,  "  an  oath  is  a  rev- 


255  obscure 

erent  appeal  to  God  in  corroboration  of  what  one  says,"  Abbott 
Laio  Diet. ;  an  affidavit  is  a  s^^•orn  statement  made  in  writing  in 
the  presence  of  a  competent  officer  ;  an  adjuration  is  a  solemn 
appeal  to  a  person  in  the  name  of  God  to  speak  the  truth.  An 
oatli  is  made  to  man  in  the  name  of  God  ;  a  vow,  to  God  without 
the  intervention,  often  without  the  knowledge,  of  man.  In  the 
lower  sense,  an  oath  may  be  mere  blasphemy  or  profane  swearing. 
Anathema,  curse,  execration,  and  imprecation  are  modes  of  in- 
voking vengeance  or  retribution  from  a  superhuman  power  upon 
the  person  against  whom  they  are  uttered.  Anathema  is  a  solemn 
ecclesiastical  condemnation  of  a  person  or  of  a  proposition.  Curse 
may  be  just  and  authoritative  ;  as,  the  curse  of  God  ;  or,  it  may 
be  wanton  and  powerless :  "  so  the  curse  causeless  shall  not  come," 
Prov.  xxvi,  2.  Execration  expresses  most  of  personal  bitterness 
and  hatred  ;  imxwecation  refers  especially  to  the  coming  of  the 
desired  evil  vipon  the  person  against  whom  it  is  uttered.  Maledic- 
tion is  a  general  wish  of  evil,  a  less  usual  but  very  expressive 
word.  Compare  testimony. 
Antonyms  : 

benediction,        benison,        blessing. 


OBSCURE. 

Synonyms  ; 

abstruse,  darksome,  dusky.  involved, 

ambiguous,      deep,  enigmatical,  muddy, 

cloudy,  dense.  hidden,  mysterious, 

complex,  difficult,  incomprehensible,  profound, 

complicated,  dim,  indistinct,  turbid, 

dark,  doubtful,  intricate,  unintelligible. 

That  is  obscure  which  the  eye  or  the  mind  can  not  clearly  dis- 
cern or  see  through,  whether  because  of  its  own  want  of  transpar- 
ency, its  depth  or  intricacy,  or  because  of  mere  defect  of  light. 
That  which  is  compJica.ted  is  likely  to  be  obscure,  but  that  may  be 
obscure  which  is  not  at  all  complicated  and  scarcely  complex,  as  a 
muddy  pool.  In  that  which  is  abstruse  (L.  abs,  from,  and  trudo, 
push)  as  if  removed  from  the  usual  course  of  thought  or  out  of  the 
way  of  apprehension  or  discovery,  the  thought  is  remote,  hidden  ; 
in  that  which  is  obscure  there  may  be  notliing  to  hide  ;  it  is  hard 
to  see  to  the  bottom  of  iha  prof ound,  because  of  its  depth,  but  the 
most  shallow  turbidness  is  obscure.     Compare  complex  ;   dark  ; 

DIFFICULT  ;   MYSTERIOUS. 
Antonyms  : 

See  synonyms  for  clear. 


obsolete 

obstinate  !aoo 


OBSOI.ETE. 

Synonyms: 

ancient,  archaic,  obsolescent,  out  of  date, 

anticLuated,      disused,  old,  rare. 

Some  of  the  oldest  or  most  ancient  words  are  not  obsolete,  as 
father,  mother,  etc.  A  word  is  obsolete  which  has  quite  gone  out 
of  reputable  use  ;  a  word  is  archaic  which  is  falling  out  of  reputa- 
ble use,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  having  been  obsolete,  is  taken  up 
tentatively  by  writers  or  speakers  of  influence,  so  that  it  may  per- 
haps regain  its  position  as  a  living  word  ;  a  word  is  rare  if  there 
are  few  present  instances  of  its  reputable  use.  Compare  old. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  new. 


OBSTINATE. 

Synonyms. 

contumacious,  headstrong,     mulish,  resolute, 

decided,  heady,  obdurate,  resolved, 

determined,       immovable,     opinionated,    stubborn, 
dogged,  indomitable,  persistent,        unconquerable, 

firm,  inflexible,         pertinacious,  unflinching, 

fixed,  intractable,     refractory,        unyielding. 

The  headstrong  person  is  not  to  be  stopped  in  his  own  course  of 
action,  while  the  obstinate  and  stubborn  is  not  to  be  da'iven  to  an- 
other's way.  The  headstrong  act;  the  obstinate  and  stubbornina.j 
simply  refuse  to  stir.  The  most  amiable  jDerson  may  be  obstinate 
on  some  one  point ;  the  stubborn  person  is  for  the  most  part  ha- 
bitually so  ;  we  speak  of  obstinate  determination,  stubbo^ni  resist- 
ance. Stubborn  is  the  term  most  frequently  applied  to  the  lower 
animals  and  inanimate  things.  Refractory  implies  more  activity 
of  resistance ;  the  stubborn  horse  balks  ;  the  refractory  animal 
plunges,  rears,  and  kicks  ;  metals  that  resist  ordinary  processes  of 
reduction  are  termed  refractory.  One  is  obdurate  who  adheres  to 
his  purpose  in  spite  of  appeals  that  would  move  any  tender =hearted 
or  right=minded  person.  Contumacious  refers  to  a  proud  and  in- 
solent defiance  of  authority,  as  of  the  summons  of  a  court.  Perti- 
nacious demand  is  contrasted  with  obstinate  refusal.  The  unyield- 
ing conduct  which  we  approve  we  call  decided,  firm,  inflexible, 
resolute  ;  that  wliich  we  condemn  we  are  apt  to  term  headstrong, 
obstinate,  stubborn.    Compare  perverse. 

pliable,  tractable, 

pliant,  undecided, 

submissive,  wavering, 

teachable,  yielding. 


Antonyms: 

amenable, 

dutiful, 

complaisant, 

gentle. 

compliant, 
docile, 

irresolute. 

obedient, 

obstruct 
257  old 


OBSTRUCT. 

Synonyms : 

arrest,  check,         embarrass,        interrupt,       stay, 

bar,  choke,         hinder,  oppose,  stop, 

barricade,         clog,  impede,  retard. 

To  obstruct  is  literally  to  build  up  against ;  the  road  is  ob- 
structed by  fallen  trees  ;  the  passage  of  liquid  tlu'ough  a  tvibe  is 
obstructed  by  solid  deposits.  We  may  hinder  one's  advance  by 
following  and  clinging  to  him  ;  we  obstruct  his  course  by  stand- 
ing in  his  way  or  putting  a  barrier  across  his  path.  Anything 
that  makes  one's  progi-ess  slower,  whether  from  within  or  from 
without,  impedes ;  an  obstruction  is  always  from  without.  To 
arrest  is  to  cause  to  stop  suddenly  ;  obstructing  the  way  may  have 
the  effect  of  arresting  progress.  Compare  hinder  ;  impediment. 
Antonyms : 

accelerate,        aid,  facilitate,        free,  open,  promote. 

advance,  clear,        forward,         further,       pave  the  way  for, 


OLD. 

Synonyms : 

aged,  decrepit,       immemorial,  senile, 

ancient,  elderly,  olden,  time=honored, 

antiquated,        gray,  patriarchal,  time=w^orn, 

antique,  hoary,  remote,  venerable. 

That  is  termed  old  which  has  existed  long,  or  which  existed 
long  ago.  Ancient,  from  the  Latin,  through  the  French,  is  the 
more  stately,  old,  from  the  Saxon,  the  more  familiar  word.  Fa- 
miliarity, on  one  side,  is  near  to  contempt ;  thus  we  say,  an  old 
coat,  an  old  hat.  On  the  other  hand,  familiarity  is  akin  to  tender- 
ness, and  thus  old  is  a  word  of  endearment  ;  as,  "  the  old  home- 
stead," the  "  old  oaken  bvicket."  "Tell  me  the  old,  old  story  ! " 
has  been  sung  feelingly  by  millions  :  "  tell  me  that  ancient  story  " 
would  remove  it  out  of  all  touch  of  human  sympathy.  Olden  is  a 
statelier  form  of  old,  and  is  applied  almost  exclusively  to  time, 
not  to  places,  buildings,  persons,  etc.  As  regards  periods  of  time, 
the  famiUar  are  also  the  near  ;  thus,  the  old  times  are  not  too  far 
away  for  familiar  thought  and  reference  ;  the  olden  times  are  more 
remote,  ancient  times  still  further  removed.  Gray,  hoary,  and 
violdering  refer  to  outward  and  visible  tokens  of  age.  Aged  ap- 
plies chiefly  to  long=extended  human  life.  Decrepit,  gray,  and 
hoary  refer  to  the  effects  of  age  on  the  body  exclusively  ;  senile 
upon  the  mind  also  ;  as,  a  decrejiit  frame,  senile  garrulousness. 
One  may  be  aged  and  neither  decrepit  nor  senile.  Elderly  is  ap- 
plied to  those  who  have  passed  middle  life,  but  scarcely  reached 

17 


operation 

order  iS99 


old  age.  Remote  (L.  re,  back  or  away,  and  moveo,  move),  prima- 
rily refers  to  space,  but  is  extended  to  that  which  is  far  off  in 
time  ;  as,  at  some  remote  period.  Venerable  expresses  the  invol- 
untary reverence  that  we  yield  to  the  majestic  and  long=enduring, 
whether  in  the  material  world  or  in  human  life  and  character. 

Compare  antique  ;  obsolete  ;  primeval. 
Antonyms: 

Compare  synonyms  for  new;  youthful. 


OPERATION. 

Synonyms: 

action,         effect,  force,  performance,     result, 

agency,       execution,      influence,      procedure. 

Operation  is  action  considered  with  reference  to  the  thing 
acted  upon,  and  may  apply  to  the  action  of  an  intelligent  agent  or 
of  a  material  substance  ov  force  ;  as,  the  operation  of  a  medicine. 
Performance  and  execution  denote  intelligent  action,  considered 
with  reference  to  the  actor  or  to  that  which  he  accomplishes ;  per- 
formance accomplishing  the  will  of  the  actor,  execution  often  the 
will  of  another  ;  we  speak  of  the  performance  of  a  duty,  the  exe- 
cution of  a  sentence.  Compare  act. 
Antonsrms: 

failure,       -  ineffectiveness,        inutility,        powerlessness,        uselessness. 

inaction,       inefficiency, 


ORDER. 

Synonyms : 

command,       injunction,         mandate,  requirement, 

direction,        instruction,       prohibition. 

Instruction  implies  superiority  of  knowledge,  direction  of  au- 
thority on  the  part  of  the  giver ;  a  teacher  gives  instructions  to 
his  pupils,  an  employer  gives  directions  to  his  workmen.  Order  is 
still  moi'e  authoritative  than  direction ;  soldiers,  sailors,  and  i-ail- 
road  employees  have  simply  to  obey  the  orders  of  their  superiors, 
without  explanation  or  question  ;  an  order  in  the  commercial  sense 
has  the  authority  of  the  money  which  the  one  ordering  the  goods 
pays  or  is  to  pay.  Command  is  a  loftier  word,  as  well  as  highly 
authoritative,  less  frequent  in  common  life  ;  we  speak  of  the  com- 
mands of  God,  or  sometimes,  by  polite  hyperbole,  ask  of  a  friend, 
"Have  you  any  commands  for  me?"  A  requirement  is  impera- 
tive, but  not  always  formal,  nor  made  by  a  personal  agent ;  it  may 
be  in  the  nature  of  tilings  ;  as,  the  requirements  of  the  position. 


259  ostentation 

Prohibition  is  wholly  negative  ;  it  is  a  command  not  to  do  ;  injunc- 
tion is  now  oftenest  so  used,  especially  as  the  requirement  by  legal 
authority  that  certain  action  be  suspended  or  refrained  from, 
pending  final  legal  decision.     Compare  array  ;   class  ;   law  ; 

PROHIBIT  ;  SYSTEM. 

Antonyms. 

allowance,       consent,       leave,      liberty,      license,      permission,      permit. 


OSTENTATION. 

Synonyms : 

boast,  flourish,        parade,  pompousness,  vaunt, 

boasting,    pageant,      pomp,  show,  vaunting, 

display,       pageantry,  pomposity. 

Ostentation  is  an  ambitious  showing  forth  of  whatever  is 
thought  adapted  to  win  admiration  or  praise  ;  ostentation  may  be 
without  words  ;  as,  the  ostentation  of  wealth  in  fine  residences, 
rich  clothing,  costly  equipage,  or  the  like  ;  when  in  words,  osten- 
tation is  rather  in  manner  than  in  direct  statement  ;  as,  the  osten- 
tation of  learning.  Boasting  is  in  direct  statement,  and  is  louder 
and  more  vulgar  than  ostentation.  There  may  be  great  display 
or  slioio  with  little  substance  ;  ostentation  suggests  something 
substantial  to  be  shown.  Pageant,  pageantry,  parade,  and 
pomp  refer  principally  to  affairs  of  arms  or  state ;  as,  a  royal 
pageant ;  a  military  parade.  Pomp  is  some  material  demonstra- 
tion of  wealth  and  power,  as  in  gi-and  and  stately  ceremonial,  rich 
furnishings,  processions,  etc.,  considered  as  worthy  of  the  person 
or  occasion  in  whose  behalf  it  is  manifested  ;  pomp  is  the  noble  side 
of  that  which  as  ostentation  is  considered  as  arrogant  and  vain. 
Pageant  and  pageantry  are  inferior  to  pomp,  denoting  spectacu- 
lar display  designed  to  impress  the  public  mind,  and  since  the 
multitude  is  largely  ignorant  and  thoughtless,  the  words  pag- 
eant and  pageantry  have  a  suggestion  of  the  transient  and  unsub- 
stantial. Parade  (L.  paro,  prepare)  is  an  exhibition  as  of  troops 
in  camp  going  through  the  evolutions  that  are  to  be  used  in  battle, 
and  suggests  a  lack  of  earnestness  and  direct  or  immediate  occa- 
sion or  demand  ;  hence,  in  the  more  general  sense,  a  parade  is  an 
uncalled  for  exhibition,  and  so  used  is  a  more  disparaging  word 
than  ostentatio?i  ;  ostentation  may  spring  merely  from  undue 
self=gratulation,  parade  implies  a  desire  to  impress  others  with  a 
sense  of  one's  abilities  or  resources,  and  is  always  offensive  and 


ought 

oversiglit  ^OU 


somewhat  contemptible ;   as,   a  parade  of  wealth  or  learning. 
Pomjiosity  and  pomx>ousness  are  the  affectation  of  pomp. 

Antonyms: 

diffidence,  quietness,  retirement,  timidity, 

modesty,  reserve,  shrinking,  iinobtrusivenesB. 


OUGHT. 

Synonym : 

should. 

One  ought  to  do  that  which  he  is  under  moral  obligation  or  in  duty 
bound  to  do.  Ought  is  the  stronger  word,  holding  most  closely  to 
the  sense  of  moral  obligation,  or  sometimes  of  imperative  logical 
necessity  ;  should  may  have  the  sense  of  moral  obligation  or  may 
apply  merely  to  propriety  or  expediency,  as  in  the  proverb,  "The 
liar  sJiouId  have  a  good  memory,"  i.  e.,  he  will  need  it.  Ought  is 
sometimes  used  of  abstractions  or  inanimate  things  as  indicating 
what  the  mind  deems  to  be  imperative  or  logically  necessary  in 
view  of  all  the  conditions  ;  as,  these  goods  ought  to  go  into  that 
space  ;  these  arguments  ought  to  convince  him  ;  should  in  such 
connections  would  be  correct,  but  less  emphatic.     Compare  duty. 


OVERSIGHT. 

Synonyms: 

care,  control,  management,  surveillance, 

charge,  direction,       superintendence,    w^atch, 

command,    inspection,    supervision,  watchfulness. 

A  person  may  look  over  a  matter  in  order  to  survey  it  carefully 
in  its  entirety,  or  he  may  look  over  it  with  no  attention  to  the  thing 
itself  because  his  gaze  and  thought  are  concentrated  on  something 
beyond  ;  oversight  has  thus  two  contrasted  senses,  in  the  latter 
sense  denoting  inadvertent  error  or  omission,  and  in  the  former  de- 
noting watchful  sujiervision,  commonly  implying  constant  per- 
sonal presence  ;  superinteyidence  requires  only  so  much  of  i:)resence 
or  communication  as  to  know  that  the  superintendent's  wishes  are 
carried  out ;  the  superintendent  of  a  railroad  will  personally  over- 
see very  few  of  its  operations  ;  the  railroad  company  has  supreme 
direction  of  all  its  affairs  without  superintendence  or  oversight. 
Control  is  used  chiefly  with  reference  to  restraint  or  the  power  of 
restraint ;  a  good  horseman  has  a  restless  horse  under  perfect  con- 
trol; there  is  no  high  character  without  s,e\t-control.  Surveil- 
lance is  an  invidious  term  signifying  watching  with  something  of 
suspicion.     Compare  care  ;  neglect. 


pain 
261  palliate 


PAIX. 

Synonyms: 

ache,  distress,  suffering,  torture, 

agony,  pang,  throe,  twinge, 

anguish,  paroxysm,         torment,  w^o(e. 

Pain  is  the  most  genera]  term  of  this  group,  including  all  the 
others  ;  itain  is  a  disturbing  sensation  from  which  nature  revolts, 
resulting  from  some  injurious  external  interference  (as  from  a 
wound,  a  bruise,  a  harsh  word,  etc.),  or  from  some  lack  of  what 
one  needs,  craves,  or  cherishes  (as,  the  pain  of  hunger  or  bereave- 
ment), or  from  some  abnormal  action  of  bodily  or  mental  functions 
(as,  the  pains  of  disease,  envy,  or  discontent).  Suffering  is  one  of 
the  severer  forms  of.  pain.  The  prick  of  a  needle  causes  pain,  but 
we  should  scarcely  speak  of  it  as  suffering.  Distress  is  too  strong 
a  word  for  little  hurts,  too  feeble  for  the  intensest  suffering,  but 
commonly  applied  to  some  continuous  or  prolonged  trouble  or 
need ;  as,  the  distress  of  a  shipwi*ecked  crew,  or  of  a  destitute  family. 
Ache  is  lingering  pam,  more  or  less  severe  ;  pang,  a  pain  short, 
sharp,  intense,  and  perhaps  rejieated.  "We  speak  of  the  pangs  of 
hunger  or  of  remorse.  Throe  is  a  violent  and  thrillingpajn.  Par- 
oxysm a\)]i\ies  to  an  alternately  recurring  and  receding  pain,  whicli 
comes  as  it  were  in  waves  ;  the  paroxysm  is  the  rising  of  the 
wave.  Torment  and  torture  are  intense  and  terrible  sufferings. 
Agony  and  anguish  express  the  utmost  joain  or  suffering  of  body 
or  inind.  Agony  of  body  is  that  with  which  the  system  struggles  ; 
anguish  that  by  which  it  is  crushed. 
Antonyms: 

comfort,    delight,    ease,    enjoyment,    peace,    rapture,    relief,    solace. 


PAI.I.IATE. 

Synonyms: 

apologize  for,      conceal,       extenuate,      hide,  screen, 

cloak,  cover,  gloss  over,      mitigate,      veil. 

CloaJc,  from  the  French,  and  paUiute,  from  tlie  Latin,  are  the 
same  in  original  signification,  but  have  diverged  in  meaning ;  a 
cloak  may  be  used  to  hide  completely  the  person  or  some  object 
carried  about  the  person,  or  it  may  but  partly  veil  the  figure, 
making  the  outlines  less  distinct ;  cloak  is  used  in  the  former, 
palliate,  in  the  latter  sense  ;  to  cloak  a  sin  is  to  attempt  to  hide  it 
from  discovery ;  to  pcdliate  it  is  to  attempt  to  hide  some  part  of 
its  blameworthiness.  ""When  ^ve  palliate  our  own  or  others' 
faults  we  do  not  seek  to  cloke  them  altogether,  but  only  to  extenu- 
ate the  guilt  of  them  in  part.''  Trench  Study  of  Words  lect.  vi,  p. 


X>ardoii  262 

266.  Either  to  palliate  or  to  extenuate  is  to  admit  the  fault  ;  but 
to  extenuate  is  rather  to  apologize  for  the  offender,  while  to 
palliate  is  to  disguise  the  fault ;  hence,  we  speak  of  extenuating 
but  not  of  palliating  circumstances,  since  circumstances  can  not 
change  the  inherent  wrong  of  an  act,  tho  they  may  lessen  the 
blameworthiness  of  him  who  does  it  ;  palliating  a  bad  thing  by 
giving  it  a  mild  name  does  not  make  it  less  evil.  In  reference  to 
diseases,  to  palliate  is  really  to  diminish  their  violence,  or  partly 
to  relieve  the  sufferer.     Comj^are  alleviate  ;  hide. 


PARDON,  V. 
Synonyms  : 

absolve,       condone,       forgive,  pass  by,  remit, 

acquit,  excuse,  overlook,        pass  over, 

To  pardon  is  to  let  pass,  as  a  fault  or  sin,  without  resentment, 
blame,  or  punishment  Forgive  has  reference  to  feelings,  xmrdon 
to  consequences  ;  hence,  the  executive  may  pardon,  but  has  noth- 
ing to  do  officially  with  forgiving.  Personal  injury  may  be  for- 
given by  the  person  wronged  ;  thus,  God  at  once  forgives  and 
pardons;  the  pardoned  sinnev  is  exempt  from  punishment;  the 
forgiven  sinner  is  restored  to  the  divine  favor.  To  pardon  is  the 
act  of  a  superior,  implying  the  right  to  punish  ;  to  forgive  is  the 
privilege  of  the  humblest  person  who  has  been  wronged  or 
offended.  In  law,  to  remit  the  whole  penalty  is  equivalent  to 
pardoning  the  offender ;  but  a  part  of  a  penalty  may  be  remitted 
and  the  remainder  inflicted,  as  where  the  penalty  includes  both 
fine  and  imprisonment.  To  condone  is  to  put  aside  a  recognized 
offense  by  some  act  which  restores  the  offender  to  forfeited  right 
or  privilege,  and  is  the  act  of  a  private  individual,  without  legal 
formalities.  To  excuse  is  to  overlook  some  sHght  offense,  error,  or 
breach  of  etiquette  ;  pardon  is  often  used  by  courtesy  in  nearly 
the  same  sense.  A  person  may  speak  of  excusing  or  forgiving 
himself,   but  not  of   pardoning  himself.      Compare    ABSOLVE  ; 

PARDON,  n. 

Antonyms : 

castigate,        chastise,  convict,  doom,  recompense,        sentence, 

chasten,  condemn,         correct,  punish,         scourge,  visit. 


PARDOM,  n. 
Synonyms : 

absolution,         amnesty,  forgiveness,       oblivion, 

acquittal,  forbearance,         mercy,  remission. 

Acquittal  is  a  release  from  a  charge,  after  trial,  as  not  guilty. 


263  part,  V. 

Pardon  is  a  removal  of  penalty  from  one  who  has  been  adjudged 
guilty.  Acquittal  is  by  the  decision  of  a  court,  commonly  of  a 
jury  ;  pardon  is  the  act  of  the  execvitive.  An  innocent  man  may 
demand  acquittal,  and  need  not  plead  for  pardon.  Pardon  sup- 
poses an  offense  ;  yet,  as  our  laws  stand,  to  grant  a  pardon  is 
sometimes  the  only  way  to  release  one  who  has  been  wrongly  con- 
victed. Oblivion,  from  the  Latin,  signifies  overlooking  and  vir- 
tually forgetting  an  offense,  so  that  the  offender  stands  before  the 
law  in  all  respects  as  if  it  had  never  been  committed.  Amnesty 
brings  the  same  idea  through  the  Greek,  Pardon  affects  individ- 
uals ;  amnesty  and  oblivion  are  said  of  great  numbers.  Pardon 
is  of tenest  applied  to  the  ordinary  administration  of  law  ;  amnesty, 
to  national  and  military  affairs.  An  amnesty  is  issued  after  war, 
insurrection,  or  rebellion  ;  it  is  often  granted  by  ' '  an  act  of  obliv- 
ion,'" and  includes  a  full  pardon  of  all  offenders  who  come  within 
its  provisions.  Absolution  is  a  religious  word  (compare  synonyms 
for  ABSOLVE).  Remission  is  a  discharge  from  penalty  ;  as,  the  re- 
mission  of  a  fine. 

Antonyms : 

penalty,  punishment,  retaliation,  retribution,  vengeance. 

Prepositions : 

A  pardon  to  or  for  the  offenders  ;  for  all  offenses  ;  the  pardon 
of  offenders  or  offenses. 


PART,  V. 


Synonyms: 

Compare  synonyms  for  part,  n. 

Prepositions : 

Part  into  shares  ;  part  in  the  middle  ;  part  one  from  another ; 
part  among  the  claimants  ;  part  between  contestants  (archaic) ;  in 
general,  to  part  from  is  to  relinquish  companionship  ;  to  part  ivith 
is  to  relinquish  possession  ;  we  part  from  a  person  or  from  some- 
thing thought  of  with  some  sense  of  companionship  ;  a  traveler 
parts  from  his  friends  ;  he  may  be  said  also  to  part  from  his  native 
shore  ;  a  man  parts  with  an  estate,  a  horse,  a  copyright ;  part 
with,  may  be  applied  to  a  person  thought  of  in  any  sense  as  a  pos- 
session ;  an  employer  parts  with  a  clerk  or  servant  ;  but  pai^t 
with  is  sometimes  used  by  good  writers  as  meaning  simply  to 
separate  from. 


part,  n. 

particle  264 


PART,  n. 

Synonyms: 

atom,  fraction,  member,  section, 

component,  fragment,  particle,  segment, 

constituent,  ingredient,  piece,  share, 

division,  instalment,  portion,  subdivision, 
element. 

Part,  a  substance,  quantity,  or  amount  that  is  the  result  of  the 
division  of  something  greater,  is  the  general  word,  including  all 
the  others  of  this  gi'oup.  A  fragment  is  the  result  of  breaking, 
rending,  or  disruption  of  some  kind,  while  a  xnece  may  be  smoothly 
or  evenly  separated  and  have  a  certain  completeness  in  itself. 
Apiece  is  often  taken  for  a  sample  ;  a  fragment  scarcely  would 
be.  Division  and  fraction  are  always  regarded  as  in  connection 
with  the  total ;  divisions  may  be  equal  or  unequal ;  a  fraction  is 
one  of  several  equal  paints  into  which  the  whole  is  supposed  to  be 
divided.  A  portion  is  a  part  viewed  with  reference  to  some  one 
who  is  to  receive  it  or  some  special  purpose  to  which  it  is  to  be 
applied  ;  in  a  restaurant  one  imrtion  {i.e.,  the  amount  designed  for 
one  person)  is  sometimes,  by  special  order,  served  to  two  ;  a  share 
is  a  part  to  which  one  has  or  may  acquire  a  right  in  connection 
with  others  ;  an  instalment  is  one  of  a  series  of  proportionate  pay- 
ments that  are  to  be  continued  till  the  entire  claim  is  discharged  ; 
&  particle  is  an  exceedingly  small  part.  A  comp)onent,  constitu- 
ent, ingredient,  or  element  is  a  part  of  some  compound  or  mix- 
ture ;  an  element  is  necessary  to  the  existence,  as  a  component  or 
constituent  is  necessary  to  the  completeness  of  that  which  it  helps 
to  compose  ;  an  ingredient  may  be  foreign  or  accidental.  A  ^5- 
divisio7i  is  a  division  of  a  division.  "We  speak  of  a  segment  of  a 
circle.     Compare  particle  ;  portion. 


PARTICLE. 

Synonyms: 

atom,  grain,  mite,  scrap,  -whit 

corpuscle,  iota,  molecule,  shred, 

element,  jot,  scintilla,  tittle, 

A  particle  is  a  very  smaU  part  of  aUy  material  substance  ;  as, 
a  particle  of  sand  or  of  dust ;  it  is  a  general  term,  not  accurately  de- 
terminate in  meaning.  Atom  (Gr.  a-  privative,  not,  and  temno, 
cut)  etymologically  signifies  that  which  can  not  be  cut  or 
divided,  and  is  the  smallest  conceivable  jmrticle  of  matter,  re- 
garded as  absolutely  homogeneous  and  as  having  but  one  set  of 
properties;  atoms  are  the  ultimate  particles  of  matter.     A  mole- 


265  patience 

cule  is  made  up  of  atoms,  and  is  regarded  as  separable  into  its  con- 
stituent parts  ;  as  used  bj  physicists,  a  molecule  is  the  smallest 
conceivable  part  which  retains  all  the  characteristics  of  the  sub- 
stance ;  thus,  a  molecule  of  water  is  made  up  of  two  atoms  of  hy- 
drogen and  one  atom  of  oxygen.  Element  in  chemistiy  denotes, 
without  reference  to  quantity,  a  substance  regarded  as  simple, 
i.  e.,  one  incapable  of  being  resolved  by  any  known  process  into 
simpler  substances  ;  the  clement  gold  may  be  represented  by  an 
ingot  or  by  a.  particle  of  gold=dust.  In  popular  language,  an  ele- 
ment is  any  essential  constituent ;  the  ancients  believed  that  the 
universe  was  made  up  of  the  four  elements,  earth,  air,  fire,  and 
w^ater  ;  a  storm  is  spoken  of  as  a  manifestation  of  the  fury  of  the 
elements.  We  speak  of  corjyuscles  of  blood.  Compare  part. 
Antonyms : 

aggregate,     entirety,     mass,     quantity,      sum,      sum  total,     total,    whole. 


PATIENCE, 

Synonyms-. 

calmness,  forbearance,       long=suffering,      sufferance, 

composure,       fortitude,  resignation, 

endurance,       leniency,  submission. 

Patience  is  the  quality  or  habit  of  mind  shown  in  bearing  pas- 
sively and  vmcomplainingly  any  pain,  evil,  or  hardship  that  may 
fall  to  one's  lot.  Endurance  hardens  itself  against  suffering,  and 
may  be  merely  stubborn  ;  fortitude  is  endurance  animated  by 
courage  ;  endurance  may  by  modifiers  be  made  to  have  a  passive 
force,  as  when  we  speak  of  ' '  passive  endurance  " ;  patience  is  not  so 
hard  as  endurance  nor  so  self=effacingas  submission.  Submission 
is  ordinarily  and  resignation  always  apj)lied  to  matters  of  great 
moment,  while  patience  may  apply  to  slight  worries  and  annoy- 
ances. As  regards  our  relations  to  our  fellow  men,  forbearance 
is  abstaining  from  retaliation  or  revenge  ;  patience  is  keeping 
kindliness  of  heart  under  vexatiovis  conduct ;  long-suffering  is 
continued  patience.  Patience  may  also  have  an  active  force  de- 
noting uncomplaining  steadiness  in  doing,  as  in  tilling  the  soil. 
Compare  industry. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  anger. 
Prepositions : 

Patience  in  or  amid  sufferings  :  patience  ivitli  (rarely  toioard) 
opposers  or  offenders  ;  patience  under  afflictions ;  (rarely)  patience 
of  heat  or  cold,  etc. 


people  266 

PAY,  n. 
Synonyms : 

allowance.  hire,  recompense,  salary, 

compensation,      honorarium,      remuneration,       stipend, 
earnings,  payment,  requital,  wages, 

fee, 

An  aUotcance  is  a  stipulated  amount  furnished  at  regular  in- 
tervals as  a  matter  of  discretion  or  gi-atuity,  as  of  food  to  besieged 
soldiers,  or  of  money  to  a  child  or  ward.  Covipensation  is  a  com- 
prehensive word  signifying  a  return  for  a  service  done.  Remu- 
neration is  applied  to  matters  of  great  amount  or  importance. 
Recompense  is  a  still  under  and  loftier  word,  with  less  suggestion 
of  calculation  and  market  value  ;  there  are  services  for  which  af- 
fection and  gi'atitude  are  the  sole  and  sufficient  recompense  ;  earn- 
ings, fees,  hire,  pay,  salary,  and  icages  are  forms  of  compensation 
and  may  be  included  in  compensation,  remuneration,  or  recom- 
pense. Pay  is  commercial  and  strictly  signifies  an  exact  pecuniary 
equivalent  for  a  thing  or  service,  except  when  the  contrary  is  ex- 
l^ressly  stated,  as  when  we  speak  of  "high  pay"  or  "poor  pay." 
Wages  denotes  what  a  worker  receives.  Earnings  is  often  used  as 
exactly  equivalent  to  wages,  but  may  be  used  with  reference  to  the 
real  value  of  work  done  or  service  rendered,  and  even  appUed  to 
inanimate  things ;  as,  the  earnings  of  capital.  Hire  is  distinctly 
mercenary  or  menial,  but  as  a  noun  has  gone  out  of  popular  use, 
tho  the  verb  to  hire  is  common.  Salary  is  for  literary  or  pro- 
fessional work,  tragcs  for  handicraft  or  other  comparatively  infe- 
rior service  ;  a  salary  is  regarded  as  more  permanent  than  irages ; 
an  editor  receives  a  salary,  a  compositor  receives  icages.  Stipend 
has  become  exclusively  a  Hterary  word.  A  fee  is  given  for  a  sin- 
gle service  or  privilege,  and  is  sometimes  in  the  nature  of  a 
gratuity.     Compai'e  requite. 


PEOPLE. 

Synonyms : 

common'wealth,        nation,  race,       state,       tribe, 

community,  population, 

A  community  is  in  general  terms  the  aggregate  of  persons  in- 
habiting any  ten-itory  in  common  and  viewed  as  having  common 
interests ;  a  commomvealth  is  such  a  body  of  persons  having  a 
common  government,  especially  a  republican  government ;  as,  the 
commonioealth  of  Massachusetts.  A  community  may  be  very 
small  ;  a  commomvealth  is  ordinarily  of  considerable  extent.  A 
peop)le  is  the  aggregate  of  any  public  community,  either  in  distinc- 


267 


perceive 


tion  from  their  rulers  or  as  including  them  ;  a  race  is  a  division  of 
mankind  in  the  line  of  origin  and  ancestry ;  the  ji^ople  of  the 
United  States  includes  members  of  almost  every  race.  The  use  of 
people  as  signifying  persons  collectively,  as  in  the  statement  "  The 
hall  was  full  oi people,"  hdiH  been  severely  criticized,  but  Isold  and 
accepted  English,  and  may  fitly  be  classed  as  idiomatic,  and  often 
better  than  persons,  by  reason  of  its  collectivism.  As  Dean  Alford 
suggests,  it  would  make  a  strange  transformation  of  the  old  hymn 
"  All  2)eople  that  on  earth  do  dwell  "  to  sing  "  All  persons  that  on 
earth  do  dwell."  A  state  is  an  organized  political  community  con- 
sidered in  its  corporate  capacity  as  "a  body  politic  and  corpo- 
rate "  ;  as,  a  legislative  act  is  the  act  of  the  state ;  every  citizen  is 
entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  state.  A  nation  is  an  organized 
political  community  considered  with  reference  to  the  persons  com- 
posing it  as  having  certain  definite  boundaries,  a  definite  number 
of  citizens,  etc.  The  members  of  a  people  are  referred  to  as  per- 
sons or  individuals  ;  the  individual  members  of  a  state  or  nation 
are  called  citizens  or  subjects.  The  population  of  a  country  is 
simply  the  aggregate  of  persons  residing  within  its  borders,  with- 
out reference  to  race,  organization,  or  allegiance  ;  unnaturahzed 
residents  form  part  of  the  population,  but  not  of  the  nation,  pos- 
sessing none  of  the  rights  and  being  subject  to  none  of  the  duties 
of  citizens.  In  American  usage  State  signifies  one  commonwealth 
of  the  federal  union  known  as  the  United  States.  Tribe  is  now 
almost  wholly  applied  to  rude  peoples  with  very  imperfect  polit- 
ical organization  ;  as,  the  Indian  tribes  ;  nomadic  tribes.   Compare 

MOB. 


PERCEIVE. 

Synonyms: 

apprehend,        compreliend,         conceive,        understand. 

We  perceive  what  is  presented  through  the  senses.  We  ap- 
prehend what  is  presented  to  the  mind,  whether  through  the 
senses  or  by  any  other  means.  Yet  perceive  is  used  in  the  figura- 
tive sense  of  seeing  through  to  a  conclusion,  in  a  way  for  which 
usage  would  not  allow  us  to  substitute  apprehend;  as,  "Sir,  I 
perceive  that  thou  art  a  prophet,"  John  iv,  19.  That  which  we 
apprehend  we  catch,  as  with  the  hand ;  that  which  we  conceive 
we  are  able  to  analyze  and  recompose  in  our  mind  ;  that  which  we 
comprehend,  we,  as  it  were,  grasp  around,  take  together,  seize, 
embrace  wholly  within  the  mind.     Many  things  may  be  appre- 


perfect  26§ 

hended  which  can  not  be  comprehended;  a  child  can  apprehend 
the  distinction  between  right  and  wTong,  yet  the  philosopher  can 
not  comprehend  it  in  its  fulness.  We  can  apprehend  the  will  of 
God  as  revealed  in  conscience  or  the  Scriptures  ;  we  can  conceive 
of  certain  attributes  of  Deity,  as  his  truth  and  justice  ;  but  no 
finite  intelligence  can  comprehend  the  Divine  Natvire,  in  its  maj- 
esty,  power,   and    perfection.      Compare    anticipate  ;    arrest  ; 

CATCH  ;   KNOWLEDGE. 
Autonym!^: 

fail  of,       ignore,       lose,       misapprehend,      misconceive,      miss,      overlook. 


PERFECT. 

Synonyms: 

absolute,  consummate,  holy.  spotless, 

accurate,  correct,  ideal,  stainless, 

blameless,  entire,  immaculate,     unblemished, 

complete.  faultless,  sinless,  undeflled. 

completed,  finished, 

That  is  perfect  to  which  nothing  can  be  added,  and  from 
which  nothing  can  be  taken  without  impairing  its  excellence, 
marring  its  symmetry,  or  detracting  from  its  worth  ;  in  this  fullest 
sense  God  alone  is  perfect,  but  in  a  limited  sense  anything  may  be 
perfect  in  its  kind  ;  as  a  perfect  flower  ;  a  copy  of  a  document  is 
perfect  when  it  is  accurate  in  every  particular ;  a  vase  may  be 
called  perfect  when  entire  and  unblemished,  even  tho  not  ar- 
tistically/o?(/Wess;  the  best  judges  never  pronounce  a  work  of  art 
perfect,  because  they  see  always  ideal  possibilities  not  yet  attained  ; 
even  the  ideal  is  not  perfect,  by  reason  of  the  imperfection 
of  the  human  mind  ;  a  human  character  faultlessly  holy  would  be 
morally  perfect  tho  finite.  That  which  is  absolute  is  free  from 
admixture  (as  absolute  alcohol)  and  in  the  highest  and  fullest 
sense  free  from  imperfection  or  limitation ;  as,  absolute  holiness 
and  love  are  attributes  of  God  alone.  In  philosophical  language, 
absolute  signifies  free  from  all  necessary,  or  even  from  all  possible 
relations,  not  dependent  or  limited,  unrelated  and  unconditioned  ; 
truth  immediately  known,  as  intuitive  truth,  is  absolute  ;  God,  as 
self=existent  and  free  from  all  limitation  or  dependence,  is  called 
the  absolute  Being,  or  simply  the  Absolute.     Compare  innocent  ; 

INFINITE  ;  RADICAL. 

Antonyms: 

bad,  defective,  imperfect, 

blemished,  deficient,  incomplete, 

corrupt,  deformed,  inferior, 

corrupted,  fallible,  insufficient, 

defaced,  faulty,  marred. 


meager. 

scant, 

perverted, 

short. 

poor. 

spoiled. 

ruined. 

worthless. 

269 


permanent 
periiilii^sioit 


enduring, 
fixed, 

immutable, 
invariable. 


lasting, 
perpetual, 
persistent, 
stable. 


steadfast, 

unchangeable, 

uncbanging. 


Synonyms : 

abiding, 
changeless, 
constant, 
durable, 

Dxirable  (L.  durus,  hard)  is  said  almost  wholly  of  material 
substances  that  resist  wear  ;  lasting  is  said  of  either  material  or  im- 
material things.  Permanent  is  a  word  of  wider  meaning  ;  a  thing 
is  permanent  which  is  not  liable  to  change  :  as,  a, permanent  color ; 
buildings  upon  a  farm  are  called  permanent  improvements.  En- 
during is  a  higher  word,  applied  to  that  which  resists  both  time 
and  change  ;  as,  enduring  fame. 
Antonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  transient. 


PERMISSION. 


Synonyms : 

allowance. 

authorization. 

leave. 

license 

authority, 

consent, 

liberty. 

permit. 

Authoritij  unites  the  right  and  power  of  control;  age,  wisdom, 
and  character  give  autJiority  to  their  possessor  ;  a  book  of  learned 
research  has  authority,  and  is  even  called  an  anthority.  Fermis- 
sion  justifies  another  in  acting  without  interference  or  censure, 
and  usually  implies  some  degree  of  approval.  Authority  gives  a 
certain  right  of  control  over  all  that  may  be  affected  by  the  ac- 
tion. There  may  be  a  failure  to  object,  which  constitutes  an  im- 
plied permission,  tho  this  is  more  properly  expressed  by  allow- 
ance ;  we  allow  what  we  do  not  oppose,  permit  what  we  ex- 
pressly authorize.  The  noiin  permit  implies  a  formal  written 
permission.  License  is  a  formal  permission  granted  by  compe- 
tent authority  to  an  individual  to  do  some  act  or  pursue  some 
business  which  would  be  or  is  made  to  be  unlawful  without  such 
permission  :  as,  a  license  to  preach,  to  solemnize  marriages,  or  to 
sell  intoxicating  liquors.  A  license  is  permission  gi-anted  rather 
than  authority  conferred  ;  the  sheriff  has  authority  (not  permis- 
sion nor  license)  to  make  an  arrest.  Consent  is  permission  by 
the  concurrence  of  wills  in  two  or  more  persons,  a  mutual  ap- 
proval or  acceptance  of  something  proposed.     Compare  allow. 


Antonyms: 

denial, 
hindrance, 


objection, 
opposition. 


prevention, 
proliibition, 


refusal, 


pernicious 
perplexity 


2T0 


PER]VICIOUS. 


Synonyms : 

bad, 

baneful, 

deadly, 

deleterious, 

destructive, 

detrimental, 


evil, 

foul, 

harmful, 

hurtful. 

injurious, 

insalubrious. 


mischievous, 

noisome, 

noxious, 

perverting, 

pestiferous. 


pestilential, 

poisonous, 

ruinous, 

unhealthful, 

unwholesome. 


Pernicious  (L.  per.  through,  and  neco,  kill)  signifies  having  the 
power  of  desti'oying  or  injoring,  tending  to  hiirt  or  kill.  Perni- 
cious is  sti'onger  than  injurious  ;  that  which  is  injurious  is  capable 
of  doing  harm  ;  that  which  is  pernicious  is  likely  to  be  destructive. 
Noxious  (L.  7ioceo,  hurt)  is  a  stronger  word  than  noisome,  as  refer- 
ring to  that  which  is  injurious  or  destructive.  Noisome  now  always 
denotes  that  which  is  extremely  disagreeable  or  disgusting,  espe- 
cially to  the  sense  of  smell ;  as,  the  noisome  stench  proclaimed  the 
presence  of  noxious  gases. 
Antonyms: 


advantageous, 

beneficent, 

beneficial, 


favorable, 

good, 

healthful. 


helpful, 
invigorating 
li  forgiving, 


profitable, 

rejuvenating, 

salutary. 


serviceable, 

useful, 

wholesome. 


PERPLEXITY. 

Synonyms: 

amazement.       bew^ilderment,  distraction,     doubt, 
astonishment,  confusion,  disturbance,  embarrassment. 

Perplexity  (L.  per,  through,  and  jjlecto,  plait)  is  the  drawing  or 
turning  of  the  thoughts  or  faculties  by  turns  in  different  directions 
or  toward  contrasted  or  contradictory  conclusions  ;  confusion  (L. 
confusus,  from  confundo,  pour  together)  is  a  state  in  which  the 
mental  faculties  are,  as  it  were,  tlii-own  into  chaos,  so  that  the 
clear  and  distinct  action  of  the  different  powers,  as  of  perception, 
memory,  reason,  and  will  is  lost ;  beivilderme7it  is  akin  to  confu- 
sion, but  is  less  overwhelming,  and  more  readily  recovered  from  ; 
■perplexity,  accordingly,  has  not  the  unsettling  of  the  faculties 
implied  in  confusion,  nor  the  overwhelming  of  the  faculties  im- 
plied in  amazement  or  astonishment ;  it  is  not  the  magnitude  of 
the  things  to  be  known,  but  the  want  of  full  and  definite  knowl- 
edge, that  causes  Jper2>7ea;^Y?/.  The  dividing  of  a  woodland  path 
may  cause  the  traveler  the  greatest  perplexity,  which  may  become 
bewilderment  when  he  has  tried  one  path  after  another  and  lost 
his  bearings  completely.  With  an  excitable  person  bewilderment 
may  deepen  into  confusion  that  will  make  liim  unable  to  think 
clearly  or  even  to  see  or  hear  distinctly.  Amazement  results  from 
the  sudden  and  unimagined  occurrence  of  great  good  or  evil  or 


j^-,,  persuade 

-*••  pertuei!))!* 

the  sudden  awakening  of  the  mind  to  unthought=of  truth.  Aston- 
islimcnt  often  produces  hewilderment,  which  the  word  was  for- 
merly vxnderstood  to   imply.     Compare  amazement  ;    anxiety  ; 

DOUBT. 


PERSUADE. 

Synonyms: 

allure,  dispose,       incline,  move, 

bring  over,       entice,         induce,  prevail  on  or  upon, 

coax,  impel,  influence,  urge, 

convince,  incite,  lead,  win  over. 

Of  these  words  convince  alone  has  no  direct  reference  to  mov- 
ing the  will,  denoting  an  effect  upon  the  understanding  only  ;  one 
may  be  convinced  of  his  duty  without  doing  it,  or  he  may  be  con- 
vincedoi  truth  that  has  no  manifest  connection  with  duty  or  action, 
as  of  a  mathematical  proposition.  To  persuade  is  to  bring  the  will 
of  another  to  a  desired  decision  by  some  influence  exerted  upon  it 
short  of  compulsion  ;  one  may  be  convinced  that  the  earth  is  round ; 
he  may  be  xiersuaded  to  ti'avel  round  it ;  but  persuasion  is  so  largely 
dependent  upon  conviction  that  it  is  commonly  held  to  be  the  ora- 
tor's work  first  to  convince  in  order  that  he  rmj  persuade.  Coax 
is  a  slighter  word  than  persuade,  seeking  the  same  end  by  shal- 
lower methods,  largely  by  appeal  to  personal  feeling,  with  or  with- 
out success  ;  as,  a  child  coaxes  a  parent  to  buy  him  a  toy.  One 
may  be  brought  over,  induced,  or  prevailed  upon  by  means  not 
properly  included  in  persuasion,  as  by  bribery  or  intimidation  ;  he 
is  IV071  over  chiefly  by  personal"  influence.     Compare  influence. 

Antonyms: 

deter,        discourage,        dissuade,        hinder,        hold  back,        repel,       restrain. 


PERTNESS. 
Synonyms : 

■boldness,         forwardness,         liveliness,        sprightliness. 
briskness,       impertinence,       sauciness, 
flippancy,        impudence,  smartness, 

Liveliness  and  sprigliiliness  are  j^leasant  and  commendable ; 
smartness  is  a  limited  and  showy  acuteness  or  shrewdness,  usually 
with  unfavorable  suggestion ;  pertness  and  sauciness  are  these 
qualities  overdone,  and  regardless  of  the  respect  due  to  superiors. 
Impertinence  and  impudence  may  be  gross  and  stupid ;  pertness 
and  sauciness  are  always  vivid  and  keen.  Compare  impudence. 
Antonyms : 

bashfulness,        demureness,        diffidence,        humility,        modesty,        shyness. 


perverse 
pique 


272 


untoward, 
wayw^ard, 
Avilful. 


PERVERSE. 

Synonyms; 

contrary,  CroTvard,  petulant, 

factious,  intractable,       stubborn, 

fractious,         obstinate,  ungovernable, 

Perverse  (L.  perversiLS,  turned  the  wrong  way)  signifies  wil- 
fully wrong  or  en*ing,  um-easonably  set  against  right,  reason,  or 
authority.  The  stuhhorn  or  obstinate  person  will  not  do  what 
another  desires  or  requires  ;  the  perverse  person  will  do  anything 
contrary  to  what  is  desired  or  required  of  him.  The  petulant  per- 
son frets,  but  may  comply  ;  the  xjerverse  individual  may  be  smooth 
or  silent,  but  is  wilfully  intractable.  Wayward  refers  to  a  per- 
verse disregard  of  moraHty  and  duty  ;  froivard  is  j^ractically  ob- 
solete; untoward  is  rarely  heard  except  in  certain  phrases;  as, 
untoivard  circumstances.  Compare  obstinate. 
Antonyms : 

accommodating,  complaisant,  genial,  kind, 

amenable,  compliant,  governable,  obliging. 


tangible, 
visible. 


PHYSICAE. 

Synonyms : 

bodily,  corporeal,  natural, 

corporal,  material,  sensible, 

Whatever  is  composed  of  or  pertains  to  matter  may  be  termed 
material ;  physical  (Gr.  pJiysis,  nature)  applies  to  material  things 
considered  as  parts  of  a  system  or  organic  whole  ;  hence,  we  speak 
of  material  substances,  physical  forces,  physical  laws.  Bodily, 
corporal,  and  corporeal  apply  primarily  to  the  human  body ;  bod- 
ily and  corporal  both  denote  pertaining  or  relating  to  the  body  ; 
corporeal  signifies  of  the  nature  of  or  like  the  body  ;  corporal  is 
now  almost  wholly  restricted  to  signify  applied  to  or  inflicted 
upon  the  body  ;  we  speak  of  bodily  sufferings,  bodily  presence, 
coyporal  punishment,  the  corporeal  frame. 
Antonyms : 

hyperpliygical,  intangible,  invisible,         moral,  unreal, 

immaterial,  intellectual,  mental,  spiritual,  unsubstantial. 


PiqUE. 

Synonyms: 

displeasure,    irritation,    offense,    resentment,    umbrage, 
grudge. 

Pique,  from  the  French,  signifies  primarily  a  prick  or  a  sting, 
as  of  a  nettle  ;  the  word  denotes  a  sudden  feeling  of  mingled  pain 
and  anger,  but  slight  and  usually  transient,  arising  from  some  neg- 
lect or  offense,  real  or  imaginary.     Umbrage  is  a  deeper  and  more 


273 


pitlfnl 

pity 


persistent    displeasure    at    being    overshadowed    (L.    umbra,    a 

shadow)  or  subjected  to  any  treatment  that  one  deems  unworthy 

of  him.     It  may  be  said,  as  a  general  statement,  that  2^1  que  arises 

from  wounded  vanity  or  sensitiveness,  umbrage  from  wounded 

pride  or  sometimes  from  suspicion.     Resentment  rests  on  more 

sohd  grounds,  and  is  deep  and  persistent.     Compare  anger. 

Antonyms : 

approval,  contentment,      delight,      gratification,      pleasure,      eatigfaction. 

complacency, 


Synonyms': 

abject, 
base. 

contemptible, 
despicable. 


PITIFUL. 


lamentable, 
miserable, 
mournful, 
moving. 


paltry, 
pathetic, 
piteous, 
pitiable. 


sorrow^ful, 
touching, 
w^oful, 
w^retched. 


Pitiful  originally  signified  full  of  pity  ;  as,  "the  Lord  is  very 
pitiftd  and  of  tender  mercy,"  James  v,  11  ;  but  this  usage  is  now 
archaic,  and  the  meaning  in  question  is  appropriated  by  such  words 
as  merciful  and  compassionate.  Pitiful  and  pitiable  now  refer  to 
what  may  be  deserving  of  pity,  pntiful  being  used  chiefly  for  that 
which  is  merely  an  object  of  thought,  pitiable  for  that  which  is 
brought  directly  before  the  senses  ;  as,  a  pitiful  story  ;  a  pitiable 
object ;  a  pitiable  condition.  Since  pity,  however,  always  implies 
weakness  or  inferiority  in  that  which  is  pitied,  pitiful  and  intia- 
ble  are  often  used,  by  an  easy  transition,  for  what  might  awaken 
pity,  but  does  awaken  contempt ;  as,  a  pitiful  excuse  ;  he  pre- 
sented a  pitiable  appearance.  Piteous  is  now  rarely  used  in  its 
earlier  sense  of  feeling  pity,  but  in  its  derived  sense  applies  to 
what  really  excites  the  emotion ;  as,  a  piteous  cry.      Compare 

HUMANE  ;   MERCY  ;    PITY. 
Antonyms: 

august,  dignified,  grand,  lofty,  sublime. 


beneficent, 
commanding. 


exalted, 
glorious, 


great, 
helpful. 


mighty, 
noble. 


superb, 
superior. 


Synonyms : 

commiseration, 
compassion. 


PITY. 


condolence, 
mercy. 


sympathy,        tenderness. 


Pity  is  a  feeling  of  grief  or  pain  aroused  by  the  weakness,  mis- 
fortunes, or  distresses  of  others,  joined  with  a  desire  to  help  or  re- 
lieve. Synipatlijj  (feeling  or  suffering  with)  implies  some  degree 
of  equality,  kindred,  or  union  ;  p>ity  is  for  what  is  weak  or  unfor- 
tunate, and  so  far,  at  least,  inferior  to  ourselves ;  hence,  pity  is 

18 


plant 
plead 


274 


often  resented  where  sympatluj  would  be  welcome.  We  have 
sympathy  with  one  in  joy  or  gi'ief,  in  pleasure  or  pain,  pity  only 
for  those  in  suffering  or  need  ;  we  may  have  sympathy  with  the 
struggles  of  a  giant  or  the  triumphs  of  a  conqueror  ;  we  are  moved 
with  pity  for  the  captive  or  the  slave.  Pity  may  be  only  in  the 
mind,  but  mercy  does  something  for  those  who  are  its  objects. 
Compassion,  like  j^ity,  is  exercised  only  with  respect  to  the  suffer- 
ing or  unfortunate,  but  combines  with  the  tenderness  of  jJity  the 
dignity  of  sympathy  and  the  active  quality  of  mercy..  Commiser- 
ation, is  as  tender  as  compxission,  but  more  remote  and  hoi^eless  ; 
we  have  commiseration  for  sufferers  whom  we  can  not  reach  or 
can  not  relieve.  Condolence  is  the  expression  of  sympathy.  Com- 
pare MERCY, 
Antonyms : 

barbarity,        ferocity,  harshness.  pitilessness,        severity, 

brutality,         hard-heartedness,     inhumanity,       rigor,  sternness, 

cruelty,  hardness,  mercilessness,    ruthlessness,       truculence. 

Prepositions : 

Pity  on  or  upon  that  which  we  help  or  spare  ;  pity  for  that 
which  we  merely  contemplate  ;  "have  pity  upon  me,  O  ye  my 
friends,"  Job  xix,  21  ;  "pity/o?-  a  horse  o'er=di-iven,"  Tennyson 
In  Memoriavi  Ixii,  st.  1. 


Synonyms: 

seed,  seed  do-wn,  set,  set  out,  sow. 

We  set  or  set  out  slips,  cuttings,  young  trees,  etc.,  tho  we 
may  also  be  said  to  pAant  them  ;  we  p/a?ii  corn,  potatoes,  etc., 
which  we  put  in  definite  places,  as  in  hills,  with  some  care ;  we 
sow  wheat  or  other  small  grains  and  seeds  which  are  scattered  in 
the  process.  Tho  by  modern  agricultural  machinery  the  smaller 
grains  are  almost  as  precisely  planted  as  corn,  the  old  word  for 
broadcast  scattering  is  retained.  Land  is  seeded  or  seeded  down 
to  grass. 
Antonyms 

eradicate,  extirpate,  root  up,  uproot,  weed  out. 


PLEAD. 

Synonyms: 

advocate,  ask,  "beseech,  implore,  solicit, 

argue,  beg,  entreat,  press,  urge. 

To  plead  for  one  is  to  employ  argument  or  persuasion .  or  both 

in  his  behalf,  usually  with  earnestness  or  importunity  ;  similarly 


275  pleasant 

one  may  be  said  to  plead  for  himself  or  for  a  cause,  etc.,  or  with 
direct  object,  to  plead  a  case ;  in  legal  usage,  pleading  is  argu- 
mentative, but  in  popular  usage,  pleading  always  implies  some 
appeal  to  the  feelings.  One  argues  a  case  solely  on  rational 
gi-ounds  and  supposably  with  fair  consideration  of  both  sides  ;  he 
advocates  one  side  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  it,  and  under  the 
influence  of  motives  that  may  range  all  the  way  from  cold  self= 
interest  to  the  highest  and  noblest  impulses  ;  he  pleads  a  cause,  or 
pleads  for  a  person  with  still  more  intense  feeling.  Beseech,  en- 
treat, and  implore  imply  impassioned  earnestness,  with  direct  and 
tender  appeal  to  personal  considerations.  Press  and  urge  imply 
more  determined  or  perhaps  authoritative  insistence.  Solicit  is  a 
weak  word  denoting  merely  an  attempt  to  secure  one's  consent  or 
cooperation,  sometimes  by  sordid  or  corrupt  motives. 
Prepositions; 

Plead  icitli  the  tyrant /or  the  captive;  j^lead  arjainst  the  oppres- 
sion or  the  oppressor  ;  plead  to  the  indictment ;  at  the  bar  ;  before 
the  court ;  ill  open  court. 


PLEASANT. 

Synonyms: 

agreeable,         good=natured,         kindly,  pleasing, 

attractive,        kind,  obliging,        pleasurable. 

That  is  pleasing  from  wliich  pleasure  is  received,  or  may  read- 
ily be  received,  without  reference  to  any  action  or  intent  in  that 
which  confers  it ;  as,  a  pleasing  picture ;  a  pleasing  landscape. 
Wliatever  has  active  qualities  adapted  to  give  pleasure  is  pleasant ; 
as,  &  pleasant  breeze  ;  a,  pleasant  (not  a,  pleasing)  day.  As  applied 
to  persons,  pleasant  always  refers  to  a  disposition  ready  and  desir- 
ous to  please ;  one  is  pleasant,  or  in  a  pleasant  mood,  when  in- 
clined to  make  happy  those  with  whom  he  is  deahng,  to  show 
kindness  and  do  any  reasonable  favor.  In  this  sense  pleasant  is 
nearly  akin  to  Mnd,  but  Mnd  refers  to  act  or  intent,  while  pleasant 
stops  with  the  disposition  ;  many  persons  are  no  longer  in  a  pleas- 
ant mood  if  asked  to  do  a  troublesome  kindness.  Pleasant  keeps 
always  something  of  the  sense  of  actually  giving  pleasm-e,  and 
thus  surpasses  the  meaning  of  good-natured;  there  are  good' 
natured  people  who  by  reason  of  rudeness  and  ill=breeding  are 
not  pleasant  companions.  A  pleasing  face  has  good  features, 
complexion,  expression,  etc.;  a  pleasant  face  indicates  a  hind 
heart  and  an  obliging  disposition,  as  weU  as  kindly  feelings  in 
actual  exercise ;  we  can  say  of  one  usually  good-natured,  "  on 


plentiful  276 

that  occasion  lie  did  not  meet  me  with  a  pleasant  face."  Pleasant, 
in  the  sense  of  gay,  merry,  jocose  (the  sense  still  retained  in 
xAeasantry),  is  now  rare,  and  would  not  be  understood  outside  of 
literary  circles.  Compare  amiable  ;  comfortable  ;  delightful. 
Antonyms: 

arrogant,  displeasing,  glum,  ill-humored,  repelling, 

austere,  dreary,  grim,  ill-natured,  repulsive, 

crabbed,  forbidding,  harsh,  offensive,  unkind, 

disagreeable,         gloomy,  hateful,  repellent,  unpleasant. 

Prepositions  : 

Pleasant  to,  ivith,  or  totvard  persons  ;  about  a  matter. 


PLEWTIFIJI.. 

Synonyms  : 

abounding,  bountiful,  generous,  plenteous, 

abundant,  complete,  large,  profuse, 

adequate,  copious,  lavish,  replete, 

affluent,  enough,  liberal,  rich, 

ample,  exuberant,  luxuriant,  sufficient, 

bounteous,  full,  overflowing,  teeming. 

Enough  is  relative,  denoting  a  supply  equal  to  a  given  demand. 
A  temperature  of  70°  Fahrenheit  is  enough  for  a  living=room  ;  of 
212°  enough  to  boil  water  ;  neither  is  enough  to  melt  iron.  Suffi- 
cient, from  the  Latin,  is  an  equivalent  of  the  Saxon  enough,  with 
no  perceptible  difference  of  meaning,  but  only  of  usage,  enough 
being  the  more  blunt,  homely,  and  forcible  word,  while  sufficient  is 
in  many  cases  the  more  elegant  or  polite.  Sufficient  usually  pre- 
cedes its  noun  ;  enough  usually  and  preferably  follows.  That  is 
amjjle  which  gives  a  safe,  but  not  a  large,  margin  beyond  a  given 
demand  ;  that  is  abundant,  affluent,  bountiful,  liberal,  plentiful, 
which  is  largely  in  excess  of  manifest  need.  Plentiful  is  used  of 
sujDplies,  as  of  food,  water,  etc.;  as,  ''  a plentifid  rain,"  Ps.  Ixviii, 
9.  We  may  also  say  a  copious  rain ;  but  cojnous  can  be  applied  to 
thought,  language,  etc.,  where  p)^^niifid  can  not  well  be  used. 
Affluent  and  liberal  both  apply  to  riches,  resources  ;  liberal,  with 
especial  reference  to  giving  or  expending.  (Compare  synonyms 
especial  reference  to  giving  or  expending.  Affluent,  referring 
especially  to  riches,  may  be  used  of  thought,  feeling,  etc. 
time  or  space  ;  a  field  is  sometimes  called  x>lentiful,  not  with  ref- 
erence to  its  extent,  but  to  its  productiveness.  Complete  expresses 
not  excess  or  overplus,  and  yet  not  mere  sufficiency,  but  har- 
mony, proportion,  fitness  to  a  design,  or  ideal.  Ample  and  abun- 
dant may  be  applied  to  any  subject.  We  have  time  enough,  means 
that  we  can  reach  om-  destination  without  haste,  but  also  without 
delay ;  if  we  have  ample  time,  we  may  move  leisurely,  and  note 


277 


poetry 
polite 


what  is  by  the  way  ;  if  we  have  abundant  time,  we  may  pause  to 
converse  with  a  friend,  to  view  the  scenery,  or  to  rest  when  weary. 
Lavish  and  profuse  imply  a  decided  excess,  oftenest  in  the  ill 
sense.  We  rejoice  in  abundant  resources,  and  honor  generous 
liospitality  ;  lavish  or  profuse  expenditure  suggests  extravagance 
and  wastefulness.  Luxuriant  is  used  especially  of  that  which  is 
abundant  in  growth  ;  as,  a  luxuriant  crop. 
Autonyuis: 


deficient,               inadequate, 
drained,                insufficient, 
exhausted,            mean, 
impoverished,      miserly, 

narrow, 
niggardly, 
poor, 
scant, 

scanty, 
scarce, 
scrimped, 
short, 

small, 
sparing, 
stingy, 
straitened. 

Preposition: 

Plentiful  in  resources. 

POETRY. 

Synonyms: 

meter, 

metrical  composition, 

numbers, 
poem, 

poesy, 
rime, 

song:, 
verse. 

Poetry  is  that  form  of  literature  that  embodies  beautiful 
thought,  feeling,  or  action  in  melodious,  rhythmical,  and  (usually) 
metrical  language,  in  imaginative  and  artistic  conr^ructions. 
Poetry  in  a  very  wide  sense  may  be  anything  that  pleasingly 
addresses  the  imagination  ;  as,  the  poetry  of  motion.  In  ordinary 
usage,  p>oetry  is  both  imaginative  and  metrical.  There  may  be  po- 
etry without  rime,  but  hardly  without  meter,  or  what  in  some  lan- 
guages takes  its  place,  as  the  Hebrew  parallelism  ;  but  poetry  in- 
volves, besides  the  artistic  form,  the  exercise  of  the  fancy  or 
imagination  in  a  way  always  beautiful,  often  lofty  or  even  sub- 
lime. Failing  this,  there  may  be  verse,  rime,  and  meter,  but  not 
poetry.  There  is  much  in  literature  that  is  beautiful  and  sublime 
in  thought  and  artistic  in  construction,  which  is  yet  not  poetry, 
because  quite  devoid  of  the  element  of  song,  whereby  p)oetry 
differs  from  the  most  lofty,  beautiful,  or  impassioned  prose. 
Compare  meter. 
Antonyms : 

prosaic  speech,  prosaic  writing,        prose. 


POLITE. 


Synonyms : 

accomplished, 
civil, 

complaisant, 
courteous, 


courtly, 
cultivated, 
cultured, 
elegant, 


genteel, 
gracious, 
obliging, 
polished. 


urbane, 
w^ell=beliaved, 
well:bred, 
well=mannered. 


A  civil  person  observes  such  propriety  of  speech  and  manner  as 


polity  ^'^^ 

to  avoid  being  rude  ;  one  who  is  polite  (literally  polislied)  observes 
more  than  the  necessary  proprieties,  conforming  to  all  that  is 
graceful,  becoming,  and  thoughtful  in  the  intercourse  of  refined 
society.  A  man  may  be  civil  with  no  consideration  for  others, 
simply  because  self =respect  forbids  him  to  be  rude  ;  but  one  who 
is  polite  has  at  least  some  care  for  the  opinions  of  others,  and  if 
polite  in  the  highest  and  tiaiest  sense,  which  is  coming  to  be  the 
prevailing  one,  he  cares  for  the  comfort  and  happiness  of  others  in 
the  smallest  matters.  Civil  is  a  colder  and  more  distant  word  than 
p>olite ;  courteous  is  fuller  and  richer,  dealing  often  with  greater 
matters,  and  is  used  only  in  the  good  sense.  Courtly  suggests 
that  which  befits  a  royal  court,  and  is  used  of  external  grace  and 
stateliness  without  reference  to  the  prompting  feeling  ;  as,  the 
courtly  manners  of  the  ambassador.  Genteel  refers  to  an  external 
elegance,  which  may  be  showy  and  sujierficial,  and  the  word  is 
thus  inferior  to  jjolite  or  courteous.  Urbane  refers  to  a  politeness 
that  is  genial  and  successful  in  giving  others  a  sense  of  ease  and 
cheer.  Polished  refers  to  external  elegancies  of  speech  and  man- 
ner without  reference  to  spirit  or  purpose  ;  as,  a  polished  gentle- 
man or  a  polished  scoundrel ;  cultured  refers  to  a  real  and  high 
devolopment  of  mind  and  soul,  of  which  the  external  manifesta- 
tion is  the  smallest  part.  Complaisant  denotes  a  disposition  to 
please  or  favor  beyond  what  politeness  would  necessarily  require. 
Antonyms : 

awkward,  clownish,  ill-mannered,      insulting,  uncouth, 

bluff,  coarse,  impertinent,        raw,  unmannerly, 

hlunt,  discourteous,      impolite,  rude,  unpolished, 

boorish,  il!=behaved,        impudent,  rustic,  untaught, 

brusk,  ill-bred,  insolent,  uncivil,  untutored. 

POLITY. 

Synonyms : 

constitution,  policy,  form,  or  system  of  government. 

Polity  is  the  permanent  system  of  government  of  a  state,  a 
church,  or  a  society  ;  policy  is  the  method  of  management  with 
reference  to  the  attainment  of  certain  ends  ;  the  national  p)olity  of 
the  United  States  is  republican  ;  each  administration  has  a.  policy 
of  its  own.  Policy  is  often  used  as  equivalent  to  expediency ;  as, 
many  think  honesty  to  be  good  policy.  Polity  used  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal use  serves  a  valuable  purpose  in  distinguishing  that  which  re- 
lates to  administration  and  government  from  that  which  relates 
to  faith  and  doctrine;  two  churches  identical  in  faith  may  differ 
in  polity,  or  those  agi'eeing  in  polity  may  differ  in  faith.  Com- 
pare LAW. 


portion 
379  power 


PORTIOX. 

Synonyms: 

lot,       parcel,       part,       proportion,       share. 

When  any  whole  is  divided  into  jmrts,  any  part  that  is  allotted 
to  some  person,  thing,  subject,  or  purpose  is  called  a  jJortion,  tho 
the  division  may  be  by  no  fixed  rule  or  relation  ;  a  father  may 
divide  his  estate  by  will  among  his  children  so  as  to  make  their 
several  x^ortions  great  or  small,  according  to  his  arbitrary  and 
unreasonable  caprice.  When  we  speak  of  a  part  as  a  proportion, 
we  think  of  the  wdiole  as  divided  according  to  some  rule  or  scale, 
so  that  the  different  parts  bear  a  contemplated  and  intended  rela- 
tion or  ratio  to  one  another  ;  thus,  the  portion  allotted  to  a  child 
by  will  may  not  be  a  fair  proportion  of  the  estate.  Proportion  is 
often  used  where  part  or  portion  would  be  more  appropriate. 
Compare  part. 

POVERTY. 

Synonyms : 

beggary,        distress,       mendicancy,  pauperism,  privation, 
destitution,  indigence,  need,  penury,  w^ant. 

Poverty  denotes  strictly  lack  of  property  or  adequate  means  of 
support,  but  in  common  use  is  a  relative  term  denoting  any  con- 
dition below  that  of  easy,  comfortable  Uving  ;  privation  denotes 
a  condition  of  painful  lack  of  what  is  useful  or  desirable,  tho  not 
to  the  extent  of  absolute  distress  ;  indigence  is  lack  of  ordinary 
means  of  subsistence  ;  destitution  is  lack  of  the  comforts,  and  in 
part  even  of  the  necessaries  of  life  ;  pemiry  is  especially  cramping 
poverty,  possibly  not  so  sharp  as  destitution,  but  continuous,  wdiile 
that  may  be  temporary  ;  pauperism  is  such  destitution  as  tlirows 
one  upon  organized  piiblic  charity  for  support ;  beggary  and  men- 
dicancy denote  poverty  that  appeals  for  indiscriminate  private 
charity. 

POWER. 

Synonyms  : 

ability,  competency,    expertness,       readiness, 

aptitude,         dexterity,  faculty,  skill, 

capability,     efficacy,  force,  strength, 

capacity,         efficiency,         might,  susceptibility, 

cleverness,    energy,  qualification,    talent, 

cogency. 

Power  is  the  most  general  term  of  this  gi'oup,  including  every 
quaUty,  property,  or  faculty  by  which  any  change,  effect,  or  result 
is,  or  may  be,  produced  ;  as,  the  poicer  of  the  legislature  to  enact 
laws,  or  of  the  executive  to  enforce  them ;  the  power  of  an  acid  to 


praise 


2S0 


corrode  a  metal ;  the  power  of  a  polished  surface  to  reflect  light. 
Ability  is  nearly  coextensiv^e  with  power,  but  does  not  reach  the 
positiveness  and  vigor  that  may  be  included  in  the  meaning  of 
jwtcer,  ability  often  implying  latent,  as  distinguished  from  active 
poiver ;  we  speak  of  an  exertion  of  poicer,  but  not  of  an  exertion 
of  ability.  Power  and  ability  include  capacity,  which  is  power  to 
receive  ;  but  ability  is  often  distinguished  from  capacity,  as  power 
that  may  be  manifested  in  doing,  as  capacity  is  in  receiving  ;  one 
may  have  great  capacity  for  acquiring  knowledge,  and  yet  not 
possess  ability  to  teach.  Efficiency  is  acixsre  power  to  effect  a  defi- 
nite result,  the  poiver  that  actually  does,  as  distinguished  from 
that  which  may  do.  Competency  is  equal  to  the  occasion,  readi- 
ness prompt  for  the  occasion.  Faculty  is  an  inlierent  quality  of 
mind  or  body  ;  talent,  some  special  mental  ability.  Dexterity  and 
skill  are  readiness  and  facility  in  action,  having  a  special  end  ; 
talent  is  innate,  dexterity  and  skill  are  largely  acquired.  Our 
abilities  include  our  natural  cap>acity,  faculties,  and  talents,  with 
all  the  dexterity,  skill,  and  readiness  that  can  be  acquired.  Effi- 
cacy is  the  power  to  produce  an  intended  effect  as  shown  in  the 
production  of  it ;  as,  the  efficacy  of  a  drug.  Efficiency  is  effectual 
agency,  competent  poioer ;  efficiency  is  applied  in  mechanics  as 
denoting  the  ratio  of  the  effect  produced  to  the  poorer  expended  in 
producing  it ;  but  this  word  is  chiefly  used  of  intelligent  agents  as 
denoting  the  quality  that  brings  all  one's  pouter  to  bear  promptly 
and  to  the  best  purpose  on  the  thing  to  be  done.  Compare  ad- 
dress ;  DEXTERITY  ;  SKILFUL. 

Antonyms  -. 

awkwardness,  helplessness,  inability,  incompetence,  stupidity, 

dulnesB,  imbecility,  inaptitude,  inefficiency,  unskilfulness, 

feebleness,  impotence,  incapacity,  maladroitness.  weakness. 


PRAISE. 

Synonyms: 

acclaim,  approbation,    compliment,  laudation, 

acclamation,       approval,  encomium,  panegyric, 

adulation,  cheering,  eulogy,  plaudit, 

applause,  cheers,  flattery,  sycophancy. 

Praise  is  the  hearty  approval  of  an  individual,  or  of  a  num- 
ber or  multitude  considered  individually,  and  is  expressed  by 
spoken  or  written  words  ;  applause,  the  spontaneous  outburst  of 
many  at  once.  Applause  is  expressed  in  any  way,  by  stamping  of 
feet,  clapping  of  hands,  waving  of  handkerchiefs,  etc. ,  as  well  as 
by  the  voice  ;  acclamation  is  the  spontaneous  and  hearty  approval 


3S1 


pray 


of  many  at  once,  and  strictly  by  the  voice  alone.  Thus  one  is 
chosen  moderator  by  acclamation  when  he  receives  a  unanimous 
viva  voce  vote  ;  we  could  not  say  he  was  nominated  by  ax)plause. 
Acclaim  is  the  more  poetic  term  for  acclamation,  commonly  un- 
derstood in  a  loftier  sense  ;  as,  a  nation's  acclaim.  Plaudit  is  a 
shout  of  ajiplause,  and  is  commonly  vised  in  the  plural ;  as,  the 
2)laudits  of  a  throng.  Applause  is  also  used  in  the  general  sense 
of  praise.  Approbation  is  a  milder  and  more  qualified  word  than 
praise ;  while  praise  is  always  uttered,  approbation  may  be 
silent.  ^'Approbation  s^eak&  oi  the  thing  or  action.  .  .  .  Praise 
is  always  personal."  A.  W.  and  J.  C.  Hare  Guesses  at  Truth 
first  series,  p.  549.  [macm.  '66.]  Acceptance  refers  to  an  object  or 
action  ;  approbation  may  refer  to  character  or  natural  traits. 
AjJproval  always  supposes  a  testing  or  careful  examination,  and 
frequently  implies  official  sanction  ;  approbation  may  be  upon  a 
general  view.  The  industry  and  intelligence  of  a  clerk  win  his 
employer's  approbation ;  his  decision  in  a  special  instance 
receives  his  approval.  Praise  is  always  understood  as  genuine 
and  sincere,  unless  the  contrary  is  expressly  stated  ;  comptliment  is 
a  light  form  of.  praise  that  may  or  may  not  be  sincere  ;  flattery  is 
insincere  and  ordinarily  fulsome  praise. 

Antonyms: 

abuse, 

animadverBion, 
blame, 
censure, 


condemnation, 
contempt, 
denunciation, 
disapprobation, 


disapproval, 
disparagement, 
liissing, 
ignominy, 


obloquy, 
reproacli, 
reproof, 
repudiation, 


scorn, 
slander, 
vilification, 
vituperation. 


Synonyms : 

ask,  bid, 

beg,  call  upon, 

beseech,    conjure. 


PRAY. 


entreat, 
implore, 
importune. 


invoke, 

petition, 

plead. 


request, 
supplicate. 


To  pray,  in  the  religious  sense,  is  devoutly  to  address  the  Su- 
preme Being  with  reverent  petition  for  divine  grace  or  any  favor 
or  blessing,  and  in  the  fullest  sense  with  thanksgiving  and  praise 
for  the  divine  goodness  and  mercy  ;  the  once  common  use  of  the 
word  to  express  any  earnest  request,  as  "  I  pvay  you  to  come  in," 
is  now  rare,  unless  in  ^vTitings  molded  on  older  literature,  or  in 
certain  phrases,  as  '^^  Pray  sit  down"  ;  even  in  these  "please"  is 
more  common  ;  "  I  beg  you  "  is  also  frequently  used,  as  expressing 
a  polite  humility  of  request.  Beseech  and  entreat  express  great 
earnestness  of  petition  ;  implore  and  supplicate  denote  the  utmost 


precarious 

prcdestiuatiou  2§2 

fervency  and  intensity,  supplicate  implying  also  humility.     Com- 
pare ASK  ;  PLEAD. 

PRECARIOUS. 

Synonyms: 

doubtful,  hazardous,  risky,  unsettled, 

dubious,  insecure,  unassured,         unstable, 

equivocal,  perilous,  uncertain,  unsteady. 

Uncertain  is  applied  to  tilings  that  human  knowledge  can  not 
certainly  determine  or  that  human  power  can  not  certainly  con- 
ti-ol ;  precarious  originally  meant  dependent  on  the  will  of  another, 
and  now,  by  extension  of  meaning,  dependent  on  chance  or  hazard, 
with  manifest  unfavorable  possibihty  verging  toward  probability  ; 
as,  one  holds  office  by  a. precarious  tenure,  or  land  by  a, precari- 
ous title ;  the  strong  man's  hold  on  hfe  is  uncertain,  the  invaUd's 
is  precarious. 
Autonyms: 

actual,        firm,  infallible,    stable,     sure,  undoubted, 

assured,     immutable,        real,  steady,    undeniable,    unquestionable, 

certain,       incontestable,    settled,         strong, 


PRECEOEIVT. 

Synonyms : 

antecedent,  case,  instance,  pattern, 

authority,  example,  obiter  dictum,  warrant. 

A^irecedent  is  an  authoritative  case,  example,  or  instance.  The 
communism  of  the  early  Clu-istians  in  Jerusalem  is  a  wonderful 
example  or  instance  of  Christian  liberahty,  but  not  a  p)receclent  for 
the  universal  church  tlu-ough  all  time.  Cases  decided  by  irregu- 
lar or  unauthorized  ti-ibunals  are  not  precedents  for  the  regular  ad- 
ministration of  law.  An  obiter  dictum  is  an  opinion  outside  of 
the  case  in  hand,  which  can  not  be  quoted  as  an  authoritative  prec- 
edent.    Compare  cause  ;  example. 


PREDESTIXATIOX. 

Synonyms: 

fate,         foreknowledge,         foreordination,        necessity. 

Predestination  is  a  previous  determination  or  decision,  which, 
in  the  divine  action,  reaches  on  from  eternity.  Fate  is  heathen, 
an  irresistible,  irrational  power  determining  all  events  with  no 
manifest  connection  with  reason  or  righteousness;  necessity  is 
philosophical,  a  blind  something  in  the  nature  of  things  binding 
the  slightest  action  or  motion  in  the  chain  of  inevitable,  eternal 
sequence  ;  foreordination  and  predestination  are  Christian,  de- 
noting the  rational  and  righteous  order  or  decree  of  the  supreme 


2§3 


prejudice 
pretense 


and  all=wise  God.  Foreknoidedge  is  simply  God's  antecedent 
knowledge  of  all  events,  which  some  hold  to  be  entirely  separable 
from  his  foreordination,  while  others  hold  foreordination  to  be 
inseparably  involved  in  foreknowledge. 

Antonyms 

accident, 
chauce, 
Prepositions  : 

Predestination  of  believers  to  eternal  life. 


choice, 
free  agency. 


freedom, 
free  will, 


independence, 
uncertainty. 


Synonyms : 

bias, 
partiality. 


PREJUDICE. 

preconception, 
prepossession, 


presumption, 
unfairness. 


A  presumption  (literally,  a  taking  beforehand)  is  a  partial 
decision  formed  in  advance  of  argument  or  evidence,  usually 
grounded  on  some  general  principle,  and  always  held  subject  to 
revision  upon  fuller  information.  A  prejudice  or  prepossession  is 
grounded  often  on  feeling,  fancy,  associations,  etc.  A  prejudice 
against  foreigners  is  very  common  in  retired  communities.  There 
is  always  a  presumption  in  favor  of  what  exists,  so  that  the  bur- 
den of  proof  is  upon  one  who  advocates  a  change.  A  preposses- 
sion is  always  favorable,  a  prejudice  always  unfavorable,  unless 
the  contrary  is  expressly  stated.  Compare  injury. 
Antonyms: 

certainty,  conviction,  evidence,  reason, 

conclusion,  demonstration,  proof,  reasoning. 

Prepositions : 

Against ;  rarely,  in  favor  of,  in  one's  favor. 


PRETEl^SE. 


Synonyms; 

affectation, 

air, 

assumption, 

cloak, 

color. 


disguise, 

dissimulation, 

excuse, 

mask, 

pretension. 


pretext, 

ruse, 

seeming. 

semblance, 

show, 


simulation, 
subterfuge, 
trick, 
w^ile. 


A  pretense,  in  the  unfavorable,  which  is  also  the  usual  sense, 
is  something  advanced  or  displayed  for  the  purpose  of  concealing 
the  reality.  A  person  makes  a  pretense  of  something  for  the 
credit  or  advantage  to  be  gained  by  it ;  he  makes  what  is  allowed 
or  approved  a  pretext  for  doing  what  would  be  opposed  or  con- 
demned ;  a  tricky  schoolboy  makes  a, pretense  of  doing  an  errand 
which  he  does  not  do,  or  he  makes  the  actual  doing  of  an  errand  a 
pretext  for  playing  truant.    A  ruse  is  something  (especially  some- 


prevent  284 

thing  slight  or  petty)  employed  to  blind  or  deceive  so  as  to  mask 
an  ulterior  design,  and  enable  a  person  to  gain  some  end  that  he 
would  not  be  allowed  to  approach  directly.  A  pretension  is  a 
claim  that  is  or  may  be  contested ;  the  word  is  now  commonly 
used  in  an  unfavorable  sense.     Compare  artifice  ;  hypocrisy. 

Aiitonyni!«  : 

actuality,    fact,  guilelessness,    ingenuousness,    reality,  sincerity, 

candor,"      frankness,    nonesty,  openness,  simplicity,     truth. 


PREVEI^T. 

Synonyms: 

anticipate,  forestall,  obviate,  preclude. 

The  original  sense  of  x)r  event,  to  come  before,  act  in  advance  of, 
wliich  is  now  practically  obsolete,  was  still  in  good  use  when  the 
authorized  version  of  the  Bible  was  made,  as  appears  in  such  pas- 
sages as,  "  When  Peter  was  come  into  the  liovtse,  Sesns  prevented 
liim''  (i.  e.,  addressed  him  first).  Matt,  xvii,  25  ;  ''Thon  p)reventest 
him  with  the  blessings  of  goodness"  {i.  e.,  by  sending  the  blessings 
before  the  desire  is  formulated  or  expressed),  Ps.  xxi,  3.  Antici- 
pate is  now  the  only  single  word  usable  in  this  sense  ;  io  forestall 
is  to  take  or  act  in  advance  in  one's  OAvn  behalf  and  to  the  preju- 
dice of  another  or  others,  as  in  the  phrase  "  to  forestall  the  mar- 
ket." But  to  anticipate  is  very  frequently  used  in  the  favorable 
sense  ;  as,  his  thoughtful  kindness  anticipated  my  wish  (i.  e.,  met 
the  wish  before  it  was  expressed):  or  we  say,  "I  was  about  to 
accost  him  when  he  anticipated  me"  (by  speaking  first);  or  one 
anticipates  a  payment  (by  making  it  before  the  time);  in  neither 
of  these  cases  could  we  use  forestall  or  prevent.  To  obviate  (lit- 
erally, to  stop  the  way  of  or  remove  from  the  way),  is  to  prevent 
by  interception,  so  that  something  that  would  naturally  withstand 
or  disturb  may  be  kept  from  doing  so  ;  to  preclude,  (literally,  to 
close  or  shut  in  advance)  is  to  prevent  by  anticipation  or  by  logical 
necessity;  walls  and  bars  precluded  the  possibility  of  escape  ;  a 
supposition  is  precluded ;  a  necessity  or  difficulty  is  obviated.  Pre- 
vent, which  at  first  had  only  the  anticipatory  meaning,  has  come 
to  apply  to  the  stopping  of  an  action  at  any  stage,  the  completion 
or  conclusion  only  being  thought  of  as  negatived  by  anticipation  ; 
the  enemy  passed  the  outworks  and  were  barely  prevented  from 
capturing  the  fortress.  Compare  hinder  ;  prohibit. 
Preposition: 

He  was  prevented  by  illness  from  joining  the  expedition. 


previous 
285  l>rice 

PREVIOUS. 

Sj'iionynis: 

antecedent,       foregoing,        front.  preceding, 

anterior,  former,  introductory,       preliminary, 

earlier,  forward,  precedent,  prior. 

Antecedent  may  denote  simple  priority  in  time,  implying  no 
direct  connection  between  that  which  goes  before  and  that  which 
follows ;  as,  the  striking  of  one  clock  may  be  always  antecedent 
to  the  striking  of  another  with  no  causal  connection  between  them. 
Antecedent  and  previous  may  refer  to  that  which  goes  or  happens  at 
any  distance  in  advance,  precedmg  is  limited  to  that  which  is  imme- 
diately or  next  before  ;  an  antecedent  event  may  have  happened 
at  any  time  before ;  the  preceding  ti-ansaction  is  the  one  com- 
pleted just  before  the  one  with  which  it  is  compared  ;  a  previous 
statement  or  chapter  may  be  in  any  part  of  the  book  that  has  gone 
before  ;  the  preceding  statement  or  chapter  comes  next  before 
without  an  interval.  Previous  often  signifies  first  by  right ;  as,  a 
jivevious  engagement.  Foregoing  is  vised  only  or  that  which  is 
spoken  or  written  ;  as,  the  foregoing  statements.  Anterior,  while 
it  can  be  used  of  time,  is  coming  to  be  employed  chiefly  with  ref- 
erence to  place  ;  as  the  anterior  lobes  of  the  brain.  Prior  bears 
exclusive  reference  to  time,  and  commonly  where  that  which  is 
first  in  time  is  first  also  in  right ;  as,  a  juHor  demand.  Former  is 
used  of  time,  or  of  position  in  written  or  printed  matter,  not  of 
space  in  general.  "We  can  say  former  times,  a  former  chapter, 
etc. ,  but  not  the  former  part  of  a  garden  ;  we  should  say  the  front 
part  of  the  garden,  the  forward  car  of  a  train.  Former  has  a  close 
relation,  or  sharp  contrast,  with  something  following  ;  the  former 
always  implies  the  latter,  even  when  not  fully  expressed,  as  in 
Acts  i,  1,  and  Eccles.  vii,  10. 
Antonyms : 

after,  consequent,      hind,  luiidmost,       latter,  subsequent, 

concluding,       following,         hinder,        later,  posterior,       succeeding. 

Prepofsiltlon : 

Such  was  the  state  of  things  previous  to  the  revolution.  [Pre- 
vious to  is  often  used  adverbially,  in  constructions  where  previ- 
ously to  would  be  more  strictly  correct ;  as,  these  arrangements 
were  made  previous  to  my  departure.] 


PRICE. 

Synonyms: 

charge,  cost,  expenditure,  expense,  outlay,  value,  worth. 

The  cost  of  a  thing  is  all  that  has  been  expended  upon  it, 


pride 


2§6 


whether  in  discovery,  production,  refinement,  decoration,  transpor- 
tation, or  otherwise,  to  bring  it  to  its  present  condition  in  the  hands 
of  its  present  possessor  ;  the  j^rice  of  a  thing  is  what  the  seller 
asks  for  it.  In  regular  business,  as  a  rule,  the  seller's  j^rice  on 
his  wares  must  be  more  than  their  cost  to  him ;  when  goods  are 
sold,  the  2)ric<i  the  buyer  has  paid  becomes  their  cost  to  himself. 
In  exceptional  cases,  when  goods  are  sold  at  cost,  the  seller's  price 
is  made  the  same  as  the  cost  of  the  goods  to  him,  the  cost  to  the 
seller  and  the  cost  to  the  buyer  becoming  then  identical.  Price 
always  implies  that  an  article  is  for  sale ;  what  a  man  will  not 
sell  he  declines  to  put  a  jjrice  on ;  hence  the  significance  of  the 
taunting  proverb  that  "  every  man  has  liis  price."  Value  is  the 
estimated  equivalent  for  an  article,  whether  the  article  is  for  sale 
or  not ;  the  market  vcdue  is  what  it  would  bring  if  exposed  for  sale 
in  the  open  market ;  the  intrinsic  value  is  the  inherent  utiUty  of 
the  article  considered  by  itself  alone  ;  the  market  value  of  an  old 
and  rare  volume  may  be  very  great,  while  its  intrinsic  value  may 
be  practically  nothing.  Value  has  always  more  reference  to 
others'  estimation  (literally,  what  the  thing  will  avail  with  others) 
than  worth,  which  regards  the  tiling  in  and  by  itself  ;  thus,  inti'insic 
value  is  a  weaker  expression  than  intrinsic  loorth.  Charge  has 
especial  reference  to  services,  expense  to  minor  outlays  ;  as,  the 
charges  ot  a  lawyer  or  physician ;  traveling  expenses;  household 
expenses. 

PRIDE. 

Synonyms: 

arrogance,  ostentation,  self^esaltation, 

assumption,  presumption,  self=respect, 

conceit,  reserve,  superciliousness, 

disdain,  self=complacency,       vainglory, 

haughtiness,  selfconceit,  vanity, 

insolence,  self:esteeni, 

JIaughtiness  thinks  highly  of  itself  and  poorly  of  others.  Ar- 
rogance claims  much  for  itself  and  concedes  Httle  toothers.  ,  Pride 
is  an  absorbing  sense  of  one's  own  gi-eatness ;  haughtiness  feels 
one's  own  superiority  to  others  -^^  disdain  sees  contemptuously  the 
inferiority  of  others  to  oneself.  Presumption  claims  place  or 
privilege  above  one's  right ;  pride  deems  nothing  too  high.  Inso- 
lence is  open  and  rude  expression  of  contempt  and  hostility,  gen- 
erally from  an  inferior  to  a  superior,  as  from  a  servant  to  a  master 
or  mistress.  In  the  presence  of  superiors  overweening  p)ride 
manifests  itself  in  presumpdion  or  insolence^,  in  the  presence  of 


28  y  ■  nrime  val 

^ 

inferiors,  or  those  supposed  to  be  inferior,  'pride  manifests  itself 
by  arrogance,  disdain,  haughtiness,  superciliousness,  or  in  either 
case  often  by  cold  reserve.)  (See  reserve  under  modesty.)  'Pride 
is  too  self=satisfied  to  care  for  praise  ;  vatiity  intensely  craves  ad- 
miration and  applause.;  Superciliousness,  as  if  by  the  upUfted 
eyebrow,  as  its  etymology  suggests  (L.  superciliimi,  eyebrow,  from 
super,  over  and  cilium,  eyelid),  silently  manifests  mingled 
haughtiness  and  disdain.  Assumption  quietly  takes  for  granted 
superiority  and  privilege  which  others  would  be  slow  to  concede. 
Conceit  and  vanity  are  associated  with  weakness,  pride  with 
strength.  Conceit  may  be  founded  upon  nothing ;  pride  is 
founded  upon  something  that  one  is,  or  has,  or  has  done  ;  vanity, 
too,  is  commonly  fovinded  on  something  real,  tho  far  slighter  than 
would  alford  foundation  for  pride.  Vanity  is  eager  for  admira- 
tion and  praise,  is  elated  if  they  are  rendered,  and  pained  if  they 
are  withheld,  and  seeks  them  ;  pride  could  never  solicit  admira- 
tion or  praise.y  Conceit  is  somewhat  stronger  than  self-conceit. 
Self-conceit  is  ridiculous  ;  conceit  is  offensive.  Self-respect  is  a 
thoroughly  worthy  feeling;  self-esteem  is  a  more  generous  esti- 
mate of  one's  own  character  and  abilities  than  the  rest  of  the 
world  are  ready  to  allow.  Vainglory  is  more  pompous  and  boast- 
ful than  vanity.    Compare  egotism  ;  ostentation. 

Antonyms: 

humility,    lowliuess.    meekness,    modesty,    self»abasement,    8elf=distrust. 


PRIMEVAIi. 

Synonyms : 

al>original,  indigenous,       patriarchal,  primitive, 

ancient,  native,  primal.  primordial, 

autochtlionic,       old.  primary,  pristine, 

immemorial,         original,  prime,  uncreated. 

Aboriginal  (L.  ab,  from,  07'igo,  origin)  signifies  pertaining  to 
the  aborigines  or  earliest  known  inhabitants  of  a  country  in  the 
widest  sense,  including  not  merely  human  beings  but  inferior  ani- 
mals and  plants  as  well.  Autochthonic  (Gr.  autos,  self,  and  chthbn, 
earth)  signifies  sprung  from  the  earth,  especially  from  the  soil  of 
one's  native  land.  Primeval  (L.  primum,  first,  and  cevum,  age), 
signifies  strictly  belonging  to  the  first  ages,  earliest  in  time,  but  often 
only  the  earliest  of  which  man  knows  or  conceives,  immemorial. 
Aboriginal,  autochthonic,  and  primeval  combine  the  meanings  of 
ancient  and  original ;  aboriginal  inhabitants,  autochthonic  races. 


profit  2S8 

primeval  forests.  Prime  and  primary  may  signify  either  first  in 
time,  or  more  frequently  first  in  importance  ;  j^rijuaryhas  also  the 
sense  of  elementary  or  preparatory  ;  we  speak  of  ajirime  minister, 
a  primary  school.  Primal  is  chiefly  poetic,  in  the  sense  of  prime  ; 
as,  the  primal  curse.  Primordial  is  first  in  an  order  of  succession  or 
development;  as,  a  primordial  leaf .  Primitive  frequently  signi- 
fies having  the  original  characteristics  of  that  which  it  represents, 
as  well  as  standing  first  in  time  ;  as,  the  primitive  church.  Prim- 
itive also  very  frequently  signifies  having  the  original  or  early 
characteristics  without  remoteness  in  time.  Primeval  simplicity 
is  the  simplicity  of  the  earliest  ages  ;  primitive  simplicity  may  be 
found  in  retired  villages  now.  Pristine  is  an  elegant  word,  used 
almost  exclusively  in  a  good  sense  of  that  which  is  original  and 
perhaps  ancient ;  as,  pristine  pm-ity,  innocence,  vigor.  That 
which  is  both  an  original  and  natural  product  of  a  soil  or  country 
is  said  to  be  indigenous ;  that  which  is  actually  produced  there  is 
said  to  be  native,  though  it  may  be  of  foreign  extraction  ;  hum- 
ming=birds  are  indigenous  to  America  ;  canaries  may  be  native, 
but  are  not  indigenous.  Immemorial  refers  solely  to  time,  inde- 
pendently of  quality,  denoting,  in  legal  phrase,  "  that  whereof  the 
memory  of  man  runneth  not  to  the  contrary  "  ;  as,  an  immemorial 
custom  ;  an  immemorial  abuse.  Compare  old. 
Antonyms  : 

adventitious,  foreign,  late,  new,  recent. 

exotic,  fresh,  modem,  novel, 

Compare  synonyms  for  new. 


PROFIT. 

Synonyms  : 

advantage,  expediency,  proceeds,  service, 

avail,  gain,  receipts,  usefulness, 

benefit,  good.  return,  utility, 

emolument,  improvement,  returns,  value. 

The  returns  or  receipts  include  all  that  is  received  from  an  out- 
lay or  investment ;  the  profit  is  the  excess  (if  any)  of  the  receipts 
over  the  outlay  ;  hence,  in  government,  morals,  etc.,  the  profit  is 
what  is  really  good,  helpful,  useful,  valuable.  Utility  is  chiefly 
used  in  the  sense  of  some  immediate  or  personal  and  generally 
some  material  good.  Advantage  is  that  which  gives  one  a  van- 
tage=ground,  either  for  coping  with  competitors  or  with  diffi- 
culties, needs,  or  demands ;  as  to  have  the  advantage  of  a 
good  education  ;  it  is  frequently  used  of  what  one  has  beyond 


2S9 


progress 


another  or  secures  at  the  expense  of  another  ;  as,  to  have  the  advan- 
tage of  another  in  an  argument,  or  to  take  advantage  of  another 
in  a  bargain.  Gain  is  what  one  secures  beyond  what  he  pre- 
viously possessed.  Benefit  is  anything  that  does  one  good.  Emol- 
ument is  profit,  return,  or  value  accruing  through  official  position. 
Expediency  has  respect  to  profit  or  advantage,  real  or  supposed, 
considered  apart  from  or  perliaps  in  opposition  to  right,  in  actions 
having  a  moral  character.  Compare  utility. 
Antonyms  : 

damage,  detriment,  harm,  injury,  ruin, 

destruction,  disadvantage,  hurt,  loss,  waste. 

Prepositions  : 

The  profit  of  labor  ;  on  capital ;  in  business. 


Synonyms: 

advance,  development,    improvement,    proficiency, 

advancement,    growth.,  increase,  progression, 

attainment, 

Progress  (L.  pro,  forward,  gradior,  go)  is  a  moving  onward  or 
forward,  whether  in  space  or  in  the  mental  or  moral  realm,  and 
may  be  either  mechanical,  individual,  or  social.  Attainment,  de- 
velopment, a\-i(\  proficiency  are  more absolute'than  the  other  words 
of  the  group,  denoting  some  point  of  advantage  or  of  comparative 
perfection  reached  by  forward  or  onward  movement ;  we  speak 
of  attainments  in  virtue  or  scholarship,  proficiency  in  mvisic  or 
languages,  the  development  of  new  powers  or  organs  ;  proficiency 
includes  the  idea  of  skill.  Advance  may  denote  either  a  forward 
movement  or  the  point  gained  by  forward  movement,  but  always 
relatively  with  reference  to  the  point  from  which  the  movement 
started  ;  as,  this  is  a  great  advance.  Advance  admits  the  possibil- 
ity of  retreat ;  progress  (L.  progredi,  to  walk  forward)  is  steady 
and  constant  forward  movement,  admitting  of  pause,  but  not  of 
retreat  ;  advance  suggests  more  clearly  a  point  to  be  reached, 
while  progress  lays  the  emphasis  upon  the  forward  movement ; 
we  may  speak  of  slow  or  rapid  p)rogress,  but  more  naturally  of 
swift  advance.  Progress  is  more  frequently  used  of  abstractions  ; 
as,  the  progress  of  ideas  ;  progression  fixes  the  attention  cliiefly 
upon  the  act  of  moving  forward.  In  a  thing  good  in  itself  all  ad- 
vance or  progress  is  improvement ;  thei-e  is  a  growing  tendency  to 
restrict  the  words  to  this  favorable  sense,  using  increase  indiffer- 
ently of  good  or  evil ;  one  may  say  without  Umitation,  "  I  am  an 
advocate  of  progress." 

19 


prohibit  290 

Antonyms  : 

check,  delay,  falling  o£E,  retrogression,        stop, 

decline,  falling  back,  relapse,  stay,  stoppage. 

Prepositions : 

The  progress  of  truth  ;  progress  in  virtue  ;  toivard  perfection 
from  a  lower  to  a  higher  state. 


PROHIBIT. 

Synonyms: 

debar,  forbid,  inhibit,  preclude, 

disallow,  hinder,  interdict,  prevent. 

To  prohibit  is  to  give  some  formal  command  against,  and  espe- 
cially to  make  some  authoritative  legal  enactment  against.  Debar 
is  said  of  persons,  disalloio  of  acts  ;  one  is  debarred  from  anything 
when  shut  off,  as  by  some  irresistible  authority  or  necessity  ;  one 
is  prohibited  from  an  act  in  express  terms  ;  he  may  be  debarred 
by  silent  necessity.  An  act  is  disallowed  by  the  authority  that 
might  have  allowed  it ;  the  word  is  especially  applied  to  acts  which 
are  done  before  they  are  pronounced  upon ;  thus,  a  government 
may  disalloic  the  act  of  its  commander  in  the  field  or  its  admiral 
on  the  high  seas.  Inhibit  and  interdict  are  chiefly  known  by 
their  ecclesiastical  use.  As  between  forbid  and  ptrohibit,  forbid 
is  less  formal  and  more  personal,  prohibit  more  oliacial  and  judi- 
cial, with  the  implication  of  readiness  to  use  such  force  as  may  be 
needed  to  give  effect  to  the  enactment ;  a  parent  forbids  a  child  to 
take  part  in  some  game  or  to  associate  with  certain  companions  ; 
the  slave=trade  is  now  prohibited  by  the  leading  nations  of  the 
world.  Many  things  are  pirohibited  by  law  which  can  not  be 
wholly  jyrevented,  as  gambling  and  prostitution ;  on  the  other 
hand,  things  may  be  prevented  which  are  not  prohibited,  as  the 
services  of  religion,  the  payment  of  debts,  or  military  conquest. 
That  which  m  precluded  need  not  be  prohibited.  Compare  abol- 
ish ;  HINDER  ;  PREVENT. 
Antonyms: 

allow,  empower,  let,  require, 

authorize,  enjoin,  license,  sanction, 

command,  give  consent,  order,  suffer, 

consent  to,  give  leave,  permit,  tolerate, 

direct,  give  permission,  put  up  with,  warrant. 

Prepositions : 

An  act  is  prohibited  by  law  ;  a  person  is  prohibited  6?/ law /rom 
doing  a  certain  act.  Prohibit  was  formerly  construed,  as  forbid 
still  is,  with  the  infinitive,  but  the  construction  with  from  and  the 
verbal  noun  has  now  entirely  superseded  the  older  usage. 


291 


promote 
propitious 


PROmOTE. 

Synonyms: 

advance,    encourage,    forward,    prefer,       raise, 
aid,  exalt,  foster,         push,  urge  forward, 

assist,  excite,  further,     push  on,    urge  on. 

elevate,      foment,  help. 

To  promote  (L.  pro,  forward,  and  moveo,  move)  is  to  cause  to 
move  forward  toward  some  desired  end  or  to  raise  to  some  higher 
position,  rank,  or  dignity.  We  promote  a  person  by  advancing, 
elevating,  or  exalting  him  to  a  higher  position  or  dignity.  A  per- 
son provjio^es  a  scheme  or  an  enterprise  which  others  have  projected 
or  begun,  and  which  he  encourages,  forwards,  furthers,  jJushes, 
or  urges  on,  especially  when  he  acts  as  the  agent  of  the  prime  mov- 
ers and  supiiorters  of  the  enterprise.  One  who  excites  a  quarrel 
originates  it ;  to  promote  a  quarrel  is  strictly  to  foment  and  urge 
it  on,  the  one  who  promotes  keeping  liimself  in  the  backgi-ound. 
Compare  abet  ;  quicken. 
Autonyms: 

See  synonyms  for  abase  ;  allay. 


PROPITIATION. 

Synonyms: 

atonement,      expiation,       reconciliation,       satisfaction. 

Atonement  (at=oue=ment),  originally  denoting  reconciliation,  or 
the  bringing  into  agreement  of  those  who  have  been  estranged,  is 
now  chiefly  used,  as  in  theology,  in  the  sense  of  some  offering,  sac- 
rifice, or  suffering  sufficient  to  win  forgiveness  or  make  up  for  an 
offense ;  especially  and  distinctively  of  the  sacrificial  work  of 
Christ  in  his  humiliation,  suffering  and  death.  Expiation  is  the 
enduring  of  the  full  penalty  of  a  wTong  or  crime.  Propitiation  is 
an  offering,  action,  or  sacrifice  that  makes  the  governing  power 
propitious  toward  the  offender.  Satisfaction  in  this  connection 
denotes  the  rendering  a  full  legal  equivalent  for  the  wrong  done. 
Propitiation  appeases  the  lawgiver ;  satisfaction  meets  the  require- 
ments of  the  law. 
Antonyms : 

alienation,  curse,  penalty,  reprobation,      vengeance, 

chastisement,        estrangement,      punishment,     retribution,       wrath, 
condemnation,      offense, 


PROPITIOUS. 

Synonyms : 

auspicious, 
benign, 

That  wliich  is  auspicious  is  of  favorable  omen  ;  that  which  is 

propitious  is  of  favoring  influence  or  tendency  ;  as,  an  auspicious 


benignant,    favorable,    gracious,    kindly, 
clement,         friendly,       kind,  merciful. 


proposal 

propose  JftfZ 

morning  ;  a  propitious  breeze.     Propitious  applies  to  persons,  im- 
plying Mncl  disposition  and  favorable  inclinations,  especially  to- 
ward the  suppliant ;  auspicious  is  not  used  of  persons. 
Antonyms: 

adverse,  forbidding,      ill»dispo8ed,  repellent,  unfriendly, 

antagonistic,       hostile,  iniuispicious,        unfavorable,        unpropitious. 

Preposition : 

May  heaven  be  propitious  to  the  enterprise. 


PROPOSAL. 

Synonyms: 

bid,       offer,       overture,       proposition. 

An  offer  or  proposal  j)uts  something  before  one  for  acceptance 
or  rejection,  proposal  being  the  more  formal  word  ;  a  proposition 
sets  forth  truth  (or  what  is  claimed  to  be  truth)  in  formal  state- 
ment. Hhe  proposition  is  for  consideration,  the  p?'oposaZ  for  ac- 
tion ;  as,  a  proposition  in  geometry,  a  proposal  of  marriage  ;  but 
proposition  is  often  used  nearly  in  the  sense  of  proposal  when  it 
concerns  a  matter  for  deliberation  ;  as,  a  proposition  for  the  sur- 
render of  a  fort.  A  hid  is  commercial  and  often  verbal ;  as,  a 
hid  at  an  auction  ;  proposal  is  used  in  nearly  the  same  sense,  but 
is  more  formal.  An  overture  opens  negotiation  or  conference, 
and  the  word  is  especially  used  of  some  movement  toward  recon- 
ciliation ;  as,  overtures  of  peace. 
Antonyms: 

acceptance,        denial,        disapproval,        refusal,        rejection,        repulse. 


PROPOSE. 

Synonym-. 

purpose. 

In  its  most  frequent  use,  propose  differs  from  purpose  in  that 
what  we  purpose  lies  in  our  own  mind,  as  a  decisive  act  of  will,  a 
determination  ;  what  we  propose  is  offered  or  stated  to  others.  In 
this  use  of  the  word,  what  we  propose  is  open  to  deliberation,  as 
what  we  purpose  is  not.  In  another  use  of  the  word,  one  proposes 
something  to  or  by  himself  which  may  or  may  not  be  stated  to 
others.  In  this  latter  sense  propose  is  nearly  identical  with  pur- 
pose, and  the  two  words  have  often  been  used  interchangeably. 
But  in  the  majority  of  cases  what  we  purpose  is  more  general, 
w^hat  we  propose  more  formal  and  definite  ;  I  p)urpose  to  do  right ; 
I  propose  to  do  this  specific  thing  because  it  is  right.  In  the  his- 
toric sentence,  "  I  propose  to  move  immediately  on  your  works," 
purpose  would  not  have  the  same  sharp  directness. 


oo't  protract 

-*«'<»  proverb 

PROTRACT. 

Synonyms : 

continue,    delay,  elongate,    lengthen,    procrastinate, 

defer,  draw  out,    extend,        postpone,    prolong. 

To  protract  is  to  cause  to  occupy  a  longer  time  than  is  usual, 
expected,  or  desirable.  We  defer  a  negotiation  which  we  are  slow 
to  enter  upon ;  we  protract  a  negotiation  which  we  are  slow  to 
conclude  ;  delay  may  be  used  of  any  stage  in  the  proceedings  ;  we 
may  delay  a  person  as  well  as  an  action,  but  defer  and  protract 
are  not  used  of  persons.  Elongate  is  not  used  of  actions  or  ab- 
stractions, but  only  of  material  objects  or  extension  in  space  ;  pro- 
tract is  very  rarely  used  of  concrete  objects  or  extension  in  space  ; 
we  elongate  a  line,  protract  a  discussion.  Protract  has  usually 
an  unfavorable  sense,  implying  that  the  matter  referred  to  is  al- 
ready unduly  long,  or  would  be  so  if  longer  continued  ;  continue 
is  neutral,  applying  equally  to  the  desirable  or  the  undesirable. 
Postpone  implies  a  definite  intention  to  resume,  as  defer  also  does, 
though  less  decidedly ;  both  are  often  used  with  some  definite 
limitation  of  time  ;  as,  to  postpone  till,  until,  or  to  a  certain  day 
or  hour.  One  may  defer,  delay,  or  postpone  a  matter  intelligently 
and  for  good  reason ;  he  p>rocrastinates  through  indolence  and 
irresolution.    Compare  hinder. 

Antonyms: 

abbreviate,  conclude,  curtail,  hurry,  reduce, 

abridge,  contract,  hasten,  limit,  shorten. 

Prepositions : 

To  protract  a  speech  hy  verbosity,  throiigh  an  unreasonable 
time,  to,  till,  or  tmtil  a  late  hour. 


PROVERB. 

Synonyms: 

adage,  axiom,  maxim,  saw, 

aphorism,  byw^ord,  motto,  saying, 

apothegm,  dictum,  precept,  truism. 

The  proverb  or  adage  gives  homely  truth  in  condensed,  prac- 
tical form,  the  adage  often  pictorial.  "Hope  deferred  maketh 
the  heai't  sick"  is  a  proverb  ;  "The  cat  loves  fish,  but  dares  not 
wet  her  feet,"  is  an  adage.  Both  xhe  proverb  and  the  adage,  but 
especially  the  latter,  are  thought  of  as  ancient  and  widely 
known.  An  aphorism  partakes  of  the  character  of  a  definition  ; 
it  is  a  summary  statement  of  what  the  author  sees  and  believes  to 
be  true.  An  apothegm  is  a  terse  statement  of  what  is  plain  or 
easily  proved.    The  apliorism  is  philosophical,  the  apothegm  prac- 


prowess 

prudence  <«»« 

tical.  A  dictum  is  a  statement  of  some  person  or  school,  on  whom 
it  depends  for  authority  ;  as,  a  dictum  of  Ai-istotle.  A  saying  is 
impersonal,  current  among  the  common  people,  deriving  its  au- 
thority from  its  manifest  truth  or  good  sense ;  as,  it  is  an  old 
saying,  "the  more  haste,  the  worse  speed."  A  saw  is  a  saying 
that  is  old,  but  somewhat  worn  and  tiresome.  Precept  is  a  com- 
mand to  duty  ;  motto  or  maxim  is  a  brief  statement  of  cherished 
truth,  the  maxim  being  more  uniformly  and  directly  practical ; 
"God  is  love"  may  be  a  motto,  "Fear  God  and  fear  naught,"  a 
maxim.  The  precepts  of  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount  will  furnish 
the  Christian  with  invaluable  maxims  or  mottoes.  A  byicord  is  a 
phrase  or  saying  used  reproachfully  or  contemptuously. 


PROTVESS. 

Syiioiiyins  : 

bravery,  gallantry,  intrepidity, 

courage,  heroism,  valor. 

Bravery,  courage,  heroism,  and  intrepidity  may  be  silent, 
spiritual,  or  passive  ;  they  may  be  exhibited  by  a  martyr  at  the 
stake.  Prowess  and  valor  imply  both  daring  and  doing ;  we  do 
not  speak  of  the  prowess  of  a  martyr,  a  child,  or  a  passive  suf- 
ferer. Valor  meets  odds  or  perils  with  courageous  action,  doing 
its  utmost  to  conquer  at  any  risk  or  cost ;  proivess  has  power 
adapted  to  the  need  ;  dauntless  valor  is  often  vain  against  superior 
prowess.  Courage  is  a  nobler  word  than  bravery,  involving  more 
of  the  deep,  spiritual,  and  enduring  elements  of  character  ;  such 
an  api^reciation  of  peril  as  would  extinguish  bravery  may  only 
intensify  courage,  which  is  resistant  and  self =conquering  ;  courage 
applies  to  matters  in  regard  to  which  valor  and  proivess  can  have 
no  place,  as  submission  to  a  svirgical  operation,  or  the  facing  of 
censure  or  detraction  for    conscience'   sake.     Compare    brave  ; 

FORTITUDE. 

Antonyms: 

cowardice,      cowardliness,     eilemiiiacy,      fear,      pusillanimity,     timidity. 


PRUDENCE. 

Synonyms : 

care,  discretion,  judgment, 

carefulness,  forecast,  judiciousness, 

caution,  foresight,  providence, 

circumspection,  forethought,  wisdom, 

consideration,  frugality, 

Prudence  may  be  briefly  defined  as  good  judgment  and  fore- 


295  purcbase 

sight,  inclining  to  caution  and  frugality  in  practical  affairs.  Care 
may  respect  only  the  present ;  prudence  and  providence  look  far 
ahead  and  sacrifice  the  present  to  the  future,  prudence  watching, 
saving,  guarding,  providence  planning,  doing,  preparing,  and  per- 
haps expending  largely  to  meet  the  future  demand.  Frugality  is 
in  many  cases  one  form  of  prudence.  In  a  besieged  city  jifudence 
will  reduce  the  rations,  providence  will  strain  every  nerve  to  intro- 
duce supplies  and  to  raise  the  siege.  Foresight  merely  sees  the 
future,  and  may  even  lead  to  the  recklessness  and  desperation  to 
Avhich  prudence  and  providence  are  so  strongly  opposed.  Fore- 
thought is  thinking  in  accordance  witli  wise  views  of  the  future, 
and  is  nearly  equivalent  to  providence,  but  it  is  a  more  popular 
and  less  comprehensive  terra  ;  we  speak  of  man's  forethought, 
God's  providence.  Compare  care  ;  frugality  ;  wisdom. 
Autonyms: 

folly,  improvidence,    indiscretion,    rashness,  thoughtlessness, 

heedlessness,     imprudence,       prodigality,      recklessness,    wastefulness. 


PURCHASE. 

Synonyms: 

acquire,  barter  for,       get,  procure,       secure, 

bargain  for,        buy,  obtain. 

Buy  and  purchase  are  close  synonyms,  signifying  to  obtain  or 
secure  as  one's  own  by  paying  or  promising  to  pay  a  price ;  in  numei'- 
ous  cases  the  two  words  are  freely  interchangeable,  but  with  the  dif- 
ference usually  found  between  words  of  Saxon  and  those  of  French 
or  Latin  origin.  The  Saxon  buy  is  used  for  all  the  homely  and 
petty  concerns  of  common  life,  the  French  purchase  is  often  re- 
stricted to  ti-ansactions  of  more  dignity  ;  yet  the  Saxon  word  buy 
is  commonly  more  emj)hatic,  and  in  the  higher  ranges  of  thought 
appeals  more  strongly  to  the  feelings.  One  may  either  buy  or 
purchase  fame,  favor,  honor,  pleasure,  etc.,  but  when  our  feelings 
are  stin-ed  we  speak  of  victory  or  freedom  as  destxlj  bought.  ''Buy 
the  truth,  and  sell  it  not "  (Prov.  xxiii,  23)  would  be  greatly  weak- 
ened by  the  rendering  "Purchase  the  truth,  and  do  not  dispose  of 
it."  Compare  business  ;  get  ;  price  ;  sale. 
Antonyms : 

barter,  dispose  of,  exchange,  put  to  sale,  sell. 

Prepositions.' 

Purchase  at  a  price  ;  at  a  public  saje  ;  of  or  fi^om  a  person  ;  for 
cash  ;  with  money  ;  on  time. 


pure 
put 

296 

PURE. 

Syiiouyni!^: 

absolute, 

guiltless, 

simple. 

unmixed. 

chaste. 

holy. 

spotless. 

unpolluted. 

classic. 

immaculate. 

stainless. 

unspotted. 

classical, 

incorrupt. 

true. 

unstained, 

clean. 

innocent, 

unadulterated, 

unsullied. 

clear. 

mere. 

unblemished. 

untainted. 

continent, 

perfect. 

uncorrupted. 

untarnished, 

genuine. 

real. 

undeflled. 

upright. 

guileless, 

sheer, 

unmingled, 

virtuous. 

That  is  2yure  which  is  free  from  mixtvire  or  contact  with  any- 
thing that  weakens,  impairs,  or  jiolkites.  Material  substances  are 
called  j)ure  in  the  strict  sense  when  free  from  foreign  admixture 
of  any  kind  ;  as,  pure  oxygen  ;  the  word  is  often  used  to  signify 
free  from  any  defiling  or  objectionable  admixture  (the  original 
sense) ;  we  speak  of  water  as  pitre  when  it  is  bright,  clear,  and  re- 
freshing, tho  it  may  contain  mineral  salts  in  solution  ;  in  the  med- 
ical and  chemical  sense,  only  distilled  water  {aqua  intra)  is  pure. 
In  moral  and  religious  nsepure  is  a  strong  word,  denoting  positive 
excellence  of  a  high  order  ;  one  is  innocent  who  knows  nothing  of 
evil,  and  has  experienced  no  touch  of  temptation  ;  one  is  pure 
who,  with  knowledge  of  evil  and  exposure  to  temptation,  keeps 
heart  and  soul  unstained.  Virtuous  refers  primarily  to  right  ac- 
tion; p?tre  to  right  feeling  and  motives  ;  as,  "  Blessed  are  t\\epure 
in  heart :  for  they  shall  see  God,"  Matt,  v,  8.  Compare  fine  ;  in- 
nocent . 

Antonyms : 

•    adulterated,  foul, 

defiled,  gross, 

dirty,  immodest, 

filthy,  impure. 


indecent, 
indelicate, 
lewd, 
mixed, 


obscene,  tainted, 

polluted,  tarnished, 

stained,  unchaste, 

sullied,  unclean. 


PUT. 

Synonyms : 

deposit,       lay,       place,       set. 

Put  is  the  most  general  term  for  bringing  an  object  to  some 
point  or  witliin  some  space,  however  exactly  or  loosely  ;  we  may 
put  a  horse  in  a  pasture,  or  put  a  bullet  in  a  rifle  or  into  an  enemy. 
Place  denotes  more  careful  movement  and  more  exact  location  ; 
as,  to  jilcice  a  crown  on  one's  head,  or  a  garrison  in  a  city.  To 
lay  is  to  place  in  a  horizontal  position  ;  to  set  is  to  place  in  an  up- 
right position  ;  we  lay  a  cloth,  and  set  a  dish  upon  a  table.  To 
depjosit  is  to  put  in  a  place  of  security  for  future  use  ;  as,  to  deposit 
money  in  a  bank  ;  the  original  sense,  to  lay  down  or  let  down 
(quietly),  is  also  common  ;  as,  the  stream  deposits  sediment. 


297 


qneer 
quicken 


qUEER. 

Synonyms: 

anomalous,  erratic,  odd,  strange, 

bizarre,  extraordinary,  peculiar,  uncommon, 

comical,  fantastic,  preposterous,  unique, 

crotchety,  funny,  quaint.  unmatched, 

curious,  grotesque,  ridiculous,  unusual, 

droll,  laughable,  singular,  Avhimsical. 

eccentric,  ludicrous, 

Odd  is  unmated,  as  an  odd  shoe,  and  so  uneven,  an  an  odd 
number.  Singular  is  alone  of  its  kind  ;  as,  the  singular  number. 
What  is  singular  is  odd,  but  what  is  odd  may  not  be  singidar  ;  as, 
a  drawerful  of  odd  gloves.  A  strange  thing  is  something  hitherto 
unknown  in  fact  or  in  cause.  A  singidar  coincidence  is  one  the 
happening  of  which  is  unusual ;  a  strange  coincidence  is  one  the 
cause  of  which  is  hard  to  explain.  That  which  is  jpeculiar  belongs 
especially  to  a  person  as  his  own  ;  as,  Israel  was  called  Jehovah's 
"■pecidiar  people,"  i.  e.,  especially  chosen  and  cherished  by  him  ; 
in  its  ordinary  use  there  is  the  implication  that  the  thing  peculiar 
to  one  is  not  common  to  the  majority  nor  quite  approved  by  them, 
though  it  may  be  shared  by  many  ;  as,  the  Shakers  are  peculiar. 
Eccentric  is  off  or  aside  from  the  center,  and  so  off  or  aside  from 
the  ordinary  and  what  is  considered  the  normal  course  ;  as,  genius 
is  commonly  eccentric.  Eccentric  is  a  higher  and  more  respectful 
word  than  odd  or  queer.  Erratic  signifies  wandering,  a  stronger 
and  more  censorious  term  than  eccentric.  Queer  is  transverse  or 
oblique,  aside  from  the  common  in  away  that  is  comical  or  perhaps 
slightly  ridiculous.  Quaint  denotes  that  which  is  pleasingly  odd 
and  fanciful,  often  with  something  of  the  antique  ;  as,  the  quaint 
architecture  of  medieval  towns.  That  which  is  funriy  is  calcu- 
lated to  provoke  laughter  ;  that  which  is  droll  is  more  quietly 
amusing.  That  which  is  grotesque  in  the  material  sense  is  irregu- 
lar or  misshapen  in  form  or  outline  or  il]=proportioned  so  as  to  be 
somewhat  ridicidous  ;  the  French  bizarre  is  practically  equivalent 
to  grotesque. 

Antonyms : 

common,  familiar,  normal,  regular, 

customary,  natural,  ordinary,  usual. 


Synonyms: 

accelerate, 
advance, 
despatch, 
drive. 


QUICKER. 


drive  on, 
expedite, 
facilitate, 
further, 


hasten, 
hurry, 
make  haste, 
press  forw^ard, 


promote, 
speed, 
urge, 
urge  on. 


To  quicken,  in  the  sense  here  considered,  is  to  increase  speed. 


quote  298 

move  or  cause  to  move  more  rapidly,  as  tlu'ougli  more  space  or  with, 
a  greater  number  of  motions  in  the  same  time.  To  accelerate  is  to 
increase  the  speed  of  action  or  of  motion,  A  motion  whose  speed 
increases  upon  itself  is  said  to  be  accelerated,  as  the  motion  of  a 
falling  body,  which  becomes  swifter  with  every  second  of  time. 
To  accelerate  any  work  is  to  hasten  it  toward  a  finish,  commonly 
by  quickening  all  its  operations  in  orderly  unity  toward  the  result. 
To  desjKitch  is  to  do  and  be  done  with,  to  get  a  thing  off  one's 
hands.  To  despatch  an  enemy  is  to  kill  him  outright  and  quickly  ; 
to  despatch  a  messenger  is  to  send  him  in  haste  ;  to  despatch  a  bus- 
iness is  to  bring  it  quickly  to  an  end.  Despatch  is  commonly  used 
of  single  items.  To  promote  a  cause  is  in  any  way  to  bring  it  for- 
ward, advance  it  in  power,  prominence,  etc.  To  speed  is  really  to 
secure  swiftness ;  to  hasten  is  to  attempt  it,  whether  successfully  or 
unsuccessfully.  Hurry  always  indicates  something  of  confusion. 
The  hurried  man  forgets  dignity,  appearance,  comfort,  courtesy, 
everything  but  speed  ;  he  may  forget  something  vital  to  the  mat- 
ter in  hand  ;  yet,  because  reckless  haste  may  attain  the  gi'eat  ob- 
ject of  speed,  hurry  has  come  to  be  the  colloquial  and  popular 
word  for  acting  quickly.  To  facilitate  is  to  quicken  by  making 
easy  ;  to  expedite  is  to  quicken  by  removing  hindrances.  A  good 
general  will  improve  roads  to  facilitate  the  movements  of  troops, 
hasten  supplies  and  perfect  discipline  to  promote  the  general  effi- 
ciency of  the  force,  despatch  details  of  business,  expedite  all  pre- 
parations, in  order  to  accelerate  the  advance  and  victory  of  his 
army. 
Antonyniis: 

check,      clog,      delay,      drag,      hinder,      impede,      obstruct,      retard. 


QUOTE. 

Synonyinisi: 

cite,  extract,  plagiarize,  repeat, 

excerpt,  paraphrase,  recite. 

To  quote  is  to  give  an  author's  words,  either  exactly,  as  in  direct 
quotation,  or  in  substance,  as  in  indirect  quotation  ;  to  cite  is,  ety- 
mologically,  to  call  up  a  passage,  as  a  witness  is  summoned.  In 
citing  a  passage  its  exact  location  by  chapter,  page,  or  otherwise, 
must  be  given,  so  that  it  can  be  promptly  called  into  evidence  ;  in 
quoting,  the  location  may  or  may  not  be  given,  but  the  words  or 
substance  of  the  passage  must  be  given.  In  citing,  neither  the 
author's  words  nor  his  thought  may  be  given,  but  simply  the  ref- 
erence to  the  location  where  they  may  be  found.     To  quote,  in  the 


^^^  racy 

299  radical 


proper  sense,  is  to  give  credit  to  the  author  whose  words  are  em- 
ployed. To  paraphrase  is  to  state  an  author's  thought  more  freely 
than  in  indirect  quotation,  keeping  the  substance  of  thovight  and 
the  order  of  statement,  but  changing  the  language,  and  commonly 
interweaving  more  or  less  explanatory  matter  as  if  part  of  the  orig- 
inal writing.  One  may  paraphrase  a  work  with  worthy  motive  for 
homiletic,  devotional,  or  other  purposes  (as  in  the  metrical  versions 
of  the  Psalms),  or  he  may  plagiarize  atrociously  in  the  form  of 
paraphri  .se,  appropriating  all  that  is  valuable  in  another's  thought, 
with  the  hope  of  escaping  detection  by  change  of  phrase.  To 
plagiarize  is  to  quote  without  credit,  appropriating  another's 
words  or  thought  as  one's  own.  To  recite  or  repeat  is  usually  to 
quote  orally,  tho  recite  is  applied  in  legal  phrase  to  a  particular 
statement  of  facts  which  is  not  a  quotation  ;  a  kindred  use  obtains 
in  ordinary  speech  ;  as,  to  recite  one's  misfortunes. 


RACY. 

Synonyms-. 

flavorous,  lively,  pungent,  spicy, 

forcible,  piquant,  rich,  spirited. 

Bacy  applies  in  the  first  instance  to  the  pleasing  flavor  charac- 
teristic of  certain  wines,  often  attributed  to  the  soil  from  which 
they  come.  Pungent  denotes  something  sharply  irritating  to  the 
organs  of  taste  or  smell,  as  pepper,  vinegar,  ammonia ;  piquant 
denotes  a  quality  similar  in  kind  to  pungent  but  less  in  degree, 
stimulating  and  agreeable  ;  pungent  spices  may  be  deftly  com- 
pounded into  a  jiiquant  sauce.  As  applied  to  hterary  products, 
racy  refers  to  that  which  has  a  striking,  vigorous,  pleasing  orig- 
inality ;  spicy  to  that  which  is  stimulating  to  the  mental  taste,  as 
spice  is  to  the  physical ;  piquant  and  pungent  in  their  figurative 
use  keep  very  close  to  their  literal  sense. 
Antonyms: 

cold,  flat,  iBsipid,  stale,  tasteless, 

dull,  flavorless,  prosy,  stupid,  vapid. 


RADICAL. 

Synonyms : 

complete,  ingrained,  perfect, 

constitutional,  innate,  positive, 

entire,  native,  primitive, 

essential,  natural,  thorough, 

extreme,  organic,  thoroughgoing, 

fundamental,  original,  total. 

The  widely  divergent  senses  in  which  the  word  radical  is  used, 


reach  300 

by  which  it  can  be  at  some  time  interchanged  with  any  word  in 
the  above  Ust,  are  all  formed  upon  the  one  primary  sense  of  hav- 
ing to  do  with  or  jiroceeding  from  the  root  (L.  radix) ;  a  radical 
difference  is  one  that  springs  from  the  root,  and  is  thus  constitu- 
tional, essential,  fundamental,  organic,  original;  a  rodicaZ  change 
is  one  that  does  not  stop  at  the  surface,  but  reaches  down  to  the 
very  root,  and  is  entire,  tliorough,  total ;  since  the  majority  find 
superficial  treatment  of  any  matter  the  easiest  and  most  comfort- 
able, radical  measures,  which  strike  at  the  root  of  evil  or  need, 
are  apt  to  be  looked  upon  as  extreme. 
Autonyms : 

conservative,        incomplete,        palliative,  slight,  tentative, 

inadequate,  moderate,  partial,  superficial,         trial. 


RARE. 


Synonyms: 

curious,  odd,  scarce,  unique, 

extraordinary,  peculiar,  singular,  unparalleled, 

incomparaljle,  precious,  strange,  unprecedented, 

infrequent,  remarkable,  uncommon,  unusual. 

Unique  is  alone  of  its  kind ;  rare  is  infrequent  of  its  kind ; 
great  poems  are  rare;  "  Paradise  Lost "  is  unique.  To  say  of  a 
thing  that  it  is  rare  is  simply  to  aflBi-m  that  it  is  now  seldom 
found,  whether  previously  common  or  not ;  as,  a  rare  old  book  ; 
a  ra7'e  word ;  to  call  a  thing  scarce  implies  that  it  was  at  soma 
time  more  plenty,  as  when  we  say  food  or  money  is  scarce.  A 
particular  fruit  or  coin  may  be  rare  ;  scarce  applies  to  demand 
and  use,  and  almost  always  to  concrete  things  ;  to  speak  of  virtue, 
genius,  or  heroism  as  scarce  would  be  somewhat  ludicrous.  Rare 
has  the  added  sense  of  lireciotis,  which  is  sometimes,  but  not 
necessarily,  blended  with  that  above  given  ;  as,  a  rare  gem.  Ex- 
traordinary, signifying  greatly  beyond  the  ordinary,  is  a  neutral 
word,  capable  of  a  high  and  good  sense  or  of  an  invidious,  oppro- 
brious, or  contemptuous  signification  ;  as,  extraordinary  genius  ; 
extraordinary  wickedness ;  an  extraordinary  assumption  of 
power  ;  extraordinary  antics  ;  an  extraordinary  statement  is  in- 
credible without  overwhelming  proof. 
Antonyms  : 

See  synonyms  for  general  ;  normal  ;  usual. 


REACH. 

Synonyms: 

arrive,     attain,     come  to,     enter,     gain,     get  to,     land. 

To  reach,  in  the  sense  here  considered,  is  to  come  to  by  motion 


301 


or  progress.  Attain  is  now  oftenest  used  of  abstract  relations  ;  as, 
to  attain  success.  When  applied  to  concrete  matters,  it  commonly 
signifies  the  overcoming  of  hindi-ance  and  difficulty  ;  as,  the  storm* 
beaten  ship  at  length  attained  the  harbor.  Covic  is  the  general 
word  for  moving  to  or  toward  the  place  where  the  speaker  or 
wi-iter  is  or  supposes  himself  to  be.  To  reach  is  to  come  to  from  a 
distance  that  is  actually  or  relatively  considerable  ;  to  stretch  the 
journey,  so  to  speak,  across  the  distance,  as,  in  its  original  mean- 
ing, one  reaches  an  object  by  stretching  out  the  hand.  To  gain  is 
to  reach  or  attain  something  eagerly  sought ;  the  wearied  swim- 
mer reaches  or  gains  the  shore.  One  comes  in  from  his  garden ; 
he  reaches  home  from  a  journey.  To  arrive  is  to  come  to  a  des- 
tination, to  reach  a  point  intended  or  proposed.  The  European 
steamer  arrives  in  port,  or  reaches  the  harbor ;  the  dismantled 
wreck  drifts  ashore,  or  comes  to  land.     Compare  attain. 

Antonyms : 

depart,    embark,    go,    go  away,  leave,   set  out,   set  sail,  start,   weigh  anchor. 


REAL. 

Synonyms: 

actual,  demonstrable,    genuine,  true, 

authentic,     developed,  positive,  unquestionable, 

certain,  essential,  substantial,     veritable. 

Real  (L.  res,  a  thing)  signifies  having  existence,  not  merely  in 
thought,  but  in  fact,  or  being  in  fact  according  to  appearance  or 
claim  ;  denoting  the  thing  as  distinguished  from  the  name,  or  the 
existent  as  op^josed  to  the  non=existent.  Actual  has  respect  to  a 
thing  accomplished  by  doing,  real  to  a  thing  as  existing  by  what- 
ever means  or  from  whatever  cause,  positive  to  that  which  is  fixed 
or  established,  developed  to  that  which  has  reached  completion  by 
a  natviral  process  of  unfolding.  Actual  is  in  opposition  to  the  sup- 
posed, conceived,  or  reported,  and  furnishes  the  proof  of  its  exist- 
ence in  itself ;  real  is  opposed  to  feigned  or  imaginary,  and  is 
capable  of  demonstration  ;  p>ositive,  to  the  uncertain  or  doubtfvil ; 
developed,  to  that  which  is  undeveloped  or  incomplete.  The  de- 
veloped is  susceptible  of  proof ;  the  positive  precludes  the  neces- 
sity for  proof.  The  present  condition  of  a  thing  is  its  actual  con- 
dition ;  ills  are  reed  that  have  a  substantial  reason ;  proofs  are 
piositive  when  they  give  the  mind  certainty  ;  a  plant  is  developed 
when  it  has  reached  its  completed  stage.  Real  estate  is  land,  to- 
gether with  trees,  water,  minerals,  or  other  natural  accompani- 


302 


ments,  and  any  permanent  structures  that  man  has  built  upon  it. 

Compare  authentic. 

Antonyms: 

conceived,        feigned,  illugory,  supposed,  unreal, 

fabulous,  fictitious,  iuiat^'iiiary,  supposititious,  untrue, 

fanciful,  hypothetical,  reported,  theoretical,  visionary. 


REASON,  V. 
Synonyms: 

argue,  debate,  discuss,    establisli,    question, 

contend,         demonstrate,    dispute,    prove,  -wrangle, 

controvert, 

To  reason  is  to  examine  by  means  of  the  reason,  to  prove  by 
reasoning,  or  to  influence  or  seek  to  influence  others  by  reasoning 
or  reasons.  Persons  may  contend  either  from  mere  ill  will  or  self= 
interest,  or  from  the  highest  motives  ;  "That  ye  should  earnestly 
contend  for  the  faith  wliicli  was  once  delivered  to  the  saints,"  Jude 
3.  To  argue  (L.  argue,  show)  is  to  make  a  matter  clear  by  reason- 
ing ;  to  discuss  (L.  dis,  apart,  and  quatio,  shake)  is,  etymologically, 
to  shake  it  apart  for  examination  and  analysis.  Demonstrate 
strictly  applies  to  mathematical  or  exact  reasoning  ;  prove  may  be 
used  in  the  same  sense,  but  is  often  applied  to  reasoning  upon  mat- 
ters of  fact  by  what  is  called  probable  evidence,  which  can  give 
only  moral  and  not  absolute  or  mathematical  certainty.  To  demon- 
strate is  to  force  the  mind  to  a  conclusion  by  irresistible  reason- 
ing ;  to  prove  is  rather  to  establish  a  fact  by  evidence  ;  as,  to  prove 
one  innocent  or  guilty.  That  which  has  been  either  demonstrated 
or  proved  so  as  to  secure  general  acceptance  is  said  to  be  estab- 
lished. Reason  is  a  neutral  woi-d,  not,  like  argue,  debate,  dis- 
cuss, etc.,  naturally  or  necessarily  implying  contest.  We  reason 
about  a  matter  by  bringing  up  all  that  reason  can  give  us  on  any 
side.  A  dispute  may  be  personal,  fractious,  and  petty  ;  a  debate 
is  formal  and  orderly ;  if  otherwise,  it  becomes  a  mere  wrangle. 
Prepositions : 

We  reason  ivith  a  j^erson  about  a  subject,  for  or  against  an 
opinion  ;  we  reason  a  person  into  or  out  of  a  course  of  action  ;  or 
we  may  reason  down  an  opponent  or  opposition  ;  one  reasons  from 
a  cause  to  an  effect. 


REASON,  n. 
Synonyms . 

account,         cause, ' "  end, 

aim,  consideration,    ground, 

argument,    design. 

While  the  cause  of  any  event,  act,  or  fact,  as  commonly  under- 


motive^, 
object. 


principle, 
purpose,— 


303  reasoning 

stood,  is  the  power  that  makes  it  to  be,  the  reason  of  or  for  it  is  the 
explanation  given  by  the  human  mind  ;  but  reason  is,  in  popular 
language,  often  used  as  equivalent  to  eause,  especially  in  the  sense 
of  final  C(i?(.se.J  In  the  statement  of  any  reasoning,  the  argument 
may  be  an  entire  syllogism,  or  the  i)remises  considered  together 
apart  from  the  conclusion,  or  in  logical  strictness  the  middle  term 
only  by  which  the  particular  conclusion  is  connected  with  the  gen- 
eral statement.  But  when  the  reasoning  is  not  in  strict  logical 
forni,  the  middle  term  following  the  conclusion  is  called  the  reason  ; 
thus  in  the  statement  "All  tyrants  deserve  death ;  Caesar  was  a 
tyrant ;  Therefore  Csesar  deserved  death,"  "Caesar  was  a  tyrant" 
would  in  the  strictest  sense  be  called  the  argument ;  but  if  we  say 
"  Cassar  deserved  death  because  he  was  a  tyrant,"  the  latter  clause 
would  be  termed  the  reason.    Compare  cause  ;  reason,  v.  ;  mind  ; 

REASONING. 

Prepositions  : 

The  reason  of  a  thing  that  is  to  be  exijlained  ;  the  reason  for  a 
thing  that  is  to  be  done. 


REASOKIMO. 

Synonyms  . 

argument,        argumentation,         debate,        ratiocination. 

Argumentation  and  debate,  in  the  ordinary  use  of  the  words, 
suppose  two  parties  alleging  reasons  for  and  against  a  i^roposi- 
tion  ;  the  same  idea  appears  figuratively  when  we  speak  of  a 
debate  or  an  argument  with  oneself,  or  of  a  debate  between  reason 
and  conscience.  Reasoning  may  be  the  act  of  one  alone,  as  it  is 
simply  the  orderly  setting  forth  of  reasons,  whether  for  the  in- 
struction of  inquirers,  the  confuting  of  opponents,  or  the  clear 
establishment  of  ti'uth  for  oneself.  Reasoning  may  be  either 
deductive  or  inductive.  Argument  or  argumentation  was  for- 
merly used  of  deductive  reasoning  only.  With  the  rise  of  the 
inductive  philosophy  these  words  have  come  to  be  applied  to 
inductive  processes  also  ;  but  while  reasoning  may  be  informal  or 
even  (as  far  as  tracing  its  processes  is  concerned)  unconscious. 
argument  and  argumentation  strictly  imply  logical  form.  Rea- 
soning, as  denoting  a  process,  is  a  broader  term  than  reason  or 
argument ;  many  arguments  or  reasons  may  be  included  in  a 
single  chain  of  reasoning. 


rebellious 
record 


304 


mutinous, 

refractory, 

seditious. 


uncontrollable, 
ungovernable , 
unmanageable. 


REB£L.L.IOrS. 

Synonyms ; 

contumacious , 
disobedient, 
insubordinate , 
intractable, 

RebelUoiis  signifies  being  in  a  state  of  rebellion  (see  rebellion 
under  revolution),  and  is  even  extended  to  inanimate  things  that 
resist  conti-ol  or  adaptation  to  human  use.  Ungovernable  applies 
to  that  which  successfully  defies  authority  and  power ;  unman- 
ageable  to  that  which  resists  the  utmost  exercise  of  skill  or  of 
skill  and  power  combined  ;  rehellious,  to  that  which  is  defiant  of 
authority,  whether  successfully  or  unsuccessfully  ;  seditious,  to 
that  which  partakes  of  or  tends  to  excite  a  rebellious  spirit,  sedi- 
tious suggesting  more  of  covert  plan,  scheming,  or  conspiracy, 
rebellions  more  of  overt  act  or  open  violence.  While  the  un- 
manageable or  ungovernable  defies  control,  the  rebellious  or 
seditious  may  be  forced  to  submission ;  as,  the  man  has  an  un 
governable  temper  ;  the  horses  became  unmanageable ;  he  tamed 
his  rebellious  spirit.  Insubordinate  applies  to  the  disposition  to 
resist  and  resent  control  as  svich ;  mutinous,  to  open  defiance  of 
authority,  especially  in  the  army,  navy,  or  merchant  marine.  A 
contumacious  act  or  spirit  is  contemptuous  as  well  as  defiant. 
Compare  obstinate;  revolution. 
Antonyms: 

compliant,  docile,  manageable,  Bubservleut, 

controllable,  dutiful,  obedient,  tractable, 

deferential,  gentle,  submissive,  yielding. 

Prepositions  : 

Rebellious  to  or  against  lawful  authority. 


Synonyms: 

account, 

archive, 

catalogiue, 

chronicle, 

document. 

RE:€0RI>. 

enrolment,              instrument, 
entry,                         inventory, 
enumeration,        memorandum, 
history.                     memorial, 
inscription,            muniment, 

register, 
roll, 

schedule, 
scroll. 

A  memo7^ial  is  any  object,  whether  a  writing,  a  monument,  or 
other  permanent  thing  that  is  designed  or  adapted  to  keep  some- 
thing in  remembrance.  Record  is  a  Avord  of  wide  signification, 
applying  to  any  wi-iting,  mark,  or  trace  that  serves  as  a  memorial 
giving  enduring  attestation  of  an  event  or  fact ;  an  extended  ac- 
count, chronicle,  or  history  is  a  record  ;  so,  too,  may  be  a  brief 
inventory  or  memorandum  ;  the  inscription  on  a  tombstone  is  a 
record  of  the  dead  ;  the  striae  on  a  rock=surface  are  the  record  of 


recover 
JOo  refinement 


a  glacier's  passage.  A  register  is  a  formal  or  official  written  record, 
especially  a  series  of  entries  made  for  preservation  or  reference  ; 
as,  a  register  of  births  and  deaths.  Archives,  in  the  sense  here 
considered,  are  documents  or  records,  often  legal  records,  pre- 
served in  a  public  or  official  deposito  ;  the  word  archives  is  also 
applied  to  the  place  where  such  docuvicnts  are  regularly  deposited 
and  preserved.  Muniments  (L.  munio,  fortify)  are  records  that 
enable  one  to  defend  his  title.     Compare  history  ;  story. 


RECOVER. 

Synonyms: 

be  cured  or  healed,     heal.  recuperate,     restore, 

be  restored,  reanimate,      regain,  resume, 

cure,  recruit,  repossess,        retrieve. 

The  transitive  use  of  recover  in  the  sense  of  cure,  Jieal,  etc.,  as 
in  2  Kings  v,  6,  "  That  thou  mayest  recover  him  of  his  leprosy,"  is 
now  practically  obsolete.  The  chief  transitive  use  of  recover  is 
in  the  sense  to  obtain  again  after  l(^sing,  regain,  repossess,  etc. ; 
as,  to  recover  stolen  goods ;  to  recover  health.  The  intransitive 
sense,  he  cured,  he  restored,  etc.,  is  very  common  ;  as,  to  recover 
fi'om  sickness,  terror,  or  misfortune. 
Antonyms  : 

die,  fail,  grow  wor.se,  relapse,  sink. 

Prepositions: 

From  ;  rarely  of ;  (Lair)  to  recover  judgment  against,  to  re- 
cover damages  of  or  from  a  person. 


REFI^EHEKT. 

Synonyms : 

civilization,    cultivation,    culture,    elegance,    politeness. 

Civilization  applies  to  nations,  denoting  the  sum  of  those  civil, 
social,  economic,  and  political  attainments  by  which  a  community 
is  removed  from  barbarism  ;  a  people  may  be  civilized  while  still 
far  from  refinement  or  culture,  but  civilization  is  susceptible  of 
various  degrees  and  of  continued  progress.  Refinement  ajaplies 
either  to  nations  or  individuals,  denoting  the  removal  of  what  is 
coarse  and  rude,  and  a  corresponding  attainment  of  what  is  deli- 
cate, elegant,  and  beautiful.  Cultivation,  denoting  primarily  the 
process  of  cultivating  the  soil  or  growing  crops,  then  the  improved 
condition  of  either  which  is  the  result,  is  applied  in  similar  sense 
to  the  human  mind  and  character,  but  in  this  usage  is  now  largely 
superseded  by  the  term  cidture,  which  denotes  a  high  develop- 
20 


refute  o^/i 

reliable  «****» 

ment  of  the  best  qualities  of  man's  mental  and  spiritual  nature, 
with  especial  reference  to  the  esthetic  faculties  and  to  graces  of 
speech  and  manner,  regarded  as  the  expression  of  a  refined  nature. 
Culture  in  the  fullest  sense  denotes  that  degree  of  refinement  and 
development  which  results  from  continued  cultivation  through  suc- 
cessive generations  ;  a  man's  faculties  may  be  brought  to  a  high 
degree  of  cultivation  in  some  specialty,  while  he  himself  remains 
uncultured  even  to  the  extent  of  coarseness  and  rudeness.  Com- 
pare HIIMANE  ;  POLITE. 

Autonyius : 

barbarism,  brutality,  coarseness,        rudeness,  savagery, 

boorishness,         clownishness,  grossness,         rusticity,  vulgarity. 


REFUTE. 

Synonyms: 

confound,       confute,       disprove,       overthrow,       repel. 

To  refute  and  to  confute  are  to  answer  so  as  to  admit  of  no 
reply.  To  refute  a  statement  is  to  demonstrate  its  falsity  by  ar- 
gument or  countervailing  proof  ;  confute  is  substantially  the  same 
in  meaning,  tho  differing  in  usage.  Refute  applies  either  to  argu- 
ments and  opinions  or  to  accusations ;  confide  is  not  applied  to 
accusations  and  charges,  but  to  arguments  or  opinions.  Refute  is 
not  now  applied  to  persons,  but  confute  is  in  good  vise  in  this  appli- 
cation ;  a  person  is  confuted  when  his  arguments  are  refuted. 


RELIABLE. 

Synonyms: 

trustworthy,       trusty. 

The  word  reliable  has  been  sharply  challenged,  but  seems  to 
have  established  its  place  in  the  language.  The  objection  to  its 
use  on  the  gi'ound  that  the  suffix  -able  can  not  properly  be  added 
to  an  intransitive  verb  is  answered  by  the  citation  of  such  words  as 
"available,"  "conversable,"  "laughable,"  and  the  like,  while,  in  the 
matter  of  usage,  reliable  has  the  authority  of  Coleridge,  Martineau. 
Mill,  Irving,  Newman,  Gladstone,  and  others  of  the  foremost  of 
recent  English  writers.  The  objection  to  the  application  of  relia- 
ble to  persons  is  not  sustained  by  the  use  of  the  verb  "rely,"  which 
is  applied  to  persons  in  the  authorized  version  of  the  Scriptures,  in 
the  writings  of  Shakespeare  and  Bacon,  and  in  the  usage  of  good 
speakers  and  wi-iters.  Trusty  and  trustirorthy  refer  to  inherent 
qualities  of  a  high  order,  trustivorthy  being  especiallj'  appHed  to 
persons,  and  denoting  moral  integi-ity  and  truthfulness  ;  we  speak 


307  religion 

of  a  trusty  sword,  a  trusty  servant ;  we  say  the  man  is  thoroughly 
trustiLiorthy.  Reliable  is  inferior  in  meaning,  denoting  merely 
the  possession  of  such  qualities  as  are  needed  for  safe  reliance  ;  as, 
a  reliable  pledge  ;  reliable  information.  A  man  is  said  to  be  reli- 
able with  reference  not  only  to  moral  qualities,  but  to  judgment, 
knowledge,  skill,  habit,  or  perhaps  pecuniary  ability  ;  a  thoroughly 
trustu'orthy  person  might  not  be  reliable  as  a  witness  on  account 
of  unconscious  sympathy,  or  as  a  security  by  reason  of  insufficient 
means.  A  reliable  messenger  is  one  who  may  be  depended  on  to 
do  his  errand  correctly  and  promptly ;  a  trusty  or  trustworthy 
messenger  is  one  who  may  be  admitted  to  knowledge  of  the  views 
and  purposes  of  those  who  employ  him,  and  who  will  be  faithful 
beyond  the  mere  letter  of  his  commission.  We  can  speak  of  a 
railroad=train  as  reliable  when  it  can  be  depended  on  to  arrive  on 
time  ;  but  to  speak  of  a  reliable  friend  would  be  cold,  and  to  speak 
of  a  warrior  girding  on  his  reliable  sword  would  be  ludicrous. 


RELICTION. 

Synoiiynis : 

devotion,    godliness,    morality,    piety,  theology, 

faith,  holiness,       pietism,       righteousness,    w^orship. 

Piety  is  primarily  filial  duty,  as  of  children  to  parents,  and 
hence,  in  its  highest  sense,  a  loving  obedience  and  service  to  God 
as  the  Heavenly  Father  ;  pietism  often  denotes  a  mystical,  some- 
times an  aflfected  piety ;  religion  is  the  reverent  acknowledgment 
both  in  heart  and  in  act  of  a  divine  being.  Religion,  in  the  fullest 
and  highest  sense,  includes  all  the  other  words  of  this  group.  Wor- 
ship)  may  be  external  and  formal,  or  it  may  be  the  adoring  rever- 
ence of  the  human  spirit  for  the  divine,  seeking  outward  expres- 
sion. Devotion,  which  in  its  fullest  sense  is  se]f=consecration,  is 
often  vised  to  denote  an  act  of  worsJiip,  especially  prayer  or  adora- 
tion ;  as,  he  is  engaged  in  his  devotions.  Morality  is  the  system 
and  practise  of  duty  as  required  by  the  moral  law,  consisting 
chiefly  in  outward  acts,  and  thus  may  be  observed  without  spirit- 
ual rectitude  of  heart ;  morality  is  of  necessity  included  in  all 
true  religion,  which  involves  both  outward  act  and  spiritual  serv- 
ice. Godliness  (primarily  godlikeness)  is  a  character  and  spirit 
like  that  of  God.  Holiness  is  the  highest,  sinless  perfection  of 
any  spirit,  whether  divine  or  human,  tho  often  used  for  purity  or 
for  consecration.  Theology  is  the  science  of  religion,  or  the  study 
and  scientific  statement  of  all  that  the  human  mind  can  know  of 


reluctant  oao 

remark  308 


God.     Faith,  strictly  the  belief  and  trust  which  the  soul  exercises 
toward  God,  is  often  used  as  a  comprehensive  word  for  a  w^hole 
system  of  religion  considered  as  the  object  of  faith ;  as,  the  Chris- 
tian faith  ;  the  Mohammedan  faith. 
Antonyms : 

atheism,  godlessness,         irreligion,         sacrilege,         ungodliness, 

blasphemy,  impiety,  profanity,  unbelief,  wickedness. 


RELIJCTAXT. 

Synonyms: 

averse.  disinclined,  loatli,  slow, 

backward,  indisposed,  opposed,  unwilling. 

Reluctant  (L.  re,  back,  and  lucto,  strive,  struggle)  signifies 
struggling  against  what  one  is  urged  or  impelled  to  do,  or  is  actu- 
ally doing  ;  averse  (L,  a,  from,  and  verto,  turn)  signifies  turned 
away  as  with  dislike  or  repugnance ;  loath  (AS.  lath,  evil,  hate- 
ful) signifies  having  a  rej^ugnance,  disgust,  or  loathing  for.  tho  the 
adjective  loath  is  not  so  strong  as  the  verb  loathe.  A  dunce  is  al- 
ways averse  to  study  ;  a  good  student  is  disinclined  to  it  when  a 
fine  morning  tempts  him  out  ;  he  is  indisposed  to  it  in  some  hour 
of  weariness.  A  man  may  be  sloiv  or  backward  in  entering  upon 
that  to  which  he  is  by  no  means  averse.  A  man  is  loath  to  believe 
evil  of  his  friend,  reluclant  to  speak  of  it,  absolutely  unwilling  to 
use  it  to  his  injury.  A  legislator  may  be  opposed  to  a  certain 
measure,  while  not  averse  to  what  it  aims  to  accomplish.  Com- 
pare ANTIPATHY. 
Antonyms: 
desirous,  disposed,  eager,  favorable,  inclined,  willing. 


REMARK. 

Synonyms : 

annotation,     comment,     note,      observation,     utterance. 

A  remark  is  a  saying  or  brief  statement,  oral  or  wi-itten, 
commonly  made  without  much  premeditation  ;  a  comment 
is  an  explanatory  or  critical  remark,  as  upon  some  passage 
in  a  literary  work  or  some  act  or  speech  in  common  life.  A 
note  is  something  to  call  attention,  hence  a  brief  written 
statement ;  in  correspondence,  a  note  is  briefer  than  a  letter.  A 
note  upon  some  passage  in  a  book  is  briefer  and  less  elaborate  than 
a  comment.  Annotations  are  especially  brief  notes,  commonly 
marginal,  and  closely  following  the  text.  Comments,  observations, 
or  remarks  may  be  oral  or  written,  comments  being  oftenest  writ- 
ten, and  remarks  oftenest  oral.     An  observation  is  properly  the 


oi\A  rend 

<>*»9  renounce 

result  of  fixed  attention  and  reflection  ;  a  I'emarTc  may  be  the  sug- 
gestion of  the  instant.     Remarhs  are  more  informal  than  a  speech. 


REAiTD. 

Synonyms: 

break,    cleave,  mangle,       rive,  sever,    sunder, 

burst,     lacerate,      rip,  rupture,      slit,         tear. 

Rend  and  ^ear  are  applied  to  the  separating  of  textile  substances 
into  parts  by  force  violently  applied  {rend  also  to  frangible  sub- 
stances), tear  being  the  milder,  rend  the  stronger  word.  Rive  is  a 
wood=workers'  word  for  parting  wood  in  the  way  of  the  grain 
without  a  clean  cut.  To  lacerate  is  to  tear  rovighly  the  flesh  or 
animal  tissue,  as  by  the  teeth  of  a  wild  beast ;  a  lacerated  wound 
is  distinguished  from  a  wound  made  by  a  clean  cut  or  incision. 
Mangle  is  a  stronger  word  than  lacerate  ;  lacerate  is  more  super- 
ficial, mangle  more  complete.  To  burst  or  riqiture  is  to  tear  or 
rend  by  force  from  within,  burst  denoting  the  greater  violence ; 
as,  to  burst  a  gun  ;  to  7'iipture  a  blood= vessel ;  a  steam =boiler  may 
be  ruptured  when  its  substance  is  made  to  divide  by  internal  pres- 
sure without  explosion.  To  rip,  as  usually  applied  to  garments  or 
other  articles  made  by  sewing  or  stitching,  is  to  divide  along  the 
line  of  a  seam  by  cutting  or  breaking  the  stitches  ;  the  other  senses 
bear  some  resemblance  or  analogy  to  this ;  as,  torip  open  a  wound. 
Compare  break. 

Antonyms  : 

heal,    join,    mend,    reunite,    secure,    sew,    solder,    stitch,    unite,  weld. 


REXOr^CE. 

Synonyms : 

abandon, 

disavow,       disow^n,           recant. 

repudiate 

abjure. 

discard,         forsw^ear,        refuse, 

retract. 

deny. 

disclaim,       recall,              reject. 

revoke. 

Abjure,  discard,  forswear,  recall,  recant,  renounce,  retract, 
and  revoke,  hke  abandon,  imply  some  previous  connection.  Re- 
nounce (L.  re,  back,  and  nuntio,  bear  a  message)  is  to  declare 
against  and  give  up  formally  and  definitively  ;  as,  to  renounce  the 
pomps  and  vanities  of  the  world.  Recant  (L.  re,  back,  and  capita, 
sing)  is  to  take  back  or  de^iy  formally  and  publicly,  as  a  belief  that 
one  has  held  or  professed.  Retract  (L.  re,  back,  and  tralio,  draw) 
is  to  take  back  something  that  one  has  said  as  not  true  or  as  what 
one  is  not  ready  to  maintain  ;  as,  to  retract  a  charge  or  accusation; 
one  recants  what  was  especially  his  own,  he  retracts  what  was  di- 


repentance  310 

rected  against  another.  Repudiate  (L.  re,  back,  or  away,  and 
pudeo,  feel  shame)  is  primarily  to  renounce  as  shameful,  hence  to 
divorce,  as  a  wife;  thus  in  general  to  put  away  with  emphatic  and 
determined  repulsion  ;  as,  to  repudiate  a  debt.  To  deny  is  to  affirm 
to  be  not  true  or  not  binding ;  as,  to  deny  a  statement  or  a  rela- 
tionship ;  or  to  refuse  to  grant  as  something  requested ;  as,  his 
mother  could  not  deny  him  what  he  desired.  To  discard  is  to  cast 
away  as  useless  or  worthless  ;  thus,  one  discards  a  worn  garment ; 
a  coquette  discards  a  lover.  RevoTte  (L.  re,  back,  and  voco,  call), 
etymologically  the  exact  equivalent  of  the  English  recall,  is  to 
take  back  something  given  or  granted  ;  as,  to  revoke  a  command, 
a  will,  or  a  grant ;  recall  may  be  used  in  the  exact  sense  of  revoke, 
but  is  often  applied  to  persons,  as  revoke  is  not ;  we  recall  a  mes- 
senger and  revoke  the  order  with  which  he  was  charged.  Abjure 
(L.  ab,  away,  and  jura,  swear)  is  etymologically  the  exact  equiva- 
lent of  the  Saxon  foi'stvear,  signifying  to  put  away  formally  and 
under  oath,  as  an  error,  heresy,  or  evil  practise,  or  a  condemned 
and  detested  j^erson.  A  man  abjures  his  religion,  recants  his 
belief,  abjures  or  renounces  his  aUegiance,  repudiates  another's 
claim,  renounces  his  own,  retracts  a  false  statement.  A  person 
may  deny,  disavoiv,  disclaim,  disoivn  what  has  been  truly  or 
falsely  imputed  to  him  or  supposed  to  be  liis.  He  may  deny  his 
signature,  disallow  the  act  of  his  agent,  disoivn  his  child  ;  he  may 
repudiate  a  just  claim  or  a  base  suggestion.  A  native  of  the 
United  States  can  not  abjure  or  renounce  allegiance  to  the  Queen 
of  England,  but  will  promptly  deny  or  repudiate  it.     Compare 

ABANDON. 

Antonyms: 

acknowledge,     assert,    cherish,     defend,     maintain,      proclaim,      uphold, 
advocate,  avow,     claim,        hold,  own,  retain,  vindicate. 


REPEIVTANCE. 

Synonyms: 

compunction,    contriteness,     regret.         self-condemnation, 
contrition,  penitence,  remorse,     sorrow. 

Regret  is  sorroiv  for  any  painful  or  annoying  matter.     One  is 

moved  with  penitence  for  wi-ong=doing.     To  speak  of  regret  for  a 

fault  of  our  own  marks  it  as  slighter  than  one  regarding  which  we 

should  express  penitence.     Reptentance  is  sorrow  for  sin  with  self= 

condemnation,  and  complete  turning  from  the  sin.     Penitence  is 

transient,  and  may  involve  no  change  of  character  or  conduct. 

There  may  be  sorroiv  without  repentance,  as  for  consequences 


report 
«»**■  reproof 

only,  but  not  repentance  without  sorroui.  CompuncHoa  is  a  mo- 
mentary sting  of  conscience,  in  view  either  of  a  past  or  of  a  con- 
templated act.  Contrition  is  a  svibduing  sorroiv  for  sin,  as  against 
the  divine  holiness  and  love.  Remorse  is,  as  its  derivation  indi- 
cates, a  biting  or  gnawing  back  of  guilt  upon  the  heart,  with  no 
turning  of  heart  from  the  sin,  and  no  suggestion  of  divine  forgive- 
ness. 
Antonyms : 

approval,  content,  obduracy,  self-complacency, 

comfort,  hardness,  obstinacy,  self=congratulation, 

complacency,  impenitence,  aelf=approval,  stubbornness. 

Prepojsitlons : 

Repentance  of  or  in  heart,  or  from  the  heart ;  repentance  for 
sins ;  before  or  toicard  God  ;  unto  life. 


REPORT. 

Synonyms: 

account,  narrative,      rehearsal,    rumor,  story, 

description,      recital,  relation,        statement,      tale, 

narration,         record, 

Account  carries  the  idea  of  a  commercial  summary.  A  state- 
ment is  definite,  confined  to  essentials  and  jjroperly  to  matters 
within  the  personal  knowledge  of  the  one  Vvdio  states  them  ;  as,  an 
ante=mortem  statement.  A  narrative  is  a  somewhat  extended 
and  embellished  account  of  events  in  order  of  time,  ordinarily  with 
a  view  to  please  or  entertain.  A  description  gives  especial  scope 
to  the  pictorial  element.  A  report  (L.  re.  back,  and  porto,  Ibring), 
as  its  etymology  imjjlies,  is  something  brought  back,  as  by  one 
sent  to  obtain  information,  and  may  be  concise  and  formal  or 
highly  descriptive  and  dramatic.     Compare  allegory  ;  history  ; 

RECORD. 


REPROOF. 

Synonyms: 

admonition,  chiding,  disapproval,       reprimand, 

animadversion,  comment,  objurgation,        reproach, 

blame,  condemnation,  rebuke,  reproval, 

censure,  criticism,  reflection,  upbraiding, 

check,  denunciation,     reprehension, 

Blame,  censure,  and  disapproval  may  either  be  felt  or  uttered  ; 
comment,  criticism,  rebuke,  reflection,  reprehension,  and  reproof 
are  always  expressed.  The  same  is  true  of  admonition  and  ani- 
madversion. Comment  and  criticism  may  be  favorable  as  well  as 
censorious  ;  they  imply  no  superiority  or  authority  on  the  part  of 
him  who  utters  them ;  nor  do  reflection  or  reprehension,  wliich 


reprove  31i2 

are  simply  turning  the  mind  back  upon  what  is  disapproved.  Rep- 
rehension is  supposed  to  be  calm  and  just,  and  with  good  intent ; 
it  is  therefore  a  serious  jjiatter,  however  mild,  and  is  capable  of 
great  force,  as  expressed  in  the  phrase  severe  reprehension.  Re- 
flection is  often  from  mere  ill  feeling,  and  is  likely  to  be  more  per- 
sonal and  less  impartial  than  reprehension ;  "sve  often  speak  of 
unkind  or  unjust  reflections.  Rebuke,  literally  a  stopping  of  the 
mouth,  is  administered  to  a  forward  or  hasty  person  ;  rejjroof  is 
administered  to  one  intentionally  or  deliberately  ^'STong  ;  both 
words  imply  authority  in  the  reprover,  and  direct  expression  of 
disap)proval  to  the  face  of  the  person  rebuked  or  reproved.  Rep- 
rimand is  official  censure  formally  administered  by  a  superior  to 
one  under  his  command.  Animadversion  is  censure  of  a  high, 
authoritative,  and  somewhat  formal  kind.  Rebuke  may  be  given 
at  the  outset,  or  in  the  midst  of  an  action  ;  animadversion,  reflec- 
tion, reprehension,  7-eproof,  always  follow  the  act ;  admonition  is 
anticipatory,  and  meant  to  be  preventive.  Check  is  allied  to  re- 
buke, and  given  before  or  during  action  ;  chiding  is  nearer  to  re- 
proof, but  with  more  of  personal  bitterness  and  less  of  authority. 
Compare  condemn  ;  reprove. 
Antonyiiis: 

applause,  approval,  encomium,      eulogy,     panegyric,     praise, 

approbation,     commendation, 


REPROVE. 

Synonyms  : 

admonisli,  condemn,  reprimand, 

blame,  expostulate  w^ith,  reproach, 

censure,  find  fault  witli,  take  to  task, 

chasten,  rehuke,  upbraid, 

check,  remonstrate  with,  warn, 

chide,  reprehend, 

To  censure  is  to  pronounce  an  adverse  judgment  that  may  or 
may  not  be  expressed  to  the  person  censured ;  to  reprove  is  to 
censure  authoritatively,  openly,  and  directly  to  the  face  of  the  per- 
son reproved  ;  to  rebuke  is  to  reprove  with  sharpness,  and  often  with 
abruptness,  usually  in  the  midst  of  some  action  or  course  of  action 
deemed  censurable  ;  to  reprimand  is  to  reprove  officially  ;  to 
blame  is  a  familiar  word  signifying  to  pass  censure  upon,  make 
answerable,  as  for  a  fault ;  blame  and  censure  apply  either  to  per- 
sons or  acts ;  reprove  and  rebuke  are  appUed  chiefly,  and  repri- 
mand exclusively  to  persons.  To  reproach  is  to  censure  openly  and 
vehemently,  and  with  intense  personal  feeling  as  of  gi-ief  or  anger  ; 
as,  to  reproach  one  for  ingi-atitude  ;  reproach  knows  no  distinc- 


requite 
313  rest 


tion  of  rank  or  character ;  a  subject  may  reproach  a  king  or  a 
criminal  a  judge.  To  expostulate  or  remonstrate  tvUh  is  to  mingle 
reasoning  and  appeal  with  censure  in  the  hope  of  winning  one  from 
his  evil  way,  expostulate  being  the  gentler,  remonstrate  the  se- 
verer word.  Admonish  is  the  mildest  of  reproving  words,  and  may 
even  be  used  of  giving  a  caution  or  warning  where  no  wrong  is  im- 
plied, or  of  simjjly  reminding  of  duty  which  might  be  forgotten. 
Censure,  rebuke,  and  reprove  apply  to  wrong  that  has  been  done  ; 
warn  and  admonish  refer  to  anticipated  error  or  fault.  When 
one  is  adrnonished  because  of  wrong  ah*eady  done,  the  view  is  still 
future,  that  he  may  not  repeat  or  continue  in  the  wi-ong.  Com- 
pare CONDEMN  ;  REPROOF. 
Antonyms: 

abet,  approve,  countenance,  impel,  instigate, 

applaud,  cheer,  encourage,  incite,  urge  on. 


REQUITE. 

Synonyms : 

avenge,  punisli,  remunerate,  revenge, 

compensate,       quit.  repay,  rew^ard, 

pay,  reciprocate,         retaliate,  satisfy, 

pay  off,  recompense,        return,  settle  w^ith. 

To  rejjay  or  to  retaliate,  to  jiui^i'^h  or  to  reward,  may  be  to 
make  some  return  very  inadequate  to  the  benefit  or  injury  re- 
ceived, or  the  right  or  wrong  done  ;  but  to  requite  (according  to 
its  etymology)  is  to  make  so  full  and  adequate  a  return  as  to  quit 
oneself  of  all  obligation  of  favor  or  hostility,  of  punishment  or  re- 
ivard.  Requite  is  often  used  in  the  more  general  sense  of  recom- 
pense or  repay,  but  always  with  the  suggestion,  at  least,  of  the 
original  idea  of  full  equivalent ;  when  one  speaks  of  requiting 
kindness  with  ingi-atitude,  the  expression  gains  force  from  the 
comparison  of  the  actual  with  the  proper  and  appropriate  return. 
Compare  pay. 
Antonyms: 

absolve,  excuse,  forgive,  overlook,  pass  over, 

acquit,  forget,  neglect,  pardon,  slight. 

Preposition  : 

To  requite  injury  with  injury  is  human,  but  not  Christian. 


REST. 

Synonyms: 

calm,  pause,  quietness,  slumber, 

calmness,  peace,  quietude,  stay, 

cessation,  peacefulness,      recreation,  stillness, 

ease,  quiescence,  repose,  stop, 

intermission,  quiet,  sleep,  tranquillity. 

Ease  denotes  freedom   from  cause    of  disturbance,    whether 


restive 


314 


external  or  internal.  Quiet  denotes  freedom  from  agitation,  or 
especially  from  annoying  sounds.  Rest  is  a  cessation  of  activity, 
especially  of  wearying  or  painful  activity.  Recreation  is  some 
pleasing  activity  of  certain  organs  or  faculties  that  affords  rest  to 
other  parts  of  our  nature  that  have  become  weary.  Repose  is 
a  laying  down,  ijrimarily  of  the  body,  and  figuratively  a  similar 
freedom  from  toil  or  strain  of  mind.  Repose  is  more  complete 
than  rest ;  a  pause  is  a  momentary  cessation  of  activity  ;  a  black- 
smith finds  a  temporary  rest  while  the  iron  is  heating,  but  he  does 
not  yield  to  repose  ;  in  a  pause  of  battle  a  soldier  rests  on  his  arms  ; 
after  the  battle  the  victor  rep>oses  on  his  laurels.  Sleep  is  the  per- 
fection of  repose,  the  most  complete  rest ;  slumber  is  a  light  and 
ordinarily  pleasant  form  of  .sZeejj.  In  the  figvirative  sense,  rest 
of  mind,  soul,  conscience,  is  not  mere  cessation  of  activity,  but  a 
pleasing,  tranquil  relief  from  all  painful  and  wearying  activity ; 
repose  is  even  more  deep,  tranquil,  and  complete. 


Autonyms : 

agitation, 

commotion, 

disquiet, 


disturbance, 
excitement, 
motion. 


movement, 

restlessness, 
rusli, 


stir, 

strain, 

toil, 


tumult, 
unrest, 
work. 


RESTIVE. 


Synoiiyms: 

balky, 

fidgety, 

fractious, 

fretful, 

frisky, 


impatient, 

intractable, 

mulish, 

mutinous, 

obstinate, 


rebellious, 

recalcitrant, 

refractory, 

resentful, 

restiflf, 


restless, 

skittish. 

stubborn, 

unruly, 

vicious. 


Balky,  mulish,  obstinate,  and  stubborn  are  synonyms  of  restive 
only  in  an  infrequent  if  not  obsolete  use  ;  the  supposed  sense  of 
"  tending  to  rest,"  "  standing  stubbornly  still,"  is  scarcely  supported 
by  any  examples,  and  those  cited  to  support  that  meaning  often 
fail  to  do  so.  The  disposition  to  offer  active  resistance  to  control 
by  any  means  whatever  is  what  is  commonly  indicated  by  restive 
in  the  best  English  speech  and  literature.  Dry  den  speaks  of  "  the 
pampered  colt"  as  "  restiff  to  the  rein  ";  but  the  rein  is  not  used 
to  propel  a  horse  forward,  but  to  hold  him  in,  and  it  is  against  this 
that  he  is  "  restiff."  A  horse  may  be  made  restless  by  flies  or  by 
martial  music,  but  with  no  refi-actoriness  ;  the  restive  animal  im- 
patiently resists  or  struggles  to  break  from  control,  as  by  bolting, 
flinging  his  rider,  or  otherwise.  With  this  the  metaphorical  use 
of  the  word  agrees,  which  is  always  in  the  sense  of  such  terms  as 
impatient,  intractable,  rebellious,  and  the  like  ;  a  people  restive 


315 


rcfsti'siiii, 
retirement 


under  despotism  are  not  disposed  to  "  rest"  under  it.  but  to  resist 
it  and  fling  it  off. 
Aiitonyiii!!i : 


docile, 
gentle, 


manageable, 
obedient. 


passive, 
peaceable, 


quiet, 
submissive, 


tractable, 
yielding. 


RESTRAIN. 


Synonyms : 

abridge, 
bridle, 
check, 

circumscribe , 
confine. 


constrain, 
curb, 
hinder, 
bold, 
hold  back. 


hold  in, 
keep, 

keep  back, 
keep  down, 
keep  in. 


keep  under, 

repress, 

restrict, 

suppress, 

withhold. 


To  restrain  is  to  hold  back  from  acting,  proceeding,  or  advan- 
cing, either  by  physical  or  moral  force.  Constrain  is  positive ; 
restrain  is  negative  ;  one  is  constrained  to  an  action ;  he  is  re- 
strained from  an  action.  Constrain  refers  almost  exclusively  to 
moral  force,  restrain  frequently  to  physical  force,  as  when  we 
speak  of  putting  one  under  resti'aint.  To  restrain  an  action  is  to 
hold  it  partially  or  wholly  in  check,  so  that  it  is  under  pressure 
even  while  it  acts  ;  to  restrict  an  action  is  to  fix  a  limit  or  bound- 
ary which  it  may  not  pass,  but  within  which  it  is  free.  To  repress, 
literally  to  press  back,  is  to  hold  in  check,  and  perhaps  only  tem- 
porarily, that  which  is  still  very  active  ;  it  is  a  feebler  word  than 
restrain  ;  to  suppress  is  finally  and  effectually  to  put  down  ;  sup- 
press is  a  much  stronger  word  than  restrain  ;  as,  to  suppress  a 
rebellion.  Compare  arrest  ;  bind  ;  keep. 
Antonyms : 


aid, 
animate, 


arouse, 
emancipate. 


encourage, 
excite, 


free, 
impel. 


incite, 
let  loose, 


release, 
set  free. 


RETIREMENT. 

Synonyms  : 

loneliness,  privacy,  seclusion,  solitude. 

In  retirement  one  withdraws  from  association  he  has  had  with 
others  ;  we  speak  of  the  retirement  of  a  public  man  to  private 
life,  tho  he  may  still  be  much  in  company.  In  seclusion  one 
shuts  himself  away  from  the  society  of  all  except  intimate  friends 
or  attendants  ;  in  solitude  no  other  person  is  present.  While  se- 
clusion is  ordinarily  voluntary,  solitude  may  ■  be  enforced  ;  we 
speak  of  the  solitude  rather  than  the  seclusion  of  a  prisoner.  As 
' '  private  "  denotes  what  concerns  ourselves  individually,  privacy 
denotes  freedom  from  the  presence  or  observation  of  those  not 
concerned  or  whom  we  desire  not  to  have  concerned  in  our  affairs; 


revelation  o^x. 

revenge  «*lo 


privacy  is  more  commonly  temporary  than  seclusion  ;  we  speak 
of  a  moment's  privacy.  There  may  be  loneliness  without  solitude, 
as  amid  an  unsympathizing  crowd,  and  solitude  without  loneliness, 
as  when  one  is  glad  to  be  alone. 

Antonyms : 

association,      companionship,       company,      converse,     fellowship,     society. 


REVELATION. 

Synonyms: 

apocalypse,  disclosure,  manifestation. 

Revelation  (L.  re,  back,  and  velum,  veil),  literally  an  unveiling, 
is  the  act  or  process  of  making  known  what  was  before  secret  or 
hidden,  or  what  may  still  be  future.  Apocalypse  (Gr.  apo,  from, 
and  lialypto,  cover),  literally  an  uncovering,  comes  into  English 
as  the  name  of  the  closing  book  of  the  Bible.  The  Apocalypse 
unveils  the  future,  as  if  to  the  very  gaze  of  the  seer ;  the  whole 
gospel  is  a  disclosure  of  the  mercy  of  God  ;  the  character  of  Clu-ist 
is  a  manifestation  of  the  divine  holiness  and  love  ;  all  Scripture  is 
a  revelation  of  the  divine  will.  Or  we  might  say  that  nature  is  a 
manifestation  of  the  divine  character  and  will,  of  which  Scripture 
is  the  fuller  and  more  express  revelation. 

Antonyms : 

cloud,  concealment,  mistery,  shrouding, 

cloudiness,  hiding,  obscuration,  veiling. 


REVENGE. 

Synonyms  : 

avenging,        retaliation,        retribution,         vengeance, 
requital. 

Revenge  is  the  act  of  making  return  for  an  injury  done  to  one- 
self by  doing  injury  to  another  person.  Retaliation  and  revenge 
are  personal  and  often  bitter.  Retaliation  may  be  partial ;  re- 
venge is  meant  to  be  complete,  and  may  be  excessive.  Vengeance, 
which  once  meant  an  indignant  vindication  of  justice,  now  signi- 
fies the  most  furious  and  unsparing  revenge.  Revenge  emphasizes 
more  the  personal  injury  in  return  for  which  it  is  inflicted,  venge- 
ance the  ill  desert  of  those  upon  whom  it  is  inflicted.  A  requital 
is  strictly  an  even  return,  such  as  to  quit  one  of  obligation  for 
what  has  been  received,  and  even  if  poor  or  unworthy  is  given  as 
complete  and  adequate.  Avenging  and  retrilmtion  give  a  solemn 
sense  of  exact  justice,  avenging  being  more  personal  in  its  inflic- 
tion, whether  by  God  or  man,  and  retribution  the  impersonal  vis- 


317  revolution 

itation  of  the  doom  of  righteous  law.    Compare  avenge  ;  hatred  ; 

REQUITE. 

Antouyms:  ^ 

compassion,        forgiveness,        mercy,        pardon,        pity,        reconciliation, 
excuse,  grace. 

Prepositions : 

To  take  revenge  upon  the  enemy,  for  the  injury. 


REVOLUTIOIV. 

Synonyms . 

anarchy,  insurrection,  revolt, 

confusion,  la^vlessness,  riot, 

disintegration,  mutiny,  sedition, 

disorder,  rebellion,  tumult, 

insubordination, 

The  essential  idea  of  revolution  is  a  change  in  the  form  of  gov- 
ernment or  constitution,  or  a  change  of  rulers,  otherwise  than  as 
provided  by  the  laws  of  succession,  election,  etc.  ;  while  such 
change  is  apt  to  involve  armed  hostilities,  these  make  no  necessary 
part  of  the  revolution.  The  I'evolution  by  which  Dom  Pedro  was 
dethroned,  and  Brazil  changed  from  an  empire  to  a  republic,  was 
accomplished  without  a  battle,  and  almost  without  a  shot.  An- 
archy refers  to  the  condition  of  a  state  when  liuman  government 
is  superseded  or  destroyed  by  factions  or  other  causes.  Lawless- 
ness is  a  temper  of  mind  or  condition  of  the  community  which 
may  result  in  anarchy.  Confusion,  disorder,  riot,  and  tuvmlt  are 
incidental  and  temporary  outbreaks  of  laidessness,  but  may  not  be 
anarchy.  Insubordination  is  individual  disobedience.  Sedition 
is  the  plotting,  rebellion  the  fighting,  against  the  existing  goveruT 
ment.  but  always  with  the  purpose  of  establishing  some  other 
government  in  its  place.  When  rebellion  is  successful  it  is  called 
revolution  ;  but  there  may  be  revolution  without  rebellion  ;  as, 
the  English  Revolution  of  1688.  A  revolt  is  an  uprising  against 
existing  authority  without  the  comprehensive  views  of  change  in 
the  form  or  administration  of  government  that  are  involved  in 
revolution.  Anarchy,  when  more  than  temporary  disorder,  is  a 
proposed  disintegration  of  society,  in  which  it  is  imagined  that 
social  order  might  exist  without  government.  Slaves  make  tJi- 
surrection  ;  soldiers  or  sailors  break  out  in  mutiny  ;  subject  prov- 
inces rise  in  revolt.    Comi^are  socialism. 

Antonyms: 

autliority, 
command, 
control, 


domination. 

government, 

obedience. 

sovereignty, 

dominion, 

law. 

order. 

submission, 

empire. 

loyalty. 

rule, 

supremacy. 

revolve  oie 

riddle,  n.  «**' 

REVOLVE. 

Synonyms: 

roll,       rotate,       turn. 

Any  round  body  rolls  which  continuously  touches  with  succes- 
sive portions  of  its  surface  successive  portions  of  anotlier  surface  ; 
a  wagon=\vheel  rolls  along  the  ground.  To  rotate  is  said  of  a  body 
that  has  a  circular  motion  about  its  own  center  or  axis  ;  to  revolve 
is  said  of  a  body  that  moves  in  a  curving  path,  as  a  circle  or  an 
ellipse,  about  a  center  outside  of  itself,  so  as  to  return  periodically 
to  the  same  relative  position  that  it  held  at  some  previous 
time.  A  revolving  body  may  also  either  rotate  or  roll  at  the  same 
time ;  the  earth  revolves  around  the  sun,  and  rotates  on  its  own 
axis  ;  in  popular  usage,  the  earth  is  often  said  to  revolve  about  its 
own  axis,  or  to  have  a  daily  "re vohition,"  but  rotate  and  "rotation" 
are  the  more  accurate  terms.  A  cylinder  over  which  an  endless 
belt  is  drawn  is  said  to  roll  as  regards  the  belt,  tho  it  rotates  as 
regards  its  own  axis.  Any  object  that  is  in  contact  with  or  con- 
nected with  a  rolling  body  is  often  said  to  roll ;  as,  the  car  rolls 
smoothly  along  the  track.  Objects  whose  motion  approximates  or 
suggests  a  rotary  motion  along  a  supporting  surface  are  also  said 
to  roll ;  as,  ocean  waves  roll  in  upon  the  shore,  or  the  ship  rolls  in 
the  trough  of  the  sea.  Turn  is  a  conversational  and  popular 
word  often  used  vaguely  for  rotate  or  revolve,  or  for  any  motion 
about  a  fixed  point,  especially  for  a  motion  less  than  a  complete 
" rotation "  or  "revolution '";  a  man  turns  his  head  or  turns  on  his 
heel ;  the  gate  turns  on  its  hinges. 

Antonyms  : 

bind,        chafe,        grind,        slide,        slip,        stand,        stick. 


RIDDEE,  n. 
Synonyms: 

conundrum,      enigma,     paradox,     problem,     puzzle. 

Conundrum,  a  word  of  unknown  origin,  signifies  some  ques- 
tion or  statement  in  which  some  hidden  and  fanciful  resemblance 
is  involved,  the  answer  often  depending  upon  a  pun  ;  an  enigma 
is  a  dark  saying,  a  paradox  is  a  true  statement  that  at  first 
appears  absurd  or  contradictory  ;  a  problem  is  something  thrown 
out  for  solution  ;  puzzle  (from  oppose)  referred  originally  to  the 
intricate  arguments  by  which  dispu.tants  opposed  each  other  in 
the  old  philosophic  schools.  The  riddle  is  an  ambiguous  or  para- 
doxical statement  with  a  hidden  meaning  to  be  guessed  by  the 
mental  acuteness  of  the  one  to  whom  it  is  proposed ;  the  riddle  is 


tun  rlglit,  w. 

319  rise 

not  so  petty  as  the  conundrum,  and  may  require  much  acuteness 
for  its  answer  ;  a  problem  may  require  simply  study  and  scholar- 
ship, as  n,  problem  in  mathematics  ;  &,]j}izzle  may  be  in  something 
other  than  verbal  statement,  as  a  dissected  map  or  any  perplexing 
mechanical  contrivance.  Both  enigma  and  puzzle  may  be  applied 
to  any  matter  difficult  of  answer  or  solution,  enigma  conveying 
an  idea  of  greater  dignity,  puzzle  applying  to  something  more 
commonplace  and  meclianical  ;  there  are  many  dark  enigmas  in 
human  life  and  in  the  course  of  providence ;  the  location  of  a 
missing  object  is  often  a  imzzle. 
Antonyins : 

answer,  axiom,  explanation,  proposition,  solution. 


RIOHT,  n. 

Synonyms  : 

claim,  franchise,  liberty,  prerogative, 

exemption,  immunity,  license,  privilege. 

A  rigli  t  is  that  which  one  may  properly  demand  upon  consider- 
ations of  justice,  morality,  equity,  or  of  natural  or  positive  law.  A 
right  may  be  either  general  or  special,  natural  or  artificial.  ' '  Life, 
liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness  "  are  the  natural  and  inalien- 
able rights  of  all  men;  rights  of  property,  inheritance,  etc.,  are 
individual  and  special,  and  often  artificial,  as  the  right  of  inherit- 
ance by  primogeniture.  Aprivilege  is  always  special,  exceptional, 
and  artificial ;  it  is  something  not  enjoyed  by  all,  or  only  to  be 
enjoyed  on  certain  special  conditions,  a  peculiar  benefit,  favor, 
advantage,  etc.  A  privilege  may  be  of  doing  or  avoiding  ;  in  the 
latter  case  it  is  an  exemption  or  immunity ;  as,  a  jprivilege  of 
hunting  or  fishing ;  exemption  from  military  service ;  immunity 
from  arrest.  A  franchise  is  a  specific  right  or  privilege  granted 
by  the  government  or  established  as  such  by  governmental  author- 
ity ;  as,  the  elective  franchise  ;  a  railroad  franchise.  A  p)rerog- 
ative  is  an  official  right  or  privilege,  especially  one  inherent  in  the 
royal  or  sovereign  power  ;  in  a  wider  sense  it  is  an  exclusive  and 
peculiar  privilege  which  one  possesses  by  reason  of  being  what  he 
is ;  as,  reason  is  the  prerogative  of  man ;  kings  and  nobles  have 
often  c\?dvaed  prerogatives  and  privileges  opposed  to  the  inherent 
rights  of  the  people.     Compare  duty  ;  justice. 


RI^E. 

Synonyms  : 

arise,    ascend,    emanate,    flow,    issue,    proceed,    spring. 

To  rise  is  to  move  up  or  upward  whether  slowly  or  quickly. 


robber 

royal  320 


whether  through  the  least  or  greatest  distance ;  the  waves  rise  ; 
the  mists  rise  ;  the  river  rises  after  heavy  rains  ;  as  said  of  persons, 
to  rise  is  to  come  to  an  erect  position  after  kneeling,  sitting,  recli- 
ning, or  lying  down  ;  as,  to  rise  from  a  sick=bed  ;  my  friend  rose 
as  I  entered  ;  the  guests  rose  to  depart ;  so  a  deliberative  assembly 
or  a  committee  is  said  to  rise  when  it  breaks  up  a  session  ;  a  sun 
or  star  rises  when  to  our  apprehension  it  comes  above  the  horizon 
and  begins  to  go  up  the  sky.  To  ascend  is  to  go  far  upward,  and 
is  often  used  in  a  stately  sense ;  as,  Clu'ist  ascended  to  heaven. 
The  shorter  form  rise  is  now  generally  preferred  to  the  longer 
form  arise,  except  in  poetic  or  elevated  style.  The  sun  rises  or 
arises  ;  the  river  sjyrings  at  a  bound  from  the  foot  of  the  glacier 
and  floivs  thi-ough  the  lands  to  the  ocean.  Smoke  issues  from  a 
chimney  and  ascends  toward  the  sky.  Light  and  heat  emanate 
from  the  sun. 
Aiitoiiyius: 

decline,        descend,        drop,        fall,        go  down,        set,        settle,        sink. 
Prepositions: 

Rise  from  slumber  ;   rise   to  duty  ;   rise  at  the  summons  ;  we 
rose  ivith  the  lark. 


ROBBER. 

Synonyms : 

bandit,  depredator,  freebooter,  pirate, 

brigand,  despoiler,  highwayman,  plunderer, 

buccaneer,  footpad,  marauder,  raider 

burglar,  forager,  pillager,  thief. 

A  robber  seeks  to  obtain  the  property  of  others  by  force  or  in- 
timidation ;  a  thief  by  stealth  and  secrecy.  In  early  English  thief 
was  freely  used  in  both  senses,  as  in  Shakespeare  and  the  Author- 
ized Version  of  the  English  Bible,  which  has  "two  thieves  "  {Matt. 
xxvii,  38),  where  the  Revised  Version  more  correctly  substitutes 
"  two  robbers.'" 


ROYAL. 

Synonyms: 

august,  kingly,  majestic,  princely, 

tinglike,  magnificent,  munificent,  regal. 

Eoyal  denotes  that  which  actually  belongs  or  pertains  to  a 

monarch  ;  the  royal  residence  is  that  which  the  king  occupies, 

royal  raiment  that  which  the  king  wears.     Begal  denotes  that 

which  in  outward  state  is  appropriate  for  a  king  ;  a  subject  may 

assume  regal  magnificence  in  residence,    dress,   and  equipage. 

Kingly  denotes  that  which  is  worthy  of  a  king  in  personal  quali- 


rustic 
321  sacrament 


ties,  especially  of  character  and  conduct ;  as,  a  kingly  bearing ;  a 
kingly  resolve.  Princely  is  especially  used  of  treasure,  expendi- 
ture, gifts,  etc.,  as  princely  munificence,  a  princely  fortune, 
where  regal  could  not  so  well  be  used  and  royal  would  change  the 
sense.  The  distinctions  between  these  words  are  not  absolute,  but 
the  tendency  of  the  best  usage  is  as  here  suggested. 

Antonyms: 

beggarly,        contemptible,        mean,        poor,        servile,        slavish,        vile. 


Synonyms: 

agricultural, 

artless, 

awkw^ard, 

boorish, 

bucolic, 

clow^nish. 

RUSTIC. 

coarse,                 pastoral, 
countrified,       plain, 
country,              rude, 
hoidenish,          rural, 
inelegant,          sylvan, 
outlandish, 

uncouth. 

unpolished, 

unsophisticated 

untaught, 

verdant. 

Rural  and  rustic  are  alike  derived  from  the  Latin  7-us,  coun- 
try, and  may  be  alike  defined  as  pertaining  to,  characteristic  of, 
or  dwelling  in  the  country  ;  but  in  usage  rural  refers  especially 
to  scenes  or  objects  in  the  country,  considered  as  the  work  of 
nature ;  rustic  refers  to  their  efi^ect  upon  man  or  to  their  condi- 
tion as  affected  by  human  agency  ;  as,  a  rural  scene ;  a  rustic 
party  ;  a  rustic  lass.  We  speak,  however,  of  the  rural  popula- 
tion, rural  simplicity,  etc.  Rural  has  always  a  favorable  sense  ; 
rustic  frequently  an  unfavorable  one,  as  denoting  a  lack  of  culture 
and  refinement ;  thus,  rustic  politeness  expresses  that  which  is 
well=meant.  but  awkward  ;  similar  ideas  are  suggested  by  a  rustic 
feast,  rustic  garb,  etc.  Rustic  is,  however,  often  used  of  a  studied 
simplicity,  an  artistic  rudeness,  which  is  pleasing  and  jDerhaps 
beautiful ;  as,  a  rustic  cottage  ;  a  rustic  chair.  Pastoral  refers 
to  the  care  of  flocks,  and  to  the  shepherd's  life  with  the  pleasing 
associations  suggested  by  the  old  poetic  ideal  of  that  life  ;  as, 
pastoral  j)oetry.  Bucolic  is  kindred  to  pastoral,  but  is  a  less 
elevated  term,  and  sometimes  slightly  contemptuous. 
Antonyms : 

accomplished,  cultured,  polished,  refined,  urbane, 

cityslike,  elegant,  polite,  urban,  well-bred. 


SACRAMEBJT. 


Synonyms ; 

ceremon 
communi 

Any  religious  act,  especially  a  public  act,  viewed  as  a  means 


ceremony,      eucharist,  observance,  rite,  solemnity, 

communion.  Lords  Supper,  ordinance,     service. 


sagacious 


322 


of  serving  God  is  called  a  service ;  the  word  commonly  includes 
the  entire  series  of  exercises  of  a  single  occasion  of  public  worship. 
A  religious  service  ordained  as  an  outward  and  visible  sign  of  an 
inward  and  spiritual  grace  is  called  a  sacrament.  Ceremony  is 
a  form  expressing  reverence,  or  at  least  respect ;  we  may  speak  of 
religious  ceremonies,  the  ceremotiies  of  polite  society,  the  cere- 
monies  of  a  coronation,  an  inauguration,  etc.  An  observance  has 
more  than  a  formal  obligation,  reaching  or  approaching  a  reUg- 
ious  sacredness  ;  a  stated  religious  observance,  viewed  as  estab- 
lished by  authority,  is  called  an  ordinance  ;  viewed  as  an  estab- 
lished custom,  it  is  a  rite.  The  terms  sacrament  and  ordinance, 
in  the  religious  sense,  are  often  used  interchangeably  ;  the  ordi- 
nance derives  its  sacredness  from  the  authority  that  ordained  it, 
wliile  the  sacrament  possesses  a  sacredness  due  to  something  in 
itself,  even  when  viewed  simply  as  a  representation  or  memorial. 
The  Lord's  Supper  is  the  Scriptviral  name  for  the  observance  com- 
memorating the  death  of  Christ ;  the  w^ord  communion  is  once 
applied  to  it  (1  Cor.  x,  16),  but  not  as  a  distinctive  name  ;  at  an 
early  period,  however,  the  name  communion  was  so  applied,  as 
denoting  the  communing  of  Cliristians  with  their  Lord,  or  with 
one  another.  The  term  eucliarist  describes  the  Lord's  Supper  as  a 
thanksgiving  service  ;  it  is  also  called  by  preeminence  the  sacra- 
ment, as  the  ratifying  of  a  solemn  vow  of  consecration  to  Christ. 


SAOACIOUS. 

Synonyms  t 

able,  intelligent,        perspicacious,  sensible, 

acute,  keen,  quick  of  scent,   sharp, 

apt,  keen=siglitecl,   quickiscented,   sharp  =witted, 

clear=sighted,  keen=witted,      rational,  shrew^d, 

discerning,        judicious,  sage,  wise. 

Sagacious  refers  to  a  power  of  tracing  the  hidden  or  recondite 
by  slight  indications,  as  by  instinct  or  intuition ;  it  is  not  now  ap- 
plied to  mere  keenness  of  sense=i)erception.  We  do  not  call  a 
hound  sagacious  in  following  a  clear  trail ;  but  if  he  loses  the 
scent,  as  at  the  edge  of  a  stream,  and  circles  around  till  he  strikes 
it  again,  his  conduct  is  said  to  be  sagacious.  In  human  affairs 
sagacious  refers  to  a  power  of  ready,  far=reaching,  and  accurate 
inference  from  observed  facts  perhaps  in  themselves  very  slight, 
that  seems  like  a  special  sense  ;  or  to  a  similar  readiness  to  foresee 
the  results  of  any  action,  especially  upon  human  motives  or  con- 
duct —  a  kind  of  prophetic  common  sense.    Sagacious  is  a  broader 


sale 
323  sample 

and  nobler  word  than  shreivd,  and  not  capable  of  the  invidious 
sense  which  the  latter  word  often  bears  ;  on  the  other  hand,  saga- 
cious is  less  lofty  and  comprehensive  than  wise  in  its  full  sense, 
and  more  limited  to  matters  of  direct  practical  moment.  Com- 
pare ASTUTE  ;  WISDOM. 

Antonyms: 

absurd,      foolish,      ignorant,       obtuse,  silly,  sottish,     undiscerning, 

dull,  futile,        irrational,      senseless,     simple,     stupid,       unintelligent. 


SALE. 
Synonyms: 

bargain,      barter,      change,      deal,      exchange,      trade. 

A  bargain  is  strictly  an  agreement  or  contract  to  buy  and  sell, 
tho  the  word  is  often  used  to  denote  the  entire  transaction  and  also 
as  a  designation  for  the  thing  sold  or  purchased.  Change  and 
exchange  are  words  of  wider  signification,  applying  only  inciden- 
tally to  the  transfer  of  property  or  value  ;  a  change  secures  some- 
thing different  in  any  way  or  by  any  means  ;  an  exchange  secures 
something  as  an  equivalent  or  return,  tho  not  necessarily  as  pay- 
ment for  what  is  given.  Barter  is  the  exchange  of  one  commodity 
for  another,  the  word  being  used  generally  with  reference  to  port- 
able commodities.  Trade  in  the  broad  sense  may  apply  to  vast 
bvisinesses  (as  the  hook4rade),  but  as  denoting  a  single  transac- 
tion is  used  cliiefly  in  regard  to  things  of  moderate  value,  when  it 
becomes  nearly  synonymous  with  barter.  Sale  is  commonly,  and 
with  increasing  strictness,  limited  to  the  transfer  of  property  for 
money,  or  for  something  estimated  at  a  money  value  or  considered 
as  equivalent  to  so  much  money  in  hand  or  to  be  paid.  A  deal 
in  the  political  sense  is  a  bargain,  substitution,  or  transfer  for  the 
benefit  of  certain  persons  or  parties  against  all  others ;  as,  the 
nomination  was  the  result  of  a  deal ;  in  business  it  may  have  a 
similar  meaning,  but  it  frequently  signifies  simply  a  sale  or  ex- 
change, a  dealing  ;  as,  a  heavy  deal  in  stocks. 


SAMPLE. 

Synonyms  : 

case,  exempliflcation,  instance, 

example,  illustration,  specimen. 

A  sample  is  a  portion  taken  at  random  out  of  a  quantity  sup- 
posed to  be  homogeneous,  so  that  the  qualities  found  in  the  sample 
may  reasonably  be  expected  to  be  found  in  the  whole  ;  as,  a  samjjle 
of  sugar  ;  a  sample  of  cloth.     A  sp)ecimen  is  one  unit  of  a  series, 


satisfy 

scliolar  324 


or  a  fragment  of  a  mass,  all  of  which  is  supposed  to  possess  the 
same  essential  qualities  :  as,  a  sjiecimen  of  coinage,  or  of  architec- 
ture, or  a  specimen  of  quartz.  No  other  unit  or  portion  may  be 
exactly  like  the  specimen,  while  all  the  rest  is  supposed  to  be  ex- 
actly like  the  sample.  An  instance  is  a  sample  or  specimen  of 
action.  Comj^are  example. 
Antonyms: 

abnormality,       aggregate,       exception,       monstrosity,       total,       whole. 


SATISFY. 

Synonyms: 

cloy»  fill,  sate,  suffice, 

content,  glut,  satiate,  surfeit. 

To  satisfy  is  to  furnish  just  enough  to  meet  physical,  mental, 
or  spiritual  desire.  To  sate  or  satiate  is  to  gratify  desire  so 
fully  as  for  a  time  to  extinguish  it.  To  cloy  or  surfeit  is  to 
gi-atify  to  the  point  of  revulsion  or  disgust.  Glut  is  a  sti-ong 
but  somewhat  coarse  word  applied  to  the  utmost  satisfaction  of 
vehement  appetites  and  passions  ;  as,  to  glut  a  vengeful  spirit 
with  slaughter ;  we  speak  of  glutting  the  market  with  a  sujjply 
so  excessive  as  to  extinguish  the  demand.  Much  less  than  is 
needed  to  satisfy  may  suffice  a  frugal  or  abstemious  person ; 
less  than  a  sufficiency  may  content  one  of  a  patient  and  -sub- 
missive spirit.  Compare  pay  ;  requite. 
Antonyms: 

check,  disappoint,  restrain,  starve,  straiten, 

deny,  refuse,  restrict,  stint,  tantalize. 

Prepositions : 

Satisfy  intli  food,  until  gifts,  etc.;  satisfy  one  (in  the  sense 
of  make  satisfaction)  for  labors  and  sacrifices  ;  satisfy  oneself  hy 
or  XLpon  inquiry. 

SCHOLAR. 

Synonyms: 

disciple,       learner,       pupil,       savant,       student. 

The  primary  sense  of  a  scholar  is  one  who  is  being  schooled  ; 
thence  the  word  passes  to  denote  one  who  is  apt  in  school  work, 
and  finally  one  who  is  thorouglily  schooled,  master  of  what  the 
schools  can  teach,  an  erudite,  accompUshed  person  :  when  used 
without  qualification,  the  word  is  generally  understood  in  this  lat- 
ter sense;  as,  he  is  manifestly  a  scholar.  Pupil  signifies  one 
under  the  close  personal  supervision  or  insti'uction  of  a  teacher  or 
tutor.     Tliose  under  instruction  in  schools  below  the  academic 


325 


science 


grade  are  technically  and  officially  termed  pupils.  The  word 
pupil  is  uniformly  so  used  in  the  Reports  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Education  of  the  United  States,  but  popular  American  usage  pre- 
fers sclwlar  in  the  original  sense ;  as,  teachers  and  scholars  en- 
joyed a  holiday.  Those  under  instruction  in  Sunday=schools  are 
uniformly  designated  as  Sunday-school  scholars.  Student  is  ap- 
plied to  those  in  the  higher  grades  or  courses  of  study,  as  the  aca- 
demic, collegiate,  scientific,  etc.  Student  suggests  less  proficiency 
than  scholar  in  the  highest  sense,  the  student  being  one  who  is 
learning,  the  scholar  one  who  has  learned.  On  the  other  hand, 
student  suggests  less  of  personal  supervision  than  pupil ;  thus,  the 
college  student  often  becomes  the  private  ptipil  of  some  instructor 
in  special  studies.  For  disciple,  etc.,  compare  synonyms  for  ad- 
herent. 

Antonyms: 

dunce,       fool,        idiot,        idler,        ignoramus,        illiterate  person. 


SCIENCE. 
Synonyms : 

art,       knowledge. 

Knordedge  of  a  single  fact,  not  known  as  related  to  any  other, 
or  of  many  facts  not  known  as  having  any  mutual  relations  or  as 
comprehended  under  any  general  law,  does  not  reach  the  mean- 
ing of  science ;  science  is  knoicledge  reduced  to  law  and  embodied 
in  system.  The  knowledge  of  various  countries  gathered  by  an 
observant  traveler  may  be  a  heterogeneous  medley  of  facts,  which 
gain  real  value  only  when  coordinated  and  arranged  by  the  man  of 
science.  Art  always  relates  to  something  to  be  done,  science  to 
something  to  be  known.  Not  only  must  art  be  discriminated 
from  science,  but  ar^t  in  the  industrial  or  mechanical  sense  must 
be  distinguished  fi-om  art  in  the  esthetic  sense  ;  the  former  aims 
chiefly  at  utility,  the  latter  at  beauty.  The  mechanic  arts  are  the 
province  of  the  artisan,  the  esthetic  or  fine  arts  are  the  province 
of  the  artist ;  all  the  industrial  arts,  as  of  weaving  or  printing, 
arithmetic  or  navigation,  are  governed  by  exact  rules.  Art  in 
the  highest  esthetic  sense,  while  it  makes  use  of  rules,  transcends 
all  rule ;  no  rules  can  be  given  for  the  jiroduction  of  a  painting 
like  Raffael's  "  Ti-ansfigtu-ation,"  a  statue  like  the  Apollo  Bel- 
vedere, or  a  poem  like  the  Iliad.  Science  does  not,  like  the 
mechanic  arts,  make  production  its  direct  aim,  yet  its  possible 
productive  application  in  the  arts  is  a  constant  stimulus  to  scien- 


security  nndi 


tific  investigation  ;  the  science,  as  in  the  case  of  chemistry  or  elec- 
tricity, is  urged  on  to  higher  development  by  the  demands  of  the 
art,  while  the  art  is  perfected  by  the  advance  of  the  science. 
Creative  art  seeking  beauty  for  its  own  sake  is  closely  akin  to 
pure  science  seeking  Tcnowledge  for  its  own  sake.  Compare 
knowledge;  literature. 


!«»ECURITV. 

Synonyms : 

tiail,  earnest,  gage,  pledge,  surety. 

The  first  four  words  agree  in  denoting  something  given  or  de- 
jjosited  as  an  assurance  of  something  to  be  given,  paid,  or  done. 
An  earnest  is  of  the  same  kind  as  that  to  be  given,  a  portion  of  it 
delivered  in  advance,  as  when  -p^vt  of  the  purchase=money  is  paid, 
according  to  the  common  expression,  "to  bind  the  bargain."  A 
pledge  or  security  may  be  wholly  different  in  kind  from  that  to  be 
given  or  paid,  and  may  greatly  exceed  it  in  value.  Security  may 
be  of  real  or  personal  property  —  anything  of  sufficient  value  to 
make  the  creditor  secure  ;  a  pledge  is  always  of  personal  property 
or  chattels.  Every  pawnshop  contains  unredeemed  pledges ; 
land,  merchandise,  bonds,  etc. ,  are  frequently  offered  and  accepted 
as  secu7'ity.  A  person  may  become  security  or  surety  for  another's 
payment  of  a  debt,  appearance  in  court,  etc. ;  in  the  latter  case,  he 
is  said  to  become  bail  for  that  person :  the  person  accused  gives 
bail  for  himself.  Oage  survives  only  as  a  literary  word,  chiefly 
in  certain  phrases  ;  as,  "  the  gage  of  battle." 
Prepositions  : 

Security  for  the  payment  of  a  debt ;  security  to  the  state,  for 
the  prisoner,  in  the  sum  of  a  thousand  dollars. 


SEl,F=ABXEGATIO]V. 

Synonyms: 

self=control,  self=devotion,  self=renunciation, 

self-denial,  selMmmolation,  self=sacrifice. 

Self-control  is  holding  oneself  within  due  limits  in  pleasures 
and  duties,  as  in  all  things  else ;  self-denial,  the  giving  up  of 
pleasures  for  the  sake  of  duty.  Self -renunciation  surrenders  con- 
scious rights  and  claims ;  self=abnegation  forgets  that  there  is 
anything  to  surrender.  There  have  been  devotees  who  jjractised 
very  little  self-denial  with  very  much  self-renunciation.  A 
motlier  will  care  for  a  sick  child  with  complete  self-abnegation, 
but  withovxt  a  thought  of  self-denial.    Self-devotion  is  heart^con- 


327  send 

secration  of  self  to  a  person  or  cause  with  readiness  for  any  needed 
sacrifice.  Self-sacrifice  is  the  strongest  and  completest  term  of 
all,  and  contemplates  the  gift  of  self  as  actually  made.  We  speak 
of  the  self-sacrifice  of  Christ,  where  any  other  of  the  above  terms 
would  be  feeble  or  inappropriate. 


Antonyms: 

8elf=gratification,      self=indnlgence,      selfishness,      self=seeking,       self-will. 

Synonyms : 

cast, 
dart, 
delegate, 
depute. 

SEND. 

despatch,       emit, 
discharge,    fling, 
dismiss,          forw^ard, 
drive,               liurl. 

impel,              propel, 
lance.                sling, 
launch,           throw, 
project,           transmit. 

To  send  is  to  cause  to  go  or  pass  from  one  place  to  another,  and 
always  in  fact  or  thought  away  from  the  agent  or  agency  that  con- 
trols the  act.  Send  in  its  most  common  use  involves  personal 
agency  witliout  personal  presence ;  according  to  the  adage,  "  If 
you  want  your  business  done,  go  ;  if  not,  send  "*,  one  sends  a  let- 
ter or  a  bullet,  a  messenger  or  a  message.  In  all  the  derived  uses 
this  same  idea  controls  ;  if  one  seiids  a  ball  into  his  own  heart,  the 
action  is  away  from  the  directing  hand,  and  he  is  viewed  as  the 
passive  recipient  of  his  own  act  ;  it  is  with  an  approach  to  person- 
ification that  we  speak  of  the  bow  sending  the  arrow,  or  the  gun 
the  shot.  To  despatch  is  to  send  hastily  or  very  promptly,  ordi- 
narily with  a  destination  in  view  ;  to  dismiss  is  to  seiid  away  from 
oneself  without  reference  to  a  destination  ;  as,  to  dismiss  a  clerk, 
an  application,  or  an  annoying  subject.  To  discharge  is  to  send 
away  so  as  to  relieve  a  person  or  tiling  of  a  load  ;  we  discharge  a 
gun  or  discharge  the  contents  ;  as  applied  to  persons,  discharge  is 
a  harsher  term  than  dismiss.  To  emit  is  to  send  forth  from  within, 
with  no  reference  to  a  destination ;  as,  the  sun  emits  light  and 
heat.  Transmit,  from  the  Latin,  is  a  dignified  term,  often  less 
vigorous  than  the  Saxon  send,  but  preferable  at  times  in  literary 
or  scientific  use  ;  as,  to  transmit  the  crown,  or  the  feud,  from  gen- 
eration to  generation  ;  to  transmit  a  cUarge  of  electricity.  Trans- 
mit fixes  the  attention  more  on  the  intervening  agency,  as  send 
does  upon  the  points  of  departure  and  destination. 

Antonyms : 

bring,  convey,  give,  hold,  receive, 

carry,  get,  hand,  keep,  retain. 

Prepositions : 

To  send  from  the  hand  to  or  totvard  (rarely  at)  a  mark  ;  send 


sensation  nAo 

sensibility  32s 

to  a  friend  by  a  messenger  or  by  mail ;  send  a  person  into  banish- 
ment ;  send  a  shell  among  the  enemy. 


SEl^SATION. 
Synonyms: 

emotion,  feeling,  perception,  sense. 

Sensation  is  the  mind's  consciousness  due  to  a  bodily  affection, 
as  of  heat  or  cold ;  j^^^cejMon  is  the  cognition  of  some  external 
object  which  is  the  cause  or  occasion  of  the  sensation  ;  the  sensa- 
tion of  heat  may  be  connected  with  the  perception  of  a  fire.  While 
sensations  are  connected  with  the  body,  emotions,  as  joy,  grief, 
etc.,  are  wholly  of  the  mind.  "  As  the  most  of  them  [the  sensa- 
tions] are  positively  agi-eeable  or  the  opposite,  they  are  nearly  akin 
to  those  emotions,  as  hope  or  terror,  or  those  passions,  as  anger 
and  envy,  which  are  acknowledged  by  all  to  belong  exclusively  to 
the  spirit,  and  to  involve  no  relation  whatever  to  matter  or  the 
bodily  organism.  Such  feelings  are  not  infrequently  styled  sensa- 
tions, though  improperly."  Porter  Human  Intellect  %  112,  p. 
138.  [s.  '90.]  Feeling  is  a  general  term  popularly  denoting  what 
is  felt,  whether  through  the  body  or  by  the  mind  alone,  and  in- 
cludes both  sensation  and  emotion.  Asense  is  an  organ  or  faculty 
of  sensation  or  of  perception. 


SENSIBILITY. 

Synonyms : 

feeling,       impressibility,       sensitiveness,       susceptibility. 

Sensibility  in  the  philosophical  sense,  denotes  the  capacity  of 
emotion  or  feeling,  as  distinguished  from  the  intellect  and  the 
wdll.  (Compare  synonyms  for  sensation.)  In  popular  use  sensi- 
bility denotes  sometimes  capacity  of  feeling  of  any  kind  ;  as,  sen- 
sibility to  heat  or  cold  ;  sometimes,  a  peculiar  readiness  to  be  the 
subject  of  feeling,  especially  of  the  higher  feelings  ;  as,  the  sensi- 
bility of  the  artist  or  the  poet ;  a  person  of  great  or  fine  sensibility. 
Sensitiveness  denotes  an  especial  delicacy  of  sensibility,  ready  to 
be  excited  by  the  slightest  cause,  as  displayed,  for  instance,  in  the 
"sensitive=plant."  Susceptibility  is  rather  a  capacity  to  take  up, 
receive,  and,  as  it  were,  to  contain  feeling,  so  that  a  person  of  great 
S7isceptibility  is  capable  of  being  not  only  readily  but  deeply 
moved  ;  sensitiveness  is  more  superficial,  susceptibility  more  per- 
vading. Thus,  in  physics,  the  sensitiveness  of  a  magnetic  needle 
is  the  ease  with  which  it  may  be  deflected,  as  by  another  magnet ; 
its  suscep>tibility  is  the  degree  to  which  it  can  be  magnetized  by  a 


329 


given  magnetic  force  or  the  amount  of  magnetism  it  will  hold.  So 
a  person  of  great  sensitiveness  is  quickly  and  keenly  affected  by 
any  external  influence,  as  by  music,  pathos,  or  ridicule,  while  a 
person  of  great  susceptibility  is  not  only  touched,  but  moved  to 
his  inmost  soul. 
Antonyms : 

coldness,    deadness,    hardiiesH,    insensibility,    numbness,    unconsciousness. 
Prepositions : 

The  sensibility  of  the  organism  to  atmospheric  changes. 


SEVERE. 
Synonyms : 

austere,  inflexible,        rigorous,  uncompromising, 

hard,  morose,  stern,  unmitigated, 

harsh,  relentless,       stiff,  unrelenting, 

inexorahle,    rigid,  strict,  unyielding. 

That  is  severe  which  is  devoid  of  all  softness,  mildness,  tender- 
ness, indulgence  or  levity,  or  (in  literature  and  art)  devoid  of  unnec- 
essary ornament,  amplification,  or  embellishment  of  any  kind  ;  as, 
a  severe  style  ;  as  said  of  anything  painful,  severe  signifies  such  as 
heavily  taxes  endui'ance  or  resisting  power  ;  as,  a  severe  pain, 
fever,  or  winter.  Rigid  signifies  primarily  stiff,  resisting  any  effort 
to  change  its  shape  ;  a  corpse  is  said  to  be  rigid  in  death  ;  hence, 
in  metaphorical  sense,  a  rigid  person  or  character  is  one  that  resists 
all  efforts  to  change  the  will  or  course  of  conduct ;  a  rigid  rule  or 
statement  is  one  that  admits  of  no  deviation.  Rigorous  is  nearly 
akin  to  rigid,  but  is  a  stronger  word,  having  reference  to  action  or 
active  quaUties,  as  rigid  does  to  state  or  character ;  a  rigid  rule 
may  be  rigorously  enforced.  Strict  (L.  stringo,  bind)  signifies 
bound  or  sti'etched  tight,  tense,  strenuously  exact.  Stern  unites 
harshness  and  authority  with  strictness  or  severity  ;  stern,  as  said 
even  of  inanimate  objects,  suggests  something  authoritative  or 
forbidding.  Austere  signifies  severely  simple  or  temperate,  strict 
in  self=restraint  or  discipline,  and  similarly  unrelenting  toward 
others.  We  speak  of  austere  morality,  rigid  rules,  rigorous  dis- 
cipline, stern  commands,  severe  punishment,  harsh  speech  or  a 
harsh  voice,  hard  requirements,  strict  injunctions,  and  strict  obe- 
dience. Strict  discipline  holds  one  exactly  and  unflinchingly  to 
the  rule ;  rigorous  discipline  punishes  severely  any  infraction  of 
it.  The  austere  character  is  seldom  lovely,  but  it  is  always  strong, 
and  may  be  grand,  commanding,  and  estimable. 
Antonyms  : 

affable,        easy,  gentle,  lenient,        pliable,        sweet,        tractable, 

bland,         genial,        indulgent,       mild,  soft,  tender,      yielding. 


sbake 


330 


SHAKE. 

Synonyms: 

agitate, 

brandisli, 

flap, 

fluctuate, 

flutter. 

jar, 

joggle, 

jolt, 

jounce, 

oscillate, 

quake, 

quaver, 

quiver, 

reel, 

rock, 

shiver, 

sbudder, 

sway, 

sw^ing, 

tbriU, 

totter, 

tremble, 

vibrate, 

w^ave, 

w^aver. 

A  thing  is  shaken  wliich  is  subjected  to  short  and  abruptly 
checked  movements,  as  forward  and  backward,  up  and  down, 
from  side  to  side,  etc.  A  tree  is  "  sliaTien  with  a  mighty  wind  ; " 
a  man  slowly  shakes  liis  head.  A  thing  roclis  that  is  sustained 
from  below  ;  it  swings  if  susj^ended  from  above,  as  a  pendulum,  or 
pivoted  at  the  side,  as  a  crane  or  a  bridge=draw  ;  to  oscillate  is  to 
swing  with  a  smooth  and  regular  returning  motion  ;  a  vibrating 
motion  maybe  tremulous  or  jarring.  The  pendulum  of  a  clock 
may  be  said  to  siving,  vibrate,  or  oscillate  ;  a  steel  bridge  vibrates 
under  the  passage  of  a  heavy  train  ;  the  term  vibrate  is  also  ap- 
plied to  molecular  movements.  Jolting  is  a  lifting  from  and  let- 
ting down  suddenly  upon  an  unyielding  sui-face ;  as,  a  carriage 
jolts  over  a  rough  road.  A  jarring  motion  is  abruptly  and  very 
rapidly  repeated  through  an  exceedingly  limited  space  ;  the  jolting 
of  the  carriage  jars  the  windows.  Rattling  refers  directly  to  the 
sound  produced  by  shaking.  To  joggle  is  to  shake  sUghtly  ;  as,  a 
j)assing  touch  joggles  the  desk  on  which  one  is  writing.  A  thing 
trembles  that  .shakes  perceptibly  and  with  an  appearance  of  uncer- 
tainty and  instability,  as  a  person  under  the  influence  of  fear  ;  a 
thing  shivers  when  all  its  particles  are  stirred  with  a  slight  but 
pervading  tremulous  motion,  as  a  human  body  under  the  influence 
of  cold  ;  shuddering  is  a  more  pronounced  movement  of  a  similar 
kind,  in  human  beings  often  the  effect  of  emotional  or  moral 
recoil ;  hence,  the  word  is  applied  by  extension  to  such  feelings 
even  when  they  have  no  such  outward  manifestation  ;  as,  one  says, 
"I  shudder  at  the  thought."  To  quiver  is  to  have  slight  and  often 
spasmodic  contractile  motions,  as  the  flesh  under  the  surgeon's 
knife.  Thrill  is  applied  to  a  jjervasive  movement  felt  rather  than 
seen  ;  as,  the  nerves  thrill  with  delight ;  quiver  is  similarly  used, 
but  suggests  somewhat  more  of  outward  manifestation.  To  agi- 
tate in  its  literal  use  is  nearly  the  same  as  to  shake,  tho  we  speak 
of  the  sea  as  agitated  when  we  could  not  say  it  is  shaken ;  the 
Latin  agitate  is  preferred  in  scientiflc  or  technical  use  to  the  Saxon 
shake,  and  especially  as  applied  to  the  action  of  mechanical  con- 
ti-ivances  ;  in  the  meta]3horical  use  agitate  is  more  ti'ansitory  and 
superficial,  shake  more  fundamental  and  enduring  ;   a  person's 


331  shelter 

feelings  are  agitated  by  distressing  news  ;  his  coui-age,  his  faith, 
his  credit,  or  his  testimony  is  shaken.  Sway  applies  to  the  move- 
ment of  a  body  suspended  from  above  or  not  firmly  sustained  from 
below,  and  the  motion  of  which  is  less  pronounced  than  sioinging, 
smoother  than  vibrating,  and  not  necessarily  constant  as  oscilla- 
ting ;  as,  the  swaying  of  a  reed  in  the  wind.  Sway  used  transi- 
tively especially  applies  to  motions  of  gi-ace  or  dignity  ;  brandish 
denotes  a  threatening  or  hostile  motion ;  a  monarch  sways  the 
scepter ;  the  ruffian  brandishes  a  club.  To  reel  or  totter  always 
implies  liability  to  fall ;  reeling  is  more  violent  than  swaying,  tot- 
tering more  irregular  ;  a  drunken  man  reels  ;  we  speak  of  the  tot- 
tering step  of  age  or  infancy.  An  extended  mass  which  seems  to 
lack  solidity  or  cohesion  is  said  to  quake ;  as,  a  quakiiig  bog. 
Quaver  is  applied  almost  exclusively  to  tremulous  sounds  of  the 
human  voice.  Flap,  flutter,  and  fluctuate  refer  to  wave=like 
movements,  flap  generally  to  such  as  produce  a  sharp  sound  ;  a 
cock  flaps  his  wings  ;  flutter  applies  to  a  less  pronounced  and  more 
irregular  motion  ;  a  captive  bird  or  a  feeble  pulse  flutters.  Com- 
pare FLUCTUATE. 

SHELTER. 

Syuoiiyin)^ : 

cover,  guard,  protect,  shield, 

defend,  harbor,  screen,  ward. 

Anything  is  covered  over  which  something  is  completely 
extended  ;  a  vessel  is  covered  with  a  lid  ;  the  head  is  covered  with 
a  hat.  That  which  covers  may  also  defend  or  protect ;  thus,  troops 
interposed  between  some  portion  of  their  own  army  and  the  enemy 
are  often  called  a  covering  party.  To  shelter  is  to  cover  so  as  to 
protect  from  injury  or  annoyance  ;  as,  the  roof  shelters  from  the 
storm ;  woods  shelter  from  the  heat.  To  defend  (L.  defendere, 
to  strike  away)  implies  tlio  actual,  protect  (L.  p)rotegere,  to 
cover  before)  implies  the  possible  use  of  force  or  resisting  power  ; 
guard  implies  sustained  vigilance  with  readiness  for  conflict  ;  we 
defend  a  person  or  thing  against  actual  attack  ;  we  guard  or  pro- 
tect against  possible  assault  or  injury.  A  powerful  person  may 
protect  one  who  is  weak  by  simply  declaring  himself  his  friend  ; 
he  defends  him  by  some  form  of  active  championship.  An  inani- 
mate object  may  protect,  as  a  garment  from  cold  ;  defend  is  used 
but  rarely,  and  by  soniewhat  violent  metaphor,  in  such  connec- 
tion. Protect  is  more  complete  than  guard  or  defend ;  an  object 
may  be  faithfully  guarded  or  bravely  defended  in  vain,  but  that 
which  is  protected  is  secure.     To  shield  is  to  interpose  something 


sin  332 


over  or  before  that  which  is  assailed,  so  as  to  save  from  harm,  and 
has  a  comparatively  passive  sense  ;  one  may  guard  another  by 
standing  armed  at  his  side,  defend  him  by  fighting  for  him,  or 
shield  him  from  a  missile  or  a  blow  by  interposing  his  own  person. 
Harbor  is  generally  used  in  an  unfavorable  sense ;  confederates  or 
sympathizers  liarbor  a  criminal ;  a  i:)erson  harbors  evil  thoughts 
or  designs.  See  cherish.  Compare  synonyms  for  hide  ;  defense. 
Antoiiyiii!i« : 

betray,      cast  out,     expel,     expose,     give  up,     refuse,      reject,      surrender. 
Prepositions : 

Shelter  under  a  roof  from  the  storm  ;  in  the  fortress,  behind 
or  within  the  walls,  from  attack. 


SIGN. 

Synonyms: 

emblem,  mark,       presage,  symbol,  token, 

indication.  note,         prognostic,     symptom,      type, 

manifestation,       omen.       signal, 

A  sign  (L.  signum)  is  any  distinctive  inarh  by  which  a  thing 
may  be  recognized  or  its  presence  known,  and  may  be  intentional 
or  accidental,  natural  or  artificial,  suggestive,  descriptive,  or  wholly 
arbitrary  ;  thus,  a  blush  may  be  a  sign  of  shame  ;  the  footprint  of 
an  animal  is  a  sign  that  it  has  passed ;  the  sign  of  a  business 
hovise  now  usually  declares  what  is  done  or  kept  within,  but  for- 
merly might  be  an  object  having  no  connection  with  the  busi- 
ness, as  ' '  the  sign  of  the  trout "  ;  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  are 
signs  of  certain  sounds.  While  a  sign  may  be  involuntary,  and 
even  unconscious,  a  signal  is  always  voluntary,  and  is  usually 
concerted ;  a  ship  may  show  signs  of  distress  to  the  casual  ob- 
server, but  signals  of  distress  are  a  distinct  appeal  for  aid.  A 
symptom  is  a  vital  phenomenon  resulting  from  a  diseased  condi- 
tion ;  in  medical  language  a  sign  is  an  indication  of  any  physical 
condition,  whether  morbid  or  healthy  ;  thus,  a  hot  skin  and  rapid 
])ulse  are  symptoms  of  pneumonia  ;  dulness  of  some  portion  of  the 
lungs  under  percussion  is  one  of  the  physical  signs.     Compare 

ATJGUE  ;   CHARACTERISTIC  ;   EMBLEM. 


SIN. 
sjynonyms: 

crime.  fault,  misdeed,  vice, 

criminality,  guilt,  offense,  viciousness, 

delinquency,  ill=doing.         transgression.  w^ickedness, 

depravity,  immorality,  ungodliness,  -wrong, 

evil,  iniquity,  unrighteousness,  w^rong:doing. 

Sin  is  any  lack  of  holiness,  any  defect  of  moral  purity  and 


333  sins 

truth,  whether  in  heart  or  hfe,  whether  of  commission  or  omission. 
"All  unrighteousness  is  sin,"  1  John  v,  17.  Transgression,  as  its 
etymology  indicates,  is  the  stepping  over  a  specific  enactment, 
whether  of  God  or  man,  ordinarily  by  overt  act,  but  in  the  broad- 
est sense,  in  volition  or  desire.  Sin  may  be  either  act  or  state  ; 
transgression  is  always  an  act,  mental  or  physical.  Crimeis  often 
used  for  a  fiagi'ant  violation  of  right,  but  in  the  technical  sense 
denotes  specific  violation  of  human  law.  Guilt  is  desert  of  and 
exposure  to  punishment  because  of  sin.  Depravity  denotes  not  any 
action,  but  a  perverted  moral  condition  from  which  any  act  of  sin 
may  proceed.  Sin  in  the  generic  sense,  as  denoting  a  state  of 
heart,  is  synonymous  with  depravity  ;  in  the  specific  sense,  as  in 
the  expression  a  sin.,  the  term  may  be  synonymous  with  trans- 
gression, crime,  offense,  misdeed,  etc.,  or  may  denote  some  moral 
activity  that  could  not  be  characterized  by  terms  so  i^ositive.  Im- 
morality denotes  outward  violation  of  the  moral  law.  Sin  is  thus 
the  broadest  word,  and  immorality  next  in  scope ;  all  crimes, 
properly  so  called,  and  all  immoralities,  are  sins  ;  but  there  may 
be  sin,  as  ingratitude,  which  is  neither  crime,  transgression,  nor 
immorality  ;  and  there  may  be  immorality  which  is  not  crime,  as 
falsehood.     Compare  criminal. 

Antonyms: 

blamelessnesB,  goodness,  integrity,  rectitude,  sinlessness, 

excellence,  holiness,  morality,  right,  uprightness, 

godliness,  innocence,  purity,  righteousness,  vutue. 

Compare  synonyms  for  virtue. 


SIXG. 

Synonyms : 

carol,       chant,       chirp,       chirrup,       hum,       warble. 

To  sing  is  primarily  and  ordinarily  to  utter  a  succession  of 
articulate  musical  sounds  with  the  human  voice.  The  word  has 
come  to  include  any  succession  of  musical  sounds  ;  we  say  the 
bird  or  the  rivulet  sings  ;  we  speak  of  "the  singing  quality  "  of  an 
instrument,  and  by  still  wider  extension  of  meaning  we  say  the 
teakettle  or  the  cricket  sings.  To  chant  is  to  sing  in  solemn  and 
somewhat  uniform  cadence  ;  chant  is  ordinarily  applied  to  non= 
metrical  religious  compositions.  To  carol  is  to  sing  joyously,  and 
to  ivarble  (kindred  with  ichirl)  is  to  sing  with  trills  or  quavers, 
usually  also  with  the  idea  of  joy.  Carol  and  warble  are  especially 
apphed  to  the  singing  of  birds.  To  chirp  is  to  utter  a  brief  musi- 
cal sound,  perhaps  often  repeated  in  the  same  key,  as  by  certain 


sketcli  334 

small  birds,  insects,  etc.  To  chirrup  is  to  utter  a  somewhat  simi- 
lar sound  ;  the  word  is  often  used  of  a  brief,  sharp  sound  uttered 
as  a  signal  to  animate  or  rouse  a  horse  or  other  animal.  To  Imm 
is  to  utter  murmuring  sovmds  with  somewhat  monotonous  musical 
cadence,  usually  with  closed  lips ;  we  speak  also  of  the  hum  of 
machinery,  etc. 


SKETCH. 

Synonyms : 

brief,  draft,  outline,  plan, 

design,  draw^ing,  picture,  skeleton. 

A  sketch  is  a  rough,  suggestive  presentation  of  anything, 
whether  graphic  or  literary,  commonly  intended  to  be  prehminary 
to  a  more  complete  or  extended  treatment.  An  outline  gives  only 
the  bounding  or  determining  lines  of  a  figure  or  a  scene  ;  a  sketch 
may  give  not  only  lines,  but  shading  and  color,  but  is  hasty  and 
incomplete.  The  lines  of  a  sketch,  are  seldom  so  full  and  continu- 
ous as  those  of  an  outline,  being,  like  the  shading  or  color,  Httle 
more  than  indications  or  suggestions  according  to  which  a  finished 
picture  may  be  made  ;  the  artist's  fu-st  representation  of  a  sunset, 
the  hues  of  which  change  so  rapidly,  must  of  necessity  be  a  sketch. 
Draft  and  p?aji  apply  especially  to  mechanical  drawing,  of  which 
outline,  sketch,  and  clrmcing  are  also  used  ;  a  p?o?i  is  strictly  a 
view  from  above,  as  of  a  building  or  machine,  giving  the  lines  of 
a  horizontal  section,  originally  at  the  level  of  the  gi'ound,  now  in 
a  wider  sense  at  any  height :  as,  a.  plan  of  the  cellar  ;  &plan  of 
the  attic.  A  mechanical  drawing  is  always  understood  to  be  in 
full  detail  ;  a  draft  is  an  incomplete  or  unfinished  dratcing  ;  a 
design  is  such  a  preliminary  sketch  as  indicates  the  object  to  be 
accomplished  or  the  result  to  be  attained,  and  is  understood  to  be 
original.  One  may  make  a  dr airing  of  any  well=known  mechan- 
ism, or  a  drawing  from  another  man's  design  ;  but  if  he  says,  ' '  The 
design  is  mine,"  he  claims  it  as  his  own  invention  or  composi- 
tion. In  written  composition  an  outline  gives  simply  the  main 
divisions,  and  in  the  case  of  a  sermon  is  often  called  a  skeleton  ;  a 
somewhat  fuller  suggestion  of  illustration,  treatment,  and  style  is 
given  in  a  sketch.  A  lawyer's  brief  is  a  succinct  statement  of  the 
main  facts  involved  in  a  case,  and  of  the  main  heads  of  his  argu- 
ment on  points  of  law,  with  reference  to  authorities  cited ;  the 
hrief  has  none  of  the  vagueness  of  a  sketch,  being  sufficiently  exact 
and  complete  to  form,  on  occasion,  the  basis  for  the  decision  of 


skeptic 
335  skilful 

the  court  without  oral  argument,  when  the  case  is  said  to  be  "sub- 
mitted on  brief."    Compare  design. 


SKEPTIC. 

Synonyms : 

agnostic,     deist,  doubter,  infidel,    unbeliever, 

atheist,        disbeliever,    freethinker. 

The  skeptic,  doubts  divine  revelation  ;  the  disbeliever  and  the 
unbeliever  reject  it,  the  disbeliever  with  more  of  intellectual  dis- 
sent, the  unbeliever  (in  the  common  acceptation)  with  indifference 
or  with  opposition  of  heart  as  well  as  of  intellect.  Infidel  is  an 
opprobrious  term  that  might  once  almost  have  been  said  to  be 
geographical  in  its  range.  The  Crusaders  called  all  Mohammedans 
infidels,  and  were  so  called  by  them  in  return  ;  the  word  is  com- 
monly api^lied  to  any  decided  opponent  of  an  accepted  religion. 
The  atheist  denies  that  there  is  a  God  ;  the  deist  admits  the  exis- 
tence of  God,  but  denies  that  the  Christian  Scriptures  are  a  reve- 
lation from  him  ;  the  agnostic  denies  either  that  we  do  know 
or  that  we  can  know  whether  there  is  a  God. 
Antonynts: 

believer,        Christian. 


SKILFUL,. 

Synonyms  -. 

accomplished,  ^apt,  dexterous,    happy,  proficient, 

adept.  clever,      expert,  ingenious,    skilled, 

adroit,  deft,,         handy,  practised,     trained. 

Skilful  signifies  possessing  and  using  readily  practical  knowl- 
edge and  ability,  having  alert  and  well=trained  faculties  with  ref- 
erence to  a  given  work.  One  is  adept  in  that  for  which  he  has  a 
natural  gift  improved  by  practise  ;  he  is  expert  in  that  of  which 
training,  experience,  and  study  have  given  him  a  thorough  mas- 
tery ;  he  is  dexterous  in  that  which  he  can  do  effectively,  with  or 
without  training,  especially  in  work  of  the  hand  or  bodily  activi- 
ties. In  the  case  of  the  noun,  "an  expert"  denotes  one  who  is 
' '  experienced  "  in  the  fullest  sense,  a  master  of  his  branch  of  knowl- 
edge. A  skilled  workman  is  one  who  has  thoroughly  learned  his 
trade,  though  he  may  be  naturally  quite  dull ;  a  skilfid  workman 
has  some  natural  brightness,  ability,  and  power  of  adaptation,  in 
addition  to  his  acquired    knowledge    and    dexterity.     Compare 

CLEVER  ;  DEXTERITY  ;  POWER. 


silander 

slang  336 


Antonyms: 

awkward,        clumsy,         inexpert,  shiftless,         unskilled,        untrained, 

bungling,        helpless,        maladroit,        unhandy,        untaught. 
Prepositions : 

Skilful  at  or  in  a  work,  with  a  pen  or  tool  of  any  kind. 


Synonyms : 

asperse,  decry,  disparage,  revile, 

backbite,  defame,  libel,  traduce, 

calumniate,  depreciate,  malign,  vilify. 

To  slander  a  person  is  to  utter  a  false  and  injurious  report  con- 
cerning him  ;  to  defame  is  specifically  and  directly  to  attack  one's 
reputation  ;  to  defame  by  spoken  words  is  to  slander,  by  writ- 
ten words,  to  lihel.  To  asjjerse  is,  as  it  were,  to  bespatter 
with  injurious  charges  ;  to  malign  is  to  circulate  studied  and 
malicious  attacks  upon  character  ;  to  traduce  is  to  exhibit  one's 
real  or  assumed  traits  in  an  odious  light  ;  to  revile  or  vilify  is  to 
attack  with  vile  abuse.  To  disparage  is  to  represent  one's  ad- 
mitted good  traits  or  acts  as  less  praiseworthy  than  they  would 
naturally  be  thought  to  be,  as  for  instance,  by  ascribing  a  man's 
benevolence  to  a  desire  for  popularity  or  display.  To  lihel  or 
slander  is  to  make  an  assault  upon  character  and  repute  that 
comes  within  the  scope  of  law  ;  the  slander  is  uttered,  the  lihel 
written,  printed,  or  pictured.  To  hackhite  is  to  speak  something 
secretly  to  one's  injury  ;  to  calumniate  is  to  inv^ent  as  well  as  utter 
the  injurious  charge.  One  may  "abuse,"  "assail,"  or  vilify  an- 
other to  his  face  ;  he  asperses,  calumniates,  slanders,  or  traduces 
him  behind  his  back. 
Antonyms: 

defend.  eulogize,  extol,  laud,  praise,  vindicate. 


SLANO. 
Synonyms: 

cant,       collocLuialism,       vulgarism,       vulgarity. 

A  colloquialism  is  an  expression  not  coarse  or  low,  and  perhaps 
not  incorrect,  but  below  the  literary  grade  ;  educated  persons  are 
apt  to  allo^v  themselves  some  coHoquialisnis  in  familiar  conversa- 
tion, which  they  would  avoid  in  writing  or  public  speaking. 
Slang,  in  the  primary  sense,  denotes  expressions  that  are  either 
coarse  and  rude  in  themselves  or  chiefly  cui-rent  among  the  coarser 
and  ruder  part  of  the  community ;  there  are  also  many  expressions 
cuiTent  in  special  senses  in  certain  communities  that  may  be  char- 


«.«-,  slow 

337  tsueer 


acterized  as  slang ;  as,  college  slang ;  club  slang ;  racing  slang. 
In  the  evolution  of  language  many  words  originally  slang  are 
adopted  by  good  writers  and  speakers,  and  ultimately  take  their 
place  as  accepted  English.  A  vulgarism  is  an  expression  decidedly 
incorrect,  and  the  use  of  which  is  a  mark  of  ignorance  or  low 
breeding.  Cant,  as  used  in  this  connection,  denotes  the  barbarous 
jargon  used  as  a  secret  language  by  thieves,  tramps,  etc.     Compare 

DICTION  :   LANGUAGE. 


SLOW. 

Synonyms: 

daw^dling,      dilatory,  gradual,     lingering,  slack, 

delaying,       drow^sy,    inactive,    moderate,  sluggish, 

deliberate,    dull,  inert,  procrastinating,   tardy. 

Sloiv  signifies  moving  through  a  relatively  short  distance,  or 
with  a  relatively  small  number  of  motions  in  a  given  time  ;  slow 
also  applies  to  that  which  is  a  relatively  long  while  in  beginning 
or  accomplishing  something  ;  a  watch  or  a  clock  is  said  to  be  slow 
when  its  indications  are  behind  those  of  the  standard  time.  Tardy 
is  applied  to  that  which  is  behind  the  j)roper  or  desired  time, 
especially  in  doing  a  work  or  arriving  at  a  place.  Deliberate  and 
dilatory  are  used  of  persons,  tho  the  latter  may  be  used  also  of 
things,  as  of  a  stream  ;  a  person  is  deliberate  who  takes  a  notice- 
ably long  time  to  consider  and  decide  before  acting  or  who  acts  or 
speaks  as  if  he  were  deliberating  at  every  point ;  a  person  is  dilatory 
who  lays  aside,  or  puts  off  as  long  as  possible,  necessary  or  required 
action  ;  both  words  may  be  apphed  either  to  undertaking  or  to 
doing.  Gradual  (L.  gradus,  a  step)  signifies  advancing  by  steps, 
and  refers  to  sloiv  but  regular  and  sure  progression.  Slack  refers 
to  action  that  seems  to  indicate  a  lack  of  tension,  as  of  muscle  or 
of  will,  sluggish  to  action  that  seems  as  if  reluctant  to  advance. 
Antonyms : 

See  synonyms  for  nimble. 


SNEER. 

Synonyms  : 

fling,  gibe,  jeer,  mock,  scoff,  taunt. 

A  sneer  may  be  simply  a  contemptuous  facial  contortion,  or 
it  may  be  some  brief  satirical  utterance  that  throws  a  contemp- 
tuous sideslight  on  what  it  attacks  without  attempting  to  prove  or 
disprove  ;  a  depreciatory  implication  may  be  given  in  a  sneer  such 


soclallj^m 

sound  «it5S 


as  could  only  be  answei'ed  by  elaborate  argument  or  proof,  which 
would  seem  to  give  the  attack  undue  importance  : 

Who  can  refute  a  sneer?  Palbt  Moral  Philosophy  bk.  v,  ch.  ix. 

A.  fling  is  careless  and  commonly  pettish  ;  a  taunt  is  intentionally 
insulting  and  provoking  ;  the  sneer  is  supercilious  ;  the  taunt  is 
defiant.  The  jeer  and  gibe  are  uttered ;  the  gibe  is  bitter,  and 
often  sly  or  covert ;  the  jeer  is  rude  and  open.  A  seoff  may  be  in 
act  or  word,  and  is  commonly  directed  against  that  which  claims 
honor,  reverence,  or  worship.  Compare  banter. 
Preposition: 

Only  an  essentially  vicious  mind  is  capable  of  a  sneer  at  virtue. 


SOCIAI^ISM. 

Synonyms : 

anarchism,        collectivism,       communism,       fabianism. 

Socialism,  as  defined  by  its  advocates,  is  a  theory  of  civil  polity 
that  aims  to  secure  the  reconstruction  of  society,  increase  of 
wealth,  and  a  more  equal  distribution  of  the  products  of  labor 
through  the  public  collective  ownership  of  land  and  capital  (as 
distinguished  from  property),  and  the  public  collective  management 
of  all  industries.  Its  motto  is,  "Every  one  according  to  his  deeds '' ; 
socialism  is  a  purely  economic  term,  applying  to  landownership  and 
productive  capital.  Many  socialists  call  themselves  collectivists,  and 
their  system  collectivism.  Communism  would  divide  aU  things, 
including  the  profits  of  individual  labor,  among  members  of  the 
community ;  many  of  its  advocates  would  abolish  marriage  and 
the  family  relation.  Anarchism  would  destroy,  by  violence  if 
necessary,  all  existing  government  and  social  order,  leaving  the 
future  to  determine  what,  if  anything,  should  be  raised  upon 
their  ruins. 


sorivD. 

Synonyms: 

noise,       note,       tone. 

Sound  is  the  sensation  produced  through  the  organs  of  hearing 
or  the  physical  cause  of  this  sensation.  Sound  is  the  most  com- 
prehensive word  of  this  gi"oup,  applying  to  anything  that  is  audi- 
ble. Totie  is  sound  considered  as  having  some  musical  quality  or 
as  expressive  of  some  feeling  ;  noise  is  sound  considered  without 
reference  to  musical  quality  or  as  distinctly  unmusical  or  discord- 
ant. Thus,  in  the  most  general  sense  noise  and  sotmd  scarcelj^ 
differ,  and  we  say  almost  indifferently,  "I  heard  a  sound,"  or  "  I 


speak 
339  speech 


heard  a  noise."  We  speak  of  a  fine,  musical,  or  pleasing  sound, 
but  never  thus  of  a  noise.  In  music,  tone  may  denote  either  a 
musical  sound  or  the  interval  between  two  such  sounds,  but  in  the 
most  careful  usage  the  latter  is  now  distinguished  as  the  "interval," 
leaving  tone  to  stand  only  for  the  soitnd.  Note  in  music  strictly 
denotes  the  character  representing  a  sound,  but  in  loose  popular 
usage  it  denotes  the  sound  also,  and  becomes  practically  equiva- 
lent to  tone.  Aside  from  its  musical  use,  tone  is  chiefly  applied  to 
that  quality  of  the  human  voice  by  which  feeling  is  expressed  ;  as, 
he  spoke  in  a  cheery  tone  ;  the  word  is  similarly  apphed  to  the 
voices  of  birds  and  other  animals,  and  sometimes  to  inanimate 
objects.  As  used  of  a  musical  instrument,  tone  denotes  the  gen- 
eral quality  of  its  sounds  collectively  considered. 


SPEAK. 

Synonyms: 

announce,  converse,  discourse,  say, 

articulate,  declaim,  enunciate,  talk, 

chat,  declare,  express,  tell, 

chatter,  deliver,  pronounce,  utter. 

To  utter  is  to  give  forth  as  an  audible  sound,  articulate  or  not. 
To  talk  is  to  ^dter  a  succession  of  connected  words,  ordinarily 
with  the  expectation  of  being  listened  to.  To  speak  is  to  give 
articulate  utterance  even  to  a  single  word  ;  the  officer  speaks  the 
word  of  command,  but  does  not  talk  it.  To  s^jeak  is  also  to  idter 
words  with  the  ordinary  intonation,  as  distinguished  from  singing. 
To  chat  is  ordinarily  to  uttei^  in  a  familiar,  conversational  way  ;  to 
chatter  is  to  talk  in  an  empty,  ceaseless  way  like  a  magpie. 
Prepositions: 

Speak  to  (address)  a  person  ;  speak  icith  a  person  (converse  with 
him);  speak  of  or  aboid  a  thing  (make  it  the  subject  of  remark); 
speak  on  or  upo7i  a  subject ;  in  parUamentary  language,  speak  to 
the  question. 


SPEECH. 

Synonyms : 

address,  dissertation,  oration,  speaking, 

discourse,  harangue,  oratory.  talk, 

disquisition,       language,  sermon,  utterance. 

Speech  is  the  general  word  for  utterance  of  thought  in  lan- 
guage. A  speech  may  be  the  delivering  of  one's  sentiments  in  the 
simplest  way  ;  an  oration  is  an  elaborate  and  prepared  speech  ;  a 
harangue  is  a  vehement  appeal  to  passion,  or  a  speech  that  has 


spontaneous 
spy 


340 


something  disputatious  and  combative  in  it.     A  discourse  is  a  set 
speech  on  a  definite  subject,  intended  to  convey  instruction.     Com- 
pare CONVERSATION  ;  DICTION  ;  LANGUAGE. 
Antonyms: 

hush,  silence,  speechlessness,  stillness,  taciturnity. 


SPOMTAXEOUS. 

Synonyms : 

automatic,       impulsive,         involuntary,       voluntary, 
free,  instinctive,       unbidden,  willing. 

That  is  spontaneous  which  is  freely  done,  with  no  external 
compulsion  and,  in  human  actions,  without  special  premeditation 
or  distinct  determination  of  the  will ;  that  is  voluntary  which  is 
freely  done  with  distinct  act  of  will ;  that  is  involuntary  which  is 
independent  of  the  will,  and  jierhaps  in  opposition  to  it ;  a  unlling 
act  is  not  only  in  accordance  with  will,  but  with  desire.  Thus 
voluntary  and  involuntary,  which  are  antonyms  of  each  other, 
are  both  partial  synonyms  of  spontaneous.  We  speak  of  sponta- 
neous generation,  spontaneous  combustion,  spontaneous  sym- 
pathy, an  involuntary  start,  an  unhidden  tear,  voluntary  agree- 
ment, willing  submission.  A  babe's  smile  in  answer  to  that  of  its 
mother  is  sjiontaneous  ;  the  smile  of  a  pouting  child  wheedled  into 
good  humor  is  involuntary.  In  physiology  the  action  of  the  heart 
and  lungs  is  called  involuntary  ;  the  growth  of  the  hair  and  nails 
is  spontaneous  ;  the  action  of  swallowing  is  voluntary  up  to  a 
certain  j)oint,  beyond  which  it  becomes  invohmtary  or  automatic. 
In  the  fullest  sense  of  that  which  is  not  only  w-ithout  the  will  but 
distinctly  in  of)position  to  it,  or  compulsory,  involuntary  becomes 
an  antonym,  not  only  of  voluntary  but  of  spontaneous ;  as,  in- 
voluntary servitude.  A  spontaneous  outburst  of  applause  is  of 
necessity  an  act  of  volition,  but  so  completely  dependent  on  sym- 
pathetic impulse  that  it  would  seem  frigid  to  call  it  voluntary, 
while  to  caU  it  involuntary  would  imply  some  previous  purpose 
or  inclination  not  to  applaud. 


SPY. 

Synonyms: 

detective,  emissary,  scout. 

The  scout  and  the  spy  are  both  employed  to  obtain  information 
of  the  numbers,  movements,  etc.,  of  an  enemy.  The  scout  lurks  on 
the  outskirts  of  the  hostile  army  with  such  concealment  as  the 
case  admits  of,  but  without  disguise ;  a  spy  enters  in  disguise 


341 


stain 
state 


within  the  enemy's  lines.  A  scotit,  if  captured,  has  the  rights  of 
a  prisoner  of  war  ;  a  spy  is  held  to  have  forfeited  all  rights,  and  is 
liable,  in  case  of  capture,  to  cajjital  punishment.  An  emissary  is 
rather  political  than  military  ;  sent  rather  to  secretly  influence 
opponents  than  to  bring  information  concerning  them  ;  so  far  as 
he  does  the  latter,  he  is  not  only  an  emissary,  but  a  sp?/. 


STAIW. 


Synonyms : 

blot,  discolor, 

color,        disg^race, 


dishonor, 
dye, 


soil, 
spot. 


sully, 
tarnish, 


tinge, 
tint. 


To  color  is  to  impart  a  color  desired  or  undesired,  temporary  or 
permanent,  or,  in  the  intransitive  use,  to  assume  a  color  in  any  way ; 
as,  he  colored  with  shame  and  vexation.  To  dye  is  to  impart  a 
color  intentionally  and  with  a  view  to  permanence,  and  especially  so 
as  to  pervade  the  siibstance  or  fiber  of  that  to  which  it  is  applied. 
To  stain  is  primarily  to  discolor,  to  impart  a  color  undesired  and 
perhaps  unintended,  and  which  may  or  may  not  be  permanent. 
Thus,  a  character  "dyed  in  the  wool"  is  one  that  has  received 
some  early,  permanent,  and  pervading  influence  ;  a  character 
stained  with  crime  or  guilt  is  debased  and  perverted.  Stain  is, 
however,  used  of  giving  an  intended  and  perhaps  pleasing  color 
to  wood,  glass,  etc.,  by  an  ajiplication  of  coloring=matfcer  which 
enters  the  substance  a  little  below  the  surface,  in  distinction 
from  painting,  in  which  coloring=matter  is  spread  upon  the  sur- 
face ;  dyeing  is  generally  said  of  wool,  yarn,  cloth,  or  similar 
materials  which  are  dipped  into  the  coloring  liquid.  Figuratively, 
a  standard  or  a  garment  may  be  dyed  with  blood  in  honorable 
warfare ;  an  assassin's  weapon  is  stained  with  the  blood  of  his 
victim.  To  tinge  is  to  color  slightly,  and  may  also  be  used  of 
giving  a  slight  flavor,  or  a  slight  admixture  of  one  ingredient  or 
quality  with  another  that  is  more  pronounced. 


Synonyms : 

affirm, 

allege, 

assert, 

asseverate, 

assure. 

aver, 

avouch, 

avow, 

certify, 

claim, 

STATE. 

declare, 

depose, 

express, 

inform, 

maintain. 

predicate, 

pronounce, 

propound, 

protest, 

say. 

set  forth, 

specify, 

sw^ear, 

tell, 

testify. 

To  state  (L.  sto,  stand)  is  to  set  forth  explicitly,  formally,  or 
particularly  in  speech  or  waiting.  Assert  (L.  ad,  to,  and  sero,  bind) 
is  strongly  personal,  signifying  to  state  boldly  and  positively  what 


steep  342 

the  one  making  the  statement  has  not  attempted  and  may  not  at- 
tempt to  prove.  Affirm  has  less  of  egotism  than  assert  (as  seen  in 
the  word  self=assertion),  coming  nearer  to  aver.  It  has  more 
solemnity  than  declare,  and  more  composure  and  dignity  than 
asseverate,  which  is  to  assert  excitedly.  In  legal  usage,  affirm  has 
a  general  agreement  with  depose  and  testify ;  it  ditf ers  from  swear 
in  not  invoking  the  name  of  God.  To  assure  is  to  state  with  such 
authority  and  confidence  as  the  speaker  feels  ought  to  make  the 
hearer  sure.  Certify  is  more  formal,  and  applies  rather  to  written 
documents  or  legal  processes.  Assure,  certify,  inform,  apply  to 
the  person  ;  affirm,  etc, ,  to  the  tiling.  Assert  is  combative  ;  assure 
is  conciliatory.  I  assert  my  right  to  cross  the  river  ;  I  assure  my 
friend  it  is  perfectly  safe.  To  aver  is  to  state  positively  what  is 
witliin  one's  own  knowledge  or  matter  of  deep  conviction.  One  may 
assert  himself,  or  assert  his  right  to  what  he  is  willing  to  contend 
for  ;  or  he  may  assert  in  discussion  what  he  is  ready  to  maintain 
by  argument  or  evidence.  To  assert  without  proof  is  always  to 
lay  oneself  open  to  the  suspicion  of  having  no  proof  to  offer,  and 
seems  to  arrogate  too  much  to  one's  personal  authority,  and  hence 
in  such  cases  both  the  verb  assert  and  its  noun  assertion  have  an 
unfavorable  sense  ;  we  say  a  mere  assertion,  a  bare  assertion,  his 
unsupported  assertion  ;  he  asserted  his  innocence  has  less  force 
than  he  affirmed  or  maintained  his  innocence.  Affirm,  state,  and 
tell  have  not  the  controversial  sense  of  assert,  but  are  simply 
declarative.  To  vindicate  is  to  defend  successfully  what  is 
assailed.  Almost  every  criminal  will  assert  his  innocence ;  the 
honest  man  will  seldom  lack  means  to  vindicate  his  integrity. 
Antonyms  : 

contradict,  controvert,        disprove,        gainsay,        refute,  retract, 

contravene,  deny,  dispute,  oppose,         repudiate,         waive. 


STEEP. 

Synonyms: 

abrupt,  high.,  precipitous,  sharp,  sheer. 

High  is  used  of  simple  elevation ;  steep  is  said  only  of  an  in- 
cline where  the  vertical  measurement  is  svifficiently  great  in  pro- 
portion to  the  horizontal  to  make  it  difficult  of  ascent.  Steep  is 
relative  ;  an  ascent  of  100  feet  to  the  mile  on  a  railway  is  a  steep 
gi'ade  ;  a  rise  of  500  feet  to  the  mile  makes  a  steej)  wagon=road  ;  a 
roof  is  Sleep  when  it  makes  with  the  horizontal  line  an  angle  of 
more  than  45° .  A  high  mountain  may  be  climbed  by  a  winding 
road  nowhere  steeji,  while  a  little  hill  may  be  accessible  only  by  a 


343 


storm 
story 


steep  path.  A  sharp  ascent  or  descent  is  one  that  makes  a  sudden, 
decided  angle  with  the  plane  from  which  it  starts  ;  a  sheer  ascent 
or  descent  is  perpendicular,  or  nearly  so ;  precipitous  applies  to 
that  which  is  of  the  nature  of  a  precipice,  and  is  used  especially  of 
a  descent ;  ahrupt  is  as  if  broken  sharply  off,  and  applies  to  either 
acclivity  or  declivity.     Comijare  high. 

Antouyiii8: 

easy,        flat,        gentle,        gradual,        horizontal,        level,        low,        slight. 


STORM. 

Synonyni!^  : 

agitation,  disturbance,  tempest. 

A  storm  is  properly  a  disturbance  of  the  atmosphere,  with  or 
without  rain,  snow,  hail,  or  thunder  and  lightning.  Thus  we  have 
rain'Stor7n,  snowstorm,  etc.,  and  by  extension,  magnetic  storm. 
A  tempest  is  a  storm  of  exti'eme  violence,  always  attended  with 
some  precipitation,  as  of  rain,  from  the  atmosphere.  In  the  moral 
and  figurative  use,  storm  and  tempest  are  not  closely  discriminated, 
except  that  tempest  commonly  imialies  greater  intensity.  We  speak 
of  agitation  of  feeling,  disturbance  of  mind,  a  storm  of  passion,  a 
tempest  of  rage. 

Antonyms : 

calm,      fair  weather,      hush,      peace,      serenity,      stillness,      tranquillity. 


STORY. 

Synonyms  : 

account, 

anecdote, 

incident. 

legend, 

myth, 

narration. 

narrative, 
novel, 

recital, 
record, 

relation, 
tale. 

A  story  is  the  telling  of  some  series  of  connected  incidents  or 
events,  whether  real  or  fictitious,  in  prose  or  verse,  orally  or  in 
writing  ;  or  the  series  of  incidents  or  events  thus  related  may  be 
termed  a  story.  In  children's  talk,  a  story  is  a  common  euphe- 
mism for  a  falsehood.  Tale  is  nearly  synonymous  with  story,  but 
is  somewhat  archaic ;  it  is  used  for  an  imaginative,  legendary,  or 
fictitious  recital,  especially  if  of  ancient  date ;  as,  a  fairy  tale ; 
also,  for  an  idle  or  malicious  report ;  as,  do  not  tell  tales  ;  "  where 
there  is  no  f  a?e=bearer,  the  strife  ceaseth. "  Prov.  xxvi,  20.  An  anec- 
dote tells  briefly  some  incident,  assumed  to  be  fact.  If  it  passes 
close  limits  of  brevity,  it  ceases  to  be  an  anecdote,  and  becomes  a 
narrative  or  narration.  A  traditional  or  mytliical  story  of  an- 
cient times  is  a  legend.    A  history  is  often  somewhat  poetically 


stupidity 
stupor 


344 


called  a  story  ;  as,  the  story  of  the  American  civil  war.    Compare 

ALLEGORY  ;   FICTION  ;   HISTORY. 
Antonyms: 

aunals,  biography,  chronicle,  history,  memoir. 


stupefaction, 
stupor. 


STUPIDITY. 

Synonyms: 

apathy,  insensibility,       slowness, 

dulness,         obtuseness,  sluggisbness. 

Stupidity  is  sometimes  loosely  used  for  temporary  dulness  or 
partial  stupor,  but  chiefly  for  innate  and  chronic  dulness  and 
sluggishness  of  mental  action,  obtuseness  of  apprehension,  etc. 
Apathy  may  be  temporary,  and  be  dispelled  by  appeal  to  the  feel- 
ings or  by  the  presentation  of  an  adequate  motive,  but  stupidity 


is    inveterate    and    commonly 

IDIOCY  ;   STUPOR. 

Autonyms 

acuteness,                  lirilliancy, 
alertness,                   cleverness, 
animation,                intelligence. 

incurable. 

keenness, 

quickness, 

.   readiness. 

Compare    a 

sagacity, 

sense, 

sensibility. 

STUPOR. 

Synonyms: 

apathy,  fainting,  stupefaction,    syncope, 

asphyxia,     insensibility,     swoon,  torpor, 

coma,  lethargy,  sw^ooning,  unconsciousness. 

Stupor  is  a  condition  of  the  body  in  which  the  action  of  the 
senses  and  faculties  is  suspended  or  greatly  dulled — weakness  or 
loss  of  sensibility.  The  apathy  of  disease  is  a  mental  afl:ection,  a 
state  of  morbid  indifference  ;  lethargy  is  a  morbid  tendency  to 
heavy  and  continued  sleep,  from  which  the  patient  may  perhaps 
be  momentarily  aroused.  Coma  is  a  deep,  abnormal  sleep,  from 
which  the  patient  can  not  be  aroused,  or  is  aroused  only  with  diflS,- 
culty,  a  state  of  profound  insensibility,  perhaps  with  full  pulse  and 
deep,  stertorous  breathing,  and  is  due  to  brain=oppression.  Syn- 
cope or  su^ooning  is  a  sudden  loss  of  sensation  and  of  power  of 
motion,  with  suspension  of  pulse  and  of  respiration,  and  is  due  to 
failure  of  heart=action,  as  from  sudden  nervous  shock  or  intense 
mental  emotion.  Insensibility  is  a  general  term  denoting  loss  of 
feeling  from  any  cause,  as  from  cold,  intoxication,  or  injury. 
Stupor  is  especially  profound  and  confirmed  insensibility,  prop- 
erly comatose.  Asphyxia  is  a  special  form  of  syncope  resulting 
from  partial  or  total  suspension  of  respiration,  as  in  strangulation, 
drowning,  or  inlialation  of  noxious  gases. 


subjective 
«>4ID  subsidy 

SUBJECTIVE. 

Synonym: 

objective. 

Subjective  and  objective  are  synonyms  in  but  one  point  of  view, 
being,  for  the  most  part,  strictly  antonyms.  Subjective  signifies 
relating  to  the  subject  of  mental  states,  that  is,  to  the  person  who 
experiences  them  ;  objective  signifies  relating  to  the  object  of  men- 
tal states,  that  is,  to  something  outside  the  perceiving  mind ;  in 
brief  phrase  it  may  be  said  that  subjective  relates  to  something 
within  the  mind,  objective  to  something  without.  A  mountain,  as  a 
mass  of  a  certain  size,  contour,  color,  etc.,  is  an  objective  fact ;  the 
impression  our  mind  receives,  the  mental  picture  it  forms  of  the 
mountain,  is  subjective.  But  this  subjective  impression  may  be- 
come itself  the  object  of  thought  (called  " subject=object " ),  as 
when  we  compare  our  mental  picture  of  the  mountain  with  om- 
idea  of  a  plain  or  river.  The  direct  experiences  of  the  soul,  as  joy, 
grief,  hope,  fear,  are  purely  subjective  ;  the  outward  causes  of 
these  experiences,  as  prosperity,  bereavement,  disappointment, 
are  objective.  That  which  has  independent  existence  or  authority 
apart  from  our  experience  or  thought  is  said  to  have  objective  ex- 
istence or  authority  ;  thus  we  speak  of  the  objective  authority  of 
the  moral  law.  Different  individuals  may  receive  different  sub- 
jective impressions  from  the  same  objective  fact,  that  which  to  one 
is  a  cause  of  hope  being  to  another  a  cause  of  fear,  etc.  The  style 
of  a  writer  is  called  objective  when  it  derives  its  materials  mainly 
from  or  reaches  out  toward  external  objects  ;  it  is  called  subjec- 
tive when  it  derives  its  materials  mainly  from  or  constantly  tends 
to  revert  to  the  personal  experience  of  the  author.     Compare 

INHERENT 


SUBSIDY. 

Synonyms : 

aid,  bounty,    indemnity,     reward,  support, 

allow^ance,    gift,  pension,  subvention,      tribute, 

bonus,  g;rant,       premium, 

A  subsidy  is  pecuniary  aid  directly  granted  by  government  to 

an  individual  or  commercial  enterprise,  or  money  furnished  by 

one  nation  to  another  to  aid  it  in  carrying  on  war  against  a  common 

enemy.     A  nation  grants  a  subsidy  to  an  ally,  pays  a  tribute  to  a 

conqueror.     An  indounity  is  in  the  nature  of  things  limited  and 

temporary,   while  a  tribute  might  be  exacted  indefinitely.      A 


subvert 

succeed  346 


nation  may  also  grant  a  subsidy  to  its  own  citizens  as  a  means  of 
promoting  the  public  welfare  ;  as,  a  subsidy  to  a  steamship  com- 
pany. The  somewhat  rare  term  subvention  is  especially  apphed 
to  a  grant  of  governmental  aid  to  a  literary  or  artistic  enterprise. 
Governmental  aid  to  a  commercial  or  industrial  enterprise  other 
tlaan  a  transportation  company  is  more  frequently  called  a  bounty 
than  a  subsidy  ;  as,  the  sugar  bounty.  The  word  bounty  may  be 
applied  to  almost  any  regular  or  stipulated  allotca7ice  by  a  gov- 
ernment to  a  citizen  or  citizens  ;  as,  a  bounty  for  enlisting  in  the 
army  ;  a  bounty  for  killing  wolves.  A  bounty  is  offered  for  some- 
thing to  be  done  ;  a  pension  is  granted  for  something  that  has 
been  done. 


SUBVERT. 

Synonyms: 

destroy.  overthrow^,  ruin,  supplant, 

extinguish,  overturn,  supersede,  suppress. 

To  subvert  is  to  overthrow  from  or  as  from  the  very  founda- 
tion ;  utterly  destroy  ;  bring  to  ruin.  The  word  is  now  generally 
figurative,  as  of  moral  or  political  ruin.  To  supersede  implies 
the  putting  of  something  that  is  wisely  or  unwisely  preferred  in 
the  place  of  that  which  is  removed ;  to  subvert  does  not  imply 
substitution.  To  supplant  is  more  often  personal,  signifying  to 
take  the  place  of  another,  usually  by  underhanded  means  ;  one  is 
superseded  by  authority,  supplanted  by  a  rival.  Compare  abolish. 
Autonyms  : 

conserve,  keep,  perpetuate,  preserve,  sustain,  uphold. 


SUCCEED. 
Synonyms: 

achieve,    attain,    flourisli,    prevail,    prosper,    thrive,    w^in. 

A  person  succeeds  when  he  accomplishes  what  he  attempts,  or 
attains  a  desired  object  or  result ;  an  enterprise  or  undertaking 
succeeds  that  has  a  prosperous  result.  To  win  implies  that  some 
one  loses,  but  one  may  succeed  where  no  one  fails.  A  solitary 
swimmer  succeeds  in  reaching  the  shore  ;  if  we  say  he  tcins  the 
shore  we  contrast  him  with  himself  as  a  possible  loser.  Many 
students  may  succeed  in  study  ;  a  few  win  the  special  prizes,  for 
which  all  compete.  Compare  follow. 
Antonyms: 

be  defeated,        come  short,      fail,      fall  short,       lose,       miss,       miscarry. 


suggestion 
<>47  supernatural 

SUGGESTIOX. 
Synonj'ins : 

hint,    implication,    innuendo,     insinuation,      intimation. 

A  fiiiggestion  (L.  i^tib,  under,  and  gero,  bring)  brings  something 
before  the  mind  less  directly  than  by  formal  or  explicit  statement, 
as  by  a  partial  statement,  an  incidental  allusion,  an  illustration,  a 
question,  or  the  like.  Suggestion  is  often  used  of  an  unobtrusive 
statement  of  one's  views  or  wishes  to  another,  leaving  consideration 
and  any  consequent  action  entirely  to  his  judgment,  and  is  hence, 
in  many  cases,  the  most  respectful  M^ay  in  which  one  can  convey 
his  views  to  a  superior  or  a  stranger.  A  suggestion  may  be  given 
unintentionally,  and  even  unconsciously,  as  when  we  say  an  author 
has  "  a  suggestive  style."  An  intimation  is  a  suggestion  in  brief 
utterance,  or  sometimes  by  significant  act,  gesture,  or  token,  of 
one's  meaning  or  wishes  ;  in  the  latter  case  it  is  often  the  act  of  a 
superior  ;  as,  Grod  in  his  providence  gives  us  intimations  of  his  will. 
A  hint  is  still  more  limited  in  expression,  and  is  always  covert,  but 
frequently  with  good  intent  ;  as,  to  give  one  a  hint  of  danger  or 
of  opportunity.  Insinuation  and  innuendo  are  used  in  the  bad 
sense  ;  an  insinuation  is  a  covert  or  partly  veiled  injurious  utter- 
ance, sometimes  to  the  very  person  attacked  ;  an  innuendo  is  com- 
monly secret  as  well  as  sly,  as  if  pointing  one  out  by  a  signifi- 
cant nod  (L.  in,  in,  to,  and  nuo,  nod). 


SUPERNATURAL. 

Synonyms: 

miraculous,  preternatural,  superhuman. 

The  supernatural  {super,  above)  is  above  or  superior  to  the 
recognized  powers  of  nature ;  the  preternatural  {preter,  beyond) 
is  aside  from  or  beyond  the  recognized  results  or  operations  of 
natural  law,  often  in  the  sense  of  inauspicious  ;  as,  a.  preternat- 
ural gloom.  Miraculous  is  more  emphatic  and  specific  than  super- 
natural, as  referring  to  the  direct  personal  intervention  of  divine 
power.  Some  hold  that  a  miracle,  as  the  raising  of  the  dead,  is  a 
direct  suspension  and  even  violation  of  natural  laws  by  the  fiat  of 
the  Creator,  and  hence  is,  in  the  strictest  sense,  supernatural ; 
others  hold  that  the  miracle  is  simply  the  calling  forth  of  a  power 
residing  in  the  laws  of  nature,  but  not  within  their  ordinary  oper- 
ation, and  dependent  on  a  distinct  act  of  God,  so  that  the  miracu- 
lous might  be  termed  "  extranatui'al,"  rather  than  supernatur(d. 
All  that  is  beyond  human  power  is  superhuman ;  as,  prophecy 


support 

suppose  «»4S 

gives  evidence  of  superhuman  knowledge  ;  the  word  is  sometimes 
applied  to  remarkable  manifestations  of  human  power,  surpassing 
all  that  is  ordinary. 
Antonyms : 

common,         commonplace,        everyday,        natural,        ordinary,        usual. 


SUPPORT. 

Synonyms: 

bear,  cherisli,        keep,  maintain,  sustain, 

carry,         liold  up,        keep  up,       prop,  upbold. 

Support  and  sustain  alike  signify  to  liold  up  or  keep  up,  to 
prevent  from  falling  or  sinking  ;  but  sustain  has  a  special  sense  of 
continuous  exertion  or  of  great  strength  continuously  exerted,  as 
when  we  speak  of  sustained  endeavor  or  a  sustained  note  ;  a 
flower  is  supported  by  the  stem  or  a  temple=roof  by  arches  ;  the 
foundations  of  a  great  building  sustain  an  enormous  pressure  ;  to 
sustain  life  implies  a  gi-eater  exigency  and  need  than  to  support 
life  ;  to  say  one  is  sustained  under  affliction  is  to  say  more  both 
of  the  severity  of  the  trial  and  the  completeness  of  the  upholding 
than  if  we  say  he  is  supported.  To  hear  is  the  most  general  word, 
denoting  all  holding  up  or  keeping  up  of  any  object,  whether  in 
rest  or  motion  ;  in  the  derived  senses  it  refers  to  something  that 
is  a  tax  upon  strength  or  endurance  ;  as,  to  hear  a  strain  ;  to  hear 
pain  or  grief.  To  maintain  is  to  keep  in  a  state  or  condition, 
especially  in  an  excellent  and  desirable  condition  ;  as,  to  maintain 
health  or  reputation  ;  to  maintain  one's  j)osition ;  to  maintain  a 
cause  or  proposition  is  to  hold  it  against  opposition  or  difficulty. 
To  su^jpiort  may  be  partial,  to  maintain  is  complete  ;  maintain  is 
a  word  of  more  dignity  than  support ;  a  man  supporfs  his  family  ; 
a  state  maintains  an  army  or  navy.  To  prop  is  always  partial, 
signifying  to  add  supjport  to  something  that  is  insecure.    Compare 

ABET  ;  ENDURE  ;   KEEP. 

Antonyms: 

abandon,      break  down,      demoligh,      destroy,      let  go,  throw  down, 

betray,  cast  down,         desert,  drop,  overthrow,      wreck. 

Prepositions : 

The  roof  is  supported  hy,  on,  or  upon  pillars  ;  the  family  was 

supported  on  or  upon  a  pittance,  or  hy  charity. 


SUPPOSE. 

Synonyms : 

conjecture,     deem,     guess,     imagine,     surmise,     think. 

To  suppjose  is  temporarily  to  assume  a  thing  as  true,  either 


surrender 
349  synonymous 

with  the  expectation  of  finding  it  so  or  for  tlie  purpose  of  ascer- 
taining wliat  would  follow  if  it  were  so.  To  suppose  is  also  to 
think  a  thing  to  be  true  while  aware  or  conceding  that  the  belief 
does  not  rest  upon  any  siu-e  ground,  and  may  not  accord  with 
fact ;  or  yet  again,  to  suppose  is  to  imply  as  true  or  involved  as  a 
necessary  inference  ;  as,  design  supposes  the  existence  of  a  de- 
signer. To  conjechire  is  to  put  together  the  nearest  available 
materials  for  a  provisional  opinion,  always  with  some  expectation 
of  finding  the  facts  to  be  as  conjectured.  To  imagine  is  to  form  a 
mental  image  of  something  as  existing,  tho  its  actual  existence 
may  be  unknown,  or  even  ijnpossible.  To  think,  in  this  applica- 
tion, is  to  hold  as  the  result  of  thought  what  is  admitted  not  to  be 
matter  of  exact  or  certain  knowledge  ;  as,  I  do  not  know,  but  I 
tliinlc  this  to  be  the  fact  :  a  more  conclusive  statement  than  would 
be  made  by  the  use  of  conjecture  or  suppose.     Compare  doubt  ; 

HYPOTHESIS. 
Antonyms: 

ascertain,  be  sure,  conclude,  discover,  know,  prove. 


SURRENDER. 

Synonyms: 

abandon,  cede,  give  over,       relinquish, 

alienate,  give,  give  up,  .  sacrifice, 

capitulate,       give  oneself  up,       let  go,  yield. 

To  surrender  is  to  give  up  upon  compulsion,  as  to  an  enemy  in 
war,  hence  to  give  up  to  any  person,  passion,  influence,  or  power. 
To  yield  is  to  give  place  or  give  way  under  pressure,  and  hence 
imder  compulsion.  Yield,  implies  more  softness  or  concession  than 
surrender ;  the  most  determined  men  may  .s»rreji-der  to  overwhelm- 
ing force  ;  when  one  yields,  his  spirit  is  at  least  somewhat  sub- 
dued. A  monarch  or  a  state  cedes  territory  perhaps  for  a  consid- 
eration ;  surrenders  an  army,  a  navy,  or  a  fortified  place  to  a 
conqueror  ;  a  military  commander  abandons  an  untenable  position 
or  unavailable  stores.  We  sacrifice  something  precious  through 
error,  friendship,  or  duty,  yield  to  convincing  reasons,  a  stronger 
will,  winsome  persuasion,  or  superior  force.    Compare  abandon. 


SYMONYHOUS. 

Synonyms  : 

alike,  ectuivalent,  like.  similar, 

correspondent,         identical,  same,       synonymic, 

corresponding,        interchangeable. 

Synonymous  (Gr.  syn,  together,  and  onyma,  name)  strictly  sig- 
nifies being  interchangeahlenames  for  the  same  thing,  or  being  one 


system  350 

of  two  or  more  interchangeable  names  for  the  same  thing  ;  to  say 
that  two  words  are  synonymous  is  strictly  to  say  they  are  alike, 
equivalent,  identical,  or  the  same  in  meaning ;  but  the  use  of  syn- 
onymous in  this  strict  sense  is  somewhat  rare,  and  rather  with 
reference  to  statements  than  to  words. 

To  Scay  that  we  are  morally  developed  is  synonymous  with  saying  that  we  have 
reaped  what  some  one  has  suffered  for  us. 

H.  W.  Beecher  Eoyal  Tmths  p.  294.     [t.  &  f.  '66.] 

In  the  strictest  sense,  synonymous  words  scarcely  exist ;  rarely, 
if  ever,  are  any  two  words  in  any  language  equivalent  or  identical  in 
meaning  ;  where  a  difference  in  meaning  can  not  easily  be  shown, 
a  difference  in  usage  commonly  exists,  so  that  the  words  are  not 
interchangeable.  By  synonymous  words  (or  synonyms)  we  usually 
understand  words  that  coincide  or  nearly  coincide  in  some  part  of 
their  meaning,  and  may  hence  within  certain  limits  be  used  in- 
terchangeably, while  outside  of  those  limits  they  may  differ  very 
greatly  in  meaning  and  use.  It  is  the  office  of  a  work  on  syn- 
onyms to  point  out  these  correspondences  and  differences,  that 
language  may  have  the  flexibility  that  comes  from  freedom  of 
selection  within  the  common  limits,  with  the  perspicuity  and  pre- 
cision that  result  from  exact  choice  of  the  fittest  words  to  express 
each  shade  of  meaning  outside  of  the  common  limits.  To  consider 
synonymous  words  identical  is  fatal  to  accuracy ;  to  forget  that 
they  are  similar,  to  some  extent  equivalent,  and  sometimes  inter- 
changeable, is  destructive  of  freedom  and  variety. 


SYSTEM. 
Synonyms: 

manner,     method,     mode,      order,     regularity,      rule. 

Order  in  this  connection  denotes  the  fact  or  result  of  proper 
arrangement  according  to  the  due  relation  or  sequence  of  the 
matters  arranged ;  as,  these  papers  are  in  order ;  in  alphabetical 
order.  Method  denotes  a  process,  a  general  or  established  way  of 
doing  or  proceeding  in  anything  ;  rule,  an  authoritative  require- 
ment or  an  established  course  of  things  ;  system,  not  merely  a  law 
of  action  or  procedure,  but  a  comprehensive  plan  in  which  all  the 
parts  are  related  to  each  other  and  to  the  whole  ;  as,  a  system  of 
theology  ;  a  railroad  system ;  the  digestive  system  ;  manner  refers 
to  the  external  qualities  of  actions,  and  to  those  often  as  settled 
and  characteristic ;  we  speak  of  a  system  of  taxation,  a  method  of 
collecting  taxes,  the  rules  by  which  assessments  are  made  ;  or  we 


351  taciturn 

say,  as  a  rule  the  payments  are  heaviest  at  a  certain  time  of  year ;  a 
just  tax  may  be  made  odious  by  the  manner  of  its  collection. 
Regularity  applies  to  the  even  disposition  of  objects  or  uniform 
recurrence  of  acts  in  a  series.  There  may  be  regularity  without 
order,  as  in  the  recurrence  of  paroxysms  of  disease  or  insanity  ; 
there  may  be  order  without  regularity,  as  in  the  arrangement  of 
furniture  in  a  room,  where  the  objects  are  placed  at  varying  dis- 
tances. Order  commonly  implies  the  design  of  an  intelligent 
agent  or  the  appearance  or  suggestion  of  such  design  ;  regularity 
applies  to  an  actual  uniform  disposition  or  recurrence  with  no 
suggestion  of  purpose,  and  as  applied  to  human  affairs  is  less 
intelligent  and  more  mechanical  than  order.  The  most  perfect 
order  is  often  secured  with  least  regidarity,  as  in  a  fine  essay  or 
oration.  The  same  may  be  said  of  system.  There  is  a  regularity 
of  dividing  a  treatise  into  topics,  paragraphs,  and  sentences, 
that  is  destructive  of  true  rhetorical  system.     Compare  HABIT ; 

HYPOTHESIS. 
Antonyms: 

chaois,  derangement,        disarrangement,        disorder,        irregularity, 

confusion. 


TACITURN. 

SynonjTns: 

close,  mute,  reticent,  speechless, 

dumb,  reserved,  silent,  uncommunicative. 

Dumb,  mute,  silent,  and  speechless  refer  to  fact  or  state  ;  taci- 
turn refers  to  habit  and  disposition.  The  talkative  person  may  be 
stricken  dumb  with  surprise  or  terror  ;  the  obstinate  may  remain 
mtde ;  one  may  be  sileiit  through  preoccupation  of  mind  or  of  set  pur- 
pose ;  but  the  taciturn  person  is  averse  to  the  utterance  of  thought 
or  feeling  and  to  communication  with  others,  either  from  natural 
disposition  or  for  the  occasion.  One  who  is  silent  does  not  speak 
at  all ;  one  who  is  taciturn  speaks  when  compelled,  but  in  a  grud- 
ging way  that  repels  further  approach.  Reserved  suggests  more 
of  method  and  intention  than  taciturn,  applying  often  to  some 
special  time  or  topic  ;  one  who  is  communicative  regarding  all 
else  may  be  reserved  about  his  business.  Reserved  is  thus  closely 
equivalent  to  uncommunicative,  but  is  a  somewhat  stronger  word, 
often  suggesting  pride  or  haughtiness,  as  when  we  say  one  is  re- 
served toward  inferiors.  Compare  pride. 
Antonyms : 

communicative,      free,      garrulous,      loquacious,      talkative,      unreserved. 


tasteful  3^2 

TASTEFUL.. 

Synonyms: 

artistic,       delicate,         esthetic,  fastidious,       nice, 

chaste,         delicious,       esthetical,       fine,  tasty, 

dainty,        elegant,  exquisite. 

Elegant  (L.  elegans,  select)  refers  to  that  assemblage  of 
qualities  which  makes  anything  choice  to  persons  of  culture  and 
refinement ;  it  refers  to  the  lighter,  finer  elements  of  beauty  in 
form  or  motion,  especially  denoting  that  which  exhibits  faultless 
taste  and  perfection  of  finish.  That  which  is  elegant  is  made  so 
not  merely  by  nature,  but  by  art  and  culture ;  a  woodland  dell 
may  be  beautiful  or  picturesque,  but  would  not  ordinarily  be 
termed  elegant.  Tasteful  refers  to  that  in  which  the  element  of 
taste  is  more  prominent,  standing,  as  it  were,  more  by  itself,  while 
in  elegant  it  is  blended  as  part  of  the  whole.  Tasty  is  an  inferior 
word,  used  colloquially  in  a  similar  sense.  Chaste  (primarily 
pure),  denotes  in  literature  and  art  that  which  is  ti-ue  to  the  higher 
and  finer  feelings  and  free  from  all  excess  or  meretricious  orna- 
ment. Dainty  and  delicate  refer  to  the  lighter  and  finer  elements 
of  taste  and  beauty,  dainty  tending  in  personal  use  to  an  excessive 
scrupulousness  which  is  more  fully  expressed  by  fastidious.  Nice 
and  delicate  both  refer  to  exact  adaptation  to  some  standard  ;  the 
bar  of  a  balance  can  be  said  to  be  nicely  or  delicately  poised  ;  as 
regards  matters  of  taste  and  beauty,  delicate  is  a  higher  and  more 
discriminating  word  than  tiice,  and  is  always  used  in  a  favorable 
sense ;  a  delicate  distinction  is  one  worth  observing ;  a  nice  dis- 
tinction may  be  so,  or  may  be  overstrained  and  unduly  subtle  ;  fine 
in  such  use,  is  closely  similar  to  delicate  and  wtce,  but  (tho  capable 
of  an  unfavorable  sense)  has  commonly  a  suggestion  of  positive 
excellence  or  admirableness  ;  a  fine  touch  does  something  ;  fine 
perceptions  are  to  some  purpose  ;  delicate  is  capable  of  the  single 
imfavorable  sense  of  frail  or  fragile  ;  as,  a  delicate  constitution. 
Esthetic  or  esthetical  refers  to  beauty  or  the  appreciation  of  the 
beautiful,  especially  from  the  philosophic  point  of  view.  Exquisite 
denotes  the  utmost  perfection  of  the  elegant  in  minute  details  ; 
we  speak  of  an  elegant  garment,  an  e.vquisite  lace.  Exquisite  is 
also  applied  to  intense  keenness  of  any  feeling  ;  as,  exquisite 
delight ;  exquisite  pain.    See  beautiful  ;  delicious  ;  fine. 

inartistic,  rougli, 

inharmonious,  rude, 

meretricious,  rugged, 

offensive,  tawdry. 


Antonyms : 

clumsy, 

displeasing, 

grotesque, 

coarse, 

distasteful, 

harsh, 

deformed. 

fulsome. 

hideous. 

disgusting, 

gaudy, 

horrid, 

oKo  teach 

<iOtS  temerity 

TEACH. 

Synonyms: 

discipline,       give  instruction,  inform,  nurture, 

drill,  give  lessons,  initiate,  school, 

educate,  inculcate,  instill,  train, 

enlighten,        indoctrinate,  instruct,  tutor. 

To  teach  is  simply  to  communicate  knowledge ;  to  instruct 
(originally,  to  build  in  or  into,  put  in  order)  is  to  impart  knowl- 
edge with  special  method  and  completeness  ;  instruct  has  also  an 
authoritative  sense  nearly  equivalent  to  command.  To  educate 
is  to  draw  out  or  develop  harmoniously  the  mental  powers,  and, 
in  the  fullest  sense,  the  moral  powers  as  well.  To  train  is  to 
direct  to  a  certain  result  powers  already  existing.  Train  is  used 
in  preference  to  educate  when  the  reference  is  to  the  inferior  ani- 
mals or  to  the  physical  powers  of  man  ;  as,  to  train  a  horse  ;  to 
train  the  hand  or  eye.  To  discipline  is  to  bring  into  habitual  and 
complete  subjection  to  authority  ;  discipline  is  a  severe  word,  and 
is  often  used  as  a  euphemism  for  punish  ;  to  be  thorouglily  effect- 
ive in  war,  soldiers  must  be  disciplined  as  well  as  trained.  To 
nurture  is  to  furnish  the  care  and  sustenance  necessary  for  phys- 
ical, mental,  and  moral  growth ;  nurture  is  a  more  tender  and 
homelike  word  than  educate.     Compare  education. 


TEHERITY. 

Synonyms : 

audacity,  heedlessness,  presumption, 

foolhardiness,  over:confidence,  rashness, 

hardihood,  precipitancy,  recklessness, 

hastiness,  precipitation,  venturesomeness. 

Rashness  applies  to  the  actual  rushing  into  danger  without 
counting  the  cost ;  temerity  denotes  the  needless  exposure  of 
oneself  to  peril  which  is  or  might  be  clearly  seen  to  be  such 
Rashness  is  used  chiefly  of  bodily  acts,  temerity  often  of  mental 
or  social  matters  ;  there  may  be  a  noble  rashness,  but  temerity  is 
always  used  in  a  bad  sense.  We  say  it  is  amazing  that  one  should 
have  had  the  temerity  to  make  a  statement  which  could  be  readily 
proved  a  falsehood,  or  to  make  an  unworthy  proposal  to  one  sure 
to  resent  it ;  in  such  use  temerity  is  often  closely  allied  to  har^di- 
hood,  audacity,  or  presumption.  Venturesomeness  dalUes  on  the 
edge  of  danger  and  experiments  with  it ;  foolhardiness  rushes  in 
for  want  of  sense,  heedlessness  for  want  of  attention,  rashness  for 
want  of  reflection,  recklessness  from  disregard  of  consequences. 
Audacity,  in  the  sense  here  considered,  denotes  a  dashing  and 
somewhat  reckless  courage,  in  defiance  of  conventionalities,  or  of 
23 


term 

terse  354 


other  men's  opinions,  or  of  what  would  be  deemed  probable  con- 
sequences ;  as,  the  audacity  of  a  successful  financier.     Compare. 

EFFRONTERY. 
Antonyms: 

care,     caution,     circumspection,    cowardice,    hesitation,    timidity,      wariness 


TERm. 

Synonyms: 

article,  denomination,  member,  phrase, 

condition,  expression,  name,  ■word. 

Term  in  its  figurative  uses  always  retains  something  of  its  literal 
sense  of  a  boundary  or  limit.  The  articles  of  a  conti-act  or  other 
insti-ument  are  simply  the  portions  into  which  it  is  divided  for 
convenience  ;  the  terms  are  the  essential  statements  on  wliich  its 
validity  depends  —  as  it  were,  the  landmarks  of  its  meaning  or 
power ;  a  condition  is  a  contingent  term  which  may  become  fixed 
upon  the  happening  of  some  contemplated  event.  In  logic  a  term 
is  one  of  the  essential  members  of  a  proposition,  the  boundary  of 
statement  in  some  one  direction.  Thus,  in  general  use  tervi  is  more 
restricted  than  icord,  expression,  or  phrase  ;  a  term  is  a  icord  that 
limits  meaning  to  a  fixed  point  of  statement  or  to  a  special  class  of 
subjects,  as  when  we  speak  of  the  definition  of  terms,  that  is  of 
the  key =words  in  any  discussion  ;  or  we  say,  that  is  a  legal  or  scien- 
tific term.    Compare  boundary  ;  diction. 


TERSE. 

Synonyms: 

brief,  concise.  neat,  short, 

compact,  condensed,         pithy,  succinct, 

compendious,        laconic,  sententious. 

Anything  short  or  brief  is  of  relatively  small  extent.  That 
wliich  is  concise  (L.  con-,  with,  together,  and  ccedo,  cut)  is  trimmed 
down,  and  that  which  is  C07idensed  (L.  con-,  with,  together,  and 
densus,  thick)  is,  as  it  were,  pressed  together,  so  as  to  include  as 
much  as  i^ossible  within  a  small  space.  That  whicli  is  compendi- 
ous (L.  com-,  together,  &,n6.  pendo,  weigh)  gathers  the  substance  of 
a  matter  into  a  few  words,  weighty  and  effective.  The  succinct 
(L.  succinctus,  from  sub-,  under,  and  cingo,  gird ;  girded  from 
below)  has  an  alert  effectiveness  as  if  girded  for  action.  The  siim- 
mary  is  compacted  to  the  utmost,  often  to  the  point  of  abruptness  ; 
as,  we  speak  of  a  summary  statement  or  a  summary  dismissal. 
That  which  is  terse  (L.  tersus,  from  tergo,  rub  off)  has  an  elegant 
and  finished  completeness  within  the  smallest  possible  compass,  as 


„_«  testimony 

fioo  therefore 

if  rubbed  or  j)olished  down  to  the  utmost.  A  sententious  style  is 
one  abounding  in  sentences  that  are  singly  striking  or  memorable, 
apart  from  the  context ;  the  word  may  be  used  invidiously  of  that 
which  is  pretentiously  oracular.  A  pithy  utterance  gives  the  gist 
of  a  matter  effectively,  whether  in  rude  or  elegant  style. 
Autonyms: 

diffuse,        lengthy,        long,  prolix,         tedious,  verbose,  wordy. 


TESTIMONY. 

Synonyms: 

affidavit,  attestation,  deposition,  proof, 

affirmation,  certification,  evidence,  w^itness. 

Testimony,  in  legal  as  well  as  in  common  use,  signifies  the 
statements  of  witnesses.  Deposition  and  affidavit  denote  testi- 
viony  reduced  to  writing  ;  the  deposition  differs  from  the  affidavit 
in  that  the  latter  is  voluntary  and  without  cross=examination, 
while  the  former  is  made  under  interrogatories  and  subject  to 
crosssexamination.  Evidence  is  a  broader  term,  including  the  tes- 
timony of  witnesses  and  all  facts  of  every  kind  that  tend  to  prove 
a  thing  true  ;  we  have  tlie  testimoiiy  of  a  traveler  that  a  fugitive 
passed  this  way  ;  his  footprints  in  the  sand  are  additional  evidence 
of  the  fact.     Compare  demonstration  ;  oath. 


THEREFORE. 

Synonyms: 

accordingly,  conseciuently,        then,  whence, 

because,  hence,  thence,  w^herefore. 

Therefore,  signifying  for  that  (or  this)  reason,  is  the  most  pre- 
cise and  formal  word  for  expressing  the  direct  conclusion  of  a 
chain  of  reasoning  ;  then  carries  a  similar  but  slighter  sense  of 
inference,  which  it  gives  incidentally  rather  than  formally  ;  as, 
' '  All  men  are  mortal ;  Ceesar  is  a  man  ;  therefore  Csesar  is  mor- 
tal ;"  or,  "The  contract  is  awarded  ;  then  there  is  no  more  to  be 
said."  Consequently  denotes  a  direct  result,  but  more  frequently 
of  a  practical  than  a  theoretic  kind;  as,  "Important  matters 
demand  my  attention  ;  consequently  I  shall  not  sail  to-day. "  Con- 
sequently is  rarely  used  in  the  formal  conclusions  of  logic  or 
mathematics,  but  marks  rather  the  freer  and  looser  style  of  rhe- 
torical argument.  Aceordiiigly  denotes  correspondence,  wliich 
may  or  may  not  be  consequence  ;  it  is  often  used  in  narration  ;  as, 
"The  soldiers  were  eager  and  confident ;  accordingly  they  sprang 
forward  at  the  word  of  command."     Thence  is  a  word  of  more 


throng 

time  «»«>0 

sweeping  inference  than  therefore,  applying  not  merely  to  a 
single  set  of  premises,  but  often  to  all  that  has  gone  before,  inclu- 
ding the  reasonable  inferences  that  have  not  been  formally  stated. 
Wlierefore  is  the  correlative  of  therefore,  and  u-hence  of  hence  or 
thence,  appending  the  inference  or  conclusion  to  the  previous 
statement  without  a  break.     Compare  synonyms  for  because. 


TIIRONCl. 

Syiioiiyius: 

concourse,    crowd,    host,    jam,    mass,    multitude,    press. 

A  crou'd  is  a  company  of  persons  filling  to  excess  the  space 
they  occupy  and  pressing  inconveniently  upon  one  another  ;  the 
total  number  in  a  croicd  may  be  great  or  smaU.  Tlirong  is  a  word 
of  vastness  and  dignity,  always  implying  that  the  persons  are 
numerous  as  well  as  pressed  or  pressing  closely  together ;  there 
may  be  a  dense  croird  in  a  small  ix)oiu,  but  there  can  not  be  a 
throng.  Host  and  multitude  both  imply  vast  numbers,  but  a  mul- 
titude may  be  diffused  over  a  gi'eat  space  so  as  to  be  nowhere  a 
croicd  ;  host  is  a  military  term,  and  properly  denotes  an  assembly 
too  orderly  for  crowding.  Concourse  signifies  a  spontaneous  gath- 
ering of  many  persons  moved  by  a  common  impulse,  and  has  a 
suggestion  of  stateliness  not  found  in  the  word  croicd,  while  sug- 
gesting less  massing  and  pressure  than  is  indicated  by  the  \A'ord 
tlirong. 


TIHE. 

Synonyms : 

age,       duration,       epoch,     period,      seciuence,         term, 
date,     eon,  era,  season,      succession,      w^hile. 

Sequence  and  succession  apply  to  events  viewed  as  following 
one  another  ;  time  and  duration  denote  something  conceived  of  as 
enduring  while  events  take  place  and  acts  are  done.  According 
to  the  necessary  conditions  of  human  thought,  events  are  contained 
in  time  as  objects  are  in  space,  time  existing  before  the  event,  meas- 
uring it  as  it  passes,  and  stiU  existing  when  the  event  is  past. 
Duration  and  succession  are  more  general  words  than  time ;  we 
can  speak  of  infinite  or  eternal  duration  or  succession,  but  time  is 
commonly  contrasted  with  eternity.  IHme  is  measured  or  meas- 
urable duration. 


357  *l?e 


TIP. 

Synonyms : 

cant,  dip,  incline,  list,  slope, 

careen,  Iieel  over,  lean,  slant,  tilt. 

To  tilt  or  tq)  is  to  throw  out  of  a  horizontal  position  by  raising 
one  side  or  end  or  lowering  the  other;  the  words  are  closely  similar, 
but  tilt  suggests  more  of  fluctuation  or  instability.  Slant  and 
slope  are  said  of  things  somewhat  fixed  or  permanent  in  a  position 
out  of  the  horizontal  or  pei'pendicular ;  the  roof  slants,  the  hill 
slopes.  Incline  is  a  more  formal  word  for  tij),  and  also  for  slant 
or  slope.  To  cant  is  to  set  slantingly  ;  in  many  cases  tip  and  ca7it 
might  be  interchanged,  but  tip  is  more  temporary,  often  momen- 
tary ;  one  tips  a  pail  so  that  the  water  flows  over  the  edge  ;  a 
mechanic  cants  a  table  by  making  or  setting  one  side  higher  than 
the  other.  A  vessel  careens  in  the  wind ;  lists,  usually,  from 
shifting  of  cargo,  from  water  in  the  hold,  etc.  Careening  is 
always  toward  one  side  or  the  other  ;  listing  may  be  forward  or 
astern  as  well.  To  heel  over  is  the  same  as  to  careen,  and  must  be 
distinguished  from  "keel  over,"  which  is  to  capsize. 


TIRE. 

Synonyms: 

exhaust,      fatigue,     harass,     jade,     wear  out,     weary, 
fag, 

To  tire  is  to  reduce  strength  in  any  degree  by  exertion ;  one 
may  be  tired  just  enough  to  make  rest  pleasant,  or  even  uncon- 
sciously tired,  becoming  aware  of  the  fact  only  when  he  ceases 
the  exertion  ;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  he  may  be,  according  to  the 
common  phrase,  "too  tired  to  stir"  ;  but  for  this  extreme  condi- 
tion the  stronger  words  are  commonly  used.  One  who  is  fatigued 
suffers  from  a  conscious  and  painful  lack  of  strength  as  the  result 
of  some  overtaxing  ;  an  invalid  may  be  fatigued  with  very  slight 
exertion  ;  when  one  is  wearied,  the  painful  lack  of  strength  is  the 
result  of  long=continued  demand  or  strain ;  one  is  exhausted  when 
the  sti'ain  has  been  so  severe  and  continuous  as  utterly  to  con- 
sume the  strength,  so  that  further  exertion  is  for  the  time  impos- 
sible. One  is  fagged  by  drudgery  ;  he  is  jaded  by  incessant  repe- 
tition of  the  same  act  until  it  becomes  increasingly  difficult  or 
well=nigh  impossible  ;  as,  a  horse  is  jaded  by  a  long  and  unbroken 
journey. 
Antonyms: 

invigorate,      recreate,      refresli,      relax,      relieve,      repose,     rest,     restore. 


tool  35§ 

TOOI.. 

Synonyms : 

apparatus,  implement,  machine,  utensil, 

appliance,  instrument,         mechanism,     -nreapon. 

A  tool  is  something  that  is  both  contrived  and  used  for  extend- 
ing the  force  of  an  intelligent  agent  to  something  that  is  to  be 
operated  upon.  Those  things  by  which  pacific  and  industrial 
operations  are  performed  are  alone  properly  called  tools,  those 
designed  for  warlike  purposes  being  designated  iveapons.  An 
instrument  is  anything  tlu-ough  which  power  is  applied  and  a 
result  produced ;  in  general  usage,  the  word  is  of  considerably 
wider  meaning  than  tool ;  as,  a  piano  is  a  musical  instrument. 
Instrument  is  the  word  usually  applied  to  tools  used  in  scientific 
pursuits  ;  as,  we  speak  of  a  surgeon's  or  an  optician's  instruments. 
An  implement  is  a  mechanical  agency  considered  with  reference 
to  some  specific  purpose  to  which  it  is  adapted  ;  as,  an  agricultural 
imjjlement ;  implements  of  war.  Implement  is  a  less  technical  and 
artificial  term  than  tool.  The  paw  of  a  tiger  might  be  termed  a 
terrible  implement,  but  not  a  tool.  A  utensil  is  that  which  may 
be  used  for  some  special  purpose  ;  the  word  is  especially  applied 
to  articles  used  for  domestic  or  agricultural  purposes  ;  as,  kitchen 
utensils  ;  farming  utensils.  An  appliance  is  that  which  is  or  may 
be  applied  to  the  accomplishment  of  a  result,  either  independently 
or  as  subordinate  to  something  more  extensive  or  important ;  every 
mechanical  tool  is  an  appliance,  but  not  every  appliance  is  a  tool ; 
the  traces  of  a  harness  are  appliances  for  traction,  but  they  are 
not  tools.  Mechanism  is  a  word  of  wide  meaning,  denoting  any 
combination  of  mechanical  devices  for  united  action,  A  machine 
in  the  most  general  sense  is  any  mechanical  instrument  for  the 
conversion  of  motion  ;  in  this  sense  a  lever  is  a  machine  ;  but  in 
more  commonly  accepted  usage  a  machine  is  distinguished  from  a 
tool  by  its  complexity,  and  by  the  combination  and  coordination 
of  powers  and  movements  for  the  production  of  a  result.  A  chisel 
by  itself  is  a  tool ;  when  it  is  set  so  as  to  be  ojierated  by  a  crank 
and  pitman,  the  entire  mechanism  is  called  a  machine  ;  as,  a  mor- 
tising-machine.  An  apparatus  may  be  a  machine,  but  the  word 
is  commonly  used  for  a  collection  of  distinct  articles  to  be  used  in 
connection  or  combination  for  a  certain  purpose — a  mechanical 
equipment ;  as,  the  ap>paratus  of  a  gymnasium  ;  especially,  for  a 
collection  of  appliances  for  some  scientific  purpose  ;  as,  a  chemical 
or  surgical  apparatus  ;  an  apparatus  may  include  many  tools, 
instruments,  or  implements.    Implement  is  for  the  most  part  and 


topic 
359  trace 


utensil  is  altogether  restricted  to  the  literal  sense ;  instrument, 
machine,  and  tool  have  figurative  use,  instrument  being  used 
largely  in  a  good,  tool  always  in  a  bad  sense  ;  maehine  inclines  to 
the  unfavorable  sense,  as  implying  that  human  agents  are  made 
mechanically  svibservient  to  some  controlling  will ;  as,  an  instru- 
ment of  Providence ;    the  tool  of  a  tyrant  ;   a  political  machine. 


TOPIC. 

Synonyms : 

division,       issue,  motion,       proposition,       subject, 

head,  matter,  point,  question,  theme. 

A  topic  (Gr.  topos,  place)  is  a  head  of  discourse.  Since  a  tojjic 
for  discussion  is  often  stated  in  the  form  of  a  question,  question 
has  come  to  be  extensively  used  to  denote  a  debatable  topic,  espe- 
cially of  a  practical  nature  —  an  issiie  ;  as,  the  labor  question  ;  the 
temperance  question.  In  deliberative  assemblies  a  proposition 
presented  or  moved  for  acceptance  is  called  a  motion,  and  such  a 
motion  or  other  matter  for  consideration  is  known  as  the  question, 
since  it  is  or  may  be  stated  in  interrogative  form  to  be  answered 
by  each  member  with  a  vote  of  "aye"  or  "no";  a  member  is 
required  to  speak  to  the  question  ;  the  chairman  puts  the  guesf  ion. 
In  speaking  or  writing  the  general  suhject  or  theme  may  be  termed 
the  topic,  tho  it  is  more  usual  to  api^ly  the  latter  term  to  the 
subordinate  divisions,  points,  or  heads  of  discourse ;  as,  to 
enlarge  on  this  to2)ic  would  carry  me  too  far  from  my  subject ;  a 
pleasant  drive  will  suggest  many  topics  for  conversation. 


TRACE. 

Synonyms  : 

footmark,         impression,       remains,        token,       trail, 
footprint,         mark,  remnant,       track,        vestige, 

footstep,  memorial,  sign, 

A  memorial  is  that  which  is  intended  or  fitted  to  bring  to 
remembrance  something-  that  has  passed  away  ;  it  may  be  vast 
and  stately.  On  the  other  hand,  a  slight  token  of  regard  may  be 
a  cherished  memorial  of  a  friend  ;  either  a  concrete  object  or  an 
observance  may  be  a  memorial.  A  vestige  is  always  slight  com- 
pared with  that  whose  existence  it  recalls  ;  as,  scattered  mounds 
containing  implements,  weapons,  etc.,  are  vestiges  of  a  former  civ- 
ilization. A  vestige  is  always  a  part  of  that  which  has  passed  away  ; 
a  trace  may  be  merely  the  mark  made  by  something  that  has 
been  present  or  passed  by,  and  that  is  still  existing,  or  some  slight 


transact 

transaction  360 


evidence  of  its  presence  or  of  the  effect  it  has  produced;  as,  traces 
of  game  were  observed  by  the  hunter.     Compare  characteristic. 


TRANSACT. 

Synonyms: 

accomplisli,  carry  on,  do,  perform, 

act,  conduct,  negotiate,  treatX 

There  are  many  acts  that  one  may  do,  accom2>lish,  or  perform 
unaided  ;  what  he  transacts  is  by  means  of  or  in  association  with 
others  ;  one  may  do  a  duty,  perform  a  vow,  accomplish  a  task,  but 
he  transacts  business,  since  that  always  involves  the  agency  of 
others.  To  negotiate  and  to  treat  are  likewise  collective  acts,  but 
both  these  words  lay  stress  upon  dehberation  with  adjustment  of 
mutual  claims  and  interests  ;  transact,  while  it  may  depend  upon 
previous  deliberation,  states  execution  only.  Notes,  bills  of  ex- 
change, loans,  and  treaties  are  said  to  be  negotiated,  the  word  so 
used  covering  not  merely  the  preliminary  consideration,  but  the 
final  settlement.  Negotiate  has  more  reference  to  execution  than 
treat ;  nations  may  treat  of  peace  without  result,  but  when  a 
treaty  is  negotiated,  peace  is  secured ;  the  citizens  of  the  two 
nations  are  then  free  to  transact  business  with  one  another. 
Compare  DO. 


TRANSACTION. 

Synonyms: 

act,    action,    affair,    business,    deed,    doing,    proceeding. 

One's  acts  or  deeds  may  be  exclusively  his  own  ;  his  transac- 
tions involve  the  agency  or  participation  of  others.  A  transaction 
is  something  completed  ;  a  proceeding  is  or  is  viewed  as  some- 
thing in  progi-ess  ;  but  since  transaction  is  often  used  to  include 
the  steps  leading  to  the  conclusion,  while  proceedings  may  result 
in  action,  the  dividing  line  between  the  two  words  becomes  some- 
times quite  faint,  tho  transaction  often  emphasizes  the  fact  of 
something  done,  or  brought  to  a  conclusion.  Both  transactions 
and  proceedings  are  used  of  the  records  of  a  deliberative  body, 
especially  when  published  ;  strictly  used,  the  two  are  distin- 
guished ;  as,  the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  London  give  in  full  the  papers  read ;  the  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Philological  Association  give  in  full  the  business  done, 
with  mere  abstracts  of  or  extracts  from  the  papers  read.     Compare 

ACT;  BUSINESS. 


ngi*  transcendental 

«»"*  transient 

TRA^SCE^DEXTAL. 

Synonyms : 

a  priori,    intuitive,    original,    primordial,    transcendent. 

Intuitive  truths  are  those  which  are  in  the  mind  independently 
of  all  experience,  not  being  derived  from  experience  nor  limited 
by  it,  as  that  the  whole  is  greater  than  a  part,  or  that  things  which 
are  equal  to  the  same  thing  are  equal  to  one  another.  All  intui- 
tive ti-uths  or  beliefs  are  transcendental.  But  transcendental  is  a 
wider  term  than  intuitive,  including  all  within  the  limits  of 
thought  that  is  not  derived  from  experience,  as  the  ideas  of  space 
and  time.  "Being  is  transcendental  .  .  .  .  As  being  can  not  be 
included  under  any  genus,  but  transcends  them  all,  so  the  proper- 
ties or  affections  of  being  have  also  been  called  transcendental.'^ 
K.=F.  Vocab.  Philos.  p.  580.  "  Transcendent  he  [Kant]  employed 
to  denote  what  is  wholly  beyond  experience,  being  neither  given 
as  an  a  posteriori  nor  a  priori  element  of  cognition  —  what  there- 
fore transcends  every  category  of  thought."  K.=F.  Vocdb,  Philos. 
p.  531.  Transcendental  has  been  applied  in  the  language  of  the 
Emersonian  school  to  the  soul's  supposed  intiiitive  knowledge  of 
things  divine  and  human,  so  far  as  they  are  capable  of  being  known 
to  man.    Compare  mysterious. 


TRA^SIEXT. 

Synonyms : 

brief,  fleeting,  fugitive.  short, 

ephemeral.  flitting,  momentary,  temporary, 

evanescent,  flying,  passing,  transitory. 

Trarisient  and  transitory  are  both  derived  from  the  same  orig- 
inal source  (L.  trans,  over,  and  eo,  go),  denoting  that  w^hicli  quickly 
passes  or  is  passing  away,  but  there  is  between  them  a  fine  shade 
of  difference.  A  thing  is  transient  wiiich  in  fact  is  not  lasting ;  a 
thing  is  transitory  which  by  its  very  nature  must  soon  pass  away  ; 
a  thing  is  temporary  (L.  tempits,  time)  which  is  intended  to  last  or 
be  made  use  of  but  a  little  while  ;  as,  a  transient  joy  ;  this  transi- 
tory life ;  a  temporary  chairman.  Ephemeral  (Gr.  epi,  on,  and 
hemera,  day)  literally  lasting  but  for  a  day,  often  marks  more 
strongly  than  transient  exceeding  brevity  of  duration :  it  agrees 
with  transitory  in  denoting  that  its  object  is  destined  to  pass  away, 
but  is  stronger,  as  denoting  not  only  its  certain  but  its  speedy 
extinction  ;  thus  that  which  is  ephemeral  is  looked  upon  as  at  once 
slight  and  perishable,  and  the  word  carries  often  a  suggestion  of 
contempt ;  man's  life  is  transitory,  a  butterfly's  existence  is 
ephemeral ;  with  no  solid  qualities  or  worthy  achievements  a  pre- 


union 

usual  362 


tender  may  sometimes  gain  an  ephemeral  popularity.  That  which 
is  fleeting  is  viewed  as  in  the  act  of  passing  swiftly  by,  and  that 
which  is  fugitive  (L.  fugio,  flee)  as  ekiding  attempts  to  detain  it; 
that  which  is  evanescent  (L.  evanesco,  from  e,  out,  and  vanus, 
empty,  vain)  as  in  the  act  of  vanishing  even  while  we  gaze,  as  the 
hues  of  the  sunset. 
Antonyms: 

abiding,       eterrical,  immortal,  lasting,  perpetual,     undyin" 

enduring,    everlasting,    imperishable,    permanent,    persistent,    unfading. 


Synonyms: 

coalition,  conjunction,        juncture,        unification, 

combination,        junction,  oneness,         unity. 

Unity  is  oneness,  the  state  of  being  one,  especially  of  that 
which  never  has  been  divided  or  of  that  which  can  not  be  con- 
ceived of  as  resolved  into  parts  ;  as,  the  unity  of  God  or  the  unity 
of  the  human  soul.  Union  is  a  bringing  together  of  things  that 
have  been  distinct,  so  that  they  combine  or  coalesce  to  form  a  new 
whole,  or  the  state  or  condition  of  things  thus  brought  together  ; 
in  a  unio7i  the  separate  individuality  of  the  things  united  is  never 
lost  sight  of  ;  we  speak  of  the  imion  of  the  parts  of  a  fractured 
bone  or  of  the  u7iion  of  hearts  in  marriage.  But  unity  can  be 
said  of  that  which  is  manifestly  or  even  conspicuously  made  up 
of  parts,  when  a  single  juu-pose  or  ideal  is  so  subserved  by  all 
that  their  possible  separateness  is  lost  sight  of ;  as,  we  speak  of 
the  U7iity  of  the  human  body,  or  of  the  tinity  of  the  church. 
Compare     alliance  ;     association  ;    attachment  ;     harmony  ; 

MARRIAGE. 

Antonyms: 

analysis,  decomposition,    disjunction,     disunion,    divorce,      separation, 

contrariety,    disconnection,     dissociation,    division,     schism,      severance. 


USUAL. 
Synonyms: 

accustomed,    every=day,    general,      ordinary.       public, 
common,  familiar,        habitual,     prevailing,    regular, 

customary,      frequent,       normal,       prevalent,      wonted. 

Usual  (L.  usns.  use,  habit,  wont)  signifies  such  as  regularly  or 
often  recurs  in  the  ordinary  course  of  events,  or  is  habitually  re- 
peated in  the  life  of  the  same  person.  Ordinary  (L.  ordo,  order) 
signifies  according  to  an  established  order,  hence  of  every=day  oc- 
currence. In  strictness,  common  and  general  apjjly  to  the  greater 
number  of  individuals  in  a  class  ;  but  both  words  are  in  good  use  as 


Itti  ntUity 

eSOtS  vacant 

applying  to  the  gi'eater  number  of  instances  in  a  series,  so  that  it 
is  possible  to  speak  of  one  person's  cornmon  practise  or  general 
custom,  tho  ordinary  or  usual  would  in  such  case  be  preferable. 
Compare  general  ;  normal. 

Antonyms: 

exceptional,  infrequent,  rare,  strange,  unparalleled, 

extraordinary,        out»of=the=way,        singular,        uncommon,        unusual. 


UTILITY. 

Synonyms: 

advantage,  expediency,  serviceableness. 

avail,  profit,  use, 

benefit,  service,  usefulness. 

Utility  (L.  utilis,  useful)  signifies  primarily  the  quality  of  being 
useful,  but  is  somewhat  more  abstract  and  philosophical  than  use- 
fulness or  use,  and  is  often  employed  to  denote  adaptation  to  pro- 
duce a  valuable  result,  while  usefulness  denotes  the  actual  pro- 
duction of  such  result.  We  contrast  beauty  and  utility.  We  say 
of  an  invention,  its  utility  is  questionable,  or,  on  the  other  hand, 
its  usefulness  has  been  proved  by  ample  trial,  or  I  have  found  it 
of  rise  ;  still,  utility  and  usefulness  are  frequently  interchanged. 
Expediency  (L.  ex,  out,  and  pes,  foot ;  literally,  the  getting  the  foot 
out)  refers  primarily  to  escape  from  or  avoidance  of  some  diffi- 
culty or  trouble  ;  either  expediency  or  utility  may  be  used  to  sig- 
nify profit  or  advantage  considered  apart  from  right  as  the 
gi'ound  of  moral  obligation,  or  of  actions  that  have  a  moral  char- 
acter, expediency  denoting  immediate  advantage  on  a  contracted 
view,  and  especially  with  reference  to  avoiding  danger,  difficulty, 
or  loss,  wliile  utility  may  be  so  broadened  as  to  cover  all  exist- 
ence tlu-ough  all  time,  as  in  the  utilitarian  theory  of  morals. 
Policy  is  often  used  in  a  kindi'ed  sense,  more  positive  than  expe- 
diency but  narrowei"  than  utility,  as  in  the  proverb,  ' '  Honesty  is 
the  hest  policy.'''  Compare  profit. 
Antonyms: 

disadvantage,     futility,        inadequacy,  inutility,  uselessness, 

folly,  impolicy,     inexpediency,      unprofitableness,    worthlessness. 


VACANT. 
Synonyms : 

blank,       leisure,  unfilled,  untenanted,    void, 

empty,      unemployed,    unoccupied,    vacuous,  waste. 

That  is  empty  which  contains  nothing  ;  that  is  vacant  which 
is  :without  that  which  has  filled  or  might  be  expected  to  fill  it ; 
vacant  has  extensive  reference  to  rights  or  possibilities  of  occu- 


rain 


364 


pancy.  A  vacant  room  may  not  be  emjjty,  and  an  emjjty  house 
may  not  be  vacant.  Vacant,  as  derived  from  the  Latin,  is  ap- 
phed  to  things  of  some  dignity ;  empty,  from  the  Saxon,  is  pre- 
ferred in  speaking  of  sUght,  common,  or  homely  matters,  tho 
it  may  be  appUed  with  special  force  to  the  highest ;  we  speak  of 
empty  space,  a  vacant  lot,  an  empty  dish,  an  empty  sleeve,  a  vacant 
mind,  an  empty  heart,  an  empty  boast,  a  vacant  office,  a  vacant  or 
leisure  hour.  Void  and  devoid  are  rarely  used  in  the  literal  sense, 
but  for  the  most  part  confined  to  abstract  relations,  devoid  being 
followed  by  of,  and  having  with  that  addition  the  effect  of  a 
prepositional  phrase  ;  as,  the  article  is  devoid  of  sense ;  the  con- 
ti'act  is  void  for  want  of  consideration.  Waste,  in  this  connec- 
tion, applies  to  that  which  is  made  so  by  devastation  or  ruin,  or 
gives  an  imjjression  of  desolation,  especially  as  combined  w^ith 
vastness,  probably  from  association  of  the  words  tvaste  and  vast : 
tvaste  is  applied  also  to  uncultivated  or  unproductive  land,  if  of 
considerable  extent ;  we  speak  of  a  tvaste  track  or  region,  but  not 
of  a  ivaste  city  lot.  Vacuous  refers  to  the  condition  of  being 
empty  or  vacant,  regarded  as  continuous  or  characteristic. 

Antonyms: 

brimful,  busy,  filled,  inhabited,  overflowing, 

brimmed,  crammed,  full,  jammed,  packed, 

brimming,  crowded,  gorged,  occupied,  replete. 


Synonyms: 

abortive, 

baseless, 

bootless, 

deceitful, 

delusive, 

empty, 

fruitless, 


futile, 

idle, 

inconstant, 

ineffectual, 

nugatory, 

nuU, 

profitless, 


VAIN. 


shadowy, 

trifling, 

trivial, 

unavailing, 

unimportant, 

unprofitable. 

unreal, 


unsatisfying, 

unserviceable, 

unsubstantial, 

useless, 

vapid, 

visionary, 

w^orthless. 


Vain  (L.  vanus,  empty)  keeps  the  etymological  idea  through  all 
changes  of  meaning ;  a  vain  endeavor  is  empty  of  result,  or  of 
adequate  power  to  produce  a  result,  a  vairi  pretension  is  empty  or 
destitute  of  support,  a  vain  person  has  a  conceit  that  is  empty  or 
destitute  of  adequate  cause  or  reason.  That  which  is  bootless, 
fruitless,  or  profitless  fails  to  accomplish  any  valuable  result ;  that 
which  is  abortive,  ineffectual,  or  unavailing  fails  to  accomplish  a 
restdt  that  it  was,  or  was  supposed  to  be,  adapted  to  accomplish. 
That  which  is  tiseless,  futile,  or  vain  is  inherently  incapable  of 
accomplishing  a  specified  result.      Useless,  in  the  widest  sense. 


365  venal 

signifies  not  of  use  for  any  valuable  purpose,  and  is  thus  closely 
similar  to  valueless  and  icorthless.  Fruitless  is  more  final  than 
ineffectual,  as  applying  to  the  sum  or  harvest  of  endeavor.  That 
which  is  jiscless  lacks  actual  fitness  for  a  purpose  ;  that  which  is 
vain  lacks  imaginable  fitness.     Compare  vacant  ;  ostentation  ; 

PRIDE. 

Antonyms: 

adequate,  effective,  powerful,  solid,  useful, 

advantageouj,  efficient,  profitable,  sound,  valid, 

beneficial,  expedient,  real,  substantial,  valuable, 

competent,  potent,  serviceable,  sufficient,  worthy. 

Compare  synonyms  for  utility. 


Synonyms: 

hireling,  mercenary,  purchasable,  salable. 

Venal  (L.  venalis,  from  vemivi,  sale)  signifies  ready  to  sell  one's 
influence,  vote,  or  efforts  for  money  or  other  consideration  ;  mer- 
cenary (L.  mercenariufi,  from  merces,  pay,  reward)  signifies  influ- 
enced chiefly  or  only  by  desire  for  gain  or  reward  ;  thus,  etymo- 
logically,  the  mercenary  can  be  hired,  while  the  venal  are  openly 
or  actually  for  sale  ;  hireling  (AS.  liyrling,  from  lujr)  signifies 
serving  for  hire  or  pay,  or  having  the  spirit  or  character  of  one 
who  works  or  of  that  which  is  done  directly  for  hire  or  pay.  Mer- 
cenary has  especial  application  to  character  or  disposition  ;  as,  a 
mercenary  spirit ;  mercenary  motives  —  i.  e.,  a  spirit  or  motives  to 
which  money  is  the  chief  consideration  or  the  moving  principle. 
The  hireling,  the  mercenary,  and  the  venal  are  alike  in  making 
principle,  conscience,  and  honor  of  less  account  than  gold  or  sor- 
did considerations  ;  but  the  mercenary  and  venal  may  be  simply 
open  to  the  bargain  and  sale  which  the  hireling  has  already  con- 
summated ;  a  clergyman  may  be  mercenary  in  making  place  and 
pay  of  undue  importance  while  not  venal  enough  to  forsake  his 
own  communion  for  another  for  any  reward  that  could  be  offered 
him.  The  mercenary  may  retain  much  show  of  independence  ; 
hireling  service  sacrifices  self =respect  as  well  as  principle  ;  a  public 
officer  who  makes  his  office  tributary  to  private  speculation  in 
which  he  is  interested  is  mercenary  ;  if  he  receives  a  stipulated  rec- 
ompense for  administering  his  office  at  the  behest  of  some  leader, 
faction,  corporation,  or  the  like,  he  is  both  hireling  and  venal  ;  it 
he  gives  essential  advantages  for  pay,  without  subjecting  himself 


venerate 

veneratiou  366 

to  any  direct  domination,  his  course  is  venal,  but  not  hireling. 

Compare  pay  ;  venial. 

Antonyms: 

disinterested,      honest,  incorruptible,      public^spirited,      unpurchasable. 

generous,  honorable,     patriotic. 


VEBfERATE. 

Synonyms: 

adore,  honor,  respect,  revere,  reverence. 

In  the  highest  sense,  to  revere  or  reverence  is  to  hold  in  mingled 
love  and  honor  with  sometliing  of  sacred  fear,  as  for  that  which 
while  lovely  is  sublimely  exalted  and  brings  upon  us  by  contrast 
a  sense  of  our  unworthiness  or  inferiority  ;  to  revere  is  a  wholly 
spiritual  act ;  to  reverence  is  often,  tho  not  necessarily,  to  give 
outward  expression  to  the  reverential  feeling  ;  we  revere  or  rever- 
eyice  the  divine  majesty.  Revere  is  a  stronger  word  than  rever- 
ence or  venerate.  To  venerate  is  to  hold  in  exalted  honor  without 
fear,  and  is  applied  to  objects  less  removed  from  ourselves  than 
those  we  revere,  being  said  especially  of  aged  persons,  of  places 
or  objects  having  sacred  associations,  and  of  abstractions  ;  we 
venerate  an  aged  pastor,  the  dust  of  heroes  or  martyrs,  lofty  virtue 
or  self=sacrifice,  or  some  great  cause,  as  that  of  civil  or  religious 
liberty  ;  we  do  not  venerate  God,  but  revere  or  reverence  him. 
"We  adore  with  a  humble  yet  free  outflowing  of  soul.     Compare 

VENERATION. 

Antonyms  ■ 

contemn,  detest,  dishonor,  scoff  at,  slight, 

despise,  disdain,  disregard,  scorn,  spurn. 


VENERATION. 

Synonyms : 

adoration,  awe,  dread,  reverence. 

A^ve  is  inspired  by  that  in  which  there  is  sublimity  or  majesty 
so  overwhelming  as  to  awaken  a  feeling  akin  to  fear  ;  in  aire,  con- 
sidered by  itself,  there  is  no  element  of  esteem  or  affection,  tho  the 
sense  of  vastness,  power,  or  grandeur  in  the  object  is  always 
present.  Dread  is  a  shrinking  apprehension  or  expectation  of 
possible  harm  awakened  by  any  one  of  many  objects  or  causes, 
from  that  wlaich  is  overwhelmingly  vast  and  miglity  to  that  which 
is  productive  of  momentary  physical  pain  :  in  its  higher  uses 
dread  approaches  the  meaning  of  au-c,  but  witli  more  of  chilliness 
and  cowering,  and  without  that  subjection  of  soul  to  the  grandeur 


venial 
367  veracity 


and  wortliiness  of  the  object  that  is  involved  in  mm.  Awe  is  pre- 
occupied with  the  object  that  inspires  it ;  dread  with  apprehen- 
sion of  personal  consequences.  Reverence  and  veneration  are  less 
overwhelming  than  awe  or  dread,  and  suggest  something  of 
esteem,  affection,  and  personal  nearness.  We  may  feel  aiveot 
that  which  we  can  not  reverence,  as  a  grandly  terrible  ocean 
storm  ;  axce  of  the  divine  presence  is  more  distant  and  less  ti-ust- 
ful  than  revei-ence.  Veneration  is  commonly  applied  to  things 
which  are  not  subjects  of  awe.  Adoration,  in  its  full  sense,  is 
loftier  than  veneration,  less  restrained  and  awed  than  reverence, 
and  with  more  of  the  spirit  of  direct,  active,  and  joyful  worship. 
Compare  esteem  ;  venerate. 

Antonyms: 

contempt,  disdain,  dishonor,  disregard,  scorn. 


VEMIAL. 

Synonyms : 

excusable,  pardonable,  sligbt,  trivial. 

Venial  (L.  venia,  pardon)  signifies  capable  of  being  pardoned, 
and,  in  common  use,  ca])able  of  being  readily  pardoned,  easily 
overlooked.  Aside  from  its  technical  ecclesiastical  use,  venial  is 
always  understood  as  marking  some  fault  comparatively  slight  or 
trivial.  A  venial  offense  is  one  readily  overlooked  ;  a  xmrdonahle 
offense  requires  more  serious  consideration,  but  on  deliberation  is 
found  to  be  susceptible  of  pardon.  Excusable  is  scarcely  applied 
to  offenses,  but  to  matters  open  to  doubt  or  criticism  rather  than 
direct  censure ;  so  used,  it  often  falls  little  short  of  justifiable  ; 
as,  I  think,  under  those  circumstances,  his  action  was  excusable. 
Protestants  do  not  recognize  the  distinction  between  venial  and 
mortal  sins.  Venial  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  very  dif- 
ferent word  VENAL.  Compare  venal. 
Antonyms : 

inexcusable,         inexpiable,         mortal,  unpardonable,  unjustifiable. 


VERACITY. 

Synonyms : 

candor.  honesty,  reality,        truthfulness, 

frankness,        ingenuousness,        truth,  verity. 

Truth  is  primarily  and  verity  is  always  a  quality  of  thought  or 
speech,  especially  of  speech,  as  in  exact  conformity  to  fact.  Ve- 
racity is  properly  a  quality  of  a  person,  the  habit  of  speaking  and 
the  disposition  to  speak  the  truth  ;  a  habitual  liar  may  on  some 


verbal  36§ 

occasions  speak  the  trutli,  but  that  does  not  constitute  him  a  man 
of  veracity  :  on  the  other  hand,  a  person  of  undoubted  veracity 
may  state  (through  ignorance  or  misinformation)  what  is  not  the 
truth.  Truthfulness  is  a  quahty  that  may  inliere  either  in  a  per- 
son or  in  liis  statements  or  behefs.  Candor,  frankness,  honesty, 
and  ingenuousness  are  allied  with  veracity,  and  verity  with  truth, 
while  truthfulness  may  accord  with  either.  Truth  in  a  second- 
ary sense  may  be  applied  to  intellectual  action  or  moral  charac- 
ter, in  the  former  case  becojuing  a  close  synonym  of  veracity  ; 
as,  I  know  him  to  be  a  man  of  truth. 
Antonyms: 

deceit,  duplicity,  falsehood,  fiction,  lie, 

deception,  error,  falseness,  guile,  mendacity, 

delusion,  fabrication,  falsity,  imposture,        untruth. 

Compare  synonyms  for  deception. 


VERBAL. 

Synonyms : 

literal,       oral,       vocal. 

Oral  (L.  OS,  the  mouth)  signifies  uttered  through  the  mouth  or 
(in  common  phrase)  by  word  of  mouth  ;  verbal  (L.  verbum,  a 
word)  signifies  of,  pertaining  to,  or  connected  with  words,  espe- 
cially with  words  as  distinguished  from  the  ideas  they  convey ; 
vocal  (L.  vox,  the  voice)  signifies  of  or  pertaining  to  the  voice, 
uttered  or  modulated  by  the  voice,  and  especially  uttered  with  or 
soimding  with  full,  resonant  voice  ;  literal  (L.  litera,  a  letter)  sig- 
nifies consisting  of  or  expressed  by  letters,  or  according  to  the 
letter,  in  the  broader  sense  of  the  exact  meaning  or  requirement 
of  the  words  used;  what  is  called  "the  letter  of  the  law"  is  its 
literal  meaning  without  going  behind  what  is  expressed  by  the 
letters  on  the  page.  Thus  oral  appUes  to  that  which  is  given  by 
spoken  words  in  cUstinction  from  that  which  is  written  or  printed ; 
as,  oral  tradition ;  an  oral  examination.  By  this  rule  we  should 
in  strictness  speak  of  an  oral  contract  or  an  oral  message,  but 
verbal  contract  and  verbal  message,  as  indicating  that  which  is  by 
spoken  rather  than  by  written  words,  have  become  so  fixed  in  the 
language  that  they  can  probably  never  be  changed  ;  tliis  usage  is 
also  in  fine  with  other  idioms  of  the  language  ;  as,  "I  give  you 
my  word,''  "a  true  man's  ivord  is  as  good  as  his  bond,"  "by  ivord 
of  mouth,*'  etc.  A  verbal  ti-anslation  may  be  oral  or  written,  so 
that  it  is  word  for  word  ;  a  literal  translation  follows  the  con- 
struction and  idiom  of  the  original  as  well  as  the  words  ;  a  literal 


victory 
369  vigilant 


translation  is  more  than  one  that  is  merely  vei'hal ;  both  verbal 
and  literal  are  opposed  to  free.  In  the  same  sense,  of  attending 
to  words  only,  we  speak  of  verbal  criticism,  a  verbal  change. 
1  ocaZ  has  primary  reference  to  the  human  voice  ;  as,  vocal  sounds, 
vocal  music  ;  vocal  may  be  applied  within  certain  limits  to  inar- 
ticulate sounds  given  forth  by  other  animals  than  man ;  as,  the 
woods  were  vocal  with  the  songs  of  birds  ;  oral  is  never  so  applied, 
but  is  limited  to  articulate  utterance  regarded  as  having  a  definite 
meaning  ;  as,  an  oral  statement. 


VICTORY. 

Synonyms : 

acliieveinent,  conquest,  success,  triumph, 

advantage,  mastery,  supremacy, 

Victory  is  the  state  resulting  from  the  overcoming  of  an  oppo- 
nent or  opponents  in  any  contest,  or  from  the  overcoming  of  diffi- 
culties, obstacles,  evils,  etc.,  considered  as  opponents  or  enemies. 
In  the  latter  sense  any  hard=won  achievement,  advantage,  or  suc- 
cess may  be  termed  a  victory.  In  conquest  and  mastery  there  is 
implied  a  permanence  of  state  that  is  not  implied  in  victory. 
Triumph,  originally  denoting  the  public  rejoicing  in  honor  of  a 
victory,  has  come  to  signify  also  a  peculiarly  exultant,  complete, 
and  glorious  victory.  Compare  conquer. 
Antonyms : 

defeat  disappointment,  failure,  miscarriage,         retreat, 

destruction,  disaster,  frustration,  overthrow,  rout. 


VIGILANT. 

Synonyms : 

alert,  cautious,  on  the  lookout,       wary, 

awake,  circumspect,         sleepless,  watchful, 

careful,  on  the  alert,  wakeful,  wide=awake. 

Vigilant  implies  more  sustained  activity  and  more  intelligent 
volition  than  alert ;  one  may  be  habitually  alert  by  reason  of 
native  quickness  of  perception  and  thought,  or  one  may  be  mo- 
mentarily alert  under  some  excitement  or  expectancy  ;  one  who 
is  vigilant  is  so  with  thoughtful  purpose.  One  is  vigilant  against 
danger  or  harm  ;  he  may  be  alert  or  watchful  for  good  as  well  as 
against  evil ;  he  is  wary  in  view  of  suspected  stratagem,  trickery, 
or  treachery.  A  person  may  be  imkefnl  because  of  some  merely 
physical  excitement  or  excitability,  as  through  insomnia  ;  yet  he 
may  be  utterly  careless  and  negligent  in  his  wakefulness,  the  re- 
verse of  watchful ;  a  person  who  is  truly  watchful  must  keep  him- 

24 


sro 


self  icakcful  while  on  watch,  in  which  case  loakeful  has  something 
of  mental  quality.  Watchful,  from  the  Saxon,  and  vigilant,  from 
the  Latin,  are  almost  exact  equivalents  ;  but  vigilant  has  some- 
what more  of  sharp  definiteness  and  somewhat  more  suggestion 
of  volition  ;  one  may  be  habitually  uxiicliful ;  one  is  vigilant  of. 
set  purpose  and  for  direct  cause,  as  in  the  presence  of  an  enemy. 
Compare  alert. 
Aiitoiiyini>« : 

careless,  heedless,  inconsiderate,  oblivious, 

drowsy,  inattentive,  neglectful,  thoughtless, 

dull,  incautious,  negligent,  unwary. 


VIRTUE. 

Synonyms: 

chastity,  honesty,  probity,  truth, 

duty.  honor,  purity,  uprightness, 

excellence,  integrity,  rectitude.  virtuousness, 

faithfulness,  justice,  righteousness,      w^orth, 

goodness,  morality,  Tightness,  worthiness. 

Virtue  (L.  virtus,  primarily  manly  strength  or  courage,  from 
vir,  a  man,  a  hero)  is,  in  its  full  sense,  goodness  that  is  victo- 
rious through  trial,  perhaps  through  temptation  and  conflict. 
Goodness,  the  being  morally  good,  may  be  much  less  than  vi7^- 
tue,  as  lacking  the  strength  that  comes  from  trial  and  conflict, 
or  it  may  be  very  much  more  than  virtue,  as  rising  sublimely 
above  the  possibility  of  temptation  and  conflict — the  infantile 
as  contrasted  with  the  divine  goodness.  Virtue  is  distinctively 
human  ;  we  do  not  predicate  it  of  God.  Morality  is  conformity 
to  the  moral  law  in  action,  whether  in  matters  concerning  our- 
selves or  others,  whether  with  or  without  right  principle.  Honesty 
and  probity  are  used  especially  of  one's  relations  to  his  fellow  men, 
probity  being  to  honesty  much  what  virtue  in  some  respects  is  to 
goodness  ;  probity  is  honesty  tried  and  proved,  especially  in  those 
things  that  are  beyond  the  reach  of  legal  requirement ;  above  the 
commercial  sense,  honesty  may  be  applied  to  the  highest  truthful- 
ness of  the  soul  to  and  with  itself  and  its  Maker.  Integrity,  in  the 
full  sense,  is  moral  wholeness  without  a  flaw ;  when  used,  as  it 
often  is,  of  contracts  and  dealings,  it  has  reference  to  inherent 
character  and  principle,  and  denotes  much  more  than  superficial 
or  conventional  honesty.  Honor  is  a  lofty  honesty  that  scorns 
fraud  or  wrong  as  base  and  unworthy  of  itself.  Honor  rises  far 
above  thought  of  the  motto  that  "  honesty  is  the  best  policy." 
Purity  is  freedom  from  all  admixture,  especially  of  that  which 
debases ;  it  is  chastity  both  of  heart  and  life,  but  of  the  life  be- 


371  Avauder 

cause  from  the  heart.  Duty,  the  rendering  of  what  is  due  to  any 
person  or  in  any  relation,  is,  in  this  connection,  the  fulfilment  of 
moral  obligation.  Rectitude  and  righteousness  denote  conformity 
to  the  standard  of  right,  whether  in  heart  or  act ;  righteousness  is 
used  especially  in  the  religious  sense.  Uprightness  refers  espe- 
cially to  conduct.  Virtuousness  is  a  quality  of  the  soul  or  of 
action  ;  in  the  latter  sense  it  is  the  essence  of  virtuous  action. 
Compare  innocent  ;  justice  ;  religion. 
Antonyms: 

evil,  vice,  viciousness,  wiclcednees,  wrong. 

Compare  synonyms  for  sin. 


WAMDER. 

Synonyms: 

deviate,      diverge,      go  astray,     range,     rove.       sw^erve, 
digress,      err,  ramble,  roam,       stray,     veer. 

To  wander  (AS.  U'indan ,  wind)  is  to  move  in  an  indefinite  or  inde- 
terminate way  which  may  or  may  not  be  a  departiu'e  from  a  pre- 
scribed way  ;  to  deviate  (L.  de,  from,  and  via,  a  way)  is  to  turn  from 
a  prescribed  or  right  way,  physically,  mentally,  or  morally,  usually 
in  an  unfavorable  sense  ;  to  diverge  (L.  di,  apart,  and  vergo,  incline, 
tend)  is  to  turn  from  a  course  previously  followed  or  that  some- 
thing else  follows,  and  has  no  unfavorable  implication ;  to  digress 
(L.  di,  apart,  aside,  and  gradior,  step)  is  used  only  with  reference 
to  speaking  or  writing ;  to  err  is  used  of  intellectual  or  moral 
action,  and  of  the  moral  with  primary  reference  to  the  intellectual, 
an  error  being  viewed  as  in  some  degree  due  to  ignorance.  Range, 
roam,  and  rove  imply  the  traversing  of  considerable,  often  of  vast, 
distances  of  land  or  sea  ;  range  commonly  implies  a  purpose  ;  as, 
cattle  range  for  food ;  a  hunting=dog  ranges  a  field  for  game. 
Roam  and  rove  are  often  purposeless,  and  always  without  definite 
aim.  To  swerve  or  veer  is  to  tui-n  suddenly  from  a  prescribed  or  pre- 
vious course,  and  often  but  momentarily  ;  veer  is  more  capricious 
and  repetitious  ;  the  horse  siverves  at  the  flash  of  a  sword ;  the  wind 
veers  ;  the  ship  veers  with  the  wind.  To  stray  is  to  go  in  a  somewhat 
purposeless  way  aside  from  the  regular  path  or  usual  limits  or 
abode,  usually  with  unfavorable  implication  ;  cattle  stray  from 
their  pastures  ;  an  author  strays  from  his  subject ;  one  strays  from 
the  path  of  virtue.  Stray  is  in  most  uses  a  lighter  word  than 
wander.  Ramble,  in  its  literal  use,  is  always  a  word  of  pleasant 
suggestion,  but  in  its  figurative  use  always  somewhat  contemptu- 
ous ;  as,  rambling  talk. 


Tflsdom  372 

WAY. 

Synonymic: 

alley,  course,        lane,  path,  route, 

avenue,         drive^vay,  pass,  path'way,  street, 

bridle=patli,  highroad,  passage,  road,  thoroughfare, 

channel,        highway,   passageway,  roadw^ay,  track. 

Wherever  there  is  room  for  one  object  to  pass  another  there  is 
a  ivay.  A  road  (originally  a  rideuxiy)  is  a  prepared  ivay  for  trav- 
eling with  horses  or  vehicles,  always  the  latter  unless  the  contrary 
is  expressly  stated  ;  a  ivay  suitable  to  be  traversed  only  by  foot= 
passengers  or  by  animals  is  called  a  ])ath,  bridle-path,  or  track ; 
as,  the  roads  in  that  country  are  mere  hridle-paths.  A  road  may 
be  private ;  a  Mghicay  or  highroad  is  public,  highivay  being  a 
specific  name  for  a  road  legally  set  apart  for  the  use  of  the  public 
forever  ;  a  highivay  may  be  over  water  as  well  as  over  land.  A 
route  is  a  line  of  travel,  and  may  be  over  many  roads.  A  street 
is  in  some  center  of  habitation,  as  a  city,  town,  or  village  ;  when 
it  passes  between  rows  of  dwellings  the  country  road  becomes  the 
village  street.  An  avenue  is  a  long,  broad,  and  imposing  or  prin- 
cipal street.  Track  is  a  word  of  wide  signification  ;  we  speak  of  a 
goat-track  on  a  mountain=side,  a  railroad=irocit,  a  race=fracfc,  the 
track  of  a  comet ;  on  a  traveled  road  the  line  worn  by  regular 
passing  of  hoofs  and  wheels  in  either  direction  is  called  the  track. 
A  passage  is  between  any  two  objects  or  lines  of  enclosure,  a  pass 
commonly  between  mountains.  A  driveway  is  within  enclosed 
grounds,  as  of  a  private  residence.  A  channel  is  a  waierivay.  A 
thoroughfare  is  a  ivay  through ;  a  road  or  street  temporarily  or 
permanently  closed  at  any  point  ceases  for  such  time  to  be  a  thor- 
oughfare.   Compare  air  ;  direction. 


WISDOM. 

Synonyms : 

attainment,  insight,  prudence, 

depth,  judgment,  reason, 

discernment,  judiciousness,  reasonableness, 

discretion,  know^ledge,  sagacity, 

enlightenment,  learning.  sense, 

erudition,  prescience,  skill, 

foresight,  profundity,  understanding, 
information, 

Enlightenment,  erudition,  information,  knoivledge,  learning, 
and  skill  are  acquired,  as  by  study  or  practise.  Insight,  judgment, 
profuiidity  or  depth,  reason,  sagacity,  sense,  and  understanding 
are  native  qualities  of  mind,  tlio  capable  of  increase  by  cultiva- 
tion.    The  other  qualities  are  on  the  border=line.     Wisdom  has 


373  wit 

been  defined  as  "the  right  use  of  knowledge,"  or  "  the  use  of  the 
most  important  means  for  attaining  the  best  ends,"  ivisdom  thus 
presupposing  knou-ledge  for  its  very  existence  and  exercise.  Wis- 
dom is  mental  power  acting  upon  the  materials  that  fullest  knoiol- 
edge  gives  in  the  most  effective  way.  There  may  be  what  is 
termed  "  practicaltftsdo?Ji "  that  looks  only  to  material  results  ; 
but  in  its  full  sense,  unsdom  implies  the  highest  and  noblest  exer- 
cise of  all  the  faculties  of  the  moral  nature  as  well  as  of  the  intel- 
lect J  Prudence  is  a  lower  and  more  negative  form  of  the  same 
virtue,  respecting  outward  and  practical  matters,  and  largely  with 
a  view  of  avoiding  loss  and  injury ;  icisdom  transcends  prudence. 
so  that  while  the  part  of  prudence  is  ordinarily  also  that  of  wis- 
dom, cases  arise,  as  in  the  exigencies  of  business  or  of  war,  when 
the  liighest  wisdom  is  in  the  disregard  of  the  maxims  of  jpriidence. 
Judgment,  the  power  of  forming  decisions,  especially  correct  de- 
cisions, is  broader  and  more  j)ositive  than  prudence,  leading  one 
to  do,  as  readily  as  to  refrain  from  doing  ;  but  judgment  is  more 
limited  in  range  and  less  exalted  in  character  than  wisdom  ;  to 
say  of  one  that  he  displayed  good  judgment  is  much  less  than  to 
say  that  he  manifested  wisdom.  Skill  is  far  inferior  to  unsdom, 
consisting  largely  in  the  practical  application  of  acquired  knoui- 
edge,  power,  and  habitual  processes,  or  in  the  ingenious  contri- 
vance that  makes  such  application  possible.  In  the  making  of 
something  jjerf ectly  useless  there  may  be  great  skill,  but  no  tvis- 
dom.    Compare  acumen  ;  astute  ;  knowledge  ;  mind  ;  prudence; 

SAGACIOUS  ;  SKILFUL 

Antonyms: 

absurdity,      folly,  imbecility,  miscalculation,  senselessness, 

error,  foolishness,  imijrudence,  misjudgment,  silliness, 

fatuity,  idiocy,  indiscretion,  nonsense,  stupidity. 

Compare  synonyms  for  absurd  ;  idiocy. 


WIT. 


Synonyms : 

banter,  fun,  joke  waggery, 

burlesque,  bumor,  playfulness,    waggishness. 

drollery,  jest,  pleasantry,     w^itticism. 

faeetiousness,  jocularity,  raillery, 

Wit  is  the  quick  perception  of  unusual  or  commonly  unperceived 

analogies  or  relations  between  things  apparently  unrelated,  and 

has  been  said  to  depend  upon  a  union  of  surprise  and  pleasure  ;  it 

depends  certainly  on  the  production  of  a  diverting,  entertaining, 

or  merrymaking  surprise.     The  analogies  with  which  ivit  plays 


work 

yet  374 


are  often  superficial  or  artificial ;  humor  deals  with  real  analogies 

of  an  amusing  or  entertaining  kind,  or  with  traits  of  character 

that  are  seen  to  have  a  comical  side  as  soon  as  brought  to  view. 

Wit  is  keen,  sudden,  brief,  and  sometimes  severe ;  Immor  is  deep, 

thoughtful,  sustained,  and  always  kindly.     Pleasantry  is  lighter 

and  less  vivid  than  wit.     Fun  denotes  the  merry  results  produced 

by  XL-it  and  humor,  or  by  any  fortuitous  occasion  of  mirth,  and  is 

pronounced  and  often  hilarious. 

Antonyms : 

dulness,         seriousness,        sobriety,        solemnity,        stolidity,        stiiDiditv 
gravity,  j-i  f      j- 

^VORK. 

Synonyms: 

achievement,  doing;.  labor,  product, 

action.  drudgery.  occupation,  production, 

Dusiness,  employment,  performance,  toll, 

deed,  exertion. 

Worlc  is  the  generic  term  for  any  continuous  application  of 
energy  toward  an  end  ;  u-ork  may  be  hard  or  easy.  Labor  is  hard 
and  wearying  work  ;  toil  is  straining  and  exliausting  u-ork.  Work 
is  also  used  for  any  result  of  working,  physical  or  mental,  and  has 
special  senses,  as  in  mechanics,  which  labor  and  toil  do  not  share. 
Drudgery  is  plodding,  irksome,  and  often  menial  tvork.  Compare 
act;  business. 
Autonyms: 

ease,     idleness,     leisure,      recreation,      relaxation,      repose,    rest,    vacation. 


TET. 

Synonyms: 

besides,  further.  hitherto,  now,  stiU,  thus  far. 
Yet  and  still  have  many  closely  related  senses,  and,  with  verbs 
of  past  time,  are  often  interchangeable;  we  may  say  "while  he 
was  yet  a  cliild,"  or  "while  he  was  still  a  child."  Yet,  like  still, 
often  appUes  to  past  action  or  state  extending  to  and  including  the 
present  time,  especially  when  joined  with  as ;  we  can  say  "  he  is 
feeble  as  yet,"  or  "he  is  still  feeble,"  with  scarcely  appreciable 
difference  of  meaning,  except  that  the  former  statement  implies 
somewhat  more  of  expectation  than  the  latter.  Yet  with  a  nega- 
tive applies  to  completed  action,  often  replacing  a  positive  state- 
ment with  still ;  "he  is  not  gone  yet "  is  nearly  the  same  as  "he 
is  here  still."  Yet  has  a  reference  to  the  future  which  still  does 
not  share  ;  "  we  may  be  successful  yet  "  imphes  that  success  may 
begin  at  some  future  time  ;  "  we  may  be  successful  stilV  implies 


375  youthful 

that  we  may  continue  to  enjoy  in  tlie  future  such  success  as  we 
are  winning  now. 


YOUTHFUI.. 

Synonyms-. 

adolescent,       callow,  childlike,       immature,       puerile, 

Ijoyisli,  childish,        girlish,  juvenile,  young. 

Boyish,  childish,  and  girlish  are  used  in  a  good  sense  of  those 
to  whom  they  properly  belong,  but  in  a  bad  sense  of  those  from 
whom  more  maturity  is  to  be  expected  ;  cldldish  eagerness  or  glee 
is  pleasing  in  a  child,  but  unbecoming  in  a  luan  ;  puerile  in  mod- 
ern use  is  distinctly  contemptuous.  Juvenile  and  youthful  are 
commonly  used  in  a  favorable  and  kindly  sense  in  their  applica- 
tion to  those  still  young ;  yonthfid  in  the  sense  of  having  the  char- 
acteristics of  youth,  hence  fresh,  vigorous,  light=hearted,  buoyant, 
may  have  a  favorable  import  as  applied  to  any  age,  as  when  we 
say  the  old  man  still  retains  his  youthful  ardor,  vigor,  or  hopeful- 
ness ;  juvenile  in  such  use  would  belittlef  the  statement.  Young 
is  distinctively  applied  to  those  in  the  early  stage  of  life  or  not 
arrived  at  maturity.  Compare  new. 
Antonyms  '. 

Compare  synonyms  for  old. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  THE  TEACHER, 


The  following  exercises  have  been  prepared  expressly  and  solely  to  accompany 
the  preceding  text  in  which  the  distinctions  of  synonyms  have  been  carefully  pointed 
out.  It  is  not  expected,  intended,  or  desired  that  the  questions  should  be  answered 
or  the  blanks  in  the  examples  supplied  off-hand.  In  such  study  nothing  can  be 
worse  than  guess=work.  Hence,  leading  questions  have  been  avoided,  and  the  order 
of  synonyms  given  in  Part  I.  has  frequently  been  departed  from  or  reversed  in 
Part  II. 

To  secure  the  study  of  Part  I.  before  coming  into  class,  pupils  should  not  be 
allowed  to  open  it  during  recitation,  unless  ou  rare  occasions  to  settle  doubtful  or 
disputed  points.  The  very  best  method  will  be  found  to  be  to  have  the  examples  in- 
cluded in  the  lesson,  with  any  others  that  may  be  added,  copied  on  the  blackboard 
before  recitation,  and  no  books  brought  into  class. 

The  teacher  should  make  a  thorough  study  of  the  subject,  not  only  mastering 
what  is  given  in  Part  I.,  but  g6ing  beyond  the  necessarily  brief  statements  there 
given,  and  consulting  the  ultimate  authorities  —  the  best  dictionaries  and  the  works 
of  the  best  speakers  and  writers.  For  the  latter  purpose  a  good  cyclopedia  of  quota- 
tions, like  the  Hoyt,  will  be  found  very  helpful.  The  teacher  should  so  study  out 
the  subject  as  to  be  distinctly  in  advance  of  the  class  and  able  to  speak  authorita- 
tively. Such  independent  study  will  be  found  intensely  interesting,  and  can  be  made 
delightful  and  even  fascinating  to  any  intelligent  class. 

In  answer  to  questions  calling  for  definitive  statement,  the  teacher  should  insist 
upon  the  very  words  of  the  text,  unless  the  pupil  can  give  in  his  own  words  what  is 
manifestly  as  good.  This  will  often  be  found  not  easy  to  do.  Definition  by  syno- 
nym should  be  absolutely  forbidden. 

Reasonable  questions  should  be  encouraged,  but  the  class  should  not  be  allowed 
to  become  a  debating  society.  The  meaning  of  English  words  is  not  a  matter  of  con- 
jecture, and  all  disputed  points  should  be  promptly  referred  to  the  dictionary  —  usu- 
ally to  be  looked  up  after  the  recitation,  and  considered,  if  need  be,  at  the  next  recita- 
tion.. The  majority  of  them  will  not  need  to  be  referred  to  again,  as  the  difliculties 
will  simply  represent  an  inferior  usage  which  the  dictionary  will  brush  aside.  One 
great  advantage  of  synonym  study  is  ro  exterminate  colloquialisms. 

The  class  should  be  encouraged  to  brmg  quotations  from  first=class  authors  with 
blanks  to  be  filled,  such  quotations  being  held  authoritative,  though  not  infallible; 
also  quotations  from  the  best  newspapers,  periodicals,  speeches,  etc.,  with  words 
underlined  for  criticism,  sucn  quotations  being  held  open  to  revision  upon  consulta- 
tion of  authorities.  The  change  of  usage,  whereby  that  may  be  correct  to=day  which 
would  not  have  been  so  at  an  earlier  period,  should  be  carefully  noted,  but  always 
upon  the  authority  of  an  approvea  aiction-ry. 

The  examnles  have  been  in  great  part  selected  from  the  best  literature,  and  all 
others  carefully  prepared  for  this  work.  Hence,  an  appropriate  word  to  fill  each 
blank  can  always  be  found  bv  careful  study  of  the  corresponding  group  of  synonyms. 
In  a  few  instances,  either  of  two  words  would  appropriately  fill  a  blank  and  yield  a 
good  sense.  In  such  case,  either  should  be  accepted  as  correct,  but  the  resulting 
difference  of  meaning  should  be  clearly  pointed  out. 


PART  II. 
QUESTIONS   AND    EXAMPLES. 


ABAl^DON  (page  1). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  objects  or  classes  of  objects  does  abandon  apply  ?  abdicate?  cede? 
quit?  resign?  surrender?    2.  Is  abandon  used  in  the  favorable  or  unfavor- 
able sense  ?  desert  favorable  or  unfavorable  ?  forsake?    3.  What  does  aban- 
don commonly  denote  of  previous  relationship  ?  forsake? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  soldiers his  standard  in  such  numbers  that  the  commander  found  it 

necessary  to the  enterprise. 

France  was  compelled  to Alsace  and  Lorraine  to  Germany. 

In  the  height  of  his  power  Charles  V. the  throne. 

Finding  resistance  vain,  the  defenders  agreed  to the  fortress. 

To  the  surprise  of  his  friends,  Senator  Conkling  suddenly his  office. 

At  the  stroke  of  the  bell,  the  men  instantly work. 


ABASE   (page  2). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  abase  differ  from  debase?  humble  from  hum  Hate?  degrade  from 
disgrace? 

EXAMPLES. 

To  provide  funds,  the  king  resolved  to the  coinage. 

He  came  from  the  scene  of  his  disgrace,  haughty  and  defiant, but  no* 

The  officer  who  had himself  by  cowardice  was to  the  ranks. 

Only  the  base  in  spirit  will themselves  before  wealth,  rank,  and  power. 

The  messenger  was  so that  no  heed  was  paid  to  his  message. 


abash 

abkor  378 


ABASH  (page  3). 

QUESTIONS. 

What  has  the  effect  to  make  one  abashed?  2.  How  does  confuse  differ  from 
abash?  3.  What  do  we  mean  when  we  eay  that  a  person  is  mordjied?  4. 
Give  an  instance  of  the  use  of  mortified  where  abashed  could  not  be  sub- 
stituted. Why  could  not  the  words  be  interchanged  ?  5.  Can  one  be  c^awnfed 
who  is  not  abashed  ?  6.  Is  embarrass  or  mortify  the  stronger  word  ?  Give 
instances. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  peasant  stood in  the  royal  presence. 

The  numerous  questions the  witness. 

The  speaker  was for  a  moment,  but  quickly  recovered  himself. 

At  the  revelation  of  such  depravity,  I  was  utterly . 

When  Bensible  of  his  error,  the  visitor  was  deeply . 


ABBREVIATION  (page  4). 

QUESTIONS. 
Is  an  abbreviation  always  a  contraction?    2.  Is  a  contraction  always  an  a66?'e- 
viation?     Give  instances.     3.   Can  we  have  an  abbreviation  of  a  book, 
paragraph,  or  sentence  ?    What  can  be  abbreviated  ?  and  what  abridged? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  treatise  was  already  so  brief  that  it  did  not  admit  of . 

The Dr.  is  used  both  for  Doctor  and  Debtor. 

F.  R.  S.  is  an of  .He  title  "  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society." 


ABET  (page  4). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Abet,  incite,  imtigate:  which  of  these  words  are  used  in  a  good  and  which  in  a 
bad  sense  ?    2.  How  does  abet  differ  from  incite  and  instigate  as  to  the  time 
of  the  action  ?    3.  Which  of  the  three  words  apply  to  persons  and  which  to 
actions  ?    Give  instances  of  the  use  of  abet;  instigate;  incite. 
EXAMPLES. 

To  further  his  own  schemes,  he the  viceroy  to  rebel  against  the  king. 

To a  crime  may  be  worse  than  to  originate  it,  as  arguing  less  escitemen 

and  more  calculation  and  cowardice. 

The  prosecution  was  evidently  malicious, by  envy  and  revenge. 

And  you  that  do him  in  this  kind 

Cherish  rebellion,  and  are  rebels  all. 


ABHOR  (page  5). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Which  is  the  stronger  word,  abhor  or  despise?    2.  What  does  abhor  denote  ? 
3.  How  does  Archbishop  Trench  illustrate  the  difference  between  abhor  and 
shun?    4.  What  does  detest  express?    5.  What  does  loathe  imply?    Is  it 


abide 
379  abolii«U 


phjbical  or  moral  in  its  application  ?    6.  Give  illustrations  of  the  appropriate 
uses  of  the  above  words. 

EXAMPLES. 

He  had  sunk  to  snch  degradation  as  to  be  utterly by  all  good  men. 

Such  weakness  can  only  be . 

Talebearers  and  backbiters  are  everywhere . 

— —  that  which  is  evil;  cleave  to  that  which  is  good. 


ABI]>E  (page  5). 
QUESTIONS. 
I.  What  limit  of  time  is  expressed  by  abide?  by  lodge f  by  live,  dwell,  reside? 
2.  What  is  the  meaning  of  sojourn?    3.  Should  we  say  one  is  stopping  or 
staying  at  a  hotel  ?  and  why  ?    4.  Give  examples  of  the  extended,  and  of  the 
limited  use  of  abide. 

EXAMPLES. 

One  generation  passeth  away  and  another  generation  cometh,  but  the  earth 

forever. 

And  there  were  in  the  same  country  shepherds in  the  field,  keeping  watch 

over  their  flock  by  night. 

So  great  was  the  crowd  of  visitors  that  many  were  compelled  to in  the 

neighboring  villages. 

He  is at  the  Albemarle. 

He  has for  forty  years  in  the  same  house. 

By  faith  he in  the  land  of  promise,  as  in  a  strange  country. 


ABOLISH  (page  6). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Is  abolish  used  of  persons  or  material  objects  ?  2.  Of  what  is  it  used  ?  Give 
examples.  3.  What  does  antiihilate  signify  ?  Is  it  stronger  or  weaker  than 
abolish?  4.  What  terms  do  we  use  for  doing  away  with  laivs,  and  how  do 
those  terms  differ  among  themselves  ?  5 .  What  are  the  differences  between 
overtkroiv,  svppress,  and  subvert?  especially  between  the  last  two  of  those 
words  ?  6.  How  does  prohibit  differ  from  abolish?  7.  What  word  do  we 
especially  use  of  putting  an  end  to  a  nuisance  ?  8.  What  other  words  of  this 
class  are  especially  referred  to  ?  9.  Give  some  antonyms  of  abolish? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  one  great  endeavor  of  Buddhism  is  to sorrow. 

Modern  science  seems  to  show  conclusively  that  matter  is  never . 

The  law,  which  had  long  been by  the  revolutionists,  was  at  last by 

the  legislature. 

The  ancient  statute  was  found  to  have  been by  later  enactments,  though 

never  formally . 

The  Supreme  Court the  adverse  decision  of  the  inferior  tribunal. 

Even  in  a  republic,  sedition  should  be  promptly ,  or  it  may  result  in  the 

of  free  institutions. 

From  the  original  settlement  of  Vineland,  New  Jersey,  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
licLuor  has  been , 


abomination 

absolute  3S0 


ABOMIIVATIO]*  (page  7). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  was  abomination  originally  applied?    2.  Does  it  refer  to  a  state  of 
mind  or  to  some  act  or  other  object  of  thought  ?    3.  IIow  does  abomination 
differ  from  aversion  or  disgust  P    4.  How  does  an  abo?ninati07i  differ  from 
an  offense  ?  from  crime  in  general  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
After  the  ship  began  to  pitch  and  roll,  we  could  not  look  upon  food  without 

It  is  time  that  such  a should  be  abated. 

Capital  punishment  was  formerly  inflicted  in  England  for  trivial 

In  spite  of  their  high  attainments  in  learning  and  art,  the  foulest were 

prevalent  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  of  classic  antiquity. 


ABRIDOMEIVT  (page  7). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  an  abridgment  differ  from  an  outline  or  a  synopsis?  from  an  abstract 
or  digest?  2.  How  does  an  abstract  or  digest  differ  from  an  outline  or  a 
synojisis  f  3.  Does  an  analysis  of  a  treatise  deal  with  what  is  expressed,  or 
with  what  is  implied  ?  4.  What  words  may  we  use  to  express  a  condensed 
view  of  a  subject,  whether  derived  from  a  previous  publication  or  not  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  New  Testament  may  be  regarded  as  an of  religion. 

There  are  several  excellent of  English  literature. 

An of  the  decision  of  the  court  was  published  in  all  the  leading  papers. 

The  publishers  determined  to  issue  an of  their  dictionary. 

Such as  U.  S.  for  United  States  should  be  rarely  used,  unless  in  hasty 

■writing  or  technical  works. 

ABSOI^UTE  (page  8). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  absolute  in  the  strict  sense  denote  ?  supreme?  2.  To  what  are  these 
words  in  such  sense  properly  applied  ?  3.  How  are  they  used  in  a  modified 
sease  ?  4.  Is  arbitrary  ever  used  in  a  good  sense  ?  What  is  the  chief  use  ? 
Give  examples.  5.  How  does  autocratic  differ  from  arbitrary?  both  these 
words  from  despotic?  desjiotic  from  tyrannical?  6.  Is  irresponsible  good  ov 
bad  in  its  implication?  arbitrary?  imperatim?  imperiom?  peremptory? 
positive?  authoritative? 

EXAMPLES. 

God  alone  is and . 

The  Czar  of  Russia  is  an ruler. 

■ power  tends  always  to  be —  in  its  exercise. 

On  all  questions  of  law  in  the  United  States  the  decision  of  the Court  Is 

and  final. 


Learning  of  the  attack  on  our  seamen,  the  government  sent  an demand 

for  apology  and  indemnity. 

Man's will  and intellect  have  given  him  dominion  over  all  other 

creatures  on  the  earth,  so  that  they  are  either  subjugated  or  exterminated. 


absolve 
391  abstract 

ABSOLVE  (page  9). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  original  sense  of  absolve?    2.  To  what  does  it  apply  ?    3.  What  is 
its  special  sense  when  used  with  reference  to  sins  ?    4.  How  does  it  differ 
tvom  acquit ?  forgive f  justify?  jMrdonf    5.  What  are  the  chief  autonyms 

of  absoh^e  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

No  power  under  heaven  can a  man  from  his  personal  responsibility. 

When  the  facts  were  known,  he  was of  all  blame. 


ABSORB  (page  9). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  When  is  a  fluid  said  to  be  absorbed?  2.  Is  the  substance  of  the  absorbing  body 
changed  by  that  which  it  absorbs?  Give  instances.  3.  IIow  docs  consume 
differ  from  absorb?  4.  Give  instances  of  the  distinctive  uses  of  engross, 
swallow,  imbibe,  and  absorb  in  the  figurative  sense.  5.  What  is  the  difference 
between  absorb  and  emit?  absorb  and  radiate? 
EXAMPLES. 

Tho  the  fuel  was  rapidly within  the  furnace,  very  little  heat  was 

from  the  outer  surface. 

In  setting  steel  rails  special  provision  must  be  made  for  their  expansion  under 

the  influence  of  the  heat  that  they . 

Jip  stood  on  the  table  and  barked  at  Traddles  so  persistently  that  he  may  be  said 
to  have the  conversation. 

ABSTIKEXCE  (page  10). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  abstinence  differ  from  abstemimisness?  from  self-denial?    2.  What  is 
temperance  regarding  things  lawful  and  worthy  ?  regarding  things  vicious  and 
injurious  ?    3.  What  is  the  more  exact  term  for  the  proper  course  regarding 

evil  indulgences  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  was  so  moderate  in  his  desires  that  his seemed  to  cost  him  no . 


Among  the  Anglo«Saxous  the  idea  of  universal  and  total from  all  intoxi- 
cants is  little  more  than  a  century  old. 


ABSTRACT,  v.;  ABSTRACTED  (page  10,  11). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  difference  between  abstract  and  seimrate?  between  discriminate 
and  distinguish  ?*  2.  How  does  abstract,  when  said  of  the  mind,  differ  from 
divert?  from  distract?  3.  How  do  abstracted,  absorbed,  anA.  preoccupied 
differ  from  absent-minded?  4.  Can  one  who  is  preoccupied  be  said  to  be 
listless  or  thoughtless  ?  one  who  is  absent-minded ? 

*NoTE.  See  these  words  under  discern  as  referred  to  at  the  end  of  the  para- 
graph on  ABSTRACT  in  Part  I.  The  pupil  should  be  instructed,  in  all  cases,  to  look 
up  and  read  over  the  synonyms  referred  to  by  the  words  in  small  capitals  at  the  end 
of  the  paragraph  in  Part  I. 


absnrd 

accessory,  n.  3S2 

EXAMPLES. 

He  was  so with  these  perplexities  as  to  be  completely of  his  sur- 
roundings. 

The  busy  student  may  be  excused  Lf ;  in  the  merely or it  is 

intolerable. 

The  power  to one  idea  from  all  its  associations  and  view  it  alone  is  the 

marlc  of  a  philosophical  mind. 

Numerous  interruptions   ia   the  midst  of  occupations  had   made  him 

almost . 


ABSURD  (page  11). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  difference  between  absurd  smdi  paradoxical  f    2.  What  are  the  dis- 
tinctions between  irratimial,  foolish,  and  silly?    3.  What  is  the  especial  im- 
plication in  unreasonable?    4.  How  do  monstrous  and  irreposterous  compare 
with  absurd?    5.  What  is  the  especial  element  common  to  the  ^mc^zct'om*,  the 
ndiculoiis,  and  the  nonsensical  ?   6.  What  are  some  chief  antonyms  of  abmrd  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
A  statement  may  be  disproved  by  deducing  logically  from  it  a  conclusion  that 


Carlyle  delighted  in utterances. 

The hatred  of  the  Jews  in  the  Middle  Ages  led  the  populace  to  believe  the 

most slanders  concerning  them. 

I  attempted  to  dissuade  him  from  the  plan,  but  found  him  altogether 

;  many  of  his  arguments  were  so as  to  be  positively . 


ABUSE  (page  13). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  does  abuse  apply  ?  2.  How  does  abuse  differ  from  damage  (as  in  the 
case  of  rented  property,  e.  g.)  1  3.  How  Aoes  abuse  differ  from  harm?  4. 
What  words  of  this  group  are  used  in  a  bad  sense  ?  5.  Is  rejyroach  good  or 
bad  ?  6.  How  do  persecute  and  oppress  differ  ?  7.  Do  misemploy,  misuse, 
and  pei-vert  apply  to  persons  or  things  ?  To  which  does  abuse  apply  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  tenant  shall  not the  property  beyond  reasonable  wear. 

intellectual  gifts  make  the  dangerous  villain. 

In  his  rage  he  began  to and all  who  had  formerly  been  his  friends. 

To  be for  doing  right  can  never  really a  true  man. 

In  no  way  has  man his  fellow  man  more  cruelly  than  by him  for  his 

religious  belief. 


ACCESSORY,  w.  (page  13). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Which  words  of  this  group  are  used  in  a  good,  and  which  in  a  bad  sense  ?    2. 
Which  are  indifferently  either  good  or  bad  ?     3.  To  what  does  ally  generally 
apply  ?  colleague  ?   4 .  How  does  an  associate  compare  in  rank  with  a  principal  ? 


accident 
383  acrimony 

5 .  Is  assistant  or  attendant  the  higher  word  ?  How  do  both  these  words  com- 
pare with  dissociate?  6.  In  what  sense  ax&  follower,  henchman,  and  retainer 
used  ?  partner  P  1 .  What  is  the  legal  distinction  between  abettor  and  acces- 
sory?   8.  To  what  is  aecoW;/;/ic6  nearly  equivalent  ?     Which  is  the  preferred 

legal  term  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  Senator  differed  with  his in  this  matter. 

The  baron  rode  into  town  with  a  great  array  of  armed . 

France  and  Russia  seem  to  have  become  firm . 

The called  to  the for  a  fresh  bandage. 

All  persons,  but  especially  the  young,  should  take  the  greatest  care  in  the  choice 
of  their . 

As  he  was  not  present  at  the  actual  commission  of  the  crime,  he  was  held  to  be 
only  an and  not  an . 

ACCIDENT  (page  14). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  difference  between  accident  and  chance?    2.  How  does  incident 
differ  from  both  ?    3.  What  is  the  special  significance  ot  fortune?    4.  How 
does  it  differ  in  usage  from  chance  ?    5.  How  are  accident,  misadventure,  and 
mishap  distinguished  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Gambling  clings  almost  inseparably  to  games  oi . 

Bruises  and  contusions  are  regarded  as  ordinary of  the  cavalry  service 

The  prudent  man  is  careful  not  to  tempt too  far. 

The  misplacement  of  the  switch  caused  a  terrible . 

Great  thoughts  and  high  purposes  keep  one  from  being  greatly  disturbed  by  the 
little of  daily  life. 

ACCtUAISJTANCE  (page  15). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  acquaintance  between  persons  imply  ?    2.  How  does  acquaintance 
differ  from  companionship  ?  acquaintance  from f7'iendskip  ?  tiom  intimacy  ? 
3.  How  does  fellowship  differ  tiom  friendship  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
A  public  speaker  becomes  known  to  many  persons  whom  he  does  not  know,  but 

who  are  ready  promptly  to  claim with  him. 

The of  life  must  bring  us  into with  many  who  can  not  be  admitted 

within  the  inner  circle  of . 

The  ■ —  of  school  and  college  life  often  develop  into  the  most  beautiful  and 

enduring . 

Between  those  most  widely  separated  by  distance  of  place  and  time,  by  language, 
station,  occupation,  and  creed,  there  may  yet  be  true of  soul. 


ACRIMOXY  (page  15). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  acei'bity  differ  itom.  asjKvity  ?  aspe?ity  trom  acrimony  ?    2.  Howls 


act 

acumen  3S4 

acrbno9iy  distinguiBhed  tvom  t)ialig?di>/ ?  malignity  ivom  virulence?  3.  What 
is  implied  in  the  use  of  the  word  seventy  f 

EXAMPLES. 

A  certain of  speech  had  become  habitual  with  him. 

To  this  ill«timed  request,  he  answered  with  sudden . 

A  constant  sense  of  injustice  may  deepen  into  a  settled . 

This  smooth  and  pleasing  address  veiled  a  deep . 

Great will  be  patiently  borne  if  the  sufferer  is  convinced  of  its  essential 

justice. 

ACT  (page  16). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  is  act  distinguished  from  action?  from  deed?    2.  Which  of  the  words  in 
this  group  necessarily  imply  an  external  effect  ?  Which  may  be  wholly  mental  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

He  who  does  the  truth  will  need  no  instruction  as  to  individual s. 

is  the  truth  of  thought. 

The is  done. 


ACTIVE  (page  17). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  With  what  two  sets  of  words  is  active  allied  ?    2.  How  does  active  differ  from 
busy?  from  industrious?    3.  How  do  active  and  restless  compare?    4.  To 
what  sort  of  activity  does  officious  refer  ?    6.  What  are  some  chief  antonyms 
of  active? 

EXAMPLES. 
Being  of  an disposition  and  without  settled  purpose  or  definite  occupa- 
tion, she  became as  a  hornet. 

He  had  his days  and  hours,  but  could  never  be  properly  said  to  be . 

An attendant  instantly  seized  upon  my  baggage. 

The  true  student  is from  the  mere  love  of  learning,  independently  of  its 

rewards. 


ACUMEIV  (page  18). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  How  do  sharpness,  acuteness,  peneti'ation,  and  insight  compare  with  acumen  ? 
2.  What  is  the  special  characteristic  of  acumen  ?  To  what  order  of  mind  does 
it  belong?  3 .  What  is  ««g'adi!y .?  Is  it  attributed  to  men  or  brutes  ?  4.  What 
is  perspicacity  ?  5 .  Wiia.t  is  shrewdness  ?  Is  it  ordinarily  good  or  evil  ?  6. 
Give  illustrations  of  the  uses  of  the  above  words  as  regards  the  possessors  of 
the  corresponding  qualities. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  treatise  displays  great  critical . 

The  Indians  had  developed  a  practical that  enabled  them  to  follow  a  trail 

by  scarcely  perceptible  signs  almost  as  unerringly  as  the  hound  by  scent. 


add 
8S3  adequate 

ADD  (page  18). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  is  add  Tel&t&d.  to  increase ?    How  does  it  differ  from  multiply?    2.  What 
does  aiiffmeni  signify  ?     Of  what  is  it  ordinarily  used  ?     3.  To  what  does 
amplify  apply  ?    4.  In  what  ways  may  a  discourse  or  treatise  be  amplified  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Care  to  our  coffin a  nail  no  doubt; 

And  every  grin,  so  merry,  draws  one  out. 

up  at  night,  what  thou  hast  done  by  day; 


And  In  the  morning  what  tnou  hast  to  do. 


ADDRESS,  V.  (page  19). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  does  accost  always  signify  ?  greet?  hail?    2.  How  does  salute  differ  from 

accost  or  greet  ?  address  ?    3 .  What  is  it  to  apostrophise  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  pale  snowdrop  is  springing 

To  ■ the  glowing  sun. 

to  the  Chief  who  in  triumph  advances. 

His  faithful  dog the  smiling  guest. 

yc  heroes  !  heaven=born  band  1 

Who  fought  and  died  in  freedom's  cause. 


ADDRESS,  n.  (page  20). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  address  in  the  sense  here  considered?    2.  What  is  tact?    3.  What 
qualities  are  included  in  address  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

And  the  tear  that  is  wiped  with  a  little 

May  be  followed  perhaps  by  a  smile. 

The of  doing  doth  esprcsse 

No  other  but  the  doer's  willingnesse. 

I  have  very  poor  and  unhappy  brains  for  drinking;  I  could  wish would 

invent  some  other  custom  of  entertainment. 


ADEQUATE  (page  21). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  do  adequate,  commensurate,  and  sufficient  alike  signify  ?  How  does  com- 
mensurate specifically  differ  from  the  other  two  words  ?  Give  examples.  2. 
To  what  do  adapted,  fit,  suitable,  and  qualified  refer  ?  3.  Is  satisfactory  a 
very  high  recommendation  of  any  work  ?  Why  ?  4.  Is  able  or  capable  the 
higher  word  ?    Illustrate. 

EXAMPLES. 

We  know  not  of  what  we  are till  the  trial  comes. 

Indeed,  left  nothing for  your  purpose  untouched,  slightly  handled,  in  dis- 
course. 

25 


adiierent 

adoru  3S6 


ADHERENT  (page  21). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  an  adherent  f    2.  How  does  an  adherent  differ  from  a  supporter?  from 
a  disciple?    3.  How  do  botli  the  above  words  differ  from  ally?    4.  Has  par- 
tisan a  good  or  a  bad  sense,  and  why  ?    5 .  Is  it  well  to  speak  of  a  supporter 
as  a  backer ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Also  of  your  own  selves  shall  men  arise  speaking  perverse  things  to  draw  away 
— s  after  them. 

Woman  is  woman's  natural . 

Self-defense  compelled  the  European  nations  to  be s  against  Napoleon. 

The  deposed  monarch  was  found  to  have  a  strong  body  of b. 


AD JACEBTT  (page  23). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  difference  between  ftf^/wcew^  and  adjoining?  contiguous?  contermi- 
nous?   2.  What  distance  is  implied  in  near?   neighboring?    3.  What  does 
next  always  imply  ?    4.  Give  antonyms  of  adjacent;  near. 
EXAMPLES. 
Stronger  by  weakness,  wiser  men  become, 
As  they  draw to  their  eternal  home. 


ADHIRE  (page  23). 

QUESTIONS. 
In  what  sense  was  admire  formerly  used  ?    What  does  it  now  express  ?    2.  How 
Aoes  admire  compare  with  r«»«re.?  venerate?  adore?    Give  instances  of  the 
use  of  these  words. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  beautiful  are  sure  to  be . 

Henceforth  the  majesty  of  God ; 

Fear  him,  and  you  have  nothing  else  to  fear. 
I  value  Science — none  can  prize  it  more, 

It  gives  ten  thousand  motives  to : 

Be  it  religious,  as  it  ought  to  be, 

The  heart  it  humbles,  and  it  bows  the  knee. 


ADORM  (page  23). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  adorn  differ  from  ornament?  from  garnish?  from  deck  or  bedeck? 
from  decorate  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
At  church,  with  meek  and  unaffected  grace, 

His  looks the  venerable  place. 

The  red  breast  oft,  at  evening  hours, 

Shall  kindly  lend  his  little  aid, 
With  hoary  moss,  and  gathered  flowers. 
To the  ground  where  thou  art  laid. 


aflfVont 
3S7  aim 

AFFRONT  (page  24). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  it  to  affront?    2.  How  does  affront  compare  with  insult?  with  tease? 

annoy ? 

EXAMPLES. 

It  is  safer  to some  people  than  to  oblige  them;  for  the  better  a  man  de- 
serves, the  worse  they  will  speak  of  him. 

Oh,  rather  give  me  commentators  plain, 
Who  with  no  deep  researches the  brain. 

The  petty  desire  to is  simply  a  perversion  of  the  human  love  of  power. 

They  rushed  to  meet  the foe. 


AGEWT  (page  24). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  does  agent  in  the  philosophical  sense  compare  with  Tnover  or  doer?    2. 
What  different  sense  has  it  In  business  usage  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

That  morality  may  mean  anything,  man  must  be  held  to  be  a  free . 

The declined  to  take  the  responsibility  In  the  absence  of  the  owner. 


AGREE   (page  25). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  do  concur  and  coincide  differ  in  range  of  meaning  ?    How  with  reference  to 
expression  in  action  ?    2.  How  doea  accede  compuve with  consent  ?    3.  Which 
is  the  most  general  word  of  this  group  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

A  woman's  lot  is  made  for  her  by  the  love  she . 

My  poverty,  but  not  my  will, . 


AGRICIJETURE   (page  25). 

QUESTIONS. 
"What  does  ar/riciiUure  include  ?  'How  does  it  differ  from  farming  ?   2.  What  is 
gardening  ?  floriculture  ?  horticultwe  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Loan  oft  loses  both  itself  and  friend; 

And  borrowing  dulls  the  edge  of . 

A  field  becomes  exhausted  by  constant . 


AIM  (page  26). 
QLTISTIONS. 
What  is  an  aim?    How  does  it  differ  from  mark?  from  goal?    2.  How  do  end 
and  object  compare  ?    3 .  To  what  does  asjnration  apply  f    How  does  it  differ 
in  general  from  design,  endeavor,  or  jmi'pose  ?    4.  How  does  pw2)0se  compare 
with  intention?    5.  What  is  design? 


air 

alarm  3§g 


EXAMPLES. 
lu  deeds  of  daring  rectitude,  in  scorn 

For  miserable tliat  end  witli  self. 

O  yet  we  trust  that  somehow  good 

Will  be  the  final of  ill. 

How  qurckly  nature  falls  into  revolt, 

When  gold  becomes  her . 

It  is  noi ,  but  ambition  that  is  the  mother  6f  misery  in  man 


AIR  (page  27). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  air  in  the  sense  here  considered  ?    2.  How  does  air  differ  from  appear- 
ance P    3.  What  is  the  di£eTeiice  "between  expression  and  look  f    4.    What  is 
the  sense  of  bearing?  carriage F    5.  How  does  mien  differ  from  air?    6. 
What  does  demeanor  include  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

I  never,  with  important , 

In  conversation  overbear. 

Vice  is  a  monster  of  such  hideous , 

As,  to  be  hated,  needs  but  to  be  seen. 
Grief  fills  the  room  up  of  my  absent  child, 

Lies  in  his  bed,  walks  up  and  down  with  me, 
Puts  on  his  pretty ,  repeats  his  words. 


AIRY  (page  27). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  airy  agree  with  and  differ  from  aerial?    Give  instances  of  the  uses  of 
the  two  words.     2.  What  does  ethereal  signify?    sprightly?    3.   Are  lively 
and  animated  used  in  the  favorable  or  unfavorable  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

tongues  that  syllable  men's  names,  on  sands  and  shores  and  desert  wilder- 
nesses. 

The mold 

Incapable  of  stain,  would  soon  expel 

Her  mischief,  and  purge  off  the  baser  fire. 

Victorious. 

Society  became  my  glittering  bride, 

And hopes  my  children. 

Soft  o'er  the  shrouds whispers  breathe, 

That  seemed  but  zephyrs  to  the  train  beneath. 


ALARM   (page  28). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  derivation  and  distinctive  meaning  of  alarm?    2.  What  do  affright 
and.  fright  express^?    Give  an  illustration  of  the  contrasted  terms.     3.  How 
are  apprehension,  disquietude,  dread,  and  misgiving  related  to  the  danger  that 


alert 
389  allay 

excites  them  ?    4.  What  are  consternation.,  dismay,  and  terror,  and  how  are 
they  related  to  the  danger  ?    5.  What  is  timidity? 


AI^ERT  (page  28). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  do  alert,  wide-awake,  and  ready  refer?    2.  How  does  ready  differ 
from  alert?  ixom  prepared  ?    3.  What  does  jJrotnjJt   signify?    4.  What  is 
the  secondary  meaning  of  alert? 

EXAMPLES. 

To  be for  war  is  one  of  the  most  effectual  ways  of  preserving  peace. 

He  who  is  not to=day  will  he  less  so  to»morrow. 

Thus  ending  loudly,  as  he  would  o'erleap 
His  destiny, he  stood. 


ALIE:^,  a.  &  n.  (i^age  29). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  alien  differ  from  foreign?  2.  Is  a,  foreigner  by  birth  necessarily  an 
alien?  3.  Are  the  people  of  one  country  while  residing  in  their  own  land 
foreigners  or  alie^is  to  the  people  of  other  lands  ?  4.  How  can  one  residing  in  a 
foreign  country  cease  to  be  an  alien  in  that  country  ?  5 .  How  do  foreign  and 
alien  differ  in  their  figurative  use  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

By hands  thy  dying  eyes  were  closed 

*  *  * 

By hands  thy  humble  grave  adorned 

By  strangers  honored  and  by  strangers  mourned. 

What  is  religion  ?    Not  a inhabitant,  nor  something to  our  nature, 

which  comes  and  takes  up  its  abode  in  the  soul. 

from  the  commonwealth  of  Israel  and from  the  covenants  of 

promise.  


AEIKE    (page  30). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  How  does  alike  compare  with  similar  ?  with  identical  ?    2 .  What  is  the  distinc- 
tion often  made  between  equal  and  equivalent  ?    3 .  What  is  the  sense  of  analo- 
gous ?    (Compare  synonyms  for  Aif alogt.)    4.  In  what  sense  is  homogeneous 

used? 

EXAMPLES. 

Sometimes  gentle,  sometimes  capricious,  sometimes  awful;  never  the ,  for 

two  moments  together. 

Fashioned  for  himself,  a  bride; 
An ,  taken  from  his  side. 


AEEAY  (page  31). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  distinction  between  allay  aud  alleviate  ?    Which  word  implies  a  par- 


allege 

alleviate  390 

tial  removal  of  the  cause  of  suffering,  or  an  actual  lightening  of  the  burden  ? 
2.  With  which  of  the  above  words  are  we  to  class  appease,  pacify^  soothe,  and 
the  like  ?  3 .  With  what  words  is  alleviate  especially  to  be  grouped  ?  (See  syn- 
onyms for  ALLE\^ATE.) 

EXAMPLES. 

Such  songs  have  power  to 

The  restless  pulse  of  care, 
And  come  like  the  benediction 
That  follows  after  prayer. 
Many  a  word,  at  random  spoken 
May or  wound  a  heart  that's  broken  ! 


ALLEOE  (page  31). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Which  is  the  primary  and  which  the  secondary  word,  edlege  or  adduce?    Why  ? 
2.  How  much  of  certainty  is  implied  in  allege?    3.  How  much  does  one  ad- 
mit when  he  speaks  of  an  alleged  fact,  document,  signature,  or  the  like  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

In  many cases  of  haunted  houses,  the  spirits  have  not  ventured  to  face  an 

armed  man  who  has  passed  the  night  there. 

I  can  not one  thing  and  mean  another.    If  I  can't  pray  I  will  not  make  be- 
lieve I 


ALLEOORT  (page  33). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  How  does  allegwy  compare  with  simile  f    Simile  with  metaphor?    2,  What  are 
the  distinctions  between  allegory,  fable,  hnd.  parable  ?    3.  Under  what  general 
term  are  all  these  mcluded  ?    4.  To  what  isjiction  now  most  commonly  ap- 
plied ? 

EXAMPLES. 

In  argument 

are  like  songs  in  love : 

They  much  describe;  they  nothing  prove. 

And  He  spake  many  things  unto  them  in ,  saying,  Behold  a  sower  went 

forth  to  sow. 


AJLL-EVIATE  (page  33). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  alleviate  differ  from  relieve?  from  remove  ?    2.  Is  alleviate  used  of 
persons?   3.  What  are  the  special  significations  of  afiafe  .^^  wisuage?  mitigate? 
tnoderate ?    4.  How  does  alleviate  compare  with  allay?    (Compare  synonyms 

for  ALLAY.) 

EXAMPLES. 

To  pity  distress  is  but  human;  to it  is  Godlike. 

But,  O  !  what  mighty  magician  can 

A  woman's  enw  ? 


__-  alliance 

391  allude 


AL.IiIANCE  (page  34). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  an  alliance?  how  docs  it  differ  ivovfi  partnership  ?  from  coalition?  from 

league?    2.  How  docs  a  confederacy  or  federation  differ  from  a  union? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  two  nations  formed  an  offensive  and  defensive against  the  common 

enemy. 

Till  the  war^drum  throbbed  no  longer,  and  the  battle=flags  were  furled, 

In  the  Parliament  of  man,  the of  the  world. 

Business are  the  warrant  for  the  existence  of  trade . 


ALLOT  (page  34). 

QUESTIONS. 
Does  allot  refer  to  time,  place,  or  person  ?  2.  To  what  does  appoint  refer  1  assign? 
3.  How  does  destine  differ  from  ajypoint?    4.  How  does  award  differ  from 
allot,  appoint,  and  assign  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Man  hath  his  daily  worli  of  body  or  mind . 

He eth  the  moon  for  seasons;  the  sun  knoweth  his  going  down. 

The  king  is  but  as  the  hind  .  .  . 

Who  may  not  wander  from  the field 

Before  hie  work  be  done. 


ALLOW  (page  85). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  difference  between  allow  waAxxrmit?  between  a ;??rwi<  and  permis- 
sion ?    2.  What  instances  can  you  give  of  the  use  of  these  words,  also  of  toler- 
ate and  snbmit  ?    3.  What  does  yield  imply  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Frederick the  Austrians  to  cross  the  mountains  that  he  might  attack  them 

on  a  field  of  his  own  choosing. 

The  cruelty  and  envy  of  the  people 

by  our  dastard  nobles,  who 

Have  all  forsook  me,  hath  devoured  the  rest. 
State  churches  have  ever  been  unwilling  to dissent. 


ALLUDE  (page  36). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  allude'?  of  advert?  of  refer?    2.  How  do  the 
above  words  compare  with  mention  as  to  explicitness  ?    3.  How  do  hint  and 
insinuate  differ  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Late  in  the  eighteenth  century  Cowper  did  not  venture  to  do  more  than to 

the  great  allegorist  [Bunyan],  saying: 

"  I  name  thee  not,  lest  so  despised  a  name 
Should  move  a  sneer  at  thy  deserved  fame." 


allure  -^.^ 

amass  dw-* 


ALLURE  (page  37). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  IB  it  to  allure  ?    2.  How  does  allure  differ  from  attract?  fromluref    3. 
What  does  coax  express  ?    4.  What  is  it  to  cajole?  to  decoy?  to  inveigle? 
5.  How  does  seduce  differ  from  tempt?    6.  Is  win  used  in  the  favorable  or 
unfavorable  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  ruddy  square  of  comfortable  light 

him,  as  the  beacon  blaze 

The  bird  of  passage. 
But  Satan  now  is  wiser  than  of  yore, 

And by  making  rich,  not  making  poor. 

He  had  a  strange  gift  of friends,  and  of the  love  of  women. 


ALSO  (page  37). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Into  what  two  groups  are  the  synonyms  for  also  naturally  divided  ?    2,  Which 
words  simply  add  a  fact  or  thought  ?    3.  Which  distinctly  imply  that  what  is 
added  is  like  that  to  which  it  is  added  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Thine  to  work to  pray, 

Clearing  thorny  wrongs  away  ; 
Plucking  up  the  weeds  of  sin. 
Letting  heaven's  warm  sunshine  in. 


ALTERNATIVE  (page  38). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  difference  between  clioice  and  alternative  in  the  strict  use  of  lan- 
guage ?    2.  Is  alternative  always  so  severely  restricted  by  leading  writers  ? 
3.  What  do  choice,  pick,  election,  sltoA  preference  imply  regarding  one's  wishes  ? 
alternative  ?  resources  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Homer  delights  to  call  Ulysses  "  the  man  of  many ." 


AMASS  (page  38)= 

QUESTIONS. 

What  is  it  to  amass  ?    2.  How  is  amass  distinguished  from  accumulate  ?    3. 

interest  amassed  or  accumulated  ?    4.  How  does  hoard  differ  from  store  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

By  daring  and  successful  speculation,  he a  prodigious  fortune. 

The  sum  was  the savings  of  an  industrious  and  frugal  life. 

O,  to  what  purpose  dost  thou thy  words. 

That  thou  returu'st  no  greeting  to  thy  friends  ? 


anibitloii 
393  amateur 

AMATEUR  (i^age  39). 

1.  What  is  the  difference  between  amateur  and  connoisseur?  between  coimoisseur 
and  critic  ?  2.  Which  word  carries  a  natural  implication  of  superficialness  ? 
3.  Uow  do  novice  and  tyro  differ  from  amateur  f 

EXAMPLES. 


He  was  in  Logic  a  great  - 


Profoundly  skill'd  in  Analytic  ; 
He  could  distinguish,  and  divide 
A  hair  'twixt  south  and  eouth»west  side. 
The  greatest  works  in  poetry,  painting,  and  sculpture  have  not  been  done  by 

The  mere who  produces  nothing,  and  whose  business  is  only  to  judge  and 

enjoy. 


AMAZEHIE^T  (page  39). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  do  amazement  and  astonishment  agree  in  expressing  ?    2.  How  do  the  two 
words  differ?    3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  awe?  of  admiration?    4.  How 
does  surprise  differ  from  astonishment  and  amazement?    5.    What  are  the 
characteristics  of  wonder  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
'Twas  while  he  toiled  him  to  be  freed. 
And  with  the  rein  to  raise  the  steed. 

That,  from 's  iron  trance. 

All  Wycklif 's  soldiers  waked  at  once. 

Can  such  things  be, 
And  overcome  us  like  a  summer's  cloud. 

Without  our  special ? 

The  fool  of  nature  stood  with  stupid  eyes 
And  gaping  mouth  that  testified . 


AMBITIOX  (page  40). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  two  senses  has  ambition?    2.  How  does  ambition  differ  from  aspiratioii i 
Which  is  the  higher  word  ?    3.  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  emvlationi 
4.  Has  emulation  a  good  side  ?    How  does  it  compare  with  aspiration? 

EXAMPLES. 

Cromwell,  I  charge  thee,  fling  away 

By  that  sin,  fell  Iho  angels. 
Envy,  to  which  th'  ignoble  mind's  a  slave, 

Is in  the  learn'd  or  brave. 

I  have  no  spur 
To  prick  the  sides  of  my  intent,  but  only 
Vaulting . 


amend 

anger  394 

A9IE^D  (page  41)! 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  It  to  amend  f    2.  How  do  advance^  better^  and  improve  differ  from 
amend}'    3.  Are  these  words  applied  to  matters  decidedly  bad,  foul,  or  evil  ? 
4.  What  is  the  difference  between  amend  and  emxnd? 

EXAMPLES. 

Return  ye  now  every  man  from  his  evil  way,  and your  doings. 

The  construction  here  is  difficult,  and  the  text  at  this  point  has  been  variously 

Human  characters  and  conditions  never  reach  such  perfection  that  they  can  not 
be .  

AiniABLE  (page  42). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  To  what  does  lovely  often  apply  ?     2.  To  what  does  amiable  always  apply  ?    3. 
How  do  agreeable,  attractive,  and  charming  differ  from  amiable  f   Give  ex- 
amples.    4.   Is  a  good-natured  person  necessarily  agreeable?  an  amiable 
person? 

EXAMPLES. 

His  life  was ;  and  the  elements 

So  mixed  in  him,  that  Nature  might  stand  up 
And  say  to  all  the  world.  This  was  a  man  I 
The  east  is  blossoming  !    Yea  a  rose, 
Vast  as  the  heavens,  soft  as  a  kiss, 
as  the  presence  of  woman  is. 


ANALOGY  (page  43). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  specific  meaning  of  analogy?    2.  What  is  affinity  ?  coincidence? 
3.  Does  coincidence  ncceseanlj  invo\ve  resembla?ice  or  likeness  ?    4.  What  is 
parity  of  reasoning  ?    5 .  "What  ia  a  similitude  ?    G,  B-OVf  do  resemblance  a,nd 
similarity  differ  from  analogy  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  two  boys  bore  a  close to  each  other. 

It  is  not  difficult  to  trace  the of  the  home  to  the  state. 


AXOER  (page  44). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  are  the  especial  characteristics  of  anger?    How  does  it  differ  from  indig- 
nation ?  exasperation  ?  rage  ?  wrath  ?  ire  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

My  enemy  has  long  borne  me  a  feeling  of . 

Christ  was  filled  with at  the  hypocrisy  of  the  Jews. 

I  was  overcome  by  a  sudden  feeling  of . 


animal 
395  aii!$\ver 


AKIMAL  (page  45). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  an  animal  f  a  brute.  ?  a  beast  ?    2.  Is  man  an  animal  ?    3 .  What  is  im- 
plied if  we  speak  of  any  particular  man  as  an  animal'^  a  bimte  ?  a  beast  f    4. 
What  forms  of  existence  does  the  word  creature  include  ?    5 .  What  are  the 
animals  of  a  country  or  region  collectively  called  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
It  is  only  within  the  last  half  century  that  societies  have  been  organized  for  the 

prevention  of  cruelty  to . 

O  that  men  should  put  an  enemy  in  their  mouths  to  steal  away  their  brains!  that 

we  should  with  joy,  pleasance,  revel,  and  applause,  transform  ourselves  into ! 

Take  a out  of  his  instinct,  and  you  find  him  wholly  deprived  of  under- 
standing. 

Spurning  manhood  and  its  joys  to  loot. 
To  be  a  lawless,  lazy,  sensual . 


ANMOUKCE  (page  46). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  What  is  it  to  amvnince?    2.  Does  it  apply  chiefly  to  the  past  or  the  future  ?    3. 

To  what  is  advertise  chiefly  applied  ?  propound  ?  pronnilciate  f  publish  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  Sphinx its  riddles  with  life  and  death  depending  on  the  answer. 

Through  the  rare  felicity  of  the  times  you  are  permitted  to  think  what  you  please 

and  to what  you  please. 

The  songs  of  birds  and  the  wild  flowers  in  the  woodlands the  coming  of 

spring.  

ABfSWER  (page  46). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  verbal  answer?    2.  In  what  wider  sense  is  mstver  used  ?    3.  What  is 
a  reply?  a  rcjoiJider?    4.  How  does  an  answer  to  a  charge,  an  argument,  or 
the  like,  differ  from  a  reply  or  rejoinder?    5.  What  is  the  special  quality  of  a 
response?    6.  What  is  a  retort?    How  does  it  differ  from  repartee  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

I  can  no  other make,  but  thanks. 

Theirs  not  to  make 

Theirs  not  to  reason  why, 

Theirs  but  to  do  and  die. 

Upon  thy  princely  warrant  I  descend. 

To  give  thee of  thy  just  demand. 

He  could  not  be  content  without  finding  a in  Nature  to  every  mood  of  his 

mind;  and  he  does  find  it. 

A  man  renowned  for 

Will  seldom  scruple  to  make  free 
With  friendship's  honest  feeling. 

Nothing  is  so  easy  and  inviting  as  the of  abuse  and  sarcasm;  but  it  is  a 

paltry  and  unprofitable  contest. 


anticipate,  anticipation 

anxiety  396 

AI¥T1CIPATE,  AXTICIPATIOBI  (page  47). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  are  the  two  contrasted  senses  of  anifidpa^ef    2.  Which  is  now  the  more 
common  ?    3.  How  does  anticipate  differ  from  expect  f  from  hope  ?  from  ap- 
prehend?   4.  'Qa\y  does,  anticipation  differ  txova.  preBentimentf  fiom  appre- 
hension? from  foi'ebodlnff  ?  5.  What  special  element  is  involved  va. foretaste? 
How  do  foresight  andforethought  go  beyond  the  meaning  of  anticipation? 
EXAMPLES. 
Then  some  leaped  overboard  with  fearful  yell, 

As  eager  to their  grave. 

England every  man  to  do  his  duty. 

These  are  portents ;  but  yet  I ,  I  hope, 

They  do  not  point  on  me. 

If  I  know  your  sect,  I your  argument. 

The  happy of  a  renewed  existence  in  company  with  the  spirits  of  the  just. 


ANTIPATHY  (page  48). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  is  antipathy  to  be  distinguished  from  dislike?  from  antagonism?  from 
aversion?    2.  What  ie  uncongenialitij ?    Hovf  does  it  AiSei  from  antipathy ? 
Which  is  positive  ?  and  which  negative  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Christianity  is  the  solvent  of  all  race . 

From  my  soul  I  loathe 
All  affectation;  'tis  my  perfect  scorn,  object  of  my  implacable . 


ANTIQUE  (page  48). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  does  antique  refer  ?  antiquated?    2.  Is  the  difference  between  them  a 
matter  of  time  ?    Give  examples.    3.  Can  a  modern  building  be  antiquated? 
Can  it  be  antique  f    4.  What  is  the  significance  of  quaint  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
My  copper  lamps,  at  any  rate. 

For  being  true  • ,  I  bought. 

I  do  love  these ruins, 

We  never  tread  upon  them  but  we  set 
Our  foot  upon  some  reverend  history. 


ANXIETY  (page  49). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  anxiety  in  the  primary  sense  ?  Is  it  mental  or  physical  ?  2.  How  does 
a/me^y  differ  from  anguish?  3.  What  kind  of  possibility  does  anxiety  &\- 
ways  suggest  ?  4.  How  does  it  differ  from  apprehension,  fear,  dread,  etc.,  in 
this  regard?  5.  What  is  ivorry  ?  fretfulness?  6.  Does  perplexity  involve 
anxiety  ? 


apatli  y 
SOT  appetite 


EXAMPLES. 

Yield  not  to the  future,  weep  not  for  the  past. 

Superstition  invested  the  slightest  incidents  of  life  with  needless  - 
is  harder  than  work,  and  far  less  profitable. 


APATHY  (page  50.) 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  apathp  ?    2.  How  does  it  differ  from  the  Saxon  word  unfeelingness  ? 
from  indifference  f  from  insensibility  f  from  uncmicern  ?    3 .  How  does  stoi- 
cism  differ  from  apathy  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

In  lazy let  stoics  boast 

Their  virtue  fixed:  'tis  fixed  as  in  a  frost. 

At  length  the  morn  and  cold came. 

He  sank  into  a from  which  it  was  impossible  to  arouse  him. 


APOLOGY  (page  51). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  change  of  meaning  has  ai^otog-y  undergone  ?    2.  What  does  an  apotog'y  now 
always  imply  ?    3.  How  does  an  ff^jotosr?/ differ  from  an  €a'CM«e .?    4.  Which  of 
these  words  may  refer  to  the  future  ?    5.  How  does  confession  differ  from 
apology  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

only  account  for  that  which  they  do  not  alter. 

Beauty  is  its  own for  being. 

There  is  no  refuge  from but  suicide  ;  and  suicide  is . 


APPAREafT  (page  53). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  two  contrasted  senses  arise  from  the  root  meaning  of  apparent  f    2.  What 
is  implied  when  we  speak  of  apparent  kindness  or  apparent  neglect  ?    3.  How 
do  presumable  and  -prohahle  differ  ?     4.  What   implication  is  conveyed  in 
seeming  f    What  do  we  suggest  when  we  speak  of  "  seeming  innocence  "? 
EXAMPLES. 

It  is  not that  the  students  will  attempt  to  break  the  rules  again. 

It  lis  not  yet what  his  motive  could  have  been  in  committing  such  an 

offense. 

It  is that  something  has  been  omitted  which  was  essential  to  complete  the 

construction. 

APPETITE  (page  54). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Of  what  kind  of  demands  or  impulses  is  appetite  ordinarily  used?    2.  What 
demands  or  tendencies  are  included  in  passion?    3.  What  is  implied  hj pas- 
sions and  appetites  when  used  as  contrasted  terms  ? 


apportion  <>qs 

army  »»»r8 


EXAMPLES. 

Govern  well  thy ,  lest  sin 

Surprise  thee,  aud  her  black  attendant  Death. 

Take  heed  lest sway 

Thy  judgment  to  do  aught  which  else  free  will 
Would  not  admit. 


APPORTION  (page  54). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  special  significance  of  apportion  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from 
allot,  assign,  distribute,  or  divide  ?    2.  What  is  the  significance  of  dispense  in 
the  transitive  use  ?    3.  What  is  it  to  appropriate  f 
EXAMPLES. 

Representatives  are among  the  several  states  accorcung  to  the  population. 

The  treasure  was and  their  shares  duly among  the  captors. 


APPROXIMATION  (page  55). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  an  approximation  in  the  mathematical  sense?  2.  How  close  an 
approach  to  exactness  and  certainty  does  approximation  imply?  3.  How 
does  approximation  differ  from  resemblance  and  similarity  f  from  approach  ? 
4.  How  does  approximation,  as  regards  the  class  of  objects  to  which  it  is 
applied,  differ  from  nearness,  neighbrn-hood,  or  2)roplnquity  f 
EXAMPLES. 

We  have  to  be  content  with to  a  solution. 

Without  faith,  there  is  no  real to  God. 

Wit  consists  in  knowing  the of  things  which  differ,  and  the  difference  of 

things  which  are  alike.  

ARMS  (page  55). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  difference  between  arms  and  armor?    2.  In  what  connection  is 
armw  used  in  modern  warfare  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

on clashing  brayed 

Horrible  discord. 
There  is  constant  rivalry  between  irresistible  projectiles  and  impenetrable . 


ARMY  (page  56). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  are  the  essentials  of  an  army?    2.  Is  an  army  large  or  small  ?    3.  What 
term  would  be  applied  to  a  mnltitiide  of  armed  men  without  order  or  organiza- 
tion ?    4.  In  what  sense  is  host  used  ?  legion  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

For  the is  a  school  in  which  the  miser  becomes  generous,  and  the  generous, 

prodigal;  miserly  soldiers  arc  like  monsters,  but  very  rarely  seen. 
The  8till«discordant  wavering . 


«.«.«.  arraign 

399  ask 

ARRAIO]\  (page  56). 

QUESTIONS. 
,  To  what  kind  of  proceedings  do  indict  and  arraign  apply  ?    2.  How  is  one  in- 
dicted?  How  arraigned?   3.  How  do  these  words  differ  from  charge?  ac- 
cuse ?  censure  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  criminal  was for  trial  for  his  offenses. 

Religion  does  not or  exclude  unnumbered  pleasures,  harmlessly  pursued. 


ARTIFICE  (page  58). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  an  a?Yi;?ce .?  &  device?  finesse?  2.  In  what  sense  are  cheat,  maneuver, 
and  imposture  always  used  ?  3.  In  what  sense  is  i^ric/fc  commonly  used  ?  4. 
What  is  a  fraud?  5.  Is  u'ile  used  in  a  good  or  a  bad  sense?  6.  Does  the 
good  or  the  bad  sense  commonly  attach  to  the  words  artifice,  contrivance,  inise, 
blind,  device,  and.  finesse? 

EXAMPLES. 

Those  who  can  not  gain  their  ends  by  force  naturally  resort  to . 

The  enemy  were  decoyed  from  their  defenses  by  a  skilful . 

Quips  and  cranks  and  wanton , 

Nods  and  becks  and  wreathed  smiles. 

Whoever  has  even  once  become  notorious  by  base ,  even  if  he  speaks  the 

truth,  gains  no  belief. 

ARTIST  (page  58), 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  an  artist?  [an  artisan?     2.  What  is  an  artificer?     How  related  to 
a7iist  and  artisati  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  power  depends  on  the  depth  of  the 's  insight  of  that  object  he  contem- 
plates. 

Infuse  into  the  purpose  with  which  you  follow  the  various  employments  and 
professions  of  life  the  sense  of  beauty,  and  you  are  transformed  at  once  from  an 
into  an . 

If  too  many turn  shopkeepers,  the  whole  natural  quantity  of  that  business 

divided  among  them  all  may  afford  too  small  a  share  for  each. 


ASK  (page  59). 

QUESTIONS. 
For  what  class  of  objects  does  one  as/i?  For  what  does  he  beg?  2.  How  do 
entreat  and  beseech  compare  with  ask?  3.  What  is  the  special  sense  of 
implore?  ot  supplicate ?  4.  How  are  em?ie  and  reqvest  distinguished?  jaraji 
•dndpeiition?  5.  What  kind  of  ff.sAiwf/  is  implied  in  demand?  in  require? 
How  do  these  two  words  differ  from  one  another? 


associate  ^ 

assurance  400 


EXAMPLES. 
We,  ignorant  of  ourselves, 

often  our  owu  harms,  which  the  wise  powers 

Deny  us  for  our  good  :  so  we  find  profit. 
By  losing  of  our  prayers. 

The  harvest  truly  is  great,  but  the  labourers  arc  few :  ye  therefore  the 

Lord  of  the  harvest  that  he  would  send  forth  labourers  into  his  harvest. 
Speak  with  me,  pity  me,  open  the  door, 

A  beggar that  never  begg'd  before. 

Be  not  afraid  to ;  to is  right. 

,  if  thou  canst,  with  hope;  but  ever . 

Though  hope  be  weak  or  sick  with  long  delay; 
in  the  darkness,  if  there  be  no  light. 


ASSOCIATE   (page  60)= 

QUESTIONS. 
What  does  associate  'imply,  as  used  officially  ?  What  when  used  in  popular  lan- 
guage ?  2.  Do  we  speak  of  associates  in  crime  or  wrong  ?  What  words  are 
preferred  in  such  connection?  (See  synonyms  for  accessokt.)  3.  Is  com- 
panion used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense  ?  4.  How  does  it  differ  in  use  from  asso- 
ciated 5.  What  is  the  significance  of  jxerf  comrade  f  coiisortf 
EXAMPLES. 

His  best innocence  and  health. 

And  his  best  riches  ignorance  of  wealth. 

The accepted  Napoleon's  abdication. 

The  leader  in  the  plot  was  betrayed  by  his 


ASSUME  (page  61) 

QUESTIONS. 
Does  assume  apply  to  that  which  is  rightfully  or  wrongfully  taken  ?    2.  In 
what  use  does  assume  correspond  with  arrogate  and  usurp?    3.  How  do  arro- 
gate and  usurp  differ  from  each  other  ?    How  does  assume  differ  from  piostu- 
late  as  regards  debate  or  reasoning  of  any  kind  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Wherefore  do  I 

These  royalties,  and  not  refuse  to  reign. 

a  virtue  if  you  have  it  not. 

For  well  we  know  no  hand  of  blood  and  bono 
Can  gripe  the  sacred  handle  of  our  scepter, 
Unless  he  do  profane,  steal,  and . 


ASSURANCE  (page  61). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  assurance  in  the  good  sense  ?    2.  What  is  ass^irance  in  the  bad  sense  ? 
3.  How  does  assurance  compare  with  impudence?'  with  effrontery  f 


astute 
401  attain 


EXAMPLES. 

Let  us  draw  near  with  a  true  heart  in  full of  faith. 

Some  wicked  wits  have  libePd  all  the  fair. 

With  matchless they  style  a  wife 

The  dear»bought  curse,  and  lawful  plague  of  life. 

With  brazen he  denied  the  most  indisputable  facts. 


ASTUTE  (pageG2). 

QUESTIONS. 
From  what  language  is  acute  derived  ?  What  is  its  distinctive  sense  ?  2.  From 
what  language  is  Aeen  derived  ?  What  does  it  distinctively  denote  ?  3.  From 
what  language  is  ashtte  derived,  and  what  was  its  original  meaning  ?  4.  In 
present  use  what  does  astute  add  to  the  meaning  of  acute  or  keen?  5.  What 
does  astute  imply  regarding  the  ulterior  purpose  or  object  of  the  person  who  is 

credited  with  it  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

You  statesmen  are  so in  forming  schemes  ! 

He  taketh  the  wise  in  their  own ness. 

The  most reasoner  may  be  deluded,  when  he   practises  sophisti-y  upon 


himself. 


ATTACHMEl^T  (page  63). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  attachment?    How  does  it  differ  from  adherence  or  adhesion?  from  af- 
fection? from  inclination?  tiom  regard? 
EXAMPLES. 

Talk  not  of  wasted , never  was  wasted. 

You  do  not  weaken  your for  your  family  by  cultivating s  beyond  its 

pale,  but  deepen  and  intensify  it. 

ATTACK,  V.  &  n.  (pages  63,  64). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  special  element  is  involved  in  the  meaning  of  attack?    2.  How  do  assail 
and  assault  differ  ?    3.  What  is  it  to  encounter?  how  does  this  word  compare 
with  attack  ?    How  does  attack  differ  from  aggression  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
We  see  time's  furrows  on  another's  brow, 

And  death  intrench 'd,  preparing  his ; 

How  few  themselves  in  that  just  mirror  see! 

Who  ever  knew  Truth  put  to  the  worse  in  a  free  and  open ? 

Roger  Williams the  spirit  of  intolerance,  the  doctrine  of  persecution,  and 

never  his  persecutors.  


ATTAIN  (page  64) 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  kind  of  a  word  is  attain^  and  to  what  does  it  point  ?    2.  How  does  attain 
differ  from  obtain?  from  achieve?    3.  How  does  obtain  differ  from  procure? 
26 


attitucle 

avaricious  402 


EXAMPLES. 

The  heights  by  great  men and  kept 

Were  not by  sudden  flight, 

But  they,  while  their  companions  slept, 
Were  toiling  upward  in  the  night. 
Our  doubts  are  traitors, 

And  make  us  lose  the  good  we  oft  might — 

By  fearing  to  attempt. 


ATTITUDE  (page  65). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  does  position  as  regards  the  human  body  difEer  from  attitude,  posture,  or 
jMse  ?  2.  Do  the  three  latter  words  apply  to  the  living  or  the  dead  ?  3.  What 
is  the  distinctive  sense  of  attitude  ?  Is  it  conscious  or  unconscious  ?  4.  How 
does  posture  differ  from  attitude  ?  5 .  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  pose  ? 
How  does  it  differ  from,  and  how  does  it  agree  with  attitude  and  jjosture  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The assumed  indicated  great  indignation  because  of  the  insult  implied. 

The was  graceful  and  pleasing. 


ATTRIBUTE,  v.  (page  65). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  suggestion  is  often  involved  m  attribute?    2.  How  does  attribute  differ 
from  7-efer  and  ascribe?    3.  Is  charge  (in  this  connection)  used  in  the  favor- 
able or  unfavorable  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

ye  greatness  unto  our  God. 

He unworthy  motives  which  proved  a  groundless  charge. 


ATTRIBUTE,  n.  (page  66). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  derivation  and  the  inherent  meaning  of  quality?    2.  What  is  an 
attribute?    3.  Which  of  the  above  words  expresses  what  necessarily  belongs 
to  the  subject  of  which  it  is  said  to  be  an  attribute  or  quality  ?    4.  What  is  the 
derivation  and  distinctive  sense  of  jrroijeiiy  ?    5.  How  does  property  ordina- 
rily differ  from  quality.     6.  In  what  usage  do  property  and  quality  become 
exact  synonyms,  and  how  are  piroijerties  then  distinguished  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
His  scepter  shows  the  force  of  temporal  power, 

The to  awe  and  majesty. 

Wherein  doth  sit  the  dread  and  fear  of  kings. 
Nothing  endures  but  personal s. 


AVARICIOUS  (page  68). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  do  avaricious  and  covetous  differ  from  miserly,  niggardly,  parsimonio^is. 


avenge 
44)3  awkivard 

and  penurious?    2.  Of  what  matters  are  gj-eedy  and  stingy  used  ^    How  do 
they  differ  from  each  other  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

I  am  not for  gold; 

Nor  care  I  who  doth  feed  upon  my  cost; 
It  yearns  me  not  if  men  my  garments  wear. 

It  is  better  to  he  content  with  such  things  as  ye  have  than  to  become and 

in  accumulating.  

AVENGE  (page  64). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  it  to  avenge?    2.  How  does  avenge  differ  from  revenge?    3.  Which 
word  would  be  used  of  an  act  of  God  ?    4.  Is  retaliate  used  in  the  sense  of 
avenge  or  of  revenge  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
O,  that  the  vain  remorse,  which  must  chastise 
Crimes  done,  had  but  as  loud  a  voice  to  warn 

As  its  keen  sting  is  mortal  to . 

I  lost  mine  eye  laying  the  prize  aboard, 
And  therefore  to it,  shalt  thou  die. 


AVOW  (page  69). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  Which  words  of  this  group  refer  exclusively  to  one's  own  knowledge  or  action  ? 
2.  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  aver?  of  avouch?  of  avow?  3.  How  do 
avouch  and  avoiv  differ  from  aver  in  construction  ?  4.  Is  avow  used  in  a  good 
or  a  bad  sense  ?  What  does  it  imply  of  others'  probable  feeling  or  action?  5. 
How  does  avow  compare  with  confess  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

And,  but  herself, no  parallel. 

The  child his  fault  and  was  pardoned  by  his  parent. 


AWFUE    (page  70). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  matters  should  awful  properly  be  restricted  ?     2.  Is  auful  always 
interchangeable  with  alarming  or  ternhle?  with  disagreeable  or  annoying? 
EXAMPLES. 

Then  must  it  be  an thing  to  die. 

The  silent  falling  of  the  snow  is  to  me  one  of  the  most things  in  nature. 


AWKWARD  (page  70). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  derivation  and  original  meamng  oi  awkivard ?  oi  clumsy?    2.  To 
what,  therefore,  does  awkward  primarily  refer  ?  and  to  what  clumsy?    3.  Is 


axiom 

bank  404 

a  draft-horse  distinctively  aw^war-c?  ox  clumsy?    4.  Give  some  metaphorical 
uses  of  awkward  f 

EXAMPLES. 

Though  he  was ,  he  was  kindly. 

The  apprentice  was  not  only ,  but ,  and  had  to  be  taught  over  and 

over  again  the  same  methods. 

The  young  girl  stood  in  a way,  looking  in  at  the  showy  shop'windows. 


Axiom  (page  71). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  In  what  do  axiom  and  truism  agree  ?    2.  In  what  do  they  differ  ?    3.  How  do 

they  compare  in  interest  and  utility  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

It  is  almost  an that  those  who  do  most  for  the  heathen  abroad  are  most 

liberal  for  the  heathen  at  home. 

Trifling s  clothed  in  great,  swelling  words  of  vanity. 


BABBL.1E:  (page  71). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  class  do  most  of  the  words  in  this  group  belong  ?  Why  are  they  so 
called  ?  2.  What  is  the  special  significance  of  blab  and  blurt?  How  do  they 
differ  from  each  other  in  use  ?  3.  What  is  chat?  4.  How  does  iwattling 
differ  from  chatting?  5.  In  what  sense  is  jabber  used  ?  How  does  it  com- 
pare with  c^aW«r.? 

EXAMPLES. 

"  The  crane,"  I  said,  "may of  the  crane. 

The  dove  may of  the  dove." 

Two  women  sat  contentedly ing,  one  of  them  amusing  a ing  babe. 


BANISH  (page  73). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  From  what  land  may  one  be  banished?    From  what  expatriated  or  exiled?    2. 
By  whom  may  one  be  said  to  be  banished  ?  by  whom  expatriated  or  exiled  ? 
3 .  Which  of  these  words  is  of  widest  import  ?    Give  esamples  of  its  meta- 
phorical use. 


BAMH  (page  72). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  beach?  a  coast?    2.  How  does  each  of  the  above  words  differ  from 
bank?    3.  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  strand?    In  what  style  of  writing 
is  it  most  commonly  used  ?    4.  What  are  the  distinctive  senses  of  ecZg'g  and 
brink  ? 


banter 
4Q5  beautiful 


BAXTER  (page  73). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  hanier?  2.  Hov/  is  badinage  distinguished  from  banter?  raillery  from 
both  ?  3.  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  irony?  4.  Is  irony  kindly  or  the 
reverse?  badinage?  banter?  5.  What  words  of  this  group  are  distinctly 
hostile  ?  6.  Is  ridicule  or  derision  the  stronger  word  ?  What  is  the  distinc- 
tion between  the  two  ?  between  satire  and  sarcasm  ?  between  chaffs  jeering, 
and  mockei'y  ? 

BARBAROUS  (page  73). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,  What  is  the  meaning  of  barbarian?  2.  What  is  the  added  significance  ot 
barbaric?  3.  How  does  barbarous  in  general  use  differ  from  both  the  above 
words  ?  4.  What  special  element  is  commonly  implied  in  savage?  5.  In 
what  less  opprobrious  sense  may  barbarous  and  savage  be  used  ?  Give 
instances. 

EXAMPLES. 
A  multitude  like  which  the  populous  North 
Poured  never  from  her  frozen  loins,  to  pass 

Ehene  or  the  Danaw,  when  her sons 

Came  like  a  deluge  on  the  south. 
Or  when  the  gorgeous  East,  with  richest  hand, 

Showers  on  her  kings •  pearl  and  gold. 

It  is  most  true,  that  a  natural  and  secret  hatred  and  aversation  toward  society,  in 

any  man,  hath  some«  hat  of  the beast. 

Thou  art  bought  and  sold  among  those  of  any  wit  like  a slave. 


BARRIER  (page  74). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  bar?  and  what  is  its  purpose?    2.  "Wh&t  is  a.  barrier  ?    3.  Which 
word  is  ordinarily  applied  to  objects  of  great  extent.?    4.  Would  a  mountain 
range  be  termed  a  bar  or  a  barrier  ?    5.  What  distinctive  name  is  given  to  a 
mass  of  sand  across  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor  ? 


BATTLE  (page  74). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  general  meaning  of  conflict?    2.  What  is  a  battle?    3.  How  long 
may  a  battle  last  ?    4.  On  how  many  fields  may  one  battle  be  fought  ?    5.  How 
does  engagement  differ  from  battle?    How  does  combat  differ  ?  action?  skir- 
mish ?  fight  ?  

BEAIJTIFUE  (page  76). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  necessary  to  constitute  an  object  or  a  person  beautiful  ?    2.  Can  beauti- 
ful be  said  of  that  which  is  harsh  and  rugged,  however  grand  ?    3 .  How  is 


becoming 

begluuliig  4MM 

beautiful  related  to  our  powers  of  appreciation?  4.  How  does  pretty  compare 
with  beautiful?  handsome  f  5.  What  does /air  denote  ?  comely?  pictur- 
esque f 

EXAMPLES. 

I  pray  thee,  O  God,  that  I  may  he within. 

A  happy  youth,  and  their  old  age  is and  free. 

'Twas  sung,  how  they  wore in  their  lives 

And  in  their  death  had  not  divided  been. 

How has  the  day  been,  how  bright  was  the  sun, 

How  lovely  and  joyful  the  course  that  he  run. 
Though  he  rose  m  a  mist  when  his  race  he  began 
And  there  followed  some  droppings  of  rain  1 


BECOMI^O  (page  77). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  becoming?  of  decent?  oi  suitable?    2.  Can  that  which 
is  worthy  or  beautiful  in  itself  ever  be  aVaeTwise  t\i&.i\  beccnning  or  suitable ? 
Give  instances.    3.  What  is  the  meaning  oi  fit?    How  does  it  differ  from 
fitting  or  befitting ? 

EXAMPLES. 
A  merrier  man, 

Within  the  limit  of mirth, 

I  never  spent  an  hour's  talk  withal. 
Still  govern  thou  my  song, 

Urania,  and audience  find,  tho  few. 

Indeed,  left  nothing for  your  purpose 

Untouched,  slightly  handled,  in  discourse. 

In  such  a  time  as  this,  it  is  not ■ 

That  every  nice  offense  should  bear  his  comment. 

How  could  money  be  better  spent  than  in  erecting  a building  for  the 

greatest  library  in  the  country  ? 


BECillVWIXO  (page  78). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  From  what  language  is  beginning  derived?  commencement?    How  do  the  two 
words  differ  in  application  and  use  ?    Give  instances.    2.  What  is  &noHgin? 
a  source  ?  a  rise?    3.  How  axe  fount,  fountain,  and  spring  used  in  the  flgura 
tive  sense? 

EXAMPLES. 

For  learning  is  the pure, 

Out  from  which  all  glory  springs. 

Truth  is  the of  every  good  to  gods  and  men. 

Courage,  the  mighty  attribute  of  powers  above, 
By  which  those  great  in  war  are  great  in  love; 

The of  all  brave  acts  is  seated  here. 

It  can  not  be  that  Desdemona  should  long  continue  her  love  to  the  Moor,  nor  he 

his  toiler:  it  was  a  violent ,  and  thou  slialt  see  an  answerable  sequestration. 

In  the God  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth. 


beliavior 
407  bleacU 


BEHAVIOR  (page  79). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  do  behavior  and  conduct  differ  ?    2.  What  is  the  special  sense  of  caniage  ? 
of  bearing?  dermaiwrf    3.  What  is  »ia/Mi^r .?  manners  f 
EXAMPLES. 

Our  thoughts  and  our are  our  own. 

Good are  made  up  of  petty  sacrifices. 


BEMEVOLENCE  (page  80). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  original  distinction  between  benevolence  and  beneficence  f  2.  In 
what  sense  is  benevolence  now  most  commonly  used  ?  3.  What  words  are 
commonly  used  for  benevolence  in  the  original  sense  ?  4.  What  was  the  orig- 
inal sense  of  charity  ?  the  present  popular  sense  ?  5 .  What  of  hmnanity  ? 
generosity?  liberality?  philanthropy ? 

EXAMPLES. 

■ is  a  virtue  of  the  heart,  and  not  of  the  hands. 

The  secrets  of  life  are  not  shown  except  to and  likeness. 


BIBfB  (page  81). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  hind?    2.  What  is  the  special  meaning  of  tie? 
3.  In  how  general  a  sense  \s fasten  used  ?    4.  Which  of  the  above  three  words 
is  used  in  a  figurative  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Shut,  shut  the  door,  good  John  !  fatigued,  I  said; 

up  the  knocker,  say  I'm  sick,  I'm  dead. 

Adjust  our  lives  to  loss,  make  friends  with  pain, 

all  our  shattered  hopes  and  bid  them  bloom  again. 


BITTER  (page  81). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  IIow  may  acid.  Utter,  and  acrid  he  di&tmgin&hed 'i  pungent ?  cavstic?    2.  In 
metaphorical  use,  how  are  harsh  ami  bitter  distinguished?    3.  What  is  the 
special  significance  of  caustic?    4.  Give  examples  of  these  words  in  theii 
various  uses.  

BEEACH  (page  82). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  How  do  bleach  and  blanch  differ  from  whiten  ?  from  each  other  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
You  can  behold  such  sights. 
And  keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks, 

When  mine  is with  fear. 

We  let  the  years  go  :  wash  them  clean  with  tears, 
Leave  them  to out  in  the  open  day. 


bleiiiisli 

brave  408 

BLEmi^H  (page  83). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  blemish  P    2.  How  does  it  differ  from  a  ^aw  or  to'«<?    3.  What  is  a 
defect  f  &  fault  ?    4.  Whicli  words  of  this  group  are  naturally  applied  to  rep- 
utation, and  which  to  character  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Every  page  enclosing  in  the  midst 

A  square  of  text  that  looks  a  little . 

The  noble  Brutus 
Hath  told  you  Coesar  was  ambitious  : 
If  it  were  so,  it  was  a  grievous 


BLUFF  (page  83). 

QUESTIONS. 
In  what  sense  are  bluff,  frank,  and  operi  used  .     2.  In  what  sense  are  bliint, 
briisk,  rough,  and  rude  employed  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

There  are  to  whom  my  satire  seems  too . 

Stout  once  a  month  they  march,  a band 

And  ever  but  in  times  of  need,  at  hand. 


BOIJKDARY  (page  84). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  original  sense  of  boundary?    2.  How  does  it  differ  in  usage  from 
hound  or  hounds  f    3.  In  what  style  and  sense  is  Sowmused  ?    4.  What  is  the 
distinctive  meaning  otedge  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
So  these  lives  .  .  . 

Parted  by s  strong,  but  drawing  nearer  and  nearer, 

Rushed  together  at  last,  and  one  was  lost  in  the  other. 

In  worst  extremes,  and  on  the  perilous 

Of  battle. 


BRAVE  (page  85). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  does  brave  differ  from  courageous  ?    2.  What  is  the  special  sense  of  adven- 
turous ?  of  hold  f  of  chivalrous  ?    3 .  How  do  these  words  differ  from  venture- 
some?   4.  What  is  especially  denoted  hy  fearless  aaA  intrepid?    5.  What 
does  valiant  tell  of  results  ?    6.  What  ideas  are  combined  in  heroic  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

A man  is  also  full  of  faith. 

Fir'd  at  first  siglit  with  what  the  Muse  imparts, 

In youth  we  tempt  the  heights  of  Arts. 

Thy  danger  chieily  lies  in  acting  well; 
No  crime's  so  great  as to  excel. 


business 
409  calm 


BUSIBfESS  (page  88). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  ie  the  distinctive  meaning  of  barter?  2.  What  does  business  add  to  the 
meaning  of  barter?  3.  What  is  occupation?  Is  it  broader  than  business? 
4.  Wha.t  18  SI  vocation?  5.  What  (in  the  strict  sense)  is  an  awcaiiore.?  6.  What 
is  implied  m  profession  ?  pwsint  ?  7 .  What  is  a  transaction  ?  8 .  How  does 
trade  differ  from  commerce  ?  9 .  What  is  work  ?  10.  What  is  an  art  in  the 
industrial  sense  ?  a  craft? 

EXAMPLES. 

A  man  must  serve  his  time  to  every . 

We  turn  to  dust,  and  all  our  mightiest s  die  too. 


CAIiCULATE  (page  90). 

QUESTIONS. 

How  do  you  distinguish  between  cmmt  and  calculate?  compute,  reckon  and  esti- 
mate?   2.  Which  is  used  mostly  with  regard  to  future  probabilities  ?    3.  Do 
we  use  compute  or  estimate  of  numbers  exactly  known  ?    4.  Of  compute,  cal- 
culate, and  estimate,  which  is  used  with  especial  reference  to  the  future  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

There  were  4046  men  in  the  district,  by  actual . 

The  time  of  the  eclipse  was to  a  second. 

We  ask  them  to approximately  the  cost  of  the  building. 


CALL  (page  91). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  call?  2.  Do  we  ever  apply  bdlow  and  roar 
to  human  sounds  ?  3.  Can  you  give  more  than  one  sense  of  cry?  4.  Are 
shout  and  scream  more  or  less  expressive  than  call  ?  5 .  Which  of  the  words  in 
this  group  are  necessarily  and  which  ordinarily  applied  to  articulate  utterance  ? 
Which  rarely,  if  ever,  so  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

for  the  robin  redbreast  and  the  wren. 

The  pioneers  could  hear  the  savages outside. 

I my  servant  and  he  came. 

The  captain in  a  voice  of  thunder  to  the  helmsman,  "  Rit  your  helm  hard 

aport! "  

CAI.M  (page  91). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  classes  of  objects  or  states  of  mind  do  we  apply  calm?  collected? 
quiet  ?  placid?  serene  ?  still?  tranquil?  2.  Do  the  antonyms  boisterous,  ex- 
cited, ruffled,  turbulent,  and  wild,  also  apply  to  the  same  ?  3.  Can  you  con- 
trast calm  and  quiet?  4.  How  many  of  the  preceding  adjectives  can  be 
applied  to  water  ?    5.  How  does  composed  differ  from  cahn? 


cancel  -«a 

care  410 


EXAMPLES. 

The  possession  of  a conscience  is  an  estimable  blessing. 

The  water  is  said  to  be  always in  the  ocean  depths. 

on  the  listening  ear  of  night 

Fall  heaven's  melodious  strains. 


CANCEL  (page  92). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  difference  in  method  involved  in  the  verbs  cancel,  efface,  erase,  ex- 
punge, anA  obliterate  ?  2.  Which  suggest  the  most  complete  removal  of  all 
trace  of  a  writing  ?  3.  How  do  the  figurative  uses  of  these  words  compare 
with  the  literal  ?  4.  Is  it  possible  to  obliterate  or  efface  that  which  has  been 
previously  canceled  or  erased  f 

EXAMPLES. 
It  is  practically  impossible  to  clean  a  postage^stamp  that  has  been  properly 

so  that  it  can  be  used  again. 

With  the  aid  of  a  sharp  penknife  the  blot  was  quickly . 

By  lapse  of  time  and  elemental  action,  the  inscription  had  become  completely 


CANDID  (page  93). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  class  of  things  do  we  apply  aboteboardf  candid?  fair?  franlc?  hon- 
est? sincere?  transparent?  2.  Can  you  state  the  similarity  between  artless, 
guileless,  naive,  simple,  and  unsophisticated  ?  IIow  do  they  differ  as  a  class 
from  the  words  above  referred  to?  3.  How  does  it  happen  that  "  To  be 
frank,  "or  "To  be  candid"  often  precedes  the  utterance  of  something  dis- 
agreeable. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  sophistry  was  so as  to  disgust  the  assembly. 

A.  T.  Stewart  relied  on dealing  as  the  secret  of  mercantile  success. 

An man  will  not  steal  or  defraud. 

she  seems  with  artful  care 

Affecting  to  be  unaffected. 


CARE  (page  94). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  special  difference  between  care  and  anxiety?    2.  Wherein  does  care 
differ  from  ca?<<jc>?! .?  solicitude  from  anxiety?  ivatchfulness  from  waritiess  ? 
3.  Can  you  give  some  of  the  senses  of  care.?    4.  Is  concern  as  strong  a  term 
as  aTixiety?    5.  What  is  circumspection  f  precaution?  heed? 
EXAIVIPLES. 

Take  her  up  tenderly,  lift  her  with . 

A  military  commander  should  have  as  much as  bravery. 

The  invaders  fancied  themselves  so  secure  against  attack  that  they  had  not  taken 
the to  station  sentinels. 


-^^  caricature 

411  cause 


CARICATURE  (page  95). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  dL^tincti ve  meaning  of  caricatnre  f    2 .  What  is  the  special  difference 
hcivmea.  parody  ivaA  travesty  ?    between  both  and  6«/teg'M«  ?    3.  To  what  is 
carica^wre  mostly  confined  ?    4.  How  do  7nimicry  and  imitatioti  diHer  ?    5. 
Is  an  extravaganza  an  exaggeration? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  eagle  nose  of  the  general  was  magnified  in  every  artist's . 

His  laughable  reproduction  of   the  great   actor's   vagaries   was  a  clever  bit 


of 


If  it  be  not  lying  to  say  that  a  fox's  tail  is  four  feet  long,  it  is  certainly  a  huge 


CARRY  (i>age  96). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  sort  of  objects  do  we  apply  bear?  carry?  i)iove?  take?  2.  What 
kinds  of  force  or  power  do  we  indicate  by  convey,  lift,  transmit,  and  transport  ? 
3.  \.'hat  is  the  distinction  between  bring  and  carry?  between  carry  and 
bear?  4.  What  does  lift  mean?  5.  Can  you  give  some  figurative  uses  of 
carry? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  strong  man  can 1,000  pounds  with  apparent  ease. 

Napoleon  always  endeavored  to the  war  into  the  enemy's  territory. 

It  was  found  necessary  to the  coal  overland  for  a  distance  of  500  miles. 

My  punishment  is  greater  than  I  can . 


CATASTROPHE  (page  97). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  catastrophe  or  cataclysm?  2.  Is  a  catastrophe  also  necessarily  a 
calamity  or  a  disaster?  3.  Which  word  has  the  broader  meaning,  disaster  or 
calamity  ?  4.  Does  misfortune  suggest  as  serious  a  condition  as  any  of  the 
foregoing  ?  5 .  How  does  a  mishap  compare  with  a  catastrophe,  a  calamity, 
or  a  disaster?    6.  Give  some  chief  antonyms  of  the  above. 

EXAMPLES. 

War  and  pestilence  are  properly  ,  while  the  loss  of  a  battle  may  be  a 

— ,  but  not  a . 

Fortune  is  not  satisfied  with  inflicting  one . 


Well  had  the  boding  tremblers  learned  to  trace 

The  day's in  his  morning  face. 

The  failure  of  the  crops  of  two  successive  years  proved  an  irreparable to 

the  emigrants. 

CAUSE  (page  98). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  central  distinction  between  antecedent  and  cause  ?    2.  How  are  the 
words  cause,  condition,  and  occasion  illustrated  by  the  fall  of  an  avalanche  ? 


cliagrin 

clioose  412 

3.  And  the  antonyms  consequence f  effect?  outgrowth f  result?    4.  What 
are  causality  and  causation  ?    5.  How  are  oi-igin  and  source  related  to  cause? 
EXAMPLES. 

Where  there  is  an  effect  there  must  be  also  a . 

It  is  necessary  to  know  something  of  the of  a  man  before  we  can  safely 

trust  him. 

The of  the  river  was  found  to  be  a  small  lake  among  the  hills. 

What  was  given  as  the of  the  quarrel  was  really  but  the . 


CHAORIN  (page  100). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  feelings  are  combined  in  chagr-in?    2.  How  do  you  distinguish  between 
chagrin,  disappointment,  humiliation,  mortification,  and  shame?    3.  Which 
involves  a  sense  of  having  done  wrong  ? 

EXAJVIPLES. 

The  king's at  the  limitations  imposed  upon  him  was  painfully  manifest. 

He  is  not  wholly  lost  who  yet  can  blush  from . 

Hope  tells  a  flattering  tale, 

Delusive,  vain,  and  hollow. 

Ah !  let  not  hope  prevail. 

Lest follow. 


CHANGE  (page  100). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  distinction  between  change  and  exchange?    Are  they  ever  used  as 
equivalent,  and  how  ?    2.  Can  you  distinguish  between  modify  and  qualify? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  tailor  ofCered  to the  armholes  of  the  coat. 

We  requested  the  pianist  to his  music  by  iiltroducing  a  few  popular  tunes. 

We  often  fail  to  recognize  the  actor  who his  costume  between  the  acts. 


CHARACTER  (page  102). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  do  you  distinguish  between  character  and  reputation?  constitution  and  dis- 
position?   2.  Is  nature  a  broader  word  than  any  of  the  preceding  ?   3.  If  so, 
why? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  philanthropist's for  charity  is  often  a  great  source  of  annoyance  to 

him. 

Let  dogs  delight  to  bark  and  bite,  for  'tis  their to. 

Misfortune  may  cause  the  loss  of  friends  and  reputation,  yet  if  the  man  has  not 
yielded  to  wrong,  his  ■  is  superior  to  loss  or  change. 


CHOOSE  (page  104). 

QUESTIONS. 
1    What  are  the  shades  of  difference  between  choose,  euU,  elect,  pick,  jrrffer,  and 


■**«*  clever 


select?    2.  Also  lietween  the  antonyms  cast  away,  decline,  dismiss,  refuse,  re- 
pudiate f    3.  Does  select  imply  more  care  or  judgment  than  choose  f 

EXAMPLES. 

The  prettiest  flowers  had  all  been . 

Jacob  was to  Esau,  tho  he  was  the  younger. 

When  a  man  deliberately to  do  wrong,  there  is  little  hope  for  him. 


CIRCUIflSTAI^CE  (page  105). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  classes  of  things  do  we  apply  accomjmniment ?  concomitant?  circum- 
stancef  event?  fact?  incident?  occurrence?  situation?     2.  Can  you  give 
some  instances  of  the  use  of  circumstance?    3.  Is  it  a  word  of  broader  mean- 
ing than  incident? 

EXAMPLES. 

The that  there  had  been  a  fire  was  proved  by  the  smoke«blackened  walls. 

Extreme  provocation  may  be  a  mitigating in  a  case  of  homicide. 


CLASS  (page  106). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  does  a  class  differ  from  a  caste  ?    2.  In  what  connections  is  rank  used  ? 
order?    3.  Whatis  aco^^ng?    How  does  it  differ  from  a  rfig?<e .? 

EXAMPLES. 

An was  formed  for  the  relief  of  the  poor  and  needy  of  the  city. 

A  select met  at  the  residence  of  one  of  the  leading  men  of  the  city. 

There  is  a  struggle  of  the  masses  against  the . 


CLEAR  (page  107). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  does  clear  originally  signify  ?  2.  How  does  clear  differ  from  transparent 
as  regards  a  substance  that  may  be  a  medium  of  vision  ?  3.  With  what  meaning 
is  clear  used  of  an  object  apprehended  by  the  senses,  as  an  object  of  sight  or 
hearing?  4.  What  does  (Zfc^iwci! signify  ?  S .  "WhaX  is j)lain ?  6.  What  spe- 
cial sense  does  this  word  always  retain  ?  How  does  transparent  differ  from 
translucent?  7.  What  do  lucid  and  pellucid  signify?  8.  What  is  the 
special  force  of  limpid? 


CLEVER  (page  109). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  Is  the  meaning  of  clever  as  used  in  England  ?    2.  What  was  the  early  New 
England  usage  ?    3.  What  is  to  be  said  of  the  use  of  smart  and  sharp?    4. 
What  other  words  of  this  group  are  preferable  to  clever  in  many  of  its  uses  ? 


company 

coinplatii  414 

EXAMPLES. 

His  brief  experience  in  the  department  had  made  him  very in  the  worli 

now  assigned  him. 

She  was  especially in  song. 

Be  good,  sweet  maid,  and  let  who  will  be ; 

Do  noble  things,  not  dream  them,  all  day  long  ; 
And  so  make  life,  death,  and  the  vast  forever 
One  grand,  sweet  song. 


ful- 


COMPAXY  (page  110). 

QUESTIONS. 
From  what  is  cmnpany  derived  ?  What  is  its  primary  meaning  ?  2 .  For  what 
are  those  associated  who  constitute  a  company  f  Is  their  association  tempo- 
rary or  permanent,?  3.  What  is  the  difference  between  assemblage  and  assem- 
bly? 4.  What  is  a  conclave?  a  convocation?  a  convention?  5.  What  are 
the  characteristics  of  a.  group?  6.  To  what  n&e  is  congregation  restricted? 
How  does  meeting  agree  with  and  differ  from  it  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Far  from  the  madding 's  ignoble  strife, 

Their  sober  wishes  never  learned  to  stray. 
The  room  contained  a  large  — ■ —  of  miscellaneous  objects. 

A  fellow  that  makes  no  figure  in . 

A  great had  met,  but  without  organization  or  officers. 

If  ye  inquire  anything  concerning  other  matters,  it  shall  be  determined  in  a  law- 


COMPEL,  (page  111). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  it  to  compel?    2.  What  does /orce  imply?    3.  What  is  the  especial 
significance  of  coerce?    4.  What  does  constrain  imply  ?    In  what  favorable 
sense  is  it  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Even  if  we  were  not  willing,  they  possessed  the  power  of us  to  do  justice. 

Employers  may their  employees  into  voting  as  they  demand,  but  for  the 

secret  ballot. 

These  considerations us  to  aid  them  to  the  utmost  of  our  power. 


COMPLAIN  (page  112). 

QUESTIONS. 
By  what  'm  complaining  prompted?  mwmunng?  repining?    2.  Which  finds 
outward  expression,  and  which  is  limited  to  the  mental  act  ?    3.  To  whom 
does  one  complain,  in  the  formal  sense  of  the  word  ?    4.  With  whom  does  one 
remonstrate  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

It  is  not  pleasant  to  live  with  one  who  is  constantly ing. 

The  dog  gave  a  low which  frightened  the  tramp  away. 


complex 
4L15  couveri^atioii 

COMPI^EX  (page  112). 
QUESTIONS. 
1,  How  does  complex  tliffer  from  cmnpound?  from  composite?    2.  What  is  hetero- 
geneous ?  coiiglmnerate ?     3.  How  does  complicated  differ  from  intricate? 
from  involved?  

CONSCIOUS  (page  116). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  Of  what  things  is  one  awa7'e  ?  of  what  is  he  conscious  f    2.  How  does  se??«6^e 

compare  with  tlie  above=mentioiied  words?    3.  Wliat  does  sensible  indicate 

regarding  the  emotions,  that  would  not  be  expressed  by  conscious? 

EXAMPLES. 

To  be that  you  are  ignorant  is  a  great  step  to  knowledge. 

They  are  now it  would  have  been  better  to  resist  the  first  temptation. 

He  was of  a  stealthy  step  and  a  bulk  dimly  visible  through  the  darkness. 


€OWSEQlJEXCE  (page  116). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  consequence  differ  from  effect?  both  from  result?    2.  How  Ao  result 
and  issue  compare  ?    3 .  In  what  sense  is  consequent  used  ? 


COaJTAGION  (page  117). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  is  contagion  now  limited  by  the  best  medical  usage  ?    2.  To  what  is  the 
term  infection  applied  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
During  the  plague  in  London  persons  walked  in  the  middle  of  the  streets  for  fear 

of  the from  the  houses. 

The  mob  thinks  by for  the  most  part,  catching  an  opinion  like  a  cold. 

No  pestilence  is  so  much  to  be  dreaded  as  the of  bad  example. 


COXTIKUAE  (page  117). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  continuous  differ  from  continual?  incessatit  from  ceaseless?    Give  ex- 
amples.   

CONTRAST  (page  118). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  is  contrast  related  to  compare?    2.  What  are  the  special  senses  of  differen- 
tiate, discriminate  and  distinguish? 


CONVERSATION  (page  118). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  What  is  the  essential  meaning  of  conversation  ?    2.  How  does  conversation  differ 


convey 

deception  416 

from  talk P    3.  How  is  discourse  related  to  conversation?    4.  What  are  the 

special  senses  of  dialogue  and  colloquy  f 

EXAMPLES. 

There  can  be  no with  a  great  genius,  who  does  all  the ing. 

Nor  wanted  sweet ,  the  banquet  of  the  mind. 


CO^fVEY  (page  119). 

QUESTIONS. 
In  what  do  convey,  transmit,  and  transport  agree  ?    What  is  the  distinctive  sense 
oi  convey?    2.  To  what  class  of  objects  does  transport  refer?    3.  To  what 
class  of  objects  do  transfer,  transmit,  and  convey  apply  ?    4.  Which  is  the 
predominant  sense  of  the  latter  words  ? 


CRIItllMAL  (page  120). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  c?'it)iinalP    How  does  it  differ  from  illegal  or 
unlawful?    2.  WhatiBfelonious?  flagitious  ?    3.  What  is  the  primary  mean- 
ing of  iwigwitoMS .?    4.  le  an  iniquitous  act  necess&Tily  crimitial ? 


DABfOER  (page  121). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  danger?    2.  Does  danger  or  peril  suggestthe 
more  immediate  evil  ?    3.  How  are  Jeopardy  and  risk  distinguished  from  dan- 
ger and  peril  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Delay  always  breeds . 

The  careful  rider  avoids  running . 

Stir,  at  your ! 


DECAY  Qmge  123). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  eoTt  of  things  decay  ?  putrefy  ?  rot?    2.  What  is  the  essential  difference 
between  decay  and  decompose  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  flowers  wither,  the  tree's  trunk . 

The  water  was by  the  electric  current. 


DECEPTION  (page  123). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  is  deceit  distinguished  from  deception?    from   guile?  fraud?    lying? 
hypocrisy?    2.  Do  all  of  these  apply  to  conduct  as  well  as  to  speech  ?    3.  Is 
deception  ever  innocent  ?   4.  Have  craft  and  cunning  always  a  moral  element  ? 
5.  How  is  dissi/milation  distinguished  from  duplicity  ? 


definition 
417  demonstration 


EXAMPLES. 

The of  Ms  conduct  was  patent  to  all. 

It  was  a  matter  of  6elf» . 

The  judge  decided  it  to  be  a  case  of . 


DEFINITION  (page  124). 

QUESTIONS. 

Which  is  the  more  exact,  a  definition  or  a  descriptio7i  ?    2.  What  must  a  defini- 
tion include,  and  what  must  it  exclude  ?    3.  What  must  a  description  include  ? 
4.  In  what  respect  has  interpretation  a  wider  meaning  than  translation  '?    5. 
How  does  an  explanation  compare  with  an  exposition? 
EXAMPLES. 

A  prompt of  the  difficulty  prevented  a  quarrel. 

The of  scenery  was  admirable. 

The  seer  gave  an of  the  dream. 

Many  a  controversy  may  be  instantly  ended  by  a  clear of  terms. 


deliberate:  (page  125). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  are  the  chief  distinctions  between  deliberate  ?  consult  f  consider?  meditate? 
reflect  ?  2.  Do  large  gatherings  of  people  consult,  or  meditate,  or  deliberate  ? 
3 .  Do  we  reflect  on  things  past  or  things  to  come  ?  4 .  Uow  many  persons  are 
necessarily  implied  in  consult,  confer,  and  debate  as  commonly  used  ?  in 
deliberate,  consider,  ponder,  reflect?  in  meditate?  5.  What  idea  of  time  is 
implied  in  deliberate  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  matter  was  carefully in  all  its  bearings. 

The  legislature for  several  days. 


DEEUSION  (page  127). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  essential  difference  between  illusion  and  delusion  ?    How  does  haUu- 
cination  differ  from  both  ?    2.  Which  word  is  used  especially  of  objects  of 
sight  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Tlie of  the  sick  are  sometimes  pitiful. 

In  the  soft  light  the was  complete. 


DEMONSTRATION  Qmge  127). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  kind  of  reasoning  does  demonstration  in  the  strict  sense  apply?    2. 
What  is  evidence  ?  proof?    3.  Which  is  the  stronger  term  ?    4.  Which  is  the 
more  comprehensive  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The of  the  witness  was  so  complete  that  no  further was  required. 

A  mathematical  -. must  be  final  and  conclusive. 

27 


design 

diction  41S 


DESIOBf  (page  128). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  design?    2.  What  element  is  prominent  in 
intention?  purpose  ?  plan  ?    3.  Does  purpose  suggest  more  power  to  execute 
tYiim  design  ?    4.  How  does  intent  specifically  differ  from  pmpose?    Which 
term  do  we  use  with  reference  to  the  Divine  Being  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  architect's involved  much  detail. 

Hell  is  paved  with  good . 

It  is  the of  the  voter  that  decides  how  his  ballot  shall  be  counted. 

The of  the  Almighty  can  not  be  thwarted. 

The  adaption  of  means  to  ends  in  nature  clearly  indicates  a ,  and  so  proves 


DE  IMPAIR  (page  129). 

QUESTIONS. 
In  what  order  might  despair,  desperation,  discouragement,  and  hopelessness 
follow,  each  as  the  result  of  the  previous  condition  ?    2.  How  does  despon- 
dency especially  differ  from  despair  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  utter of  their  condition  was  apparent. 

In  weak he  abandoned  all  endeavor. 


DEXTERITY  (page  129). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  is  adroitness  derived  ?    From  what  dea'terity  ?    How  might  each  be 
rendered?    2.  How  does  adroitness  differ  in  use  from  dextenty?    3.  From 
•     what  is  aptitude  derived,  and  what  does  it  signify  ?    4.  How  does  skill  differ 
from  dexterity?    Which  can  and  which  can  not  be  communicated  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

He  had  a  natural for  scientific  investigation,  and  by  long  practise  gained 

an  imimitable of  manipulation. 

His in  debate  enabled  him  to  evade  or  parry  arguments  or  attacks  which  he 

could  not  answer. 

The of  the  best  trained  workman  can  not  equal  the  precision  of  a  machine. 


DICTION  (page  1:^0). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Wliich  is  the  more  comprehensive  word,  diction,  language,  or  phraseology  ?    2. 
WTiat  is  the  true  meaning  of  verbiage  ?    Should  it  ever  be  used  as  the  equiva- 
lent of  language  or  diction?    3.  What  is  style?    How  does  it  compare  with 
diction  or  language  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The of  the  discourse  was  plain  and  emphatic. 

The of  a  written  contract  should  be  such  as  to  prevent  misunderstandings 

The  poetic of  Milton  is  so  exquisitely  perfect  that  another  word  can 

scarcely  ever  be  substituted  for  the  one  he  has  chosen  without  marring  the  line. 


-  ^  -^  difference 

419  do 


DIFFERENCE  (page  131). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  Which  pertain  mostly  to  realities,  and  which  are  matters  of  judgment— difference, 
dispai-Uy,  distinction,  or  inconsistency  ?    2.  What  do  we  mean  by  "  a  distinc- 
tion without  a  difference  "  / 

EXAMPLES. 

The  proper should  be  carefully  observed  in  the  use  of  "  shall "  and  "  will." 

The between  black  and  white  is  self«evident. 

The of  our  representatives'  conduct  with  their  promises  is  unpardonable. 


DISCERN  (page  133). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  sort  of  objects  do  we  apply  behold,  discern,  distinguish,  observe,  and  seel 
2.  What  do  behold  and  distinguish  suggest  in  addition  to  seeing  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

With  the  aid  of  a  great  telescope  we  may what  stars  are  double. 

the  upright  man. 

Let  us  minutely the  color  of  the  goods. 


DISCOTER  (page  133). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  detect?  discover?  invent  f    2.  How  do  i 
cover  and  invent  differ  ?    3.  Is  detect  often  used  in  a  favorable  sense  1 
EXAMPLES. 

An  experienced  policeman  acquires  wonderful  skill  in tog  criminals. 

Newton the  law  of  gravitation. 

To a  machine,  one  must  first  understand  the  laws  of  mechanics. 


DISEASE  (page  134). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  was  the  early  and  general  meaning  of  sick  and  sickness  in  English  ?     2. 
How  loug  did  that  usage  prevail  ?    3.  What  is  the  present  restriction  upon  the 
use  of  these  words  in  England  ?   What  words  are  there  commonly  substituted  ? 
4.  What  is  the  prevalent  usage  in  the  United  States  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

spread  in  the  camp  and  proved  deadlier  than  the  sword. 

The was  found  to  be  contagious. 

He  is  just  recovering  from  a  slight . 


It  is  not  good  manners  to  talk  of  one's  • 


DO  (page  135). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  most  comprehensive  word  of  this  group  ?    2.  In  what  sense  are  Jin- 


doctrine  __ 

doubt,  71.  430 

ish  and  complete  used,  and  how  are  they  discriminated  from  each  other  ?  3. 
How  do  we  discriminate  between  fulfil,  realize,  effect,  and  execute  ?  perform 
and  accomplish  f  accomplish  and  cmnplete  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

A  duty  has  been ,  a  worlc  of  gratitude  and  affection  has  been . 

It  is  wonderful  how  much  can  be by  steady,  plodding  industry  without 

brilliant  talents. 

The  work  is  not  only  grand  in  design  but  it  is with  the  most  exquisite 

delicacy  in  every  detail. 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  legislators  to  make  laws,  of  the  magistrates  to  them. 

Every  one  should  labor  to his  duties  faithfully,  and the  just  expec- 
tations of  those  who  have  committed  to  him  any  trust. 


DOCTRIME  (page  136). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  matters  do  we  apply  the  word c?'eeci .?  doctrine  f  dogma?  principle?    2. 
Which  is  the  more  inclusive  word  ?    3.  Is  dogma  used  favorably  or  unfavoi- 
ably? 

EXAMPLES. 

The rests  either  upon  the  authority  of  the  Scriptures,  or  upon  a  decision 

of  the  Church. 

A  man  may  have  upright s  even  while  he  disregards  commonly  received 


DOUBT,  V.  (page  137). 

QUESTIONS. 
Do  we  apply  doubt,  distrust,  surmise,  and  suspect  mostly  to  persons  and  tilings, 
or  to  motives  and  intentions  ?    2.  Is  mistrust  used  of  persons  or  of  things? 
3.  Ib  it  used  in  a  favorable  or  an  unfavorable  sense  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

We  do  not that  the  earth  moves  around  the  sun. 

Nearly  evei-y  law  of  nature  was  by  man  first ,  then  proved  to  be  true. 

I my  own  heart. 

I that  man  from  the  outset. 


D01JBT,  11.  (page  138). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  class  of  objects  do  we  apply  disbelief?  doubt?  hesitation?  misgimng? 

2.  Which  of  these  words  most  commonly  implies  an  unfavorable  meaning? 

3.  What  meaning  has  skepticism  as  applied  to  religious  matters? 

EXAMPLES. 

We  feel  no in  giving  our  approval. 

The  jury  had b  of  his  guilt. 

We  did  all  we  could  to  further  the  enterprise,  but  still  had  our s  as  to  the 

outcome. 


duplicate 
421  ease 


DUPLICATE  (page  141). 

QUESTIONS. 
Can  you  give  the  distinction  between  a  copy  and  a  duplicate  f  a,  facsimile,  and  an 
imitation  y    2.  What  sort  of  a  copy  is  a  traiwcript? 

EXAMPLES. 

The of  an  organ  by  the  violinist  was  perfect. 

This  key  is  a ,  and  will  open  the  lock. 

The  signature  was  merely  a  printed . 


DUTY  (page  142). 

QUESTIONS. 
Do  we  use  duty  and  Hght  of  civil  things  ?  or  business  and  obligation  of  moral 
things  ?    2.  Does  responsibility  imply  connection  with  any  other  person  or 
thing  ? 


EXAMPLES. 


I  go  because  it  is  my  ■ 


We  recognize  a  for  the  good  conduct  of  our  own  children,  but  do  we  not 

also  rest  under  some  to  society  to  esercise  a  good  influence  over  the  children 

of  others  ? 


EAOER  (page  142). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  distinction  between  eagei^  and  earnest  in  the  nature  of  the  feeling  im- 
plied ?  in  the  objects  toward  which  it  is  directed  ?    2.  How  does  anxious  in 
this  acceptation  differ  from  both  eager  and  earnest  f 

EXAMPLES. 
Hark  !  the  shrill  trumpet  sounds  to  horse  1  away  1 

My  soul's  in  arms,  and for  the  fray. 

I  am  in .    I  will  not  equivocate;  I  will  not  excuse;  I  will  not  retreat  a 

single  inch;  and  I  will  be  heard  ! 

I  am to  hear  of  your  welfare,  and  of  the  prospects  of  the  enterprise. 


EASE  (page  143). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  does  ease  denote,  in  the  sense  here  considered  ?    Does  it  apply  to  action  or 
condition  ?    2.  Is  facility  active  or  passive  ?  readiness?    3.  What  does  ease 
imply,  and  to  what  may  it  be  limited  ?    4.  What  does  facility  imply  ?  readi- 
ness?   5.  To -Khat  is  exjxrtness  limited  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  plays  the  violin  with  great ,  and  delights  an  audience. 

Whatever  he  did  was  done  with  so  much , 

In  him  alone  'twas  natural  to  please. 

It  is  often  said  with  equal  truth  that  we  ought  to  take  advantage  of  the 

which  childien  possess  of  learning. 


education  man 

egotism  4-fi^ 


EDUCATION  (page  143). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  education  ?  Instruction  f  teaching  f  2.  How 
is  instniction  or  teaching  related  to  education  f  3.  How  does  training 
diSer  Stoto.  teaching  f  4.  What  is  discipline  f  tuition?  5.  What  are  6re«(Z- 
ing  and  nurture.,  and  how  do  they  differ  from  each  other  ?  6.  How  are  knowl- 
edge and  learning  related  to  education  f 

EXAMPLES. 

The  true  purpose  of is  to  cherish  and  unfold  the  seed  of  immortality  already 

sown  within  us. 

By ,  we  do  learn  ourselves  to  know 

And  what  to  man,  and  what  to  God  we  owe. 

maketh  a  full  man,  conference  a  ready  man,  and  writing  an  exact  man. 

For  natural  abilities  are  like  natural 'plants  that  need  pruning  by ;  and 

8  themselves  do  give  forth  directions  too  much  at  large,  escept  they  be  bounded 

in  by  experience. 

A  branch  of is  often  put  to  an  improper  use,  for  fear  of  its  being  idle. 


EFFRONTERY  (page  144X 
QUESTIONS. 
1,  What  is  audacity?  hardihood ?    2.  What  special  element  does  effrontery  add  to 
the  meaning  of  audacity  &n&  hardihood ?    3.  What  is  impudence?  shame- 
lessness?     4.  How  does  f^;w(to'y  compare  with  these  words  ?    5.  What  is 
boldness?    Is  it  used  in  a  favorable  or  an  unfavorable  sense  ? 
EXA3IPLES. 
When  they  saw  the of  Peter  and  John,  and  perceived  that  they  were  un- 
learned and  ignorant  men  they  marvelled. 

I  ne'er  heard  yet 
•    That  any  of  these  bolder  vices  wanted 

Less to  gainsay  what  they  did, 

Than  to  perform  it  first. 

I  am  not  a  little  surprised  at  the  easy with  which  political  gentlemen  in 

and  out  of  Congress  take  it  upon  them  to  say  that  there  are  not  a  thousand  men  in  the 
North  who  sympathize  with  John  Brown. 


EGOTISM  (page  145). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  egoism  and  how  does  it  differ  from  egotism  ?  2.  What  is  self-assertion  f 
self 'Conceit  ?  3.  Does  conceit  diSer  from  self'conceit,  and  how?  4.  What  is 
self'Confldertce  ?  Is  it  worthy  or  unworthy  ?  5 .  Is  selfnissertion  ever  a  duty  f 
self 'Conceit  ?  6.  What  is  vanity?  How  does  it  differ  from  self 'confidence  ? 
from  pride?    T.  What  is  self'csteem?    How  does  ii  diS.&c  fiovo.  self 'conceit  f 

from  self'confidence  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

may  puff  a  man  up,  but  never  prop  him  up. 

is  as  ill  at  ease  under  indifference,  as  tenderness  is  under  the  love  which  it 

can  not  return. 


emblem 
423  end,  V. 


EMBLEM  (page  146). 

QUESTIONS. 
From  what  language  is  emblem  derived.  ?    What  did  it  originally  signify  ?    2. 
What  is  the  derivation  and  primary  meaning  of  symbol'^    3.  How  do  the  two 
words  compare  as  now  nsed  ?    4.  How  does  a  sign  suggest  something  other 
than  itself  ?    5 .  Can  the  same  thing  be  both  an  emblem  and  a  symbol  ?  a  sign 
and  a  symbol  f    6.  What  is  a  token  ?  &  figure  f  an  image  ?  a  type  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
Rose  of  the  desert,  thou  art  to  me 

An of  stainless  purity, 

Of  those  who,  keeping  their  garments  white. 
Walk  on  through  life  with  steps  aright. 

All  things  are s  :  the  external  shows 

Of  nature  have  their  — — -  in  the  mind 
As  flowers  and  fruits  and  falling  of  the  leaves. 
Moses,  as  Israel's  deliverer,  was  a of  Christ. 


EmiORATE  (page  147). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  migrate?     What  is  its  application?     2. 

What  do  emigrate  and  immigrate  signify  ?    To  what  do  they  apply  ?    Can  the 

two  words  be  used  of  the  same  person  and  the  same  act  ?    How  '( 

EXAMPLES. 

The  ship  was  crowded  with mostly  from  Germany. 

are  pouring  into  the  United  States  often  at  the  rate  of  half  a  million  a 

year.  


EMPLOY  (page  147). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  are  the  distinctive  senses  of  employ  and  vse  ?    Give  instances.    2.  What 
does  use  often  imply  as  to  materials  used?    3.  IIow  does  hire  compare  with 

employ  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  young  man  had  been by  the  firm  for  several  months  and  had  proved 

faithful  in  every  respect. 

The  church  was  then  ready  to a  pastor. 

What  one  has,  one  ought  to :  and  whatever  he  does  he  should  do  with  all 

his  might.  

END,  V.  Qiage  148). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  it  to  end,  and  what  reference  does  end  have  to  intention  or  expectation  ? 
2.  What  do  close,  complete,  conclude,  and.  finish  signify  as  to  expectation  or 
appropriateness  ?  Give  instances.  3.  What  eijecially  distinctive  sense  has 
UnisTi?  4.  Does  terminate  refer  to  reaching  an  arbitrary  or  an  appropriate 
end  ?    5.  What  does  stop  signify  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  life  was  suddenly . 

The  train long  enough  for  the  passengers  to  get  off,  then  whirled  on. 


end,  n. 

endure  424 

EKD,  n.  (page  148), 

QUESTIONS. 
What  ip  the  endf  2.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  extremity?  3.  How 
^OQs  extremity  Q,om^w&\\\X\  end?  4.  What  reference  is  implied  in  extremity  ? 
5,  Wliat  is  the  meaning  of  tip?  point?  How  does  extremity  differ  in  use 
from  the  two  latter  words  ?  6.  What  is  a  terminus?  What  specific  meaning 
has  the  word  in  modern  travel  ?  7.  What  is  the  meaning  of  terfnination,  and 
of  what  is  it  cliiefly  used  ?  expiration  ?  limit  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Seeing  that  death,  a  necessary will  come  when  it  will  come. 

All  rejoice  at  the  successful of  the  vast  undertaking. 

He  that  endureth  to  the shall  be  saved. 

Do  not  turn  back  when  you  are  just  at  the . 


EXDEAVOR,  V.  (page  149). 
QUESTIOXS. 
What  is  it  to  attempt?  to  endeavor?  To  what  sort  of  exertion  does  endeavor 
especially  apply  ?  2,  How  does  essay  differ  from  attempt  and  cndeavcn'  in  its 
view  of  the  results  of  the  action  ?  3.  What  is  implied  in  inidertalce?  Give  an 
instance.  4.  What  does  stnre  suggest  ?  5.  How  does  ti-y  compare  with  the 
other  words  of  the  group  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

first  thyself,  and  after  call  on  God; 

For  to  the  worker  God  himself  lends  aid. 

the  end,  and  never  stand  to  doubt; 

Nothing's  so  hard  but  search  will  find  it  out. 
to  enter  in  at  the  strait  gate. 


EKOEAVOR,  n.  (page  150), 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  an  effort?  an  exertion?    Which  includes  the  other  ?    2.  How  does  at- 
tempt differ  from  effort?    3,  What  is  a  struggle?    4.  What  is  an  essay,  and 
for  what  purpose  is  it  made  ?    5.  What  is  an  endeavor,  and  how  is  it  distin- 
guished from  effort  ?    from  attempt  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Youth  is  a  blunder;  manhood  a ;  old  age  a  regret. 

So  vast  an required  more  capital  than  he  could  command  at  that  time. 

Others  combining  with  him  enabled  him  to  succeed  with  it. 

After  a  few  spasmodic ,  he  abandoned  all at  improvement. 


EIVDURE  (page  150). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  bear  as  applied  to  care,  pain,  grief,  and  the  like  ?     2, 
What  does  endure  add  to  the  meaning  of  bear?    3.  How  do  allow  anApermit 
compare  with  the  words  just  mentioned  f    4,  How  do  jmt  up  with  and  tolerate 


enemy 
425  entertain 

comiMTc  with  allow  &-adpe7mUf    5.  What  is  the  special  sense  of  ajfort? .?    How 
does  it  come  into  connection  with  the  words  of  this  group  f    6.  What  is  the 
sense  of  brook  f    7.  Of  what  words  does  abide  combine  the  meanings  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Charity long  and  is  kind  ;  charity  — —  all  things. 

I  follow  thee,  safe  guide,  the  path 

Thou  Icad'st  me,  and  to  the  hand  of  heav'n . 

For  there  \\'as  never  yet  philosopher 
That  could the  toothache  patiently. 


ENEMY  (page  151). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  an  eitenMj  ?  an  adversari/f    2.  What  distinction  is  there  between  the 

two  words  as  to  the  purpose  implied?    3.  What  is  aio.  antagonist  ?  a.nopi)0- 

nent?  a  competitor  f  a  nval?    4.  How  does/oe  compare  with  enemy? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  makes  no  friend  who  never  made  a . 

This  friendship  that  possesses  the  whole  soul, 

.    .    .    .    can  admit  of  no . 

Mountains  interposed 

Make of  nations  who  had  else, 

Like  kindred  drops  been  molded  into  one. 
He  that  wrestles  with  us  strengthens  our  nerves  and  sharpens  our  skill.    Our 
• is  our  helper. 

E5JMITY  (page  152). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  enmity?    2.  How  does  animosity  differ  from  enmity?     3.  What  is 
hostility?    What  is  meant  hj  hostilities  between  nations?    4.  What  isbitter- 
7iess?  acrimony?    5.  How  does  antagonism  compare  with  the  words  above 

mentioned  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Let  all ,  and  wrath,  and  anger,  and  clamor,  and  evil  speaking,  be  put  away 

from  you,  with  all  malice. 

But  their ,  tho  smothered  for  a  while,  burnt  with  redoubled  violence. 

The  carnal  mind  is against  God,  for  it  is  not  subject  to  the  law  of  God, 

neither  indeed  can  be.  

EXTERTAIX  (page  152). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  it  to  entertain  mentally  ?  to  anmse  ?    2.  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of 
divert?    3.  Can  one  be  amused  ox  entertained  who  is  not  diverted?    4.  What 
is  it  to  recreate  ?  to  beguile  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Books  can  not  always ;  however  good  ; 

Minds  are  not  ever  craving  for  their  food. 
Who  God  doth  late  and  early  pray 
More  of  his  grace  than  gifts  to  lend  ; 

■   "  ■  And the  harmless  day 

With  a  religious  book  or  friend. 


entertainment 

envious  426 


E^TERTAINME]\"T  (page  153). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  do  entertainment  and  recreation  imply  ?    How,  accordingly,  do  they  rank 
among  the  lighter  matters  of  life  ?    2.  How  do  amusement  and  pastime  differ  ? 
3 .  On  what  plane  are  sports  ?    How  do  they  compare  with  entertainment  and 
recreatio7i  f    4.  How  do  amusement  and  ei^joyment  compare  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

At  Christmas  play,  and  make  good , 

For  Christmas  comes  hut  once  a  year. 

It  is  as to  fools  to  do  mischief. 

No  true  heart  can  find in  another's  pain  or  grief. 

The  Puritans  hated  bear=haiting,  not  because  it  gave  pain  to  the  bear,  but  be- 
cause it  gave to  the  spectators. 

As  Tammie  glowered,  amazed  and  curious, 

The  mirth  and grew  fast  and  furious. 

And  so,  if  I  might  be  judge,  God  never  did  make  a  more  calm,  quiet,  innocent 
than  angling. 

El^THUSIASM  (page  153). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,  In  what  sense  was  g/jiAwsicwm  formerly  used  ?    2.  What  is  now  its  prevalent  and 
controlling  meaning  ?    3.  How  does  zeaZ  differ  from  enthusiasm  f 
EXAJVIPLES. 

An  ardent leads  to  great  results  in  exposing  certain  evils. 

His was  contagious  and  they  rushed  into  battle. 

The  precept  had  its  use ;  it  could  make  men  feel  it  right  to  be  humane,  and 
desire  to  be  so,  but  it  could  never  inspire  them  with  an of  humanity. 


ENTRANCE  (page  154). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  does  entrance  refer?    2.  What  do  admittance  and  admission  add  to 
the  meaning  of  entrance  ?   3 .  To  what  does  admittance  refer  ?   To  what  addi- 
tional matters  does  admission  refer  ?  Illustrate.    4.  What  is  the  figurative  use 
of  entrance  f 

EXAMPLES. 

•  was  obtained  by  a  side»door,  and  a  good  position  secured  in  the  crowded 


hall. 

No except  on  business. 

He  was  never  so  engrossed  with  cares  of  state  that  the  needy  could  not  have 
to  him. 

However  carefully  church^membership  may  be  guarded,  unworthy  members 
will  sometimes  gain . 

E^fVIOlJS  (page  155). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  do  we  mean  when  we  say  that  a  person  is  envimis  f    2.  What  is  the  differ- 
ence between  envious  and  Jealous?    3.  Is  an  envious  spirit  ever  good  ?    4. 


equivocal 
42'?  eveut 


Is Jeatows  capable  of  being  used  in  a  good  sense?    5.  In  what  sense  is  sus- 
picious used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 


Neither  be  thou against  the  worliers  of  iniquity. 

in  honor,  sudden  and  quick  in  quarrel. 


EqUIVOCAL  (page  155). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  derivation  and  the  original  signification  of  equivocal  f  of  ambiguous  ? 
How  do  the  two  words  compare  in  present  use  ?    2.  What  is  the  meaning  of 
enigmatical?    3.  How  do  rfo?/6(/'»^  and  (?M&ioiiS  compare  ?    4.  In  what  sense 
is  questionable  used  ?  svsjncious  f 

EXAMPLES. 

These  sentences,  to  sugar  or  to  gall, 

Being  strong  on  both  sides,  are . 

An statement  may  result  from  the  thoughtless  use  of  a  single  word  that  is 

capable  of  more  than  one  meaning. 


ESTEEM,  n.  (page  157). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  difference  between  esteem  and  eiJj.rate?     2.  Is  esteem  now  used  of 
concrete  valuation  't    3.  What  is  its  chief  present  use  ?   4.  What  is  its  meaning 
in  popular  use  as  said  of,persons  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

They  please,  are  pleas'd;  they  give  to  get , 

Till  seeming  blest,  they  grow  to  what  they  seem. 
The  loss  of  conscience  or  honor  is  one  that  can  not  be . 


ETERNAL  (page  157). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  meaning  of  eternal  in  the  fullest  sense  ?    2.  To  what  being,  in  that 
sense,  may  it  be  applied  ?    3.  In  what  does  everlasting  fall  short  of  the  mean- 
ing of  eternal?    4.  How  does  endless  agree  with  and  differ  from  everlasting ? 
5.  In  what  inferior  senses  are  everlasting  and  interminable  used  ?    6.  Is  eter- 
naU  in  good  speech  or  writing,  ever  brought  down  to  such  inferior  use  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
Truth  crushed  to  earth  shall  rise  again, 

The years  of  God  are  hers. 

Whatever  may  befall  thee,  it  was  preordained  for  thee  from . 

It  were  better  to  be  eaten  to  death  with  a  rust  than  to  be  scoured  to  nothing  with 

motion. 

Here  comes  the  lady  1    Oh,  so  light  a  foot 
Will  ne'er  wear  out  the flint. 


EVE]\T  (page  158). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  do  event  and  i«czc?e»<  differ  etymologically  ?    2.  Which  is  the  greater  and 


erery 

evident  42S 


more  important  ?  Give  examples.  3.  How  does  circumstance  compare  with 
incident?  4.  What  is  the  primary  meauing  of  occurrence  f  5.  What  is  an 
episode?  6.  How  does  event  differ  from  end  ?  7.  What  meaning  does  event 
often  have  when  applied  to  the  future  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Fate  shall  yield 

To  fickle ,  and  Chaos  judge  the  strife. 

Men  are  the  sport  of when 

The seem  the  sport  of  men. 

Coming cast  their  shadows  before. 

Where  an  equal  poise  of  hope  and  fear 

Does  arbitrate  the ,  my  nature  is 

That  I  incline  to  hope  rather  than  fear, 
And  gladly  banish  squint  suspicion. 


EVERY  (page  158). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  In  what  are  all&nA  both  alike?  any,  each,  and  evei^  ?  2.  How  does  awy  dif- 
fer from  eac/i  and  eiwy?  3.  How  do  eacA  and  «w^j/ differ  from  «;;.?  4,  How 
does  foc^  compare  with  (?rcry?  wiih  both?  5.  What  does  either  properly  de- 
note ?  In  what  other  sense  is  it  often  used  ?  What  is  the  objection  to  the 
latter  use  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

person  in  the  room  arose  to  his  feet. 

A  free  pardon  was  offered  to who  should  instantly  lay  down  their  arms. 

As  the  garrison  marched  out,  the  victorious  troops  stood  in  arms  on side 

of  the  way. 

In  order  to  keep  his  secret  inviolate,  he  revealed  it  privately  to of  his  most 

intimate  friends. 


•  person  giving  such  information  shall  be  duly  rewarded. 


EVIDEXT  (page  159). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  do  apparent  and  evident  compare  ?  2,  What  is  the  special  sense  of  mani- 
fest ?  How  does  it  compare  in  strength  with  evident?  3.  What  is  the  sense 
oi  obvious?  4.  How  wide  is  the  range  of  visible?  5.  How  does  discernible 
compare  with  risible  ?  What  does  it  imply  as  to  the  observer's  action  ?  6. 
What  is  the  sense  oi palpable  and  tangible?  conspicuous? 

EXAMPLES. 

A  paradox  is  a  real  truth  in  the  guise  of  an absurdity  or  contradiction. 

The  prime  minister  was by  his  absence. 

The  statement  is  a absurdity. 

On  a  comparison  of  the  two  works  the  plagiarism  was . 

Yet  from  those  flames 

No  light;  but  only  darkness . 

These  lies  are  like  the  father  that  begets  them;  gross  as  a  mountain,  open, . 


example 
429  execute 

EXAMPLE  (page  160). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  etymological  meaning  of  example?  2.  What  two  contradictory 
meanings  does  example  derive  from  this  primary  sense  ?  3 .  How  does  exam- 
ple differ  from  sa^nplef  4.  How  does  it  compare  with  model?  yi\i)i  jjattern ? 
6.  How  does  exemplar  agree  with,  and  differ  from  example?  6.  What  is  an 
exemplification  ?  an  ensample  f 

EXAMPLES. 

I  bid  him  look  into  the  lives  of  men  as  the  himself  a  mirror,  and  from  others 
to  take  an for  himself. 

We  sleep,  but  the  loom  of  life  never  stops  and  the  which  was  weaving 

when  the  sun  went  down  is  weaving  when  it  comes  up  to-morrow. 

History  is  an of  philosophy. 

The  commander  was  resolved  to  make  an to  deter  others  from  the  like 

oflEense. 


EXCESS  (page  160). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  excess?  Is  it  used  in  the  favorable  or  unfavorable  sense'?  2.  What  is 
extravagance?  3.  What  is  exorbitance?  4.  What  kind  of  «xc««s  do  over- 
pilus  and  superahwulance  denote?  larishness  &nA  iirofitsio^i  ?  5.  Is  su?ph(s 
used  in  the  favorable  or  unfavorable  sense  ?  6.  To  what  do  redundance  and 
redundancy  chiefly  refer  ?  7.  What  words  are  used  as  synonyms  of  excess  in 
the  moral  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Saving  requires  self-denial,  and is  the  death  jf  self-denial. 

Where  there  is  great . there  usually  follows  corresponding , 

of  wealth  is  cause  of  covetousncss. 

Haste  brings ,  and brings  want. 

The of  the  demand  caused  unfeigned  surprise. 

More  of  the  present  woes  of  the  world  are  due  to than  to  any  other  single 

cause. 

of  language  often  weakens  the  impression  of  what  would  be  impressive  in 

sober  statement. 


EXECUTE  (page  161). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  Is  the  meaning  of  execute?  of  administer?  of  enforce?    2.  How  are  the 
words  applied  in  special  cases  ?    Give  instances.     3.  What  secondary  meaning 
has  administer? 

EXAMPLES. 

It  is  the  place  of  the  civil  magistrate  to the  laws. 

The  pasha  gave  a  signal  and  three  attendants  seized  the  culprit,  and  promptly 
the  bastinado. 


I  can  not  illustrate  ..  moral  duty  without  at  the  satne  time ing  a  precept  of 

our  religion. 


exercise  AIA 

extemporaneous  '»'»v 


EXERCISE  (page  162). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  exercise  apart  from  all  qualifying  words  ?  2.  How  does 
exercise  in  that  sense  differ  from  exertion  ?  3 .  How  may  exercise  be  brought 
up  to  the  full  meaning  of  exertion,  f  4.  What  is  practise  ?  How  does  it  differ 
from  exercise?  5.  How  is  practise  discriminated  from  such  theory  or  profes- 
sion ?    6.  What  is  drill? 

EXAMPLES. 

Regular tends  to  keep  body  and  mind  in  the  best  working  order. 

in  time  becomes  second  nature. 

By  constant the  most  difficult  feats  may  be  done  with  no  apparent . 


EXPEBfSE  (page  162). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  cost?  expense?    2.  How  are  these  words  now  commonly  differentiated  ? 
3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  outlay?  of  outgo? 
EXAMPLES. 
Which  of  you,  intending  to  build  a  tower,  sitteth  not  down  first,  and  counteth 

the ,  whether  he  have  sufficient  to  finish  it. 

The  entire  receipts  have  not  equaled  the . 

When  the is  more  than  the  income,  if  the  income  can  not  be  increased,  it 

becomes  an  absolute  necessity  to  reduce  the . 


EXPLICIT  (page  162). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  are  explicit  and  express  alike  opposed?    2.  How  do  the  two  words 
differ  from  each  other  f 

EXAMPLES. 

I  came  here  at  this  critical  juncture  by  the order  of  Sir  John  St.  Clare. 

The  language  of  the  proposition  was  too to  admit  of  doubt. 

Now  the  Spirit  speaketh ly  that  in  the  latter  times  some  shall  depart  from 

the  faith.  

EXTEMPORANEOUS  (page  163). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  did  extemporaneous  originally  mean  ?    2.  What  has  it  now  come  to  signify 

in  common  use?    3.  What  is  the  original  meaning  of  impromptu?    The 

present  meaning  ?    4.  How  does  the  impromptu  remark  often  difier  from  the 

extemporaneous?    5.  How  docs   unpremeditated  compare  with   the  words 

above  mentioned  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

In prayer,  what  men  most  admire,  God  least  regardeth. 

As  a  speaker,  he  excelled  in address,  while  his  opponent  was  at  a  loss  to 

answer  him  because  not  gifted  in  the  same  way. 

No  more  on  prancing  palfrey  borne. 
He  carolled  light  as  lark  at  morn, 
And  poured  to  lord  and  lady  gay 
The lay. 


cxterinlnate 
431  lalth 


EXTERMINATE  (page  163). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  What  is  the  derivation,  and  what  the  original  meaning  of  exterminate  f  erad- 
icate f  extirpate?    2.  To  what  are  these  words  severally  applied  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Since  the  building  of  the  Pacific  railroads  in  the  United  States,  the  buffalo  has 
l)een  quite . 

The  evil  of  intemperance  is  one  exceedingly  difficult  to . 

No  inveterate  improver  should  ever  tempt  me  to the  dandelions  from  the 

green  carpet  of  my  lawn. 


FAINT  (page  164). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  are  the  chief  meanings  of /ai«< .?    2.  How  ia faint  a  synonym  of /ee6fe  or 
purposeless  ?  of  ii'resolute  or  timid'?  of  dim,  faded,  or  indistinct? 

EXAMPLES. 

Great  is  the  strength  of  . arms  combined, 

And  we  can  combat  even  with  the  brave. 
In  his  right  hand  a  tipped  stafEe  he  held, 

With  which  his steps  he  stayed  still ; 

For  he  was with  cold,  and  weak  with  eld  ; 

That  scarce  his  loosed  limbs  he  hable  was  to  weld. 


FAITH  (page  164). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  &«He/.?  2.  How  does  c?'«(ffi«c«?  compare  with  belief?  3.  What  is  con- 
viction? assurance?  4.  What  is  an  opinion?  5.  How  does  a  p)ersnasion 
compare  with  ai\  opinion?  6.  What  is  a  doctnne?  a  creed?  7.  What  are 
confidence  and  reliance?  8.  What  is  trust?  9.  What  elements  are  com- 
bined in /fli^A?  10.  How  is  Se^if/ often  used  in  popular  language  as  a  pre- 
cise equivalent  of  faith?  1 1 .  How  is  belief  discriminated  from  faith  in  the 
Strict  religious  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

is  the  substance  of  things  hoped  for,  the  evidence  of  things  not  seen. 

Put  not  your in  princes,  nor  in  the  son  of  man,  in  whom  there  is  no  help. 

is  largely  involuntary;  a  mathematical  demonstration  can  not  be  doubted 

by  a  sane  mind  capable  of  understanding  the  terms  and  following  the  steps. 

Every  one  of  us,  whatever  our  speculative ,  knows  better  than  he  practises, 

and  recognizes  a  better  law  than  he  obeys. 

There  are  few  greater  dangers  for  an  army  in  the  face  of  an  enemy  than  undue 


faitlifnl 

fanciful  432 


FAITHFri.  (page  165). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  In  what  sense  may  a  person  be  called /azY/i/w;/    2.  In  what  sense  may  one  be 
called  trusty  f    3.  Ib  faith  fid  commonly  said  of  things  as  well  as  persons  ?  is 
trustij  ?    4.    What  is  the  special  difference  of  meaning  between  the  two 
words  ?    Give  examples. 

EXAMPLES. 

Be  thou unto  death,  and  I  will  give  thee  a  crown  of  life. 

Thy  purpose is  equal  to  the  deed: 

Who  does  the  best  his  circumstance  allows 
Does  well,  acts  nobly;  angels  could  no  more. 


FAME  (page  166). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  \sfam£f    Is  it  commonly  used  in  the  favorable  or  unfavorable  sense? 
2.  What  are  rejndation  and  reimte,  and  in  which  sense  commonly  used  ?    3. 
y^\\sX  \B  notonety ?    4.  From  what  do  eminence  and  distinction  result?    5. 
How  does  celebritij  compare  with  fame?    6.  How  does /■enoMM.  compare  with 
fame  f    7 .  What  is  the  import  of  hcmor  ?  of  glmy  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Saying,  Amen:  Blessing  and ,  and  wisdom,  and  thanksgiving,  and , 

and  power  and  might,  be  unto  our  God  for  ever  and  ever. 

A  good is  more  valuable  than  money. 

Great  Homer's  birthplace  seven  rival  cities  claim. 

Too  mighty  such  monopoly  of . 

Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it . 

Seeking  the  bubble  

Even  iii  the  cannon's  mouth. 


FANATICISM  (page  166). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  y^\\2X'vs, fanaticism  f  bigoti'y?    2.  What  Ao  fanaticism  and  bigotry  commonly 
include?    3.  What  is  intolerance?    4.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of 
superstition  ?    5 .  What  is  credulity  ?   Is  it  distinctively  religious  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

is  a  senseless  fear  of  God. 

The  fierce of  the  Moslems  was  the  mainspring  of  their  early  conquests. 

The that  will  believe  nothing  conti-ary  to  a  creed  is  often  joined  with  a 

blind that  will  believe  anything  in  favor  of  it. 


FAXCIFUI.  (page  167). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of /anri/tf^.?    2.  What  does /a?!^fl.'/i<;  add  to  the  meaning 
o^  fanciful  ?    3 .  How  does  grotesque  especially  differ  from  thefanciful  OTfa?i- 
tasiicf    4.  How  does  i-mo^ary  differ  from /awd/w; /" 


fancy 
433  fear 


EXAMPLES. 

Come  see  the  north  wind's  masonry, 
....  his  wild  worli; 

So ,  80  savage,  naught  cares  he 

For  number  or  proportion. 

What tints  the  year  puts  on, 

When  falling  leaves  falter  through  motionless  air 
Or  numbly  cling  and  shiver  to  be  gone  ! 

Plays  such tricks  before  high  heaven 

As  make  the  angels  weep. 


FABfCY  (page  167). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  an  intellectual /ancy .?    2.  How  does  a  conceit  differ  from  &  fancy?  a 
conception  from  both  ?    3.  What  is  an  emotional  or  personal /a?icy  ?   4.  What 
is  fancy  as  a  faculty  of  the  mind  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Tell  me  where  is bred; 

Or  in  the  heart  or  in  the  head  ? 

Elizabeth  united  the  occasional  of  her  sex  with  that  sense  and  sound 

policy  in  which  neither  man  nor  woman  ever  excelled  her. 

That  fellow  seems  to  me  to  possess  but  one ,  and  that  is  a  wrong  one. 

If  she  were  to  take  a to  anybody  in  the  house,  she  would  soon  settle,  but 

not  till  then.  

FAREWELL  (page  168). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  To  what  language  do  farewell  and  good'bi/  belong  etymologically  ?    How  do  they 
differ  ?    2.  From  what  language  have  adieu  and  conge  been  adopted  into 
English  ?    3.  What  is  the  special  significance  of  conge?    4.  What  are  vale- 
diction and  valedicton  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

my  paper's  out  so  nearly 

I've  only  room  for  yours  sincerely. 
The  train  from  out  the  castle  drew, 

But  Marmion  stopped  to  bid . 

!  a  word  that  must  be,  and  hath  been— 

A  sound  which  makes  us  linger  ;  —  yet . 


FEAR  (imge  168). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  generic  term  of  this  group  ?  2.  What  iBfear?  Is  it  sudden  or  lin- 
gering ?  In  view  of  what  class  of  dangers?  3.  What  is  the  etymological 
meaning  of  horror?  What  does  the  word  signify  in  accepted  usage?  4. 
What  are  the  characteristics  of  affright^  fright,  onA  terror  ?  5.  How  is /ear 
contrasted  with  frigid  and  terror  in  actual  or  possible  effects  ?  6.  What  i« 
panic?  What  of  the  numbers  affected  by  it  ?  7.  TVTiat  is  dismay?  How 
does  it  compare  with  right  and  terror? 
28 


feminine 

feud  434 


EXAMPLES. 

Even  the  bravest  men  may  be  swept  along  in  a  sudden . 

With  much  more 

I  view  the  fight  than  thou  that  mak'st  the  fray. 
Look  in,  and  see  Clirist's  chosen  saint 
In  triumph  wear  his  Christ»like  chain ; 

No lest  he  should  swerve  or  faint. 

The  ghastly  spectacle  filled  every  beholder  with . 

A  lingering crept  upon  him  as  he  waited  in  the  darkness. 


FEMI:NIME  (page  169). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  are  female  and  feminine   discriminated  ?    2.  What  is  the  difference  be- 
tween a.  female  voice  and  &  feminine  voice  ?    3.  How  are  womanltj  and  woiti- 
anish  discriminated  in  use  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Notice,  too,  how  precious  are  these qualities  in  the  sick  room. 

The  demand  for  closet-room  is  no  mere fancy,  but  the  good  sense  of  the 


FETTER  (page  169). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  are  fetters  in  the  primary  sense  ?  2.  What  are  manacles  and  handcvffs  de- 
signed to  fasten  or  hold?  gyves?  3.  What  are  shackles  and  what  are  they 
intended  to  fasten  or  hold  ?  4.  Of  what  material  are  all  these  restraining 
devices  commonly  composed  ?  By  what  general  name  are  they  popularly 
known  ?  5.  What  are  bonds  and  of  what  material  composed  ?  6.  Which  of 
these  words  are  used  in  the  metaphorical  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
But  first  set  my  poor  heart  free, 

Bound  in  those  icy by  thee. 

Slaves  can  not  breathe  in  England 


They  touch  our  country,  and  their  - 


FEIJD  (page  170). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  \b  Sifeudf  Of  what  is  it  used  ?  2.  Is  a  quarrel  in  word  or  act  ?  conten 
tionf  stnfef  contest  f  3.  How  does  quarrel  compare  in  importance  with  the 
other  words  cited  ?  4.  MTiat  does  an  affray  always  involve  ?  To  what  may  a 
brawl  or  br-oil  be  confined  ?  5 .  How  do  these  words  compare  in  dignity  with 
contention,  contest,  controversy,  and  dissension  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Could  we  forbear and  practise  love 

We  should  agree  as  angels  do  above. 
"  Between  my  house  and  yours,"  he  answered, 

"  There  is  a of  five  hundred  years." 

Beware  of  entrance  to  a . 


-.^_  fiction 

4J5  fine 

FICTION  (page  170). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  ia  a  fid  io>i  in  the  most  common  modern  meaning  of  the  word  ?  2.  How 
does  a.  fiction  differ  from  a  ?iovcl  ?  from  a,  fable  ?  from  a  myth  ?  3 .  How  does  a 
myth  differ  from  a  legend  f  4.  How  do  falsehood  and  fabrication  differ  from 
the  words  above  mentioned  ?  5.  Is  fahncation  ox  falsehood  the  more  odious 
term  ?  Which  term  is  really  the  stronger  ?  6.  What  is  a  sto7'y  ?  Is  it  good 
or  bad,  true  or  false  ?  With  what  words  of  the  group  does  it  agree  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

O  scenes  surpassing ,  and  yet  true, 

Scenes  of  accomplished  bliss. 

A strange  is  told  of  thee. 

I  believe  the  whole  account  from  beginning  to  end  to  be  a  pure . 

A  thing  sustained  by  such  substantial  evidence  could  not  be  a  mere of  the 

imagination. 

FIERCE  (page  171). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does /erce  signify?    2.  To  what  does  ferocious  refer?    How  do  the  two 
words  differ  ?    3.  What  does  savage  signify  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

was  the  day ;  the  wintry  sea 

Moaned  sadly  on  New  England's  strand. 
When  first  the  thoughtful  and  the  free, 
Our  fathers,  trod  the  desert  land. 

Contentions , 

Ardent,  and  dire,  spring  from  no  petty  cause. 
The savages  massacred  the  survivors  to  the  last  man. 


FIBfAXCIAE  (page  172). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  does  monetary  directly  refer  ?    2.  How  does  iKcuniary  agree  with  and 
differ  from  monetary?    3.  To  what  does  financial  especially  apply?    4,  In 
what  connection  is  fiscal  most  commonly  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The year  closes  with  the  society  out  of  debt. 

He  was  rejoiced  to  receive  the aid  at  a  time  when  it  was  most  needed. 

In  a panic,  many  a  sound  business  house  goes  down  for  want  of  power  to 

sealize  instantly  on  valuable  securities. 


FINE  (page  172). 
QUESTIONS. 
From  what  is  fine  derived,  and  what  is  its  original  meaning  ?    2.  How,  from  this 
primary  meaning  does  fine  become  a  synonym  of  excellent  and  beautiful:?    3. 
How  does  it  come  into  connection  with  clarified,  clear,  pure,  refined?     4. 


fluctuate  436 

How  is  it  connected  with  dainty.,  delicate.,  and  exquisite?    5.  How  cloe9/?ie 
come  to  be  a  synonym  for  minute^  comminuted?    How  for  filmy,  tenuous? 
for  keen,  sharp  ?    Give  instances  of  the  use  of  Une  in  its  various  senses. 
EXAMPLES. 

Some  people  are  more than  wise. 

feathers  do  not  always  malie birds. 

Tlie est  balances  must  be  kept  under  glass,  because  so ly  adjusted  as 

to  be to  a  film  of  dust  or  a  breath  of  air. 


fire:  (page  173). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,  What  is  the  essential  fact  underlying  the  visible  phenomena  which  we  call  ^r<= .? 
2.  What  is  combustion?    3.  How  wide  is  its  range  of  meaning  ?    4.  What  it 
a  coi^flagration  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
He's  gone,  and  who  knows  how  he  may  report 

Thy  words  by  adding  fuel  to  the ? 

Lo  !  as  he  comes,  in  Heaven's  array, 
And  scattering  wide  the of  day. 


FLOCK  (page  173). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  most  general  word  of  this  group  ?    2.  What  is  a  group,  and  of  what 
class  of  objects  may  it  be  composed  ?    3.  To  what  class  of  animals  does  brood 
apply  ?  to  what  class  does  litter  apply  ?    4.  Of  what  is  bevy  used  ?  flock?    5. 
To  what  is  herd  limited  ?    6.  Of  what  is  i^aclc  used  f    7.  What  is  a  drove? 
EXAMPLES. 

What  is  not  good  for  the is  not  good  for  the  bee. 

He  heard  the  bleating  of  the s  and  the  twitter  of  birds  among  the  trees. 

The  lowing winds  slowly  o'er  the  lea. 

Excited s  gathered  at  the  corners  discussing  the  affair. 

A of  brightly  clad  women  and  children  were  enjoying  a  picnic  under  the 

trees.  

FI^UCTUATE  (page  173). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  fluctuate  ?  2.  In  what  one  characteristic  do  swerve  and 
veer  diSer  fTom  oscillate,  fluctuate,  undulate,  and  ivaver?  3.  What  is  the  dif- 
ference in  mental  action  between  hesitate  and  waver  ?  between  vacillate  and 
waver  ?  4.  Which  of  the  above-mentioned  words  apply  to  persons  ?  which  to 
feelings  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Thou  almost  mak'st  me in  my  faith. 

The  surface  of  the  prairies  rolls  and to  the  eye. 

It  is  almost  universally  true  that  the  hiunan  mind at  the  moment  of  com- 
mitting a  crime. 

The  vessel  suddenly from  her  course. 


MOfr  fluid 

4eS7  furtiftcatlon 


FLUID  (page  174). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  fluid?    2.  Into  what  two  sections  are  ^i^c^s  divided?    3.  What  is  a 
liquid?  a  gas?    4.  Are  all  liquids  fluids  ?     5.  Are  gases  fluids?     6.  Are 
gases  ever  liquids?    7.  What  substance  is  at  once  a  liquid  and  a  fluid  at  the 
ordinary  temperature  and  pressure  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Now  nature  paints  her  colors,  how  the  bee 

Sits  on  the  bloom,  extracting sweet 

This  earth  was  once  a haze  of  light. 


FOLLOW  (page  174). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  it  to  folloio  ?    2.  How  does  follow  compare  with  chase  and  pursue  f    3 . 
As  regards  succession  in  time,  what  is  the  difference  between  follow  and  en- 
sue  ?  result  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Say,  shall  my  little  bark  attendant  sail, 

the  triumph  and  partake  the  gale  ? 

When  Youth  and  Pleasure  meet 

To the  glowing  Hours  with  flying  feet. 

"  Then me,  the  Prince  " 

I  answered;  "  each  be  hero  in  his  turn  ! 
Seven  and  yet  one,  like  shadows  in  a  dream." 


FOR9IIDABLE:  (page  176). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  at  formidable  ?    2.  How  doee  formidable  differ  from  dan- 
gerous ?  terrible  ?  tremendous  ?    Give  examples. 

EXAMPLES. 

All  delays  are in  war. 

as  an  army  with  banners. 

The  great  fleet  moved  slowly  toward  the  forts,  a array. 


FORTIFICATION  (page  176). 
qlt:stions. 

How  does  a, fortress  specifically  differ  from  a  fortiflcatio)i  ?  2.  What  is  the  dis- 
tinctive meaning  of  citadel?  3.  What  ma.  fort?  4.  What  \&  &  fastness  ox 
stronghold? 

EXAMPLES. 

For  a  man's  house  is  his . 

A  mighty is  our  God, 

A  bulwark  never  failing; 
Our  helper  He  amid  the  flood 
Of  mortal  ills  prevailmg. 
Alva  bnUt  a in  the  heart  of  Antwerp  to  overawe  the  city. 


fortitude 

friendly  438 

FORTITUDE  (page  176). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Wh&t  is  fortitude?    2.  How  does  it  compare  with  courage?    3.  How  Ao  reso- 
lution and  endurance  compare  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Unbounded and  compassion  join'd, 

Tempering  each  other  in  the  victor's  mind. 
Tell  thy  story  ; 
If  thine,  considered,  prove  the  thousandth  part 

Of  my ,  thou  art  a  man,  and  I 

Have  suffer'd  like  a  girl. 
Thou  didst  smile, 

Infused  with  a from  heaven. 

When  I  had  decked  the  sea  with  drops  full  salt. 


FORTUMATE  (page  177). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  AocB fortunate  compare  with  successful?    2.  How  are  lucky  and  fortunate 
discriminated  ?    3.  In  what  special  sense,  and  with  what  reference  aie  favored 
and  prospered  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

It  is  not  a word  this  same  "  impossible  "  ;  no  good  comes  of  those  that 

have  it  so  often  in  their  mouth. 

Ah, years  1  once  more  who  would  not  be  a  boy  ? 

1  have  a  mind  presages  me  such  thrift 
That  I  should  questionless  be 


FRAUD  (page  177). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  a  fraud  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  deceit  or  deception  ?    2.  What  is  the 
design  of  an  imposture  ?    3 .  What  is  dishonesty  ?  a  cheat  ?  a  swindle  ?    How 
do  all  these  fall  short  of  the  meaning  ot  fraud?    4.  Of  what  relations  is 
treachery  used  ?  treason  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

doth  never  prosper  :  what's  the  reason  ? 

Wliy,  if  it  prosper  none  dare  call  it . 

Whoever  has  once  become  notorious  by  base ,  even  if  he  speaks  truth  gains 

no  belief. 

The  first  and  the  worst  of  all is  to  cheat  oneself. 


FRIENDEY  (page  178). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does/nenc^^y  signify  as  applied  to  persons,  or  as  applied  to  acts  ?    2.  How 
does  the   adjective  friendly  compare   in    strength  with  the  noun  friend? 


.__  friendslifp 

4»>w  garrulous 


3.  What  is  the  special  meaning  of  accessible?  of  companionable  and  sociable i 
of  cmdial  and  genial? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  that  hath  friends  must  show  himself . 

A  fellow  feeling  makes  one  wondrous . 


FRIEIVDSHIP  (page  179). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  f7-iendshi]}  ?    2.  In  what  one  quality  does  it  differ  from  affection,  attach- 
ment, devotion,  and  friendliness  ?     3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  cotnity  and 
amity?    'i.  Hovf  doeB/Hendship  diSeTfTOlnlo^le? 
EXAMPLES. 

Talk  not  of  wasted , never  was  wasted; 

If  it  enrich  not  the  heart  of  another,  its  waters  returning 

Back  to  their  springs,  like  the  rain,  shall  fill  them  full  of  refreshment. 

,  peculiar  boon  of  heaven, 

The  noble  mind's  delight  and  pride, 
To  men  and  angels  only  given. 
To  all  the  lower  world  denied. 


FRIOHTESr  (page  180). 

QUESTIONS. 
By  what  is  one  frightened ?  by  what  intimidated?    2.  What  is  it  to  broivbeat 
or  ccnv  ?    3 .  What  is  it  to  scare  or  terrify  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  child  was by  the  stories  the  nurse  told. 

The  loud,  loud  winds,  that  o'er  the  billows  sweep — 
Shake  the  firm  nerve, the  bravest  sonl  I 


FRUGALITY  (page  180). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Whatiseco«o??iy.?    '2,.  ''^^al  is,  frugality?    3.  Whatispamwiowy.?    How  docs 
it  compare  with /«<graZi<?/ .?    What  is  the  motive  of  ^ammowy.?    4.  What  is 
miserliness?    5.  What  is  the  special  characteristic  of  prudence  and  provi- 
dence? of  thrift?    6.  What  is  the  motive  of  economy? 
EXAMPLES. 
There  are  but  two  ways  of  paying  debt:  increase  of  industry  in  raising,  increase 

of in  laying  out. 

By  close the  little  home  was  at  last  paid  for  and  there  was  a  great  thanks- 
giving time.  

GARRULOUS  (page  181). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  does  garrulous  signify  ?  chattering?    2.  How  do  talkative  and  loquacUniB 


gender 

generous  11W 


differ  from  gan'nlous,  and  from  each  other  ?    3.  What  is  the  special  applica- 
tion of  verbose ? 

EXAMPLES. 

To  tame  a  shrew,  and  charm  her tongue. 

Guard  against  a  feeble  fluency,  a prosiness,  a  facility  of  saying  nothing. 


GENDER  (page  181). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  sex?    2.  To  what  beings  only  does  sex  apply?    3.  What  is  gender? 
To  what  does  it  apply  ?    Do  the  distinctions  of  gender  correspond  to  the  dis- 
tinctions of  sex?    Give  examples  of  languages  containing  three  g'ewc^era,  and 
of  the  classification  in  languages  containing  but  two. 

EXAMPLES. 

The  maternal  relation  naturally  and  necessarily  divides  the  work  of  the s 

giving  to  woman  the  indoor  life,  and  to  man,  the  work  of  the  outer  world. 

While  in  French  every  word  is  either  of  the  masculine  or  feminine ,  the 

language  sometimes  fails  for  that  very  reason  to  indicate  the of  some  person 

referred  to. 

GENERAL  (page  181). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  general  signify?     2.  How  does  general  compare  with  universal? 
with  common?    3.  What  illustrations  of  the  differences  are  given  in  the  text  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

friendships  will  admit  of  division,  one  may  love  the  beauty  of  this,  the 

good  humor  of  that  person,  .  .  .  and  so  on. 

A feeling  of  unrest  prevailed. 

Death  comes  to  all  by law. 


GENEROUS  (page  183). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  primary  meaning  of  generous?  the  common  meaning?  2.  How 
does  generous  differ  from  liberal?  3.  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of  mvniji- 
cent?  4.  W^hat  does  mmnficeiit  tell  of  the  motive  or  spirit  of  the  giver? 
What  does  generous  tell  ?  5.  How  does  dimiterested  compare  with  generous? 
6.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  magnanimous  ?  How  does  it  differ 
from  generous  as  regards  dealing  with  insults  or  injuries  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

To  cunning  men 

I  will  be  very  kind;  and 

To  mine  own  children,  in  good  bringing  up. 

A friendship  no  cold  medium  knows. 

Burns  with  one  love,  with  one  resentment  glows. 
The  conqueror  proved  as in  victory  as  he  was  terrible  in  battle. 


441 


genius 
give 


OEXIIJS  (page  183). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  genius?    2.  What  is  talent?    3.  Which  is  the  higher  quality?    4. 
Which  is  the  more  dependent  upon  training  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
The  eternal  Master  found 

His  single well  employ'd. 

No  great was  ever  without  some  mixture  of  madness. 


GET  (page  183). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  a  person  said  to  get  ?  2.  How  is  get  related  to  expectation  or  desire  ?  How 
is  gaiii  related  to  those  words  ?  3.  By  what  processes  does  one  acquire?  Is 
the  thing  ac5'(«?'ef^  sought  or  desired,  or  not?  4.  What  does  one  earn?  5. 
Does  a  person  always  get  what  he  ea?-ns  or  always  ea7'n  what  he  gets  f  6. 
What  does  obtain  imply  ?  Is  the  thing  one  obtains  an  object  of  desire  ?  How 
does  oft/aiw  differ  from  get?  7.  What  does  win  imply?  How  is  one  said  to 
win  a  suit  at  law  ?  What  is  the  correct  term  in  legal  phrase  ?  WTiy  ?  8 .  By 
what  special  element  does  procure  differ  from  obtain?  9.  What  is  especially 
implied  in  secure  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

He a  living  as  umbrella  mender  but  a  poor  living  it  is. 

wisdom  and  with  all  thy  getting, understanding. 

In  the  strange  city  he  found  that  all  his  learning  would  not him  a  dinner. 


GIFT  (page  184). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  gift?  Is  gift  used  in  the  good  or  the  bad  sense  ?  Does  the  legal  agree 
with  the  popular  sense  ?  2.  What  synonymous  word  is  always  used  in  the  evil 
sense  ?  3.  What  is  a  benefaction?  a  donation?  What  difference  of  usuge  is 
recognized  between  the  two  words  ?  4.  What  is  a  gratuity,  and  to  whom 
given  ?  5.  What  is  the  sense  and  use  of  largess  ?  6.  What  is  a  present,  and 
to  whom  given  ?  7.  What  is  the  special  sense  of  boon  ?  8 .  What  is  a  grant, 
and  by  whom  made  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
He  gave  us  only  over  beast,  fish,  fowl, 
Dominion  absolute;  that  right  we  hold 

By  his . 

True  love's  the which  God  has  given 

To  man  alone  beneath  the  heaven. 
" , ,  noble  knights  "  cried  the  heralds. 


The  courts  of  justice  had  fallen  so  low  that  it  was  practically  impossible  to  win  a 
cause  without  a . 

GIVE  (page  185). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  primary  meaning  of  give  ?  the  secondary  meaning  ?    2.  Can  we  give 
what  is  undesired  ?    3.  Can  we  give  what  we  are  paid  for  ?    4.  How  is  give 


govern 

grief  442 

always  understood  when  there  is  no  limitation  in  the  context  ?    5 .  Is  it  correct 
to  say  "  He  gave  it  to  me  for  nothing  "  ?    6.  What  is  to  grant?    7.  What  is 
implied  when  we  speak  of  granting  a  favor  ?    8.  What  is  to  confer?     9, 
What  is  especially  implied  in  impart  f  in  bestow  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

My  God  shall all  your  need  according  to  his  riches  in  glory  by  Christ 

Jesus. 

to  every  man  that  asketh  of  thee,  and  from  him  that  would  borrow  of  thee, 

turn  not  thou  away. 

The  court  promptly the  injunction. 

The  king upon  him  the  honor  of  knighthood. 

One  of  the  pleasantest  thuigs  m  life  is  to instruction  to  those  who  really  de- 
sire to  learn. 

GOVERK[  (page  185). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  does  the  word  govern  imply  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  control  f    2.  How 

do  command  and  control  differ  ?    3.  How  do  rule  and  govern  differ  ?    4.  W^hat 

is  the  special  significance  of  sway  ?  of  mold  f    5 .  What  is  it  to  manage  ?    6. 

WTiat  is  the  present  meaning  of  reign  ?    How  does  it  compare  with  rule? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  that his  spirit  is  greater  than  he  that  taketh  a  city. 

For  some  must  follow,  and  some 

Tho  all  are  made  of  clay. 
Daniel  Webster  well  described  the  character  of  "  Old  Hickory  "  in  the  sentence, 

"  I  do  not  say  that  General  Jackson  did  not  mean  to his  country  well,  but  I  do 

say  that  General  Jackson  meant  to his  country." 


ORACEFUL  (page  186). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  does  gracefid  denote  ?    How  is  it  especially  distinguished  from  beautiful? 
EXAMPLES. 

How upon  the  mountains  are  the  feet  of  him  that  biingeth  good  tidings, 

that  publisheth  peace. 

A myrtle  rear'd  its  head. 


GRIEF  (page  187). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  S'ns/.?    2.  How  does  (7H«/ compare  with  soirow  f  with  sadness?  with 
melancholy  f     3.  What  two  chief  senses  has  affliction?    4.  What  is  implied 
in  mourning,  in  its  most  common  acceptation  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

We  glory  in also. 

For  our  light which  is  but  for  a  moment,  worketh  for  us  a  far  more 

exceeding  and  eternal  weight  of  glory. 

What  private they  have,  alas  !  I  know  not,  that  made  them  do  it. 


.._  liablt 

'»'•»  bapplness 

HABIT  (page  187). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  VfhaX  is  custom ?  routine ?  Which  is  the  more  mechanical  ?  2.  What  element 
doeB  habit  a,dd  to  aistoyn  and  routine?  3.  Should  we  preferably  use  ci/Mom 
or  habit  of  a  society  ?  of  an  individual  ?  4 .  What  is  fashion  ?  ride  f  system  ? 
5.  What  are  use  and  usage,  and  how  do  they  difEer  from  each  other  ?  6. 
What  is  practise  ?  7.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  wont  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Every is  preserved  and  increased  by  correspondent  actions,  as  the 

of  walking  by  walking,  of  running  by  running. 

Montaigne  is  wrong  in  declaring  that ought  to  be  followed  simply  because 

it  is ,  and  not  because  it  is  reasonable  or  just. 

Lord  Brougham  says  "The  longer  I  live  the  more  careful  I  am  to  entrust  every- 
thing that  I  really  care  to  do  to  the  beneficent  power  of ." 

makes  perfect. 

Without little  that  is  valuable  is  ever  learned  or  done. 


HAPPEIV  (page  188). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  Aa^pm  signify  ?  2.  How  does  it  difEer  from  chance  f  3.  What  is 
the  distinctive  meaning  of  betide?  4.  How  do  both  befall  and  betide  differ 
from  happen  in  grammatical  construction  ?  5 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  super- 
vene f  6.  Is  (Jranspiye  correctly  used  in  the  sense  of  A«2^/?ew .?  When  may  an 
event  be  properly  said  to  transpire  f 

EXAMPLES. 

Whatever at  all as  it  should. 

Thou  sowest  not  that  body  that  shall  be,  but  bear  grain,  it  may of  wheat, 

or  of  some  other  grain. 

Ill the  graceless  renegade  ! 

It that  a  secret  treaty  had  been  previously  concluded  between  the  powers. 

If  mischief him,  thou  shalt  bring  down  my  gray  hairs  with  sorrow  to  the 

grave. 

HAPPIBfESS  (page  189). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  gratification  f  satisfaction?     2.  What  is  hapinness?     3.  How  does 
happiiiess  differ  from  comfort  ?    4.  How  does  comfort  differ  from  enjoyment  ? 

5.  How  doesjafeaswre  compare  with  comfort  and  enjoyment  ?  with  happiness? 

6.  What  do  gratification  and  satisfaction  express  ?  How  do  ihey  compare 
with  each  other  ?  7.  How  does  happiness  compare  with  gratifcatioti,  satis- 
faction, comfort,  and  pleasure?  with  delight  and  joy  ?  8.  What  is  delight? 
ecstacy?  rapture?    9.  What  is  triumph?  blessedness?  bliss? 

EXAMPLES. 

Sweet  is after  pain. 

Virtue  alone  is below. 

Hope  elevates  and brightens  his  crest. 

The  storm  raged  without,  but  within  the  house  all  was  brightness  and . 

There  is  no so  sweet  and  abiding  as  that  of  doing  good. 

This  is  the  very of  love. 


happy 

hatred  444 


HAPPY  (page  190). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  the  origaial  meaning  of  happy?    With  what  words  is  it  allied  in  this 

sense  ?    2.  lu  what  way  is  7iappy  a  synonym  of  blessed?    3.  What  is  the 

meaning  of  happy  in  its  most  frequent  present  use  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

are  they  that  mourn  for  they  shall  be  comforted. 

To  what accident  is  it  that  we  owe  so  unexpected  a  visit. 

A heart  maketh  a countenance. 

I  would  not  spend  another  such  a  night, 
Tho  'twere  to  buy  a  world  of days. 


HARMO^fY  (page  191). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  W^ii^hanrumy?    2.  How  does  Aarawwy  compare  with  a^^-e^mmi.?    3.  How 
do  concmxl  and  accord  compare  with  harmony  and  with  each  other  ?    4.  What 
is  coitfonnity  ?  congruity  ?  5.  Vi^'haX  is  consisieticy  ?    6.  V^^hai  is  unanimity  f 
7.  How  do  consent  and  concurrence  compare  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

We  have  made  a  covenant  with  death  and  with  hell  are  we  at . 

Tyrants  have  made  desperate  efforts  to  secure  outward in  religious  observ- 
ances without of  religious  belief. 

That  action  and  counteraction  which,  in  the  natural  and  in  the  political  world, 

from  the  reciprocal  struggle  of  discordant  powers   draws  out  the  of  the 

universe. 

The  speaker  was,  by  general ,  allowed  to  proceed. 


HARVEST  (page  192). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  original  meaning  of  harvest  f  its  later  meaning  ?    2.  How  docs  har- 
««<  compare  with  cro/j .?    3.  yN\i&X  is  produce  f    How  does  it  differ  from  j9?'0(^- 
twt?    4.  What  is  the  meaning  of  proceeds?  yield?  return?    5.  Is  harvest 
capable  of  figurative  use,  and  in  what  sense  ?    6.  What  is  the  special  meaning 
of  harvest'home ?  harvest'tide  ?  harvesMime?  ' 
EXAMPLES. 

Just  tickle  the  earth  with  a  hoe,  and  she  laughs  with  an  abundant . 

And  the  ripe of  the  newmown  hay  gives  it  a  sweet  and  wholesome  odor. 

It  soweth  here  with  toil  and  care 

But  the of  love  is  there. 

Of  no  distemper,  of  no  blast  he  died, 

But  fell  like  autumn that  mellowed  long. 


HATREI>  (page  193). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  repugnance  f  aversion  ?    2.  How  does  hatred  compare  with  aversion  as 


.._  have 

445  bealthy 

applied  to  persons  ?  as  applied  to  things  ?  3.  What  is  malice  f  malicjnilyf 
4.  What  is  spite?  5.  What  are  grudge,  resentment,  and  revenge,  and  how  do 
they  compare  with  one  another  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Heaven  has  no like  love  to turned. 

The  slight  put  upon  him  filled  him  with  deep , 

He  ne'er  hore for  stalwart  blow 

Ta'en  in  fair  fight  from  gallant  foe. 
In  all  cases  of  wilful  injury  to  person  or  property,  the  law  presumes . 


I  felt  from  our  first  meeting  an  instinctive for  the  man,  which  on  acquaint- 
ance deepened  into  a  settled . 


HAVE  (page  194). 

Q,UESTIO]SIS. 
To  what  is  have  applied  ?  How  widely  inclusive  a  word  is  it  ?  2.  What  does  -pos- 
sess signify  ?  3,  What  is  to  hold?  to  occupy?  4.  How  does  he  in  possession 
compare  w'lMa.  possess  ?  5.  How  does  own  compare  with  possess  or  with  be  in 
possession  ?  6.  What  is  the  difference  between  the  statement  that  a  man  has 
reason,  and  the  statement  that  he  is  in  possession  of  his  reason  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Son,  thou  art  ever  with  me,  and  all  that  I —  is  thine. 

I  earnestly  entreat  you,  for  your  own  sakes,  to yourselves  of  solid  reasons. 

He  occupies  the  house,  but  does  not it. 


HAZARD  (page  194). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  meaning  of  hazard?    2.  How  does  hazard  compare  with  danger? 
3.  How  do  risk  and  venture  compare  with  chance  and  hazard,  and  with  each 
other?    4.  Ylovf  Ao  accident  a.nA  casualty  diH^t:  "i    5.  y^"\inX  is  &  contingency  ? 
EXAjyiPLES. 

We  must  take  the  current  when  it  serves  or  lose  our . 

I  have  set  my  life  upon  a  cast,  and  I  will  sfamd  the of  tlie  die. 

There  is  no in  doing  known  duty. 

Do  you  think  it  necessary  to  provide  for  every before  taking  the  first  step  ? 


HEALTHY  (page  195). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  healthy?  of  healthful?    Are  the  words  properly  inter- 
changeable ?    2.  What  are  the  chief  synonyms  of  healthy?  of  healthful?    3. 
In  what  sense  is  sahibrious  used,  and  to  what  is  it  applied  ?   4.  To  what  realm 
does  salutary  belong  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

In  books,  or  work,  or play  let  my  first  years  be  passed. 

Blessed  is  the nature;  it  is  the  coherent,  sweetly  cooperative,  not  the  self- 
distracting  one. 


higli  446 

HELP  (page  195). 

QUESTIONS. 

1b  help  or  aid  the  stronger  term  ?  2.  Which  is  used  in  excitement  or  emergency  1 

3.  Does  /lelp  include  aid  or  does  ai(?  include  helpf    4.  Which  implies  the 

seconding  of  another's  exertions  ?    Bo  we  aid  or  help  the  helpless?    5.  How 

do  cooperate  and  assist  differ  ?    6.  To  what  do  encoui'age  and  uphold  refer  ? 

succor  and  support  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  does  not  prevent  a  crime  when  he  can it. 

Know  then  whatever  cheerful  and  serene the  mind the  body  too. 


HERETIC  (page  196). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  heretic?  a  schismatic?    2.  In  what  does  a  heretic  differ  from  his 
church  or  religious  body  ?  a  schismatic  ?    3 .  How  do  a  heretic  and  a  schis- 
matic often  differ  in  action  ?    4 .  How  are  the  terms  dissenter  and  nou'con- 
fo^'mist  usually  applied. 

EXAMPLES. 

A  man  that  is  an ,  after  the  first  and  second  admonition,  reject. 

Churchmen  and alike  resisted  the  tyranny  of  James  II. 


HETEROOEXEOU^  (page  196). 

When  are  substances  heterogeneous  as  regards  each  other  ?  2.  When  is  a  mix- 
ture, as  cement,  said  to  be  heterogeneous?  when  homogeneous?  3.  What  is 
the  special  significance  of  noii'hcyiyiogeneous  ?  4.  How  does  miscellaneous 
differ  from  heterogeneous  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

My  second  son  received  a  sort  of education  at  home. 

Courtier  and  patriot  can  not  mis 

Their politics 

Without  an  effervescence. 


HIDE   (page  197). 

QUESTIONS. 
Which  is  the  most  general  term  of  this  group,  and  what  does  it  signify  ?    2.  Is 
an  object  hidden  by  intention,  or  in  what  other  way  or  ways,  if  any  ?    3. 
Does  ccwcea/ evince  intention?    4.  How  does  secrete  compare  with  conceal? 
How  is  it  chiefly  used  ?    5 .  What  is  it  to  cover?  to  screen ? 
EXAMPLES. 
Men  use  thought  only  as  authority  for  their  injustice,  and  employ  speech  only  to 
—  their  thoughts. 
Ye  little  stars  I  your  diminished  rays. 


HIGH  (page  198). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  kind  of  a  term  is  high  ?    What  does  it  signify  ?    Give  instances  of  the  rela- 


.  .^  hinder 

447  lioly 

tive  use  of  the  word.  2.  How  does  liigh  compare  with  deep?  To  what  ob- 
jects may  these  words  be  severally  applied?  3.  What  is  the  special  signifi- 
cance of  tall  ?  4.  What  element  does  lofty  add  to  the  meaning  of  high  or 
tall  ?  5 .  How  do  elevated  and  eminent  compare  in  the  literal  sense  ?  in  the 
figurative?  6.  How  do  the  words  above  mentioned  compare  with  exaZfeti  / 
7.  What  contrasted  uses  has  high  in  the  figurative  sense  ?  8.  What  is  tower- 
ing in  the  literal,  and  in  the  figurative  sense  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

A  pillar'd  shade, overarched,  and  echoing  walks  between. 

A  daughter  of  the  gods,  divinely and  most  divinely  fair. 

What  is  that  which  the  breeze  on  the •  steep. 

As  it  fitfully  blows,  half  conceals,  half  discloses  ? 
He  knew 
Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the rime. 


HINDER  (page  199). 

QUESTIONS. 

What  is  it  to  hinder?  2.  How  Aoqs  hinder  differ  from  delay?  3.  How  does 
hinder  compare  with  pre-cent?  4.  What  is  the  meaning  of  retard?  5. 
What  is  it  to  obstruct?  to  resist  ?  How  do  these  two  words  compare  with  each 
other  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

the  Devil,  and  he  will  flee  from  you. 

My  tears  must  stop,  for  every  drop 

my  needle  and  thread. 

It  is  the  study  of  mankind  to that  advance  of  age  or  death  which  can  not 


be 


HISTORY  (page  200). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  history  ?    How  does  it  relate  events  ?    To  what  class  of  events  does  it 
apply  ?    2.  How  does  histoi-y  differ  from  annals  or  chronicles  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Happy  the  peopie  whose are  dulled. 

is  little  else  than  a  picture  of  human  crimes  and  misfortunes. 

is  philosophy  teaching  by  example. 


HOLY  (page  200). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  sacrefZ.?   2.  How  does  it  compare  with  Ao/y .?    3.  Which 
term  do  we  apply  directly  to  God  ?    4.  In  what  sense  is  divine  loosely  used  ? 
What  is  its  more  appropriate  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The time  is  quiet  as  a  nun  breathless  with  adoration. 

A burden  is  this  life  ye  bear. 

All  sects  and  churches  of  Christendom  hold  to  some  form  of  the  doctrine  of  the 
inspiration  of  the  Christian  Scriptures. 


home  MMo 

hunt  ^**9 

HOUE  (page  301). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  general  sense  of  abode,  divelling,  and  habitation?    What  difference 
is  there  in  the  use  of  these  words  ?    2.  From  what  language  is  kome  derived  ? 
What  is  its  distinctive  meaning  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

An giddy  and  unsure 

Hath  he  that  buildeth  on  the  vulgar  heart. 

The  attempt  to  abolish  the  ideal  woman  and  keep  the  ideal  is  a  predes- 
tinated fiiilure. 

A  house  without  love  may  be  a  castle  or  a  palace,  but  it  is  not  a . 

Love  is  the  life  of  a  true . 


HO?fEST  (page  202). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  honest  in  ordinary  use  ?    2.  What  is  the  meaning  of 
honorable?    3.  How  will  the  merely /i0?i€5);  and  the  iv\\\Y  honorable  man  dif- 
fer in  action?    4.  What  is  /jo«fts<  in  the  highest  and  fullest  sense  ?    How,  in 
this  sense,  does  it  differ  from  honorable  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

labor  bears  a  lovely  face. 

An man's  the  noblest  work  of  God. 

No  form  of  pure,  undisguised  murder  will  be  any  longer  allowed  to  confoond 
itself  with  the  necessities  of warfare. 


HORIZOAfTAL  (page  202). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  horizontal  signify  ?     How  does  it  compare  with  levelf     2.  From 
what  language  is  flat  derived?    3.  What  is  its  original  meaning?  its  most 
common  present  sense  ?    In  what  derived  sense  is  it  often  used  ?    4.  What 
are  the  senses  of  plain  and  plane  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Sun  and  moon  were  in  the sea  sunk. 

Ample  spaces  o'er  the  smooth  and pavement. 

The  prominent  lines  in  Greek  architecture  were ,  and  not  vertical. 


HUBJT  (page  203). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  hunt?    2.  For  what  is  a  chase  or  pursuit  conducted  ?  a  search?    3. 
What  does  hunt  ordinarily  include  ?    4.  Is  it  correct  to  use  hi/nt  when  search 
only  is  contemplated  ?    5.  How  are  these  words  used  in  the  figurative  senses  ? 


bypocrisy 
449  Idea 


EXAMPLES. 

Among  the  inalienable   rights  of   man    arc    life,  liberty,  and  the  of 

happiness. 

All  things  have  an  end,  and  so  did  our for  lodgings. 

The formed  the  principal  amusement  of  our  Norman  kings,  who  for  that 

purpose  retained  in  their  possession  forests  in  every  part  of  the  kingdom. 

The is  up,  but  they  shall  know 

The  stag  at  bay's  a  dangerous  foe. 


HYPOCRISY  (page  304). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  From  what  language  is  pretense  derived,  and  what  does  it  signify  ?    2.  What  is 

hyijocrisy  f     3.  What  is  cant?  sanctimoniousness?    4.  What  is  pietism? 

formalism  ?  sham  ?    5 .  How  does  affectation  compare  with  hypocrisT/  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Let  not  the  Trojans,  with  a  feigned of  proffered  peace,  delude  the  Latian 

prince. 

is  a  fawning  and  flexible  art,  which  accommodates  itself  to  human  feel- 
ings, and  flatters  the  weakness  of  men  in  order  that  it  may  gain  its  own  ends. 


HYPOCRITE  (page  204). 

QUESTIONS. 

1,  From  what  language  is  hypocrite  derived?    What  is  its  primary  meaning  ?    2. 

What  common  term  includes  the  other  words  of  the  group?    3.  How  are 

hypocrite  and  dissembler  contrasted  with  each  other  ?    4.  What  element  is 

common  to  the  cheat  and  the  impostor  ?    How  do  the  two  compare  with  each 

other  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

It  is  the  weakest  sort  of  politicians  that  are  the  greatest . 

I  dare  swear  he  is  no but  prays  from  his  heart. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. ,  an ,  named  Perkin  Warbeck,  laid  claim  to  the 

English  crown.  

HYPOTHESIS  (page  205). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  hypothesis?    What  is  its  use  in  scientific  investigation  and  study  ?    2. 
What  is  a  guess?  a  conjecture?  a  supposition?  a  surmise?    3.  What  impli- 
cation does  surmise  ordinarily  convey?    What  is  a  theoi^j?  a  scheme?  a 
speculation  ?    How  do  they  differ  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

,  fancies,  built  on  nothing  firm. 

There  are  no  other  limits  to —  than  those  of  the  human  mind. 

The  development ,  tho  widely  accepted  by  men  of  science  fails  of  proof  at 

many  important  points.  


IDEA  (page  206). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  From  what  language  is  idea  derived,  and  what  did  it  originally  mean  ?    2.  What 
29 


Ideal  MHA 

Ignorant  ^oV 

did  idea  signify  in  early  philosophical  use  ?    3 .  What  is  its  present  popular 
use,  and  with  what  words  is  it  now  synonymous  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

All  rests  with  those  who  read.    A  work  or 

Is  what  each  makes  it  to  himself. 

He  who  comes  up  to  his  own of  greatness  must  always  have  had  a  very 

low  standard  of  it  in  his  mind.  

IDEAT^  (page  206). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  an  ideal?    2.  What  is  an  archetype  f  a  prototype?    3.  Can  a  p7vto- 

typehe  equivalent  to  an  archetype?    4.  Is  an  ideal  primal,  or  the  result  of 

development?    5.  What  is  an  oricfmal?    6.  What  is  the  standard?    How 

does  it  compare  with  the  ideal?    7.  How  are  idea  and  ideal  contrasted  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Be  a to  others  and  then  all  will  go  well. 

The  mind's  the of  the  man. 

Every  man  has  at  times  in  his  mind  the of  what  he  should  be,  but  is  not. 


IDIOCY  (page  207). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  idiocy?    2.  What  is  irnbecility  ?    How  does  it  compare  with  idiocy? 
3.  How  does  insanity  differ  from  idiocy  or  imbecility  ?    4.  How  do  folly  and 
foolishness  com^ai-Q  wiVa  idiocy ?    5.  WhaXis fatuity ?  stupidity? 
EXAMPLES. 

Where  ignorance  is  bliss,  'tis to  be  wise. 

To  expect  an  effect  without  a  cause,  or  attainment  without  application,  is  little 
less  than . 

IDLE  (page  208). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  language  is  idle  derived,  and  what  is  its  original  meaning  ?  2.  What 
does  idle  in  present  use  properly  denote  ?  Does  it  necessarily  denote  the  ab- 
sence of  all  action?  3.  What  does  lazy  signify?  How  does  it  differ  from 
idle?  4.  What  does  inert  signify?  sluggish?  5.  In  what  realm  does 
slothful  belong,  and  what  does  it  denote  ?  6.  How  does  indolent  compare 
vi\t\x  slothful? 

EXAMPLES. 

The stream  was  covered  with  a  green  scum. 

Never a  moment,  but  thrifty  and  thoughtful  of  others. 

As  the  door  turneth  upon  his  hinges,  so  doth  the turn  upon  his  bed. 


lOKORANT  (page  208). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  does  ignorant  signify  ?    How  wide  is  its  range  ?    2.  What  is  the  meaning 
of  illiterate  ?    3.  How  does  unlettered  compare  with  illitei'ate? 
EXAMPLES. 

So  foolish  was  I  and ;  I  was  as  a  beast  before  thee. 

A  boy  is  better  unborn  than , 


..^  Imagination 

4iOl  luimersc 


IMAGiafATION  (page  209). 

QUESTIONS. 
Into  what  two  parts  was  imagination  divided  in  the  old  psychology  ?  2.  What 
name  is  now  preferably  given  to  the  so=called  reproductive  imagination  by 
President  Porter  and  others?  3.  What  is  fantasy  ot  phantasy ?  In  what 
mental  actions  is  it  manifested  ?  4.  What  is /a«<a^«y  in  ordinary  usage  ?  5. 
How  is  imagination  Ae&aeCi^  fancy?  6.  To  what  faculty  of  the  mind  do 
both  of  these  activities  or  powers  belong  ?  7.  In  what  other  respects  do 
bnagination  waA  fancy  agree  ?  What  is  the  one  great  distinction  between  them  ? 
How  do  they  respectively  treat  the  material  objects  or  images  with  which 
they  deal  ?  Which  power  finds  use  in  philosophy,  science,  and  mechanical 
invention,  and  how  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

While ,  like  the  finger  of  a  clock, 

Euns  the  great  circuit,  and  is  still  at  home. 

And  as bodies  forth 

The  forms  of  things  unknown,  the  poet's  pen 

Toms  them  to  shapes,  and  gives  to  ahy  nothing 

A  local  habitation  and  a  name. 


IMMEDIATELY  (page  211). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  iB  the  primary  meaning  of  immediately?    Its  meaning  as  an  adverb  of 
time?    2.  What  did  6i/ «nc^  %  formerly  signify  ?    What  is  its  present  meaning? 

3.  What  did  directly  formerly  signify,  and  what  does  it  now  commonly  mean  ? 

4.  What  change  has  pre«eM%  undergone  ?    5.  Is  i'»»'«ec?iafe/y  losing  anything 
of  its  force.?    What  words  now  seem  more  emphatic  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Nothing  is  there  to  come,  and  nothing  past, 

But  an  eternal does  always  last. 

Let  us  go  np ,  and  possess  it ;  for  we  are  well  able  to  overcome  it. 

Obey  me 1  

inHERSE  (page  212). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Prom  what  language  is  dip  derived  ?  from  what  immerse?  2.  How  do  the  two 
words  differ  in  dignity  ?  How  as  to  the  completeness  of  the  action  ?  How  as 
to  the  continuance  of  the  object  in  or  under  the  liquid  ?  3.  Which  word  is 
preferably  used  as  to  the  rite  of  baptism  ?  4.  What  does  swSjJierg'e  imply  ?  5. 
What  are  douse  and  duck?  6.  What  special  sense  has  dip  which  the  other 
words  do  not  share  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Trust  no  Future,  howe'er  pleasant  1 

Let  the  dead  Past its  dead. 

The  ships  of  war,  Congress  and  Cumberland,  were —  by  the  Merrimac. 

When  food  can  not  be  Bwallowed,  life  may  be  prolonged  by the  body  in 

nutritive  fluids. 


iminlnent  j<-o 

Incongruous  ^i*,* 

IMMIXEI^T  (page  213). 

QUESTIONS. 
From  what  language  is  imminent  derived  and  with  what  primary  sense  ?  im- 
pending?   2.  How  do  imminent  and  impending  difter  in  present  use?    3. 
How  does  threatening  differ  from  the  two  words  above  given  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

And  nodding  Ilium  waits  the fall. 

And  these  she  does  apply  for  warnings,  portents, 
And  evils . 


OIPEDIMEJ^T  (page  213). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  impediment  primarily  signify  ?  obstacle  f  obstt^ctionf  2.  How  does 
obstacle  differ  from  obstruction  f  3.  What  is  a  hindrance  f  4.  Is  an  impedi- 
ment what  one  finds  or  what  he  carries  ?  Is  it  momentary  or  constant  ?  What 
did  the  Latin  Mwj9«<^i?«eMte  signify  ?  5.  What  is  an  e?i«/m5rawc« .?  How  does 
it  differ  from  an  obstacle  or  obstruction?  6.  Is  a  difficulty  within  one  or 
without  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Something  between  a and  a  help. 

Thus  far  into  the  bowels  of  the  land 

Have  we  march'd  without . 

Demosthenes  became  the  foremost  orator  of  the  world  in  spite  of  an in 

Ms  speech. 

8  overcome  are  the  stepping-stones  by  which  great  men  rise. 


IMPUDENCE  (page  213). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  does  impertinence  primarily  denote  ?    What  is  its  common  acceptation  ? 
2.  Whut  is  impudence  ?  insolence?    3.  'Whui  is,  offidousness  ?  4.  What  does 

rudeness  suggest  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

With  matchless they  style  a  wife 

The  dear«bought  curse,  and  lawful  plague  of  life. 

It  is  better  not  to  turn  friendship  into  a  system  of  lawful  and  unpunishable 

A  certain  class  of  il)»natured  people  mistake for  frankness. 


INCONGRIJOIJS  (page  214). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  When  are  things  said  to  be  incongruous?  2.  To  what  is  discordant  applied? 
inharmonious  ?  3 .  What  does  iiicompatible  signify  ?  When  are  things  said 
to  he.  incompatible  ?  4.  To  what  does  inconsistent  apply?  5.  What  illustra- 
tions of  the  uses  of  these  words  are  given  in  the  text  ?  6.  What  is  the  meaning 
of  incommensurable  ? 


induction 
453  infinite 


EXAMPLES. 

No  solitude  is  so  solitary  as  that  of companionship. 

I  hear  a  strain as  a  merry  dirge,  or  sacramental  bacchanal  might  be. 


IXDIJCTION  (page  315). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  deduction?  induction?    2.  What  is  the  proof  of  an  induction?    3. 
What  process  is  ordinarily  followed  in  what  is  known  as  scientific  induction  ? 
4.  How  do  deduction  and  induction  compare  as  to  the  certainty  of  the  conclu- 
sion ?    5.  How  does  an  induction  compare  with  an  inference? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  longer  one  studies  a  vast  subject  the  more  cautious  in he  becomes. 

Perhaps  the  widest  and  best  known of  Biology,  is  that  organisms  grow. 


IIVDUSTRIOUS  (page  315). 

QUESTIONS. 
How  does  husy  differ  from  industHous?    2.  What  is  the  implication  if  we  say 
one  is  industrious  just  now  ?    3.    What  does  diligent  add  to  the  meaning  of 
industrious  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Look  cheerfully  upon  me, 

Here,  love;  thou  see'st  how I  am. 

The have  no  time  for  tears. 


INDUSTRY  (page  316). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  industry?  2.  What  does  assic^wiiy  signify  as  indicated  by  its  etymol- 
ogy ?  diligence?  3.  How  does  application  compare  with  assiduity?  4. 
'WhaXisconstancy?  patience?  ijerseverance?  5.  VvYi&i  \& persistence ?  What 
implication  does  it  frequently  convey  ?  6.  How  does  industry  compare  with 
diligence?    7.  To  what  do  labor  and pai7is  especially  refer  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Honors  come  by ;  riches  spring  from  economy. 

'Tis supports  us  all. 

There  is  no  success  in  study  without  close,  continuous,  and  intense . 

His in  wickedness  would  have  won  him  enduring  honor  if  it  had  taken  the 

form  of in  a  better  cause. 


INFINITE   (page  316). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  language  is  injinite  derived,  and  with  what  meaning  ?    To  what  may 
it  be  applied  ?    2.  How  do  countless,  innumerable,  and  numberless  compare 
with  infinite^    3.  What  is  the  use  of  boundless,  illimitable,  limitless,  meas- 


influence  _ 

Injury  454 

ureless,  and  unlimited P     4.   What  are  the  dimensions  of  infinite  space? 
What  is  the  duration  of  infinite  time  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

My  bounty  is  as as  the  sea,  my  love  as  deep,  the  more  I  give  to  thee,  the 

more  I  have,  for  both  are . 

Man's  inhumanity  to  man  makes thousands  mourn. 


IBfFL.lJEBfCE  (page  217). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  it  to  infiuence?  is  one  infiuenced  by  external  or  internal  force  ?  2.  To 
what  kind  of  power  does  actuate  refer  ?  Does  one  person  actuate  or  infiuence 
another  ?  3.  What  do  prompt  and  stir  imply  ?  4.  What  is  it  to  excite?  5. 
What  do  incite  and  instigate  signify  ?  How  do  these  two  words  differ  ?  6. 
What  do  urge  and  impel  imply  ?  How  do  they  differ  in  the  source  of  the 
power  exerted  ?  7.  What  do  drive  and  compel  imply,  and  how  do  these  two 
words  compare  with  each  other  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  was by  his  own  violent  passions  to  desperate  crime. 

And  well  she  can . 

Fine  thoughts  are  wealth,  for  the  right  use  of  which 
Men  are  and  ought  to  be  accountable. 
If  not  to  Thee,  to  those  they . 


IBffHEREBfT  (page  318). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  inherent  signify  ?  2.  To  what  realm  of  thought  does  immanent  be- 
long ?  What  does  it  signify  f  How  does  it  differ  from  inherent  ?  Which  is 
applied  to  the  Divine  Being  ?  3.  To  what  do  congenital,  innate,  and  intjorn 
apply  as  distinguished  from  inherent  and  intrinsic?  4.  With  what  special 
reference  does  congenital  occur  in  medical  and  legal  use?  5.  What  is  the 
difference  in  use  between  innate  and  inborn  f  6.  What  does  inbred  add  to 
the  sense  of  innate  or  inborn?  7.  What  is  ingrained? 
EXAMPLES. 

An power  in  the  life  of  the  world. 

All  men  have  an right  to  life,  liberty,  and  protection. 

He  evinced  an stupidity  that  seemed  almost  tantamount  to idiocy. 

Many  philosophers  hold  that  God  is in  nature. 

Any  stable  currency  must  be  founded  at  last  upon  something,  as  gold  or  silver, 

that  has value. 

The  wrongs  and  abuses  which  are in  the  very  structure  and  constitution 

of  society  as  it  now  exists  throughout  Christendom. 


INJURY  (page  219). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  From  what  language  is  injury  derived  ?    What  is  its  primary  meaning  ?     Its 


Msa  Injustice 

'**'*'  Inquisitive 


derived  meaning?  2.  How  inclusive  a  word  is  hijunj?  3.  From  what  is 
damage  derived,  and  with  what  original  sense  ?  detriment  ?  How  do  these 
words  compare  in  actual  use  ?  4 .  How  does  damage  compare  with  logs  f 
How  can  a  loss  be  said  to  be  partial  ?  5.  What  is  evil,  and  with  what  frequent 
suggestion?  6.  What  is  harm?  hurt?  How  do  these  words  compare  with 
injury?  7.  What  is  mischief?  How  caused,  and  with  v/hat  intent  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Nothing  can  work  me ,  except  myself;  the that  I  sustain  I  carry 

about  with  me,  and  never  am  a  real  sufferer  but  by  my  own  fault. 
Hippolyta,  I  woo'd  thee  with  my  sword. 
And  won  thy  love,  doing  thee . 


INJUSTICE  (page  220). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  in/ws<«ce .?    2.  How  does  ;<'?'o?;gr  differ  from  i^y'Ms^tce  in  legal  use  ?   How 
in  popular  use?    3.  What  is  iniquity  in  the  legal  sense?  in  the  common 
sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

War  in  men's  eyes  shall  be  a  monster  of . 

No  man  can  mortgage  his as  a  pawn  for  his  fidelity. 

Such  an  act  is  an upon  humanity. 


IN:\0CEKT   (page  220). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  innocent  in  the  full  sense  signify?  2.  Is  Innocerd  positive  or  nega- 
tive ?  How  does  it  compare  with  righteous,  upright,  or  virtuous?  3.  In  what 
two  applications  may  immaculate,  pure,  and  sirdess  be  used  ?  4.  W^ith  what 
limited  sense  is  innocent  used  of  moral  beings  ?  5 .  In  what  sense  is  innocent 
applied  to  inanimate  substances  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

They  are  as as  grace  itself. 

For  blessings  ever  wait  on deeds, 

And  tho  a  late,  a  sure  reward  succeeds. 

The  wicked  flee  where  no  man  pursueth,  but  the are  bold  as  a  lion. 

A  daughter,  and  a  goodly  babe  ; 
the  queen  receives 
Much  comfort  in't :  says,  My  poor  prisoner, 
lam as  you. 


IXqiJISITIVE  (page  221). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  are  the  characteristics  of  an  inquisitive  person  ?    2.  Is  inquisitive  ever 
used  in  a  good  sense  ?    What,  in  that  sense,  is  ordinarily  preferred  ?    3,  What 
does  curious  signify,  and  how  does  it  differ  from  inquisitive? 


Insanity 
journey 


456 


EXAMPLES. 

His  was  an  anxiously mind,  a  scrupulously  conscientious  heart. 

Adrian  was  tlie  most man  that  ever  lived,  and  the  most  universal  inquirer. 

I  am to  know  the  cause  of  this  sudden  change  of  purpose. 


IXSANITY  (page  331). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  insanity  in  the  widest  sense  ?  in  its  restricted  use  ?  Which  use  is  the 
more  frequent  ?  2.  From  what  is  lunacy  derived  ?  What  did  it  originally  im- 
ply ?  In  what  sense  is  it  now  used  ?  3.  What  is  madness  ?  4.  What  is 
derangement  f  delirimn?  5.  What  is  the  specific  meaning  of  dementia? 
6.  What  is  aberration  ?  7.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  hallucination? 
8.  Whut  16  monomania  ?  9.  Wha.t  are  frenzy  wad  mania  F 
EXAMPLES. 

Go— you  may  call  it ,  folly— you  shall  not  chase  my  gloom  away. 

All  power  of  fancy  over  reason  is  a  degree  of . 


INTERPOSE  (page  328). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  it  to  interpose  ?   2.  How  does  intercede  differ  from  intet^se  ?   3 .  What 
is  it  to  intermeddle  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  meddle  ?  from  interfere  f    4. 
What  do  arbitrate  and  mediate  involve  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Dion,  his  brother, for  him  and  his  life  was  saved. 

Nature  has a  natural  barrier  between  England  and  the  continent. 


INVOEVE  (page  223). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  From  what  language  is  iwwtee  derived,  and  with  what  primary  meaning?     2. 
How  does  involve  compare  with  implicate  ?    3 .  Are  these  words  used  in  the  fa- 
vorable or  the  unfavorable  sense  f    4.  As  regards  results  what  is  the  difference 
between  include^  imply,  and  involve  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Rocks  may  be  squeezed  into  new  forms,  bent,  contorted,  and . 

An  oyster=shell  sometimes a  pearl. 

in  other  men's  affairs,  he  went  down  to  their  ruin. 


JOURNEY  (page  223). 

QUESTIONS. 

From  what  language  is  journey  derived  ?    What  is  its  primary  meaning  ?    Its 

present  meaning  ?    2.  What  is  travel  ?    How  does  it  differ  {rom  journey  ?    3. 

What  was  the  former  meaning  of  voyage  ?  its  present  meaning  ?    4.  What  is 

a,  trip?  a  tour?    5.  What  is  the  meaning  and  common  use  of  passage?  of 


457 


Indge 
Keep 


transit f    6.  What  is  the  original  meaning  of  pilgrimage?    How  is  it  now 

used? 

EXAMPLES. 

•  makes  all  men  countrymen. 


All  the of  their  life  is  bound  in  shallows  and  in  miseries. 

It  were  a like  the  path  to  heaven, 

To  help  you  find  them. 


JIJDOE  (page  224). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  Si  judge  in  the  legal  sense  ?  2.  What  other  senses  has  the  wordjudge  iu 
common  use  ?  3.  What  is  a  referee,  and  how  appointed  ?  an  arUti^ator  f  4. 
What  is  the  popular  sense  of  umpire?  the  legal  sense  ?  5.  What  is  the  pres- 
ent use  of  arbiter?  6.  What  are  the  judges  of  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  officially  called  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  end  crowns  all, 

And  that  old  common ,  Time, 

Will  one  day  end  it. 

A  man  who  is  no of  law  may  be  a  good of  poetry. 

The is  only  the  mouth  of  law,  and  the  magistrate  who  punishes  is  only 

the  hand. 

JUSTICE  (page  225). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  justice  in  governmental  relations  ?  in  social  and  personal  relations  ?  iu 
matters  of  reasoning  or  literary  treatment  ?  2.  To  what  do  ititegrity,  recti- 
tude, light,  righteousness,  and  virtue  apply  ?  What  do  all  these  include  ?  3. 
What  two  contrasted  senses  has  lawfulness?  4.  To  what  does  justness  refer, 
and  in  what  sense  is  it  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

exalteth  a  nation. 

of  life  is  fame's  best  friend. 

He  shall  have  merely ,  and  his  bond. 


KEEP  (page  226). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 ,  What  is  the  general  meaning  of  keep  ?    2.  How  does  keep  compare  with  preserve  ? 

fulfil?  maintain?    3.  What  does  keep  imply  when  used  as  a  synonym  of 

guard  or  defend  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

These  make  and the  balance  of  the  mind. 

The  good  old  rule 

Sufflceth  them, — the  simple  plan. 

That  they  should  take  who  have  the  power 

And  they  should who  can. 

thy  shop,  and  thy  shop  will thee. 


kill 

language  45S 

KILL  (page  326). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,  What  is  it  to  Tcillf  2.  To  what  are  assassinate,  execute,  and  murder  restricted  ? 
3.  What  is  the  specific  meaning  of  murder?  exeaitef  assassinate?  To  what 
class  of  persons  is  the  latter  word  ordinarily  applied  ?  4.  What  is  it  to  slay  ? 
5.  To  what  is  massacre  limited  ?  With  what  special  meaning  is  it  used  ?  6. 
To  what  do  butcher  and  slaughter  primarily  apply  ?  What  is  the  sense  of  each 
when  so  used  ?  7.  What  is  it  to  despatch? 
EXAMPLES. 

To  look  into  her  eyes  was  to doubt. 

Two  presidents  of  the  United  States  have  'been  . 

Hamilton  was in  a  duel  by  Aaron  Burr. 

The  place  was  carried  by  storm,  and  the  inhabitants without  distinction  of 

age  or  sex. 

KIX  (page  327). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  land  compare  with  kin?    2.  -What  do  Tdn  and  kindred  denote  ?    3. 
What  is  affinity?    How  does  it  differ  from  consanguinity  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
A  little  more  than ,  and  less  than . 


He  held  his  seat, — a  friend  to  the  human 


The  patient  bride,  a  little  sad, 
Leaving  of  home  and , 


KNOWLEDOE  (page  237). 

QUESTIONS. 
'Wa&'iSs,  knowledge?    How  does  it  differ  from  M)/o?7«a;'iow?    2.  WhoiSsjiercep- 
tion?  apprehension?  cognizance?    3.  What  is  intuition?   4.  What  is  ex- 
penerxe,  and  how  does  it  differ  tiom  intuition  ?    5.  What  ia  learning  ?  eru- 
dition ? 

EXAMPLES. 

comes,  but  wisdom  lingers. 

The  child  is  continually  seeking ;  hence  his  endless  questions. 

'  Tis  the  sunset  of  life  gives  me  mystical , 

And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before. 
8  lie  at  the  very  foundation  of  all  reasoning. 


L.ABfGUA«E  (page  338). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  derivation  of  language  ?  What  was  its  original  signification  ?  How 
wide  is  its  present  meaning  ?  2.  As  regards  the  nse  of  words,  what  does  lan- 
guage denote  in  the  general  and  in  the  restricted  sense  ?  3.  What  does  speech 
always  involve  ?  4.  Can  we  speak  of  the  speech  of  animals  ?  of  their  lan- 
guage? 5.  What  is  a  dialect?  a  barbai-ism?  an  idiom?  6.  What  is  a  patois? 
How  does  it  differ  from  a  dialect?    7.  What  is  a  vernacular? 


•  /-rt  large 

459  law 


EXAMPLES. 
"We  must  be  free  or  die,  who  speak  the  ■ 


That  Shakespeare  spake :  the  faith  and  morals  hold 
Which  Milton  held. 
■  is  great;  but  silence  is  greater. 

An  infant  crying  in  the  night, 
An  infant  crying  for  the  light, 

And  with  no but  a  cry. 

Thought  leapt  out  to  wed  with  Thought, 

Ere  Thought  could  wed  itself  with . 

A  Babylonish 

Which  learned  pedants  much  affect. 
O  1  good,  my  lord,  no  Latin; 
I'm  not  such  a  truant  since  my  coming 
As  not  to  know  the" I  have  lived  in. 


LARGE  (page  229). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  To  how  many  dimensions  does  large  apply  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  long?    2. 

How  does  large  compare  with  g}-ea(  ?  with  big  f 

EXAMPLES. 

Courage,  the  mighty  attribute  of  powers  above. 

By  which  those in  war,  are in  love. 

Everything  is  twice  as measured  on  a  threeeyear=old's  three»foot  scale  as 

on  a  thirty^yeareold's  six-foot  scale. 

And  his manly  voice, 

Tiiming  again  toward  childish  treble, 
Pipes  and  whistles  in  its  sound. 


L.A W  (page  229). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  definition  of  law  in  its  ideal  ?   What  does  it  signify  in  common  use  ? 

2.  What  are  the  characteristics  of  command  and  commandment  f  of  an  edict  f 

3.  What  is  a  mawctofe .?  a  statute?  an  enactment?  4.  In  what  special  con- 
nection is,  formula  commonly  used?  ordinance?  order?  5.  What  is  the 
meaning  of  law  in  such  an  expression  as  "  the  laivs  of  nature  ? "  What  in 
more  strictly  scientific  use  ?  6.  What  is  a. code?  jurisprudence?  legislation? 
What  is  an  ecoruomrj  ?  Is  law  ever  a  synonym  for  these  words,  and  in  what 
way? 

EXAMPLES. 

Order  is  Heaven's  first ;  and  this  confest, 

Some  are,  and  must  be,  greater  than  the  rest. 

Those  he  commands  move  only  in , 

Nothing  in  love. 
His  fair  large  front  and  eye  sublime  declared 

Absolute . 

We  have  strict ,  and  most  biting , 

Napoleon  gave  France  the  best of she  has  ever  possessed. 


liberty 

liglit  460 


is  physical,  established  sequence;  intellectual,  a  condition  of  intellectual 

action  in  order  that  truth  may  be  reached;  and  moral,  an  imperative  which  deter- 
mines the  right  guidance  of  our  higher  life. 


LIBERTY  (page  230). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  freedom?  2.  What  is  liberty  in  the  primary  sense?  in  the  widest 
sense  ?  3.  How  do  freedom  and  liberty  compare  ?  4.  IIow  is  independence 
used  in  distinction  from  freedom  and  liberty?  5.  Is  freedom  or  liberty  more 
freely  used  in  a  figurative  sense  ?  6.  What  is  license?  How  does  it  compare 
with  liberty  and  freedom? 

EXAMPLES. 

In  Rousseau's  philosophy is  conceived  of  as  lawlessness. 

When from  her  mountain^height 

Unfurled  her  standard  to  the  air, 
She  tore  the  azure  robe  of  night. 
And  set  the  stars  of  glory  there. 

The to  go  higher  than  we  are  is  given  only  when  we  have  fulfilled  amply 

the  duty  of  our  present  sphere. 

they  mean  when  they  cry ! 

For  who  loves  that  must  first  be  wise  and  good. 


LIGHT  (page  231). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  light  ?  2 .  What  are  the  characteristics  of  aflame  ?  a  blaze  ?  3 .  What  is  a 
flare  ?  a.  flash  ?  4 .  What  is  the  sense  of  glare  and  gloiv  ?  How  do  they  differ,  and 
to  what  are  they  applied  ?  5.  To  what  do  shine  and  sheen,  refer  ?  6.  What  do 
glimmer,  glitter,  and  shimmer  denote  ?  7.  What  is  gleam  ?  a  glitter  f  a  spar- 
kle? glistening?  8.  Wliat  is  scintillation?  in  what  two  senses  used  ?  9.  To 
vfhat  are  twinkle  and  twinkling  aT;)f\ied  7  10.  What  ib  illumination  ?  incan- 
descence ? 

EXAMPLES. 

From  a  little  spark  may  burst  a  mighty . 

A as  of  another  life,  my  kindling  soul  received. 

It  is ,  that  enables  us  to  see  the  differences  between  things;  and  it  is  Christ 

that  gives  us . 

White  with  the  whiteness  of  the  snow, 

Pink  with  faintest  rosy , 

They  blossom  on  their  sprays, 

Ghastly  in  the of  day. 

•  in  golden  coats  like  images, 


So a  good  deed  in  a  naughty  world, 

There's  but  the of  a  star 

Between  a  man  of  peace  and  war. 


.«-  listen 

461  load 

LISTEN  (page  233). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does /tear  signify  ?    What  does  listen  add  to  the  meaning  of  hear?    2. 
What  does  attend  add  to  the  meaning  of  listen?    3.  Wliat  does  heed  further 
imply  ?    4.  What  is  the  difference  between  listen  fm'  and  listen  to? 
EXAMPLES. 

And !  how  blithe  the  throstle  sings  ! 

He,  too,  is  no  mean  preacher : 

Till  I and 

If  a  step  draweth  near. 
Chill  airs  and  wintry  winds  !  my  ear 
Has  grown  familiar  with  your  song; 

I it  in  the  opening  year, 

I and  it  cheers  me  long. 

,  every  one 

That may,  unto  a  tale 

That's  merrier  than  the  nightingale. 

The  men  lay  silent  in  the  tall  grass for  the  signal  gun  that  should  bid 

them  rise  and  charge. 


I.ITERATIJRE  (page  233). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  literature  in  the  most  general  sense.     In  more  limited  sense?     2. 
What  does  literature^  used  absolutely,  denote  ?    3.  How  may  literature  include 
science ?    How  is  it  ordinarily  contrasted  with  science? 

EXAMPLES. 

Wherever consoles  sorrow  or  assuages  pain;  wherever  it  brings  gladness 

to  eyes  which  fail  with  wakefulness  and  tears— there  is  exhibited  in  its  noblest  form 
the  immortal  influence  of  Athens. 

are  life=long  friends. 

are  embalmed  minds. 

In  our  own  language  we  have  a nowhere  surpassed,  in  whose  lock  no  for- 
eign key  will  ever  rust. 


EOAD  (page  233). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  language  is  hxirden  derived,  and  with  what  primary  meaning  ?  load? 

2.  What  docs  weight  signify  ?    How  does  it  compare  with  load  and  burden? 

3.  What  are  cargo,  freight,  and  lading?    4.  What  is  the  distinctive  sense  of 
pack  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Bear  ye  one  another's . 

Wearing  all  that 

Of  learning  lightly  like  a  flower. 
The  ass  will  carry  his ,  but  not  a  double . 


look  ^^~ 

make  4toa 


LOOK  (page  234). 

QUESTIONS. 

Wliat  is  the  distinction  between  look  and  see  ?  between  these  words  and  behold  f 
2.  What  is  it  to  gaze?  to  glance?  to  stare?    3.  What  do  scan,  inspect,  and 
survey  respectively  express,  and  how  are  they  distinguished  from  one  another  ? 
4.  What  element  or  elements  does  watch  add  to  the  meaning  of  look? 
EXAMPLES. 

It  is  always  well  to at  people  when  addressing  them. 

Having  eyes  they not,  and  having  ears  hear  not. 

Then  gently your  brother  man, 

Still  gentler  sister  woman; 
Tho'  they  may  gang  a  kennin  wrang. 
To  step  aside  is  human. 

My  soul  waiteth  for  the  Lord  more  than  they  that for  the  morning. 

How  peacefully  the  broad  and  golden  moon 

Comes  up  to upon  the  reaper's  toUl 

I  am  monarch  of  all  I , 

My  right  there  is  none  to  dispute; 
Prom  the  center  all  round  to  the  sea, 
I  am  lord  of  the  fowl  and  the  brute. 

But, ,  the  morn  in  russet  mantle  clad. 

Walks  o'er  the  dew  of  yon  high  eastern  hill. 


LOVE  (page  235). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  affection?    2.  What  may  be  given  as  a  brief  definition  of  love?    3. 
Does  affection  apply  to  persons  or  things  ?  To  what  does  love  apply  ?  4.  What 
term  is  preferable  to  love  as  applying  to  articles  of  food  and  the  like  ?  5 .  How 
does  love  differ  from  affection  ?  from,  friendship  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Peace,  commerce,  and  honest with  all  nations  help  to  form  the  bright  con- 
stellation which  has  gone  before  us. 

And  you  must  love  him  ere  to  you  he  will  seem  worthy  of  your • 

Yet  pity  for  a  horse  o'erdriven 

And in  which  my  hound  has  part 

Can  hang  no  weight  upon  my  heart. 
In  its  assumptions  up  to  heaven. 

Such and  unbroken  faith 

As  temper  life's  worst  bitterness. 


MAKE  (page  236), 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  essential  idea  of  maA-e .?    2.  How  is  make  allied  with  create?    3. 
How  is  make  allied  with  compose  or  constitute  ?    4.  What  are  some  chief  anto- 
nyms for  maJce  ?     5 .  What  are  the  prepositions  chiefly  used  <vith  make,  and 
how  employed  ? 


_  marriage 

^o*  massacre 


EXAMPLES. 

In  the  beginning  God the  heaven  and  the  earth. 

The  mason ,  the  architect . 

I  assert  confidently  that  it  is  in  the  power  of  one  American  mother  to  • 
many  gentlemen  as  she  has  sons. 

Newton  discovered,  but  did  not the  law  of  gravitation. 


The  river  flows  over  a  bed  of  pebbles  like  those  that the  beach  and  the 

surrounding  plains. 

A  hermit  and  a  wolf  or  two 

My  whole  acquaintance . 

If  we  were  not  willing,  they  possessed  the  power  of us  to  do  them  justice. 

The  lessons  of  adversity  sometimes  soften  and ,  but  as  often  they  indurate 

and  pervert. 


MARRIAOE:  (page  236). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  does  matrimony  specifically  denote  ?    2.  What  two  senses  has  marriage  ? 
3.  From  what  language  is  wedlock  derived  ?  what  is  its  distinctive  use  ?    4. 
What  is  the  meaning  of  wedding  f  nuptials? 
EXAMPLES. 

Let  me  not  to  the of  true  minds  admit  impediments. 

The  lover  was  killed  in  a  duel  on  the  night  before  the  intended . 

I'll  join  my  eldest  daughter,  and  my  joy. 
To  him  forthwith  in  holy bonds. 


iriASCUI.IXE  (page  237). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  To  what  is  male  applied  ?    To  what  masculine  ?    2.  To  what  does  mardy  refer  ? 
manful  ?    In  what  connection  can  manly  be  used  where  manful  could  not  be 
substituted  ?    3 .  What  is  the  sense  of  mannish  f  virile  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Every  virtue  in  the  higher  phases  of character  begins  in  truth  and  pity  or 

truth  and  reverence  to  all  womanhood. 

One  brave  and struggle 

And  he  gained  the  solid  land 
And  the  cover  of  the  mountains 
And  the  carbines  of  his  band. 
So  God  created  man  in  his  own  image,  in  the  image  of  God  created  he  him; 
and  female  created  he  them. 


MASSACRE  (page  237). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  massacre?  butchery?  havoc?    2.  1o  what  doea  carnage  especially  re- 
fer?   slaughter?    3.    Which  of  these  words  can  be  used  of  the  destruction 
of  life  in  open  and  honorable  warfare  ? 


meddlesome 

memory  4o4 

EXAMPLES. 

Mark  1  where  his and  his  conquests  cease  I 

He  makes  a  solitude  and  calls  it  peace  ! 

Forbade  to  wade  through to  a  throne, 

And  shut  the  gates  of  mercy  on  mankind. 
The  capture  of  Port  Arthur  was  followed  by  a  terrible . 


iriEDDLESOIflE  (page  238). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  conduct  specially  characteristic  of  a  meddlesome  person  ?  of  an  in- 
tnisive  person  ?  of  one  who  is  obtrusive?  officious?    2.  To  what  is  obtrusive 
chiefly  applied  ?  intrusive  ?  officious  ?  meddlesome  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Where  sorrow's  held and  turned  out, 

There  wisdom  will  not  enter  nor  true  power, 
Nor  aught  that  dignifies  humanity. 
A  -^-^  monkey  had  been  among  the  papers. 


MEI^ODY  (page  238). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  harmony  ?  melody]?  In  what  special  feature  does  the  one  differ  from  the 
other  ?    2.  How  many  parts  are  required  for  harmony?  how  many  for  mel- 
ody ?    3.  What  is  unison  ?  4.  What  does  music  include  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Sweetest 

Are  those  that  are  by  distance  made  more  sweet 

,  when  soft  voices  die, 

Vibrates  in  the  memory. 
Ring  out  ye  crystal  spheres 
And  with  your  ninefold 


Make  up  full  consort  to  the  angelic  ■ 


MEMORY  (page  239). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  memory  in  the  special  and  In  the  general  sense  ?    2.  What  is  remem- 
brance, and  how  distinguished  from  memory  ?    3.  Is  remembrance  voluntary 
or  involuntary  ?    4.  What  is  recollection,  and  what  does  it  involve  ?    5.  What 
is  reminiscence  ?  retrospection  ?    How  do  these  two  words  differ  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

like  a  purse,  if  it  be  over=full  that  it  can  not  shut,  all  will  drop  out  of  it; 

take  heed  of  a  gluttonous  curiosity  to  feed  on  many  things,  lest  the  greediness 

of  the  appetite  of  thy spoil  the  digestion  thereof. 

wakes  with  all  her  busy  train, 

Swells  at  my  breast,  and  turns  the  past  to  pain. 
It  is  a  favorite  device  of  eminent  men  to  devote  their  old  age  to  writing  their 
s,  thus  quietly  living  over  again  a  busy  or  tumultuous  life. 


mercy 
4oD  minute 


MERCY  (page  339). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  mercy  in  the  strictest  sense  ?    2.  To  what  class  is  grace  shown  ?    3.  To 
what  class  are  mercy,  forgiveness,  and  pardon  extended  ?    4.  In  what  wider 
significations  is  mercy  used  ?    5.  WVaXSs,  clemency  ?  leniency  oxlenity  ?    How 
do  these  words  compare  with  mercy  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

How  would  you  be, 
If  He,  which  is  the  top  of  judgment,  should 
But  judge  you  as  you  are  ?    O,  think  on  that; 

And then  will  breathe  within  your  lips, 

Like  man  new  made. 
The  only  protection  which  the  conquered  could  find  was  in  the  moderation,  the 

,  and  the  enlarged  policy  of  the  conquerors. 

To  favor  sin  is  to  discourage  virtue;  undue to  the  bad  is  unkindnessjto  the 

good.  

METER  (page  240). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  euphony  f    How  does  it  differ  from  meter,  measure,  and  rhythm?    2. 
How  are  7-hythm  and  meter  produced?     3.    How  does  meter  differ  from 
rhythm?    4.  What  is  a  verse  in  the  strict  sense  ?    In  what  wider  sense  is  the 
word  often  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

is  a  very  vague  and  unscientific  term.     Each  nation  considers  its  own 

language,  each  tribe  its  own  dialect,  euphonic. 

may  be  defined  to  be  a  succession  of  poetical  feet  arranged  in  regular 

order  according  to  certain  types  recognized  as  standards,  in  verses  of  a  determinate 
length. 

We  have  three  prmcipal  domains  in  which manifests  its  nature  and  power 

—  dancing,  music,  poetry.  

MIBf  D  (page  241). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  mind?  How  does  it  differ  from  intellect  ?  2.  What  does  consciousness 
include  ?  Is  it  attended  with  distinct  thinking  and  willing  ?  3.  What  is  the 
scml  ?  4.  From  what  is  spint  used  in  special  contradistinction  ?  How  does  it 
differ  from  «OT/;?  5.  What  is  Paley's  definition  of  i««?'iwrf.?  6.  In  what  con- 
trasted meanings  is  the  word  sense  employed  ?  7.  What  is  thought? 
EXAMPLES. 

A  great will  be  strong  to  live,  as  well  as  to  think. 

God  is  a :  and  they  that  worship  him  must  worship  him  in and  in 

truth.  

MINUTE  (page  242). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  minute  ?    2.  When  is  a  thing  said  to  be  comminuted  ? 
3.  How  does^we  differ  from  comminuted?    4.  What  terms  are  applied  to  an 
account  extended  to  ?Mi«wfe  particulars?  to  an  examination  similarly  extended? 


misfortune 

money  4oo 

EXAMPLES. 

No room  so  warm  and  bright, 

Wherein  to  read,  wherein  to  write. 

Life  hangs  on,  held  by  a thread. 

An  organism  so as  to  be  visible  only  under  the  microscope,  yet  possessed 

of  life,  motion,  and  seeming  intelligence  is  a  source  of  ceaseless  wonder. 


MISFORTUNE  (page  243). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  IB  misfortune  ?    Is  the  sufferer  considered  blameworthy  for  it  ?    2.  What 
is  calamity?  disaster?    3.   In  what  special  sense  are  the  words  affliction, 
chastening,  trial,  and  tribulation  used  ?   How  are  these  four  words  discrimi- 
nated the  one  from  another  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
He's  not  valiant  that  dares  die. 

But  he  that  boldly  bears . 

I  never  knew  a  man  in  life  who  could  not  bear  another's perfectly  like  a 

Christian.  

niODEL.  (page  243). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a,  model?  a  pattern?    How  are  they  distinguished  from  one  another? 
2.  Which  admits  of  freedom  or  idealization  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Things  done  without ,  in  their  issue 

Are  to  be  fear'd. 

Be  a to  others,  and  then  all  will  go  well. 

Washington  and  his  compeers  had  no of  a  federal  republic  with  constitu- 
tional bonds  and  limitations. 

Moses  was  admonished,  See  that  thou  make  all  things  according  to  the 

shewed  to  thee  in  the  mount. 

MODESTY  (page  244). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  modesty  in  the  general  sense  ?    In  what  specific  sense  is  the  word  also 
used  ?    2.  What  is  bashfulness?  diffidence?  coyness?  reserve? 
EXAMPLES. 

For  silence  and  chaste is  woman's  genuine  praise,  and  to  remain  quiet 

within  the  house. 

If  a  young  lady  has  that  discretion  and ,  without  which  all  knowledge  is  lit- 
tle worth,  she  wUl  never  make  an  ostentatious  parade  of  it. 
His  shrinking was  often  mistaken  for  a  proud . 


MONEY  (page  244). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  mxmey?  specie?  cash?    2.  How  does  property  differ  from  money?    3. 
What  is  bullion?  capital? 


Miti^  morose 

'*'»*  mutual 


EXAMPLES. 
I  am  not  covetous  for  ■ 


Nor  care  I  who  doth  feed  upon  my  cost. 

For  the  love  of is  the  root  of  all  evil. 

He  converted  all  his into  ready . 

One  who  undertakes  to  do  business  without is  likely  to  be  speedily  strait- 
ened for . 


■  in  reversion  may  be  of  far  less  value  than in  hand. 


]»IOROSE  (page  245). 

QUESTIONS. 
By  what  characteristics  are  the  morose  distinguished  ?  the  sullen  and  sulky  f    2. 
How  does  sulleri  differ  from  sulky?    3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  surly?    4. 
Which  of  these  words  denote  transient  moods  and  which  denote  enduring 
states  or  disposition  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

My  master  is  of disposition, 

And  little  recks  to  find  the  way  to  heaven 
By  doing  deeds  of  hospitality. 

A  poet  who  fails  in  writing,  becomes  often  a critic. 

He  answered  with  a growl. 

Achilles  remained  in  his  tent  in inaction. 


MOTION  (page  246). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  motion  ?    2.  How  does  vfwtion  differ  from  mmement?    Give  examples. 
3.  In  what  sense  is  mme  employed  ?    4.  What  is  the  special  sense  of  motion 
in  a  deliberative  assembly  ?    5.  Is  action  or  motion  the  more  comprehensive 
word  ?    Which  is  commonly  used  in  reference  to  the  mind  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

That  is  best  which  procures  the  greatest  happiness  for  the  greatest 

numbers. 

There  is  no  death  I  What  seems  so  is ; 

This  life  of  mortal  breath 
Is  but  a  suburb  of  the  life  elysian, 
Whose  portal  we  call  Death. 
The  Copemican  theory  first  clearly  explained  the of  the  planets. 


MUTUAL,  (page  246). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  common  f  mutual  ?  reciprocal  ?    2.  Is  it  correct  to  speak 
of  a  mutual  friend  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

friendships  will  admit  of  division,  one  may  love  the  beauty  of  this,  the 

good  humor  of  that  person. 


name 

neat  4oS 


In  all  trae  family  life  there  is  a dependence  which  binds  hearts  together. 

action  is  the  rule  in  the  human  body,  where  every  part  is  alternately  means 


and  end,  and  every  action  both  cause  and  effect. 


NAME  (page  247). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  name  in  the  most  general  sense  ?  2.  In  the  more  limited  sense,  how 
does  a  name  differ  from  an  appellation  f  a  title  ?  Give  instances  of  the  use  of 
these  three  words.  3.  From  what  language  is  epithet  derived?  What  is  its 
primary  meaning?  4.  What  does  epithet  signify  in  literary  use?  5.  What 
part  of  speech  is  an  epithet?  Is  it  favorable  or  unfavorable  in  signification  f 
6.  Wimt  is  a,  cog>i07neiif  How  does  it  differ  from  a  swnamef  7.  What  is 
style  considered  as  a  synonym  of  name  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Those  he  commands,  move  only  in  command 

Nothing  in  love  :  now  does  he  feel  the 

Hang  loose  about  him,  like  a  giant's  robe 
Upon  a  dwarfish  thief. 
O  magnify  the  Lord  with  me,  and  let  us  exalt  his together. 


NATIVE  (page  248). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  native  denote?  natal f  natural?    2.  What  examples  are  given  in 
the  text  of  the  correct  use  of  these  words  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

I  would  advise  no  child's  being  taught  music  who  has  not  a aptitude  for  it. 

It  was  the  4th  of  July,  the day  of  American  freedom. 


NAUTICAE  (page  248). 

QUESTIONS. 
From  what  is  marine  derived  ?  7naritime  ?    What  do  these  two  words  respect- 
ively signify  ?    2.  From  what  is  naval  derived?  nautical?     How  do  these 
words  differ  in  meaning  ?    3.  How  does  ocean,  used  adjectivally,  differ  from 

oceanic? 

EXAMPLES. 

That  sea^beast,  ■ 
Leviathan,  which  God  of  all  his  works 
Created  hugest  that  swim  the stream 


NEAT  (page  249). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  clean  signify  ?    2.  Does  orderly  apply  to  persons  or  things,  and  in 
what  sense  ?    3.  What  does  tidy  denote  ?    4.  What  is  the  meaning  of  neat? 
5.  How  does  nice  compare  with  neat?    6.  What  is  the  significance  of  spruce? 
trimf  dapper? 


M^t^  necessary 

4<>»  neglect 

EXAMPLES. 

If  he  (Jefferson)  condescended  to  turn sentences  for  delicate  ears— still,  lie 

was  essentially  an  earnest  man. 

Still  to  be  ,  still  to  be  drest, 

As  you  were  going  to  a  feast, 
Still  to  be  powder'd,  still  perfum'd. 


NECESSARY  (page  250). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  When  is  a  thing  properly  said  to  be  necessanj  ?  2.  What  is  themeanmg  of  essen- 
tial? How  does  it  differ  from  indispensable  f  3.  With  reference  to  what  is  a 
thing  said  to  be  requisite  F  How  does  requisite  compare  with  essential  and 
indispensable?  4.  How  do  inevitable  and  unavoidable  compare?  To  what 
kind  of  things  are  both  these  words  applied  ?  5.  How  do  needed  and  needful 
compare  with  necessary  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

As  you  grow  ready  for  it,  somewhere  or  other  you  will  find  what  is for 

you  in  a  book. 

The  ideas  of  space  and  time  are  called  in  philosophy ideas. 


NECESSITY  (page  250). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  necessity  f    2.  What  do  need  and  xcant  imply  ?  How  does  need  compare 
with  want?     3.  How  does  necessity  compare  with  need?    4.  What  is  an 
essential  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Courage  is,  on  all  hands,  considered  as  an of  high  character. 

No  living  man  can  send  me  to  the  shades 
Before  my  time;  no  man  of  woman  born, 
Coward  or  brave,  can  shun  his , 


NEGLECT,  n.  (page  251). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,   What  is  neglect?   negligence?  How  do  the  two  words  compare?    2.   What 
senses  has  negligence  that  neglect  has  not  ?    3.  Which  of  the  two  words  may 
be  used  in  a  passive  sense  ?    4.   What  is  the  legal  phrase  for  a  punishable 
omission  of  duty. 

EXAMPLES. 

Ah,  why 
Should  we,  in  the  world's  riper  years,  — — 
God's  ancient  sanctuaries,  and  adore 
Only  among  the  crowd. 

But,  alas,  to  make 
A  fixed  figure,  for  the  hand  of         — 
To  point  his  slow  unmovihg  finger  at 


neiir 

oath  470 


WEW  (page  253). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  new?  of  modern?  of  recent?    2.  How  does  recent  com- 
pare with  ?i«w.i'    3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  woi^eZ?  of //'gc^A?    4.  To  what  do 
young  and  youthful  distinctively  apply  ? 


IVIMBLE  (page  253). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  To  what  does  nhnble  properly  refer  ?    2.  To  what  does  swift  apply  ?     3.   How 

does  alert  compare  with  iiinible  ?    For  what  is  alert  more  properly  a  synonym  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Win  her  with  gifts,  if  she  respect  not  words  ; 

Dumb  jewels  often,  in  their  silent  kind. 

More than  words,  do  move  a  woman's  mind. 

Profound  thinkers  are  often  helpless  in  society,  while  shallow  men  have 

and  ready  minds. 

^fORHAL  (page  253). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  does  natural  signify  ?  noi-mal  ?    Give  instances  of  the  distinctive  use  of 
the  two  words.    2.  What  does  typical  signify  ?  regular?  cminion? 
EXAMPLES. 

He  does  it  with  a  better  grace,  but  I  do  it  more . 

The round  of  work  may  grow  monotonous,  but  it  is  evidently  necessary. 


XOT1VITHSTAMDIXG  (page  254), 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  signification  of  however  as  a  conjunction?  of  nevertheless?  2. 
Which  is  the  most  emphatic  word  of  the  group  and  what  does  it  signify  ?  3. 
How  do  ijet  and  still  compare  with  notivUhstanding  ?  with  but  ?  4.  What  is 
the  force  of  tho  and  altho?  5.  How  does  notwithstanding  as  a  preposition 
differ  from  despite  or  in  spite  of? 

EXAMPLES. 

do  thy  worst,  old  Time;  despite  thy  wrong, 

My  love  shall  in  my  verse  ever  live  young, 
till  all  graces  be  in  one  woman,  one  woman  shall  not  come  in  my  grace. 


There  was  an  immense  crowd the  Inclement  weather. 


OATH  (page  254). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Whatisanoa^A.?  an  affidavit?    How  does  the  affidavit  differ  from  the.  oath? 
2,  'Wii&t  is  an adjuratioi}?    3.  What  is  a  vow?    How  does  it  differ  from  an 
oath?    4.  Of  what  words  is  oath  a  popular  synonym  ?    5.  In  what  do  an- 


-1^-  obscure 

471  ob»itInate 

athema,  curse,  execration,  and  imprecation  agree  ?    6.  What  is  an  anathema? 
7.  Is  a  cui'se  just  or  unjust  ?  8.  What  does  execratioii  express  ?  imi)recation  f 
EXAMPLES. 

Better  is  it  that  thou  shouldest  not ,  than  that  thou  shouldest and 

not  pay. 

Then  how  can  any  man  be  said 
To  break  an he  never  made  ? 


OBSCURE  (page  355). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  o6«CMre.?.|2.SHow  does  obscm'e  compare  with  complicated?  with  co»i- 
plex?  with  abstitise  ?  with,  prof mifid  ? 


OBSOLETE  (page  256). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  When  is  a  word  obsolete?    When  is  a  word  archaic?    2.  Is  aXL  old  ov  ancient 
word  necessarily  obsolete  ?    3 .  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  a  word  is  rare  ? 
4.  Is  a  rare  word  necessarily  obsolete  or  an  obsolete  word  necessarily  rare  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

When  the  labors  of  modern  philologists  began,  Sanscrit  was  the  most of 

all  the  Aryan  languages  known  to  them. 

Atlas,  we  read  in song, 

Was  so  exceeding  tall  and  strong, 
He  bore  the  skies  upon  his  back. 
Just  as  the  pedler  does  his  pack. 

It  is  wonderful  that  so  few words  are  found  in  Shakespeare  after  the 

lapse  of  three  centuries. 


OBSTIBTATE  (page  256). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  AectcJsiwng' differ  from  obstinate  and  stubbwn?  2.  How  do  obstinate 
and  stubborn  differ  from  each  other  ?  Which  is  commonly  applied  to  the  in- 
ferior animals  and  to  inanimate  things  ?  3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  refraC' 
tory  ?  How  does  it  differ  from  stubborn  ?  Which  word  is  applied  to  metals, 
and  in  what  sense?  4.  What  [is  the  meaning  of  obdurate?  contumacious? 
pertinacious  ?  5 .  What  words  do  we  apply  to  the  unyielding  character  or 
conduct  that  we  approve  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Is  it  in  heav'n  a  crime  to  love  too  well  ? 

To  bear  too  tender,  or  too a  heart, 

To  act  a  Lover's  or  a  Roman's  part  ? 
"  I  shall  talk  of  what  I  like,"  she  said  wilfully,  clasping  her  hands  roimd  her 
knees  with  the  gesture  of  an chOd. 


obstruct  ytr»« 

operation  «7-« 

OBSTRUCT  (page  257). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  literal  meaning  of  dbstmct?    How  does  it  compare  with  hinder  f 
2.  How  does  obstruct  compare  with  impede?    3.  What  does  arrest  signify  in 
the  sense  here  considered  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
There  is  a  certain  wisdom  of  humanity  which  is  common  to  the  greatest  men 

with  the  lowest,  and  which  our  ordinary  education  often  labors  to  silence  and . 

No,  no ing  the  vast  wheel  of  time. 

That  round  and  round  still  turns  with  onward  might. 


OL.D  (page  257). 

QUESTIONS. 
,  What  does  oZcZ  signify  ?  2,  How  do  o?a  and  awaewi  compare  ?  3.  What  contrasted 
senses  has  old  ?  4.  What  is  the  special  force  of  olden  ?  5 .  In  what  sense  are 
gray,  lioanj,  and  olden  used  of  material  objects  ?  6.  To  what  is  aged  chiefly 
applied  ?  7.  To  what  do  decrepit,  gray,  and  hoary  apply,  as  said  of  human 
beings  ?  8.  To  what  does  senile  apply  ?  9.  In  what  sense  is  elderly  used  ? 
10.  What  are  the  primary  and  derived  meanings  of  reinote?  11 .  What  does 
venerable  express  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  hills, 

Eock=ribbed  and as  the  sim, —  the  vales 

Stretching  in  pensive  quietness  between; 

The woods,    .    .    . 

.    .    .    and,  poured  round  all, 

ocean's  gray  and  melancholy  waste,— 

Are  but  the  solemn  decorations  all 
Of  the  great  tomb  of  man. 

Through  the  sequestered  vale  of  rural  life, 

The patriarch  guileless  held 

The  tenor  of  his  way. 
O  good head  which  all  men  knew  ! 

Shall  we,  shall men,  like trees. 

Strike  deeper  theh  vUe  root,  and  closer  cling. 

Still  more  enamored  of  their  wretched  soil  t 


OPERATION  (page  258). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  does  operation  denote  ?  and  by  what  kind  of  agent  is  it  effected  ?    2. 
What  do  -perfonnance  and  execution  denote  ?  and  by  what  kind  of  agents  are 
they  effected  ?    3 .  How  does  performance  differ  from  execution  f 
EXAMPLES. 

It  requires  a  surgical to  get  a  joke  well  into  a  Scotch  understanding. 

His  promises  were,  as  he  then  was,  mighty; 
But  his ,  as  he  is  now,  nothing. 


Mwn.  order 

473  ought 

ORDER  (page  258). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  instruction  imply?  direction?  2.  How  does  order  compare  with 
direction?  3.  To  what  classes  of  persons  are  onfers  especially  given  ?  How 
does  an  order  in  the  commercial  sense  become  authoritative  ?  4.  How  does 
cominand  compare  with  order  ?  5 .  In  what  sense  is  requirement  used  ?  By 
what  authority  is  a  requirement  made  ?  6.  In  what  sense  is  prohibition  used  ? 
injunction  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

General  Sherman  writes  in  his  Memoirs,  "  I  have  never  in  my  life  questioned  or 

disobeyed  an ." 

"Ye  shall  become  like  God  "— transcendent  fate  I 
That  God's forgot,  she  plucked  and  ate. 


OSTENTATION  (page  259). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  ostentation  ?  How  does  it  compare  with  boasting  ?  display  ?  show  ? 
2.  What  is  pomp?  pageant  or  pageantry?  What  do  the  two  latter  words 
suggest,  and  how  do  they  compare  with  pomp?  3.  From  what  is  jjarade 
derived  ?  What  is  its  primary  meaning  ?  With  what  implication  is  it 
always  used  in  the  metaphorical  sense  ?  How  does  parade  compare  with 
ostentation  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  boast  of  heraldry,  the of  power, 

And  all  that  beauty,  all  that  wealth  e'er  gave. 
Await  alike  the  inevitable  hour; 
The  paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the  grave. 

The  President's  salary  does  not  permit  ,  nor,  indeed,  is expected 

of  him. 

With  all  his  wealth,  talent,  and  learning,  he  was  singularly  free  from . 


OVERSIGHT  (page  260). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  In  what  two  contiasted  senses  is  oner  sight  used  ?    2.  How  does  superintendence 
cova^axe  Yiiih  oversight ?    3.  With  what  special  reference  is  co?i<roZ  used?    4. 
What  kind  of  a  term  is  surveillance^  and  what  does  it  imply  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Those  able  to  conduct  great  enterprises  must  be  allowed  wages  of . 

O  Friendship,  equal  poised ! 

Feed  the  flock  of  God  which  is  among  you,  taking  the thereof  not  by  con- 
straint, but  willingly.                          

OUGHT  (page  260). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  ought  properly  signify  ?    2.  How  does  ought  compare  with  should? 
3.  In  what  secondary  sense  is  ought  sometimes  used  ? 


pardon,  v.  '174 

EXAMPLES. 

He  has  not  a  right  to  do  what  he  likes,  but  only  what  he with  his  own, 

which  after  all  is  his  own  only  in  a  qualified  sense. 

Age have  reverence,  and be  worthy  to  have  it. 


PAIN  (page  261). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  pa  Jw.?  suffering?    2.  How  does  distress  rank  as  compared  v/ith  pain 
&ni  svffering ?     3.  'V'^hat  is  an  acAe.?   a  throe?   niMvoxysm?     4.  What  is 
agony?  anguish? 

EXAMPLES. 

To  each  his s  ;  all  are  men, 

Condemned  alike  to  groan; 

The  tender  for  another's , 

The  unfeeling  for  his  own. 
The  weariest  and  most  loathed  worldly  life 

That  age, ,  penury,  and  imprisonment 

Can  lay  on  nature. 


PALLIATE  (page  261). 
QUESTIONS. 
1  •  How  do  cloak  and  palliate  agree  in  original  meaning  ?    How  do  they  differ  in  the 
derived  senses  ?    2.  What  is  it  to  extenuate,  and  how  does  that  word  compare 
•^SXh.  jmlliate  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Speak  of  me  as  I  am;  nothing 

Nor  aught  set  down  in  malice. 

We  would  not  dissemble  nor [our  transgressions]  before  the  face  of 

Almighty  God,  our  heavenly  Father. 

I  shall  never  attempt  to my  own  foibles  by  exposing  the  error  of  another. 


PARDON,  V.  (page  262). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  it  to ^jar^ow .?    2.  To  what  does /ort/w's  refer  ?    3.  How  do  parcfow  and 
forgive  differ  in  use  in  accordance  with  the  difference  in  meaning  ?    4.  What 
is  it  to  remit  ?  to  condone  ?  to  excuse  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

How  many  will  say , 

And  find  a  kind  of  license  in  the  sound 
To  hate  a  little  longer  1 

I him,  as  heaven  shall me. 

To  err  is  human,  to ,  divine. 


pardon,  n. 
475  patience 

PARD0:RJ,  n.  (page  262). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  acquittal  f    How  docs  it  differ  from  jmrdon  as  regards  the  person  acquit- 
ted or  pardoned  ?    2.  Is  an  innocent  person  ever  pardoned  ?    3.  Wbat  i& obliv- 
ion? amnesty?  absolution? 

EXAMPLES. 
For  'tis  sweet  to  stammer  one  letter 

Of  the  Eternal's  language;— on  earth  it  is  called . 

,  not  wrath,  is  God's  best  attribute. 

to  the  injured  does  belong, 

But  they  ne'er who  have  done  the  wrong. 


PART,  n.  (page  264). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  apart?    2.  What  is  a.  fragment  ?  apiece?    3.  What  do  cZit'moM  and 
/rac^iow  signify  ?   4.  What  is  a  ;;o?Viow .?    5.  WhsX 'ma,  share  ?  a.n  instalment? 
a  particle?    6.  What  do  cmtiponent,  constituent,  ingredient,  and  element  sig- 
nify ?    How  do  they  differ  from  one  another  ?    7.  What  is  a  subdivision  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The  best of  a  good  man's  life. 

His  little,  nameless,  unremembered  acts 
Of  kindness  and  of  love. 
Spirits  that  live  throughout. 

Vital  in  every .    .    . 

Can  not  but  by  annihilating  die. 
Many  cheap  houses  were  built  to  be  sold  by s. 


PARTICLE  (page  264). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  particle?    2.  What  does  atom  etymologically  signify  ?    What  is  its 
meaning  in  present  scientific  use  ?    3.  What  is  a  rnoleade,  and  of  what  is  it 
regarded  as  composed  ?    4.  What  is  an  element  in  chemistry  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

cretins  held  that  the  universe  originated  from  a  fortuitous  concourse  of s. 

But  thou  Shalt  flourish  in  immortal  youth. 

Unhurt  amidst  the  war  of s. 

The  wreck  of  matter  and  the  crush  of  worlds. 

Many  aquatic  animals,  whose  food  consists  of  small diffused  through  the 

water,  have  an  apparatus  for  creating  currents  so  as  to  bring  such within  their 

reach.  

PATIENCE  (page  265). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.    ^NhaiiB  patience?    2.    What  is  endurance ?    3.  How  does  ^ja^iewce  compare 
with  submission  and  endurance?    4.  To  what  are  submission  and  resignation 


perceive  4T6 

ordinarily  applied  ?    5 .  What  is  forhearance  ?    How  does  it  compare  with 
■patience  f 

EXAMPLES. 

With bear  the  lot  to  thee  assigned, 

Nor  think  it  chance,  nor  murmur  at  the  load, 
For  know  what  man  calls  Fortune  is  from  God. 
Tht-re  is,  however,  a  limit  at  which ceases  to  he  a  virtue. 


PAY  (page  266). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  'po^y?  compensation f  remuneration?  recompense?     2.    What  is  an 
allowance?    3.  What  are  wages?  earnings?    4.  What  \s,hi7'e?  what  does 
it  imply  ?    5.  For  what  is  salary  paid  ?    How  does  it  difiEer  from  ivages?    6. 
What  is  a/ise,  and  for  what  given  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

I  am  not  aware  that ,  or  even  favors,  however  gracious,  bind  any  man's 

soul. 

Our  praises  are  our . 

Carey,  in  early  life,  was  a  country  minister  with  a  small . 

Laborers  are  remunerated  by ,  and  officials  by . 


PEOPI.E  (page  266). 
qlt;stions. 

1.  What  is  a  community  ?  a  commomvealth?    2.  What  is  a  people?  a  race?    3. 
What  is  a  s^afe.?  a.  nation?    4.  What  does  ^wpw^a^ion  signify  ?  tribe? 
EXAMPLES. 

A may  let  a  king  fall,  and  still  remain  a ,  but  if  a  king  let  his 

slip  from  him,  he  is  no  longer  a  king. 

Questions  of have  played  a  great  part  in  the  politics  and  wars  of  the  latter 

half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the  Germanic ,  the  Slavonic ,  the  Italian, 

and  the  Greek s  struggling  to  assert  their  unity. 


PERCEIVE  (page  267). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  class  of  things  do  we  perceive?    2.  How  does  apprehend  differ  in  scope 
from  perceive?    3.  What  does  conceive  signify?    4.    How  does  comprehend 
compare  with  appi'chend ?    with  conceive? 
EXAMPLES. 

We  may the  tokens  of  the  divine  agency  without  being  able  to  or 

—  the  divine  Being. 

.  .  .  Admitted  once  to  his  embrace. 

Thou  Shalt that  thou  wast  blind  before. 

O  horror  !  horror  I  horror  1    Tongue  nor  heart 
Can  not nor  name  thee  1 


aiyiy  perfect 

*•  *  pernicious 

PERFECT  (page  268). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  perfect  in  the  fullest  and  highest  sense  ?    2.  What  is  absolute  in  the  full- 
est sense  ?    3.  What  is  perfect  in  the  limited  sense,  and  in  popular  language  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

We  have  the  idea  of  a  Being  infinitely ,  and  from  this  Descartes  reasoned 

that  Buch  a  being  really  exists. 

'  Shall  remain  '  ! 
Hear  you  this  Triton  of  the  minnows  ?  mark  you 
His '  shall '  ? 


PERMANE^JT  (page  269). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  From  what  is  durable  derived?  to  what  class  of  substances  is  it  applied  f    2. 
What  is j9e?TO««€?i<,  and  in  what  connections  used?    3.  How  does  eiuluring 
compare  with  durable  f  \s\\}a  permanent  f 
EXAMPLES. 

My  heart  is  wax,  molded  as  she  pleases,  but as  marble  to  retain. 

A  violet  in  the  youth  of  primy  nature, 

Forward,  not ,  sweet,  not , 

The  perfume  and  suppliance  of  a  minute. 
For  her  merchandise  shall  be  for  them  that  dwell  before  the  Lord,  to  eat  suffi- 
ciently, and  for clothing. 

PERMISSION  (page  269). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  Wh&X\&  authwity  ?    2.  What  is  perwwstore .?    3.  How  does  ;j«rmi«SM)re  compare 
with  allowancef    4.  What  is  a  permit  f    5.  What  is  license?    How  does  it 
compare  with  autlwrity  ?  v^iih.  permission  f    6.  What  does  coment  involve  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
God  is  more  there  than  thou;  for  thou  art  there 

Only  b}'  his . 

Thieves  for  their  robbery  have , 

When  judges  steal  themselves. 

Very  few  of  the  Egyptians  avail  themselves  of  the which  their  religion 

allows  them,  of  having  four  wives. 


PERIVICIOUS  (page  270). 

QUESTIONS. 
From  what  is  pernicious  derived,  and  what  does  it  signify  ?    2.  How  does  per«i- 
cioMS  compare  with  i?ywrio?/s .?    3.  What  does  noisome  denote?    4.  What  is 
the  distinctive  sense  of  noxious  f  5 .  How  does  noxious  compare  with  noisome  f 
EXAMPLES. 

Inflaming  wine, to  mankind. 

So  bees  with  smoke,  and  doves  with stench, 


perplexity  -«.o 

physical  ^*® 


Are  from  their  hives,  and  houses,  driven  away. 
The  strong  smell  of  sulfur,  and  a  choking  sensation  of  the  lungs  indicated  the 
presence  of gases.  

PERPLEXITY  (page  270). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  m perplexity  f  confusion?    How  do  the  two  words  compare  ?    2.  How  do 
bewilderment  and  confusion  compare  ?   3 .  From  what  does  amazement  result  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
CAitrs.— Vere  is  mine  _ost  de  Jarterre  ? 

Host.— Here,  master  doctor,  in and  doubtful  dilemma. 

There  is  such in  my  powers 

As,  after  some  oration  fairly  spoke 
By  a  beloved  prince,  there  doth  appear 
Among  the  buzzing,  pleased  multitude. 


PERSUADE  (page  271). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  does  convince  denote  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  the  other  words  of  the 
group?    2.  What  is  it  to  pe?w/arfe .?    3.  How  is  cowz^incmg' related  to  perswa- 
sion  f    4.  How  does  coax  compare  with  persuade  f 
EXAMPLES. 

A  long  train  of  these  practises  has  at  length  unwillingly me  that  there  is 

something  hid  behind  the  throne  greater  than  the  king  himself. 

He  had  a  head  to  contrive,  a  tongue  to ,  and  a  hand  to  execute  any  mischief. 


PERVERSE  (page  272). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  etymological  meaning  of  perverse  f    What  does  it  signify  in  common 
use  ?    2.  What  doea peiulaTit  signify  ?  waywai^df 
EXAMPLES. 
And  you,  my  lords  —  methinks  yon  do  not  well, 

To  bear  with  their objections. 

Whining,  purblind, boy  ! 

Good  Lord  !  what  madness  rules  in  brainsick  men 
When,  for  so  slight  and  frivolous  a  cause, 
Such emulations  shall  arise. 


PHYSICAL  (page  272). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  does  material  signify  ?    2.  What  idea  does  physical  add  to  that  contained 
in  material ?    3.  To  what  do  bodily,  corpwal,  and  corporeal  apply  ?    4.  How 
do  bodily  and  corporal  differ  from  corporeal?    5.  To  what  is  corporal  now  for 
the  most  part  limited  ? 


479 ?i^r_ 

EXAMPLES. 

punishment  is  practically  abandoned  in  the  greater  number  of  American 

schools. 

Man  has  two  parts,  the  one  and   earthly,  the    other   immaterial  and 

spiritual. 

These  races  are  all  clearly  differentiated  by  other traits  than  the  color  of 

the  skin. 

We  can  not  think  of  substance  save  in  terms  that  imply properties. 


PITIFUL   (page  273). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  was  the  original  meaning  of  piilz/w; .?    What  does  it  now  signify  ?    2.  How 
does  pitiful  diSev  in  use  fvom  pitiable  .^    3.  What  was  the  eai-ly  and  what  is 
the  present  sense  of  piteous  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

There  is  something  pleading  and in  the  simplicity  of  perfect  ignorance. 

The  most sight  one  ever  sees  is  a  young  man  doing  nothing;  the  Furies 

early  drag  him  to  his  doom. 

O,  the  most cry  of  the  poor  souls! 


PITY   (page  273). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  pi^y  .s*  sympathy?    2.  How  does  sympathy  in  its  exercise  differ  from 
pity?    3.  How  does ^Ji^y  differ  from  me/'cy.?    4.  How  does  compassion  com- 
pare with  mercy   and   pi^ty?     5-    How   does   commiseration    differ    from 
compassion  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Nothing  but  the  Infinite is  sutHcient  for  the  infinite  pathos  of  human  life. 

He  hallows  every  heart  he  once  has  swayed, 
And  when  his  presence  we  no  longer  share, 
Still  leaves as  a  relic  there. 


PLEAD  (page  274). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Wliat  is  it  to  plead  in  the  ordinary  sense  ?  in  the  legal  sense  ?    2.  How  do  argne 
and  advocate  differ  ?    3.  What  do  beseech,  entreat,  and  implor-e  imply  ?    4. 
How  does  solicit  compare  with  the  above  words  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Speak  to  me  low,  my  Savior,  low  and  sweet, 
*  *  * 

Lest  I  should  fear  and  fall,  and  miss  thee  so, 

Who  art  not  missed  by  any  that . 

Speaking  of  the  honor  paid  to  good  men,  is  it  not  time  to for  a  reform  in 

the  writing  of  biographies  ? 


pleasant 

poetry  4SO 


PI.EASA»fT  (page  275). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  docB  pleasant  add  to  the  Bense  of  2}leasing  ?    2.  How  does  jjleasant  com- 
pare with  kind  ?    3.  What  does  good-natured  signify  ?    How  does  it  compare 
with  pleasant  f 

EXAMPLES. 

Lilie  one  that  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to dreams. 

When  Action  rises to  the  eye, 

Men  will  believe  because  they  love  the  lie. 

...  If  we  must  part  forever, 

Give  me  but  one word  to  think  upon. 


PI.E1VTIFUL,  (page  376). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  kind  of  a  term  is  enough,  and  what  does  it  mean  ?  2.  How  does  sufficient 
compare  with  eno7/g'/i  .8"  3.  What  is  ample  ?  4.  To  wh&t  do  abutidant,  ample, 
liberal,  and  plentiful  apply?  5.  How  is  copious  used?  afflxtentf  pkntlfulf 
6.  What  does  complete  express  ?  T.  In  what  sense  are  lavish  and  jjrof use  em- 
ployed ?  8 .  To  what  is  luxuriant  applied  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

My joys, 

Wanton  in  fulness,  seek  to  hide  themselves 
In  drops  of  sorrow. 
Can  anybody  remember  when  the  right  sort  of  men  and  the  right  sort  of  women 

were ? 

Share  the  advice  betwixt  you;  if  both  gain  all, 
The  gift  doth  stretch  itself  as  'tis  received, 

And  is for  both. 

He  hasted,  and  opposed  the  rocky  orb 
Of  tenfold  adamant,  his shield. 


POETRY  (page  277). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  IB  poetry  ?    2.  Does  poetry  involve  rime?    Does  it  require  meter?    3. 
What  is  imperatively  required  beyond  verse,  nme,  or  meter  to  constitute 
poetry  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

•  is  rhythmical,  imaginative  language,    expressing   the  invention,  taste, 


thought,  passion,  and  insight  of  a  human  soul. 

He  knew 
Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  - 
And  ever  against  eating  cares, 
Lap  me  in  soft  Lydian  airs. 
Married  to  immortal , 


^  polite 

'*9M.  pratne 

POLITE  (page  277). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  are  the  characteristics  of  a  civil  person  ?    What  more  is  found  in  one  who 
is  polite?    2.  How  does  ccwrfeoMS  compare  with  cwic' ;?    3.  What  does  co«r</y 
signify  ?  genteel  f  urbane  f    4 .  In  what  sense  is  polished  used  ?  complaisant  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

She  is  not for  the  sake  of  seeming ,  but for  the  sake  of  being 

kind. 

He  was  so  generally that  nobody  thanked  him  for  it. 

Her  air, her  manners,  all  who  saw  admired; thocoy,  and  gentle  tho retired. 


POVERTY  (page  279). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,  What  does  'poverty  strictly  denote  ?    What  does  it  signify  in  ordinary  use  ?    2. 
What  does /?n«)a<io«  signify  ?    How  does  it  compare  with  rfis^r^ss.?    3.  W^iat 
is  indigence?  destitution?  penury?    4.  What  docs  pauperism  properly  sig- 
nify ?    How  does  it  differ  from  beggary  and  mendicancy ? 


POWER  (page  279). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  Is  power?  2.  Is  pozver  limited  to  intelligent  agents,  or  how  widely 
applied?  3.  How  does  afti^j^y  compare  with /)0?^)e?'.?  4.  What  is  capacity, 
and  how  related  to  power  and  to  ability  ?  5 .  What  is  competency  ?  faculty  ? 
talent  ?  6.  What  are  dexterity  and  slcill?  How  are  they  related  to  talent?  7. 
What  is  efficacy  ?  efficiency  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Bismarck  was  the  one  great  figure  of  all  Europe,  with  more for  good  or  evil 

than  any  other  human  being  possessed  at  that  time. 

The  soul,  in  its  highest  sense,  is  a  vast •  for  God. 

I  reckon  it  is  an  oversight  in  a  great  body  of  metaphysicians  that  they  have  been 

afraid  to  ascribe  our  apprehensions  of to  Intuition.    In  consequence  of  this 

neglect,  some  never  get  the  idea  of ,  but  merely  of  succession,  within  the  bare 

limits  of  experience. 

PRAISE  (page  280). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  ia praise?  By  how  many  is  it  given,  and  how  is  it  expressed  ?  2.  What 
is  applause?  by  how  many  given  ?  and  how  expressed  ?  3.  What  is  acclaina- 
tion?  How  does  it  differ  from  applause?  4.  How  does  apinvbation  differ 
ivova.  praise  ?  5.  What  does  ajuprofai  add  to  the  meaning  of  jjraise.?  6,  How 
does  compliment  compare  vfiVa.  praise  ?  7.  What  is  flattery  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The of  listening  senates  to  command, 

The  threats  of  pain  and  ruin  to  despise, 
81 


P***y  Man 

predestination  ^976 

To  scatter  plenty  o'er  a  smiling  land, 

And  read  their  history  in  a  nation's  eyes. 

no  man  e'er  deserved  who  sought  no  more. 

Gladly  then  he  mixed 
Among  those  friendly  powers,  who  him  received 
With  joy  and s  loud. 


PRAY  (page  281). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  it  to  pray  in  the  religious  sense  ?    2.  In  what  lighter  and  more  familiar 
sense  may  pt^ay  be  used  ?    Is  this  latter  use  now  common  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Hesiod  exhorted  the  husbandman  to  for  a  harvest,  but  to  do  so  with  his 

hand  upon  the  plow. 

I  kneel,  and  then her  blessing. 


PRECARIOUS  (page  282). 
QUESTIONS. 
To  what  is  the  term  uncertain  applied  ?    2.  What  dSAprecanous  originally  sig- 
nify ?    How  is  it  now  used,  and  how  does  it  differ  from  uncertain  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
.    .    .    Thou  know'st,  great  son, 

The  end  of  war's . 

Life  seems  to  be  ■ in  proportion  to  its  value, 


PRECEDENT  (page  282). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  precedent?    2.  How  does  case  fall  short  of  the  meaning  of  precedent? 
3 .  What  is  an  obiter  dictum  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  a  precedent  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
Where  freedom  broadens  slowly  down 

From to . 

Let  U3  consider  the  reason  of  the ,  for  nothing  is  law  that  is  not  reason. 


PREDESTIXATIOW  (page  282). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  predestination?     2.  How  does  fate  differ  from  jrredestination ?     3. 
What  does  necessity  signify  in  the  philosophical  sense  ?     4.  What  is  fore- 
knowledge ?    Does  it  involve  foreordination  or  predestination  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

For has  wove  the  thread  of  life  with  pain. 

All  high  truth  is  the  union  of  two  contradictories.    Thus and  freewill  are 

opposites;  and  the  truth  does  not  lie  between  these  two,  but  in  a  higher  reconciling 
truth  which  leaves  both  true. 


.„„  prejudice 

*'«»  previous 

PREJUDICE  (page  283). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  What  is  a  presumption  ?    On  what  is  it  founded  ?    2.  On  what  are  2»'ejudice  and 

prepossession  based  ?    How  do  tliese  two  words  differ  from  eacli  other  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

When  the  judgment's  weali,  the is  strong. 

The is  always  in  favor  of  what  exists. 

His  fine  features,  manly  form,  and  perfect  manners  awakened  an  instant 

in  his  favor. 

PRETENSE  (page  283). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a,  jyretense  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  a  preferc^ .?    2.  What  is  a»'?«e.? 
EXAMPLES. 
The  claim  of  a  stronger  nation  to  protect  a  weaker  has  commonly  been  but  a 

for  conquest. 

It  is  not  poverty  so  much  as that  harasses  a  ruined  man  —  the  struggle 

between  a  proud  mind  and  an  empty  purse. 

The  independent  English  nobility  conspired  to  make  an  insurrection,  and  to 
support  the  prince's s. 

PREVEBJT  (page  284). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  original  meaning  of  prevent  P    2.  What  word  is  now  commonly 
used  in  that  sense  ?    3.  What  is  the  meaning  of  obviate/  preclude?    4.  How 
is  prevent  at  present  used  f 

EXAMPLES. 

The  contrary  supposition  is  obviously ■. 

When  the  Siberian  Pacific  Railway  is  finished,  what  is  there  to Russia 

from  annexing  nearly  the  whole  of  China  ? 

There  appears  to  be  no  way  to the  difficulty. 


PREVIOUS  (page  285). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  What  does  antecedent  denote  ?    2.  How  does  preceding  differ  from  antecedent 

and.  previous  ?    3.  How  is  anterior  commonly  used  ?  ^^wr .?    4.  Of  what  is 

former  used  ?    What  does  former  always  imply  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

These  matters  have  been  fully  explained  in chapters  of  this  work. 

The  reader  will  be  helped  to  an  understanding  of  this  process  by  a  careful  study 

of  the  diagram  on  the page. 

In times  many  things  were  attributed  to  witchcraft  that  now  have  a  scien- 
tific explanation. 


price 

profit  4S4 

PRICE  (page  285). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  cost  of  an  article  ?  the  price?    2.  How  do  cost  and  price  ordinarily 
differ?    3.  In  what  exceptional  case  may  cost  Sind  price  agree?    4.  What 
does  price  always  imply?    5.  What  is  the  meaning  of  value f    How  does 
market  value  differ  from  intrinsic  value  f    6.   How  does  value  differ  from 
worth  f    7.  To  what  are  charge  and  expense  ordinarily  applied  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
is  the  life»giving  power  of  anything  ;  ,  the  quantity  of  labor  re- 
quired to  produce  it ; ,  the  quantity  of  labor  which  its  possessor  will  take  in 

exchange  for  it. 

No  man  can  permanently  do  business  by  making  the  of  his  goods  the 

same  as  their to  him,  however  such  a  method  may  help  hun  momentarily  in 

an  emergency. 

PRIDE  (page  286). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  pride  f  haucfJi  tiness  f  arrogance  ?  disdain  ?  How  do  these  qualities  com- 
pare with  pi'ide?  2.  What  does  superciliousness  imply  according  to  its 
etymology  ?  3.  How  do  jyride  and  vanity  differ  ?  4.  What  difference  is  noted 
between  self-conceit  and  conceit  f  5.  How  do  self 'respect  and  self 'esteem  com- 
pare with  each  other  and  with  the  other  words  of  the  group  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

may  puff  a  man  up,  but  never  prop  him  up. 

There  is  nothing can  so  little  bear  with  as itself. 

is  as  ill  at  ease  under  indifference  as  tenderness  is  under  the  love  which  it 

can  not  return. 

PRIMEVAL,  (page  287). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  derivation  and  signification  of  aboriginal?  autochthonicf  primeval  f 
2.  What  do  pnme  and  primary  denote  ?  What  special  sense  has  primary  as 
in  reference  to  a  school  ?  3.  How  is  primordial  used  ?  4.  What  does  prim^ 
itive  suggest,  as  in  the  expressions,  the  primitive  church,  primitive  simphcity  ? 
5.  V^haX  is  jwistine  ?  6.  B-ow  do  native  and  indig€7wus  compare? 
EXAMPLES 

Thou  from nothingness  didst  call 

First  chaos,  then  existence,  Lord. 

The inhabitants  of  America  are  long  since  extinct,  for  even  the  races  whom 

the  white  men  conquered  had  themselves  supplanted  an  earlier  race. 

All  the  later  ages  have  wondered  at  and  admired  the  whole=souled  consecration 
of  the church. 

PROFIT  (page  288). 

■    QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  are  retur?is  or  i-eceipts  ?    2 .  What  is  profit  in  the  commercial  sense  ?  What 
in  the  intellectual  and  moral  sense  ?    3.  What  is  utility  f    4.  What  does  ad- 


progress 
'ISD  promote 

vantage  originally  signify  ?    Does  it  now  necessarily  imply  having  or  gaining 

Buperiority  to  another  person,  or  securing  anything  at  another's  expense  ?    5. 

Wluit  is  gain?  benefit?  emolument?    6.  To  what  does  ea;iJ«c?ie«ry  especially 

refer  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Silence  has  many s. 

No  man  can  read  with that  which  he  can  not  learn  to  read  with  pleasure. 

Godliness  with  contentment  is  great . 


PROGRESS  (page  289). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,  ^\ssX\& 'progress?    2.  Whatdo attainment, proficiency-,  anddevelopment  hnyly  i 
3.  Wha,t  is  advance  ?    How  does  it  differ  from  ^Jrog'/'es*.? 
EXAMPLES. 

What  is  thy compared  with  an  Alexander's,  a  Mahomet's,  a  Napoleon's  ? 

And  dreams  in  their have  breath, 

And  tears,  and  tortures,  and  the  touch  of  joy. 
Human consists  in  a  continual  increase  in  the  number  of  those  who,  ceas- 
ing to  live  by  the  animal  life  alone  and  to  feel  the  pleasures  of  sense  only,  come  to 
participate  in  the  intellectual  life  also. 


PROHIBIT  (page  290). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Wha.t  ia  it  to  pj'ohibit  ?    2.  How  does  foi'bid  compave  with  2)rohibit  ?    3.  How 
doea  prohibit  compare  with  prevent  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Tho  much  I  want  which  most  would  have, 

Yet  still  my  mind to  crave. 

The  laws  of  England,  from  the  early  Plantagenets,  sternly the  conver- 
sion of  malt  into  alcohol,  excepting  a  small  portion  for  medicinal  purposes. 

Human  law  must many  things  that  human  administration  of  law  can  not 

absolutely ;  is  not  this  true  also  of  the  divine  government  ? 


PROMOTE  (page  291). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  it  to  promote  ?    2.  To  what  does  promote  apply  ?  To  persons  or  things, 
and  in  what  way  ? 

EXAMPLEa 

The  outlawed  pirate  of  one  year  was the  nest  to  be  a  governor  and  his 

country's  representative. 

The  imperial  ensign,  which  full  high ed, 

Shone  like  a  meteor  streaming  in  the  wind. 


propitiation 

protract  4S6 

PROPITIATIOBf  (page  391). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  did  atonement  originally  denote  ?    What  is  its  present  theological  and  pop- 
ular sense  ?    2.  What  does  expiation  signify  ?  propitiation  f  satisfaction  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

has  respect  to  the  bearing  which  satisfaction  has  upon  sin  or  the  sinner. 

has  respect  to  the  effect  of  satisfaction  in  remo\Tng  the  judicial  displeasure  of 

God. 

When  a  man  has  been  guilty  of  any  sin  or  folly,  I  think  the  best he  can 

make  is  to  warn  others  not  to  fall  into  the  like. 

Redemption  implies  the  complete  deliverance  from  the  penalty,  power,  and  all 

the  consequences  of  sin  ;  is  used  in  the  sense  of  the  sacrificial  work,  whereby 

the  redemption  from  the  condemning  power  of  the  law  was  insured. 


PROPOSAL,  (page  391). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  does  an  offer  ox  proposal  do  ?  2.  What  does  a,  iwoposition  set  forth  ?  3. 
For  what  is  the  proposition  designed?  the  proposal?  4.  In  what  way  does 
proposition  come  to  have  nearly  the  sense  of  jyroposal  in  certain  uses  ?  5. 
What  is  a  Md?  6.  What  does  an  overture  accomplish  ?  In  what  special  ap- 
plication is  the  word  commonly  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Garrison  emphatically  declared,  "  I  can  not  listen  to  any for  a  gradual  abo- 
lition of  wickedness." 

The  theme  in  confirmation  must  always  admit  of  being  expressed  in  a  logical 
,  with  subject,  predicate,  and  copula. 


PROPOSE  (page  393). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  How  does  propose  in  its  most  frequent  use  differ  from  purpose  ?    2.  How  is  pro- 
pose  used  so  as  to  be  nearly  equivalent  to  purpose?  What  important  difference 
appears  in  this  latter  use  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

I  know,  indeed,  the  evil  of  that  I ,  but  my  inclination  gets  the  better  of  my 

judgment. 

Man s,  but  God  disposes. 


PROTRACT  (page  393). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  it  to  protract?    2.  What  is  the  significance  of  defer  and  delay,  and  how 
do  these  words  differ  in  usage  from  protract?    3.  How  does  ekmgate  differ 
trom  protract  ?    4.  Is  protract  ordinarily  favorable  or  unfavorable  in  sense  ? 
5 .  Is  continue  favorable  or  unfavorable  ? 


mary  proverb 

*"  purchase 

EXAMPLES. 

Unseen  hands 

The  comuig  of  what  oft  seems  close  in  ken. 
Burton,  a  hypochondriac,  wrote  the  "Anatomy  of  Melancholy,"  that  marvel  of 
learning,  and his  life  to  the  age  of  sixty^four. 


PROVERB  (page  293), 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  In -wh&t  do  the  proverb  and  the  adage  agree?    In  what  respects  do  they  differ  ? 
2.  What  is  an  apothem  f  an  aphm-ism  ?    How  do  these  two  words  differ  ?    3. 
What  is  a  dictum  ?  a  saying  f    4 .  What  is  a  precept  ?    How  does  it  differ  from 
a  motto  or  maxim  f    5 .  How  do  motto  and  maxim  differ  from  each  other  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The must  be  verified. 

That  beggars  mounted,  run  their  horse  to  death. 

Books,  like s,  receive  their  chief  value  from  the  stamp  and  esteem  of  ages 

through  which  they  have  passed. 


PRUDEBICE   (page  294). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  definition  of  ^Mc^ewce  f    2.  How  does  providence  differ  from  pru- 
dence f    3.  How  does  care  compare  with  prudence  and  providence  f    4.  How 
is  frugalUij  related  to  prudence?    5.  How  do  foresight  and  foretJumght  com- 
pare with  each  other,  and  both  with  providence  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
When  desp'rate  ills  demand  a  speedy  cure, 

Distrust  is  cowardice,  and folly. 

With  a unknown  in  other  parts  of  Scotland,  the  peasantry  have  in  most 

places  planted  orchards  around  their  cottages. 


PURCHASE   (page  295). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  From  what  language  is  purchase  derived  ?    2.  From  what  is  buy  derived  ?    3. 
How  do  buy  and  purchase  agree  in  meaning  ?    What  single  definition  would 
answer  for  either  ?  4.  How  do  buy  and  purchase  differ  in  use  ?  Give  instances. 
EXAMPLES. 
I'll  give  thee  England's  treasure, 

Enough  to such  another  island. 

So  thou  wilt  make  me  live. 

'Tis  gold  which s  admittance. 

the  truth,  and  sell  it  not. 


pure  -co 

quote  *"'' 


PURE  (page  296). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  does  pure  signify  ?    2.  In  what  sense  are  material  substances  said  to  be 
pure  ?    3.  What  does  pure  denote  in  moral  and  religious  use  ?    4.  How  does 
pure  compare  with  innocent?  with  mrtuous? 
EXAMPLES. 

Water  from  melted  snow  is r  than  rain»water,  as  it  descends  through  the  air 

in  a  solid  form,  incapable  of  absorbing  atmospheric  gases. 
Stone  walls  do  not  a  prison  make, 
Nor  iron  bars  a  cage  ; 

Minds and  quiet  take 

That  for  a  hermitage. 

In  every  place  incense  shall  be  offered  unto  my  name  and  a offering,  saith 

the  Lord  of  hosts. 

QUEER  (page  297). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  odd  f  singular  ?  Are  odd  and  singular  precise  equiv- 
alents ?  2.  When  is  a  thing  called  strange  ?  3.  What  is  the  primary  mean- 
ing of  peculiar  f  With  what  implication  is  it  now  commonly  used  ?  4.  What 
is  the  meaning  of  eccentric  ?  How  does  it  differ  in  use  from  odd  or  queer  f  5 . 
How  does  erratic  compare  with  eccentric  ?  6.  What  is  the  primary  meaning 
of  queer?  its  common  meaning  ?    7.  What  is  the  significance  of  quaint? 

grotesque  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

A ,  shy  man  was  this  pastor— a  sort  of  living  mummy,  dried  up  and 

bleached  by  Icelandic  snows. 

In  setting  a  hen,  says  Grose,  the  good  women  hold  it  an  indispensable  rule  to  put 
an number  of  eggs. 

Only  a  man  of  undoubted  genius  can  afford  to  be . 

The architecture  of  these  medieval  towns  has  a  strange  fascination. 


QUICKEN  (page  297). 

QUESTIONS. 

What  is  it  to  acce?emfe .?  \x)  despatch?    2.  What  does  the  verb  »p«ec?  signify  ? 

hasten  ?  hurry  ?    What  does  hun-y  suggest  m  addition  to  the  meaning  of 

hasten  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  motion  of  a  falling  body  is  contmually ed. 

The  muster=place  is  Lanrick  mead  ! 

forth  the  signal  !  Norman, ! 

The  pulsations  of  the  heart  are ed  by  exertion. 


QUOTE  (page  298). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  How  does  cite  differ  from  quote  ?    2.  What  is  it  to  paraphrase  ?  to  plagiarize  ? 


racy 
4S9  reach 


EXAMPLES. 

A  great  man bravely,  and  will  not  draw  on  Ms  invention  when  his  mem- 
ory serves  him  with  a  word  as  good. 

The  Devil  can Scripture  for  his  purpose. 

To  appropriate  others'  thoughts  or  words  mechanically  and  without  credit  is 
to . 


RACY  (page  299). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  docs  racy  in  the  first  instance  refer  ?  pungent?    2.  How  does  piquant 
differ  from  pungent?    3.  How  are  these  words  and  the  word  spicy  used  in 
reference  to  literary  products  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Pure  mother  English, and  fresh  with  idiomatic  graces. 

The  atmosphere  was  strangely  impregnated  with  the odor  of  burning  peat. 

The  spruce,  the  cedar,  and  the  juniper,  with  then-  balsamic  breath,  filled  the 
air  with  a fragrance. 

RADICAL  (page  299). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  primary  meaning  of  radical?  2.  What  contrasted  senses  are  derived 
from  this  primary  meaning  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Timidity  is  a defect  in  a  reformer. 

Social  and  political  leaders  look  to  vested  interests,  and  hence  are  inclined  to 
regard  all measures  as . 


RARE  (page  300). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  unique  ?   Can  any  one  of  a  number  of  things  of  the  same 
kind  be  unique  ?  2 .  What  is  the  primary  meaning  of  ra,re  ?  What  added  sense 
is  often  blended  with  this  primary  meaning  ?    3.  Is  extraordinary  favorable 
or  unfavorable  in  meaning  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Nothing  is  so as  time. 

That  which  gives  to  the  Jews  their position  among  the  nations  is  what  we 

are  accustomed  to  regard  as  their  sacred  history. 

And  what  is  so as  a  day  in  June  f 

Then,  if  ever,  come  perfect  days. 


REACH  (page  300). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  it  to  reach  in  the  sense  here  considered  ?    2.  What  is  it  to  arrive? 
3.  What  does  attain  add  to  the  meaning  of  arrive?  What  does  gai7i  add  ? 


real 

reason  490 


EXAMPLES. 
And  grasping  down  the  boughs 

I ed  the  shore. 

He  gathered  the  ripe  nuts  in  the  fall, 
And  berries  that  grew  by  fence  and  wall 

So  high  she  could  not them  at  all. 

The  heights  by  great  men ed  and  kept 

Were  not ed  by  sudden  flight, 

But  they,  while  their  companions  slept, 
Were  toiling  upward  in  the  night. 
It  is  only  in  this  way  that  we  can  hope  to at  truth. 


REAL  (page  301). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  is  real  derived  ?    What  does  it  mean  ?    2.  From  what  is  the  real  dis- 
tinguished ?    3.  To  what  is  actual  opposed  ?     4.  What  shades  of  difEerence 
may  be  pointed  out  between  the   four  words  actual,  real,  developed,  and 
positive  f 

EXAMPLES. 

In life  we  do  not  die  when  all  that  makes  life  bright  dies  to  ns. 

If  there  was  any  trouble, or  impending,  affecting  those  she  had  served,  her 

place  was  with  them. 

This  was  regarded  as  proof of  conspiracy. 


REASON,  V.  (page  302). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  it  to  reason  about  a  matter  ?    2.  From  what  is  argue  derived,  and  what 
does  it  mean?    3.  What  is  it  to  demonstrate?  to  prove?  How  do  these  two 
words  agree  and  differ  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

There  are  two  ways  of  reaching  truth  :  by ing  it  out  and  by  feeling  it  out. 

In ing,  too,  the  person  owned  his  skill. 

For  e'en  tho  vanquished,  he  could still. 

A  matter  of  fact  may  be ed  by  adequate  evidence;  only  a  mathematical 

proposition  can  be ed. 

REASO]^,  n.  (page  302). 
QUESTIONS. 

1 .  How  does  cause  differ  from  I'ea-son  in  the  strict  sense  of  each  of  the  two  words  ? 
2.  How  is  reason  often  used  so  as  to  be  a  partial  equivalent  of  cause? 
EXAMPLES. 

No  one  is  at  liberty  to  speak  ill  of  another  without  a  justifiable ,  even  tho 

he  knows  he  is  speaking  truth. 

I  am  not  only  witty  myself,  but  the that  wit  is  in  other  men. 

Necessity  is  the of  tyrants;  it  Is  the  creed  of  slaves. 

Alas  !  how  light  a may  move 

Dissension  between  hearts  that  love  1 


^  reasoning 

'*?fl  religion 

REASONING  (page  303). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  do  argumentation  and  debate  ordinarily  iniply  ?  2.  How  does  reasoning 
differ  from  both  the  above  words  in  this  respect  ?  3.  To  what  kind  of  reason- 
ing were  argument  and  argumentation  formerly  restricted  ?  How  widely  are 
the  words  now  applied  ?  4.  How  do  argument  smA  argumentation  compare 
with  reasoning  as  regards  logical  form  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

All ,  Inductive  or  Deductive,  is  a  reaching  of  the  unknown  through  the 

known ;  and  where  nothing  unknown  is  reached  there  is  no . 

Early  at  Business,  and  at  Hazard  late, 

Mi»d  at  a  fox«chase,  wise  at  a . 

If  thou  continuest  to  take  delight  in  idle ,  thou  mayest  be  qualified  to  com- 
bat with  the  sophists,  but  never  know  how  to  live  with  men. 


REFIXEMEXT  (page  805). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  does  civilization  apply,  and  what  does  it  denote  ?    2.  What  is  refine- 
ment f    3 .  What  is  the  primary  meaning  of  cultivation  ?  the  derived  meaning  ? 
4.  By  what  word  is  cultivation  now  largely  superseded  ?    5.  What  does  cw/- 
ture  denote  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

What  is ?    It  is  the  humanization  of  man  in  society,  the  satisfaction  for 

him  in  society  of  the  true  law  of  human  nature. 

Giving  up  wrong  pleasure  is  not  self  ^sacrifice,  but  self* . 

This  refined  taste  is  the  consequence  of  education  and  habit;  we  are  born  only 
with  a  capacity  of  entertaining  this . 


RELIABLE  (page  306). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  to  be  said  of  the  controversy  regarding  the  formation  and  use  of  the  word 
reliable?    2.  What  do  trusty  and  trustworthy  denote  ?    3.  How  does  reliable 
compare  with  these  words  ?    4.  What  meaning  may  reliable  convey  that  trusty 
and  trustworthy  would  not  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Good  lack  !  quoth  he,  yet  bring  it  me- 
My  leathern  belt  likewise, 

In  which  I  bear  my sword. 

When  I  do  exercise. 

The  first  voyage  to  America,  of  which  we  have  any  perfectly account,  was 

performed  by  the  Norsemen. 

REEIOIOIV  (page  307). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  original  sense  of  piety?  the  derived  sense  ?    2.  What  is  re%io» .»" 


rend 

repentance  492 

What  does  it  include  ?    3.  What  ib  worship?  devotion?    4.  What  is  moral- 
ity F  godliness?  holiness?    5.  How  is  theology  related  to  religion? 
EXAMPLES. 

is  man's  belief  in  a  being  or  beings,  mightier  than  himself  and  inaccessible 

to  his  senses,  but  not  indifferent  to  his  sentiments  and  actions,  with  the  feelings  and 
practises  which  flow  from  such  belief. 

,  whose  soul  sincere 

Fears  God,  and  knows  no  other  fear. 

To  deny  the  freedom  of  the  will  is  to  make impossible. 

Systematic may  be  defined  as  the  substance  of  the  Christian  faith  in  a 

scientiflc  form. 


REMD  (page  309). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  To  what  are  rend  and  tear  usually  applied  ?  Which  is  the  stronger  word  ?  2. 
In  what  connection  is  rive  used,  and  in  what  sense  ?  3.  What  does  lacerate 
signify?  4.  How  does  mangle  compare  with  lacerate?  5.  What  do  hurst 
and  rupture  signify  ?  Which  is  the  stronger  word  ?  When  is  a  steam-boiler 
said  to  be  I'vptitred?  6.  What  does  rip  signify  ? 
EXAilPLES. 

Storms  do  not the  sail  that  is  furled. 

Oh,  it  offends  me  to  the  soul  to  hear  a  robustious,  periwig»pated  fellow a 

passion  to  tatters,  to  very  rags,  to  split  the  ears  of  the  groundlings. 

And  now  a  bubble s,  and  now  a  world. 

The  first  blood  shed  in  the  revolutionary  struggle  ;  a  mere  drop  in  amount,  but 
a  deluge  in  its  effects, ing  the  colonies  forever  from  the  mother  country. 


RENOUNCE  (page  309). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  is  renounce  derived,  and  in  what  sense  used  ?  recant?  retract?    2. 
WhatiB  it  to  discard  ?    3.  How  does  revoke  compare  with  recall  in  original 
meaning  and  in  present  use?    4.  What  is  the  derivation  and  the  distinctive 
meaning  of  abjure ?    6.  In  what  sense  is  repudiate  used  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

On  his  knees,  with  his  hand  on  the  Bible,  Galileo  was  compelled  to and 

curse  the  doctrine  of  the  movement  of  the  earth. 

He  adds  his  soul  to  every  other  loss,  and  by  the  act  of  suicide, earth  to 

forfeit  heaven. 

He  had  no  spiritual  adviser,  no  human  comforter,  and  was  entirely  in  the  hands 
of  those  who  were  determined  that  he  should or  die. 


REPENTANCE  (page  310). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  WhaX 'is  regret?    2.  What  does  penitence  add  to  regret  ?    3.  How  does  repent- 
ante  surpass  the  meaning  of  penitence,  regret,  sorrow,  etc.?    4.  What  is  corn- 


493 


reproor 
reprove 


punction?  contrition  P    5.  What  is  remoi'se,  a.nA  how  does  it  compare  with 

EXAMPLES. 
What  then  ?  what  rests  ? 

Try  what can  :  what  can  it  not  f 

Forgive  me,  Valentine,  if  hearty  ■ 


Be  a  sufficient  ransom  for  offense, 

I  tender't  here. 

So  writhes  the  mind ha«  riven. 

Unmeet  for  eartli,  midoomed  to  heaven, 
Darkness  above,  despair  beneath, 
Around  it  flame,  within  it  death. 


REPROOF  (page  311). 

QUESTIONS. 

Aie  blame,  censut'e,  and  disapproval  spolien  or  silent?  2.  Are  comment,  criti- 
cism, rebuke,  reflection,  I'eprehemion,  and  repivof  expressed  or  not  ?  3 .  How 
of  ad9nomtion  and  animadversion  F  4.  Are  comme?it  and  criticism  favorsihle 
or  vmfavorable  ?  Do  they  imply  superiority  on  the  part  of  commentator  or 
critic  ?  5 .  Do  reflection  and  reprehension  imply  such  superiority  ?  How 
are  these  two  words  discriminated  ?  6.  What  does  rebuTie  literally  signify  ? 
To  what  kind  of  person  is  a  rebuke  administered  ?  7.  To  what  kind  of  person 
is  j'eproo/ administered  ?  8.  What  do  rebuke  and  r^jj^-oo/' imply  on  the  part  of 
him  who  administers  them?  9.  Wh.a.t  m  animadversion F  admonition p 
EXAMPLES. 

A is  intolerable  when  it  is  administered  out  of  pride  or  hatred. 

The  best  preservative  to  keep  the  mind  in  health  is  the  faithful of  a  friend. 

Open is  better  than  secret  love. 


REPROVE  (page  312). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  it  to  censure  f  to  reprove  ?  to  reprimand  ?  2.  How  does  admonish  com- 
pare with  the  other  words  in  the  group  ?    Is  its  reference  to  the  past  or  to  the 
future?    3.  What  is  it  to  ?-f/;roaf  A .?    Does  this  word  imply  authority  or  su- 
periority ?    4.  What  is  the  force  of  expostulate  and  remonstrate  f 
EXAMPLES. 

He  that  oppresseth  the  poor eth  his  Maker. 

Her  answer ed  me;  for  she  said,  "  I  never  ask  their  crimes,  for  we  have  all 

come  short." 

Moses  was  ed  of  God  when  he  was  about  to  make  the  tabernacle :  for, 

see,  saith  he,  that  thou  make  all  things  according  to  the  pattern  shewed  to  thee  in  the 
mount. 

This  witness  is  true.    Therefore them  sharply,  that  they  may  be  sound  in 

the  faith. 


revolution  fijy* 


REST  (page  313). 

QUESTIONS. 
Wbat  is  ease  ?  quiet  f  rest  ?    2 .  What  is  recreation,  and  how  is  it  related  to  rest  9 
3.  What  is  repose  in  the  primary,  and  what  in  the  derived,  sense  ?    4.  How 
does  repose  compare  with  ?-e«i.?    5.  What  is  a  ;?aMSe .?    6.  How  does  siee^j  com- 
pare with  repose  and  rest  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Seeli  out,  less  often  sought  than  found, 

A  soldier's  grave— for  thee  the  best; 
Then  look  around,  and  choose  thy  ground. 

And  take  thy . 

Her  manners  had  not  that 

That  stamps  the  cast  of  Vere  de  Vere. 
Shall  I  not  take  mine m  mine  inn  ? 


RESTRAIBf  (page  315). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  it  to  restrain?    2.  How  does  constrain  differ  from  restrain?   3.  How 
does  restrain  differ  from  restrictj    4.  How  does  repress  compare  with  re- 
strain? suppress? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  English  Puritans, ed  at  home,  fled  for  freedom  to  America. 

In  no  political  system  is  it  so  necessary  to the  powers  of  the  government 

as  in  a  democratic  state.  

REVEXGE  (page  316). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  WhaX  i&  revenge ?    2.  How  does  retaliation  compare  with  revenge?    3.  What 
did  vengeance  formerly  mean,  and  what  does  it  now  imply  ?    4.  What  is  a  re- 
quital ?    5.  How  do  avenging  and  retribution  differ  from  retaliation,  revenge, 
and  vengeance?    6.  What  difference  maybe  noted  between  avenging  and 

retribution  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

According  to  the  wish  of  Sulla  himself,  ...  his  monument  was  erected  in  the 
Campus  Martius,  bearing  an  inscription  composed  by  himself:  "No  friend  ever  did 
me  a  kindness,  no  enemy  a  wrong,  without  receiving  full ." 

By  the  spirit  of ,  as  we  sometimes  express  it,  we  generally  understand  a 

disposition,  not  merely  to  return  suffering  for  suffering,  but  to  inflict  a  degree  of  pain 
on  the  person  who  is  supposed  to  have  injured  us,  beyond  what  strict  justice  requires. 

In  all  great  religions  we  find  one  God,  and  in  all,  personal  immortality  with . 


REVOEUTIOIV  (page  317). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  essential  idea  of  revolution?    2.  Does  a  revolution  necessarily  in- 
volve war?     3.  What  is  anarchy?  insubcyrdination ?  sedition?  revolt?  re- 
bellion?   4.  How  does  rebellion  differ  from  revolution  ?    5.  By  what  class  of 
persons  is  insurrection  made  ?  mutiny  ? 


_  revolve 

*vO  sacrament 


EXAMPLES. 

8  are  not  made;  they  come. 

to  tyrants  is  obedience  to  God. 

Since  government  is  of  God,  must  be  contrary  to  his  will. 


REVOL-VE  (page  318). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  When  is  a  body  said  to  ro^^.?  to  rotate?  to  revolve  f    2.  In  what  sense  may  the 
earth  be  said  to  revolve F  and  in  what  sense  to  rotate?    3.  What  are  some  of 
the  extended  uses  of  roll?    4.  What  kind  of  a  word  ia  turn,  and  what  is  its 
meaning  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Any  bright  star  close  by  the  pole  is  seen  to in  a  very  small  circle  whose 

center  is  the  pole  itself. 

The  sun s  on  an  axis  in  the  same  direction  in  which  the  planets in 

their  orbits. 

Human  nature  can  never  rest;  once  in  motion  it  — — s  like  the  stone  of  Sisyphus 
every  instant  when  the  resisting  force  is  suspended. 


RIGHT  (page  319). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  right?    Is  it  general  or  special  ?    2.  What  is  a  privilege?  an  exemp- 
tion? av.  immunitij  ?    3.  'Wh'aXis,  a.  franchise  ?  &  prerogative  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Friendship  gives  no to  make  ourselves  disagreeable. 

All  men  are  created  equal,  and  endowed  with  certain  inalienable s. 


RUSTIC  (page  321). 
qlt:stions. 

1 .  From  what  are  rural  and  rustic  alike  derived  ?  How  do  the  two  words  agree  in 
general  signification  ?  How  are  they  discriminated  in  use?  2.  What  is  the 
meaning  oi  pastoral  ?  of  bucolic  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
How  still  the  morning  of  the  hallowed  day  ! 

Mute  is  the  voice  of labor,  hush'd 

The  plowboy's  whistle  and  the  milkmaid's  song. 

The arbor  which  the  summit  crowned 

Was  woven  of  shining  smilax,  trumpet»vine, 
Clematis,  and  the  wild  white  eglantine. 
When  hunting  tribes  begin  to  domesticate  animals,  they  enter  usually  upon  the 


SACRAMEBfT  (page  321). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  religious  service  in  the  extended  sense?    2.  What  is  a  sacrament? 


science  4Sfo 


3.  What  is  an  observance?  an  ordinance?    4.  B.ow  do  sacrament  and  ordi- 
nance differ  ?    5.  What  is  a  rite  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Religion  will  glide  by  degrees  out  of  the  mind  unless  it  he  invigorated  and  reim- 

preesed  by  external s. 

Nothing  tends  more  to  unite  men's  hearts  than  joining  together  in  the  same 
prayers  and s. 

SALE  (page  323). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  W\x2X'm change  ox  exchange?    2.  Whai'm  barter?  Bale?    3.  What  is  a  ftarg'am 
in  the  strict  sense  ?    4.  What  is  trade  in  the  broad  and  in  the  limited  sense  ? 
EXAIVIPLES. 

Honor  sits  smiling  at  the of  truth. 

I'll  give  thrice  as  much  land  to  any  well«deserving  friend, 

But  in  the  way  of ,  mark  ye  me, 

I'll  cavil  on  the  ninth  part  of  a  hair. 

Stamps  God's  own  name  upon  a  lie  just  made 
To  coin  a  penny  in  the  way  of . 


^  SAMPLE  (page  323). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  sample?  &  specimen?    2.  How  do  sample  and  specimen  cam^&re  as 
indications  of  the  quality  of  that  which  they  respectively  represent  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
There  is,  therefore,  in  this  country,  an  implied  warranty  that  the  goods  corre- 
spond to  the . 

Curzola  is  a  perfect of  a  Venetian  town. 


SCHOLAR  (page  324). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  primary  sense  of  scholar?  the  derived  sense  ?    2.  What  does  jyupil 
signify?    How  is  it  technically  used  in  educational  work  ?    3.  In  what  sense  is 
student  employed  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  accent  or  turn  of  expression  of  a  single  sentence  will  at  once  mark  a . 

The  State  of  New  York  supplies  all  needed  text^books  free  of  charge  to  the 
— s  in  the  public  schools. 
The 8  in  American  colleges  have  taken  up  athletics  with  intense  enthusiasm. 


SCIENCE  (page  325). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  How  does  science  compare  with  knowledge  ?    How  does  art  compare  with  science  ? 
3.  What  two  senses  of  art  must  be  discriminated  from  each  other  ?    4.  In 


security 
497  seiij^ibility 

which  sense  is  art  a  system  of  rules?    5.  In  which  sense  does  art  tran- 
scend rule  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Beethoven  took  his as  seriously  as  a  saint  and  martyr  takes  his  religion. 

Modem may  be  regarded  as  one  vast  miracle,  whether  we  view  it  in 

relation  to  the  Almighty  Being,  by  whom  its  objects  and  its  laws  were  formed,  or 
to  the  feeble  intellect  of  man,  l)y  which  its  depths  have  been  sounded,  and  its 
mysteries  explored. 

Printing  has  been  aptly  termed  the preservative  of  all  other s. 


SECURITY  (page  326). 

QUESTIONS. 
Of  what  kind  of  value  or  property  must  an  earnest  consist  ?    2.   How  do  jJ^^dge 
and  security  differ  from  earmst  f    3 .    How  does  security  differ  from  pledge  f 
4.  What  is  hail?  gage? 

EXAMPLES. 

The for  a  national  or  state  debt  is  the  honesty  of  its  people. 

The  surest of  a  deathless  name 

Is  the  silent  homage  of  thoughts  unspoken. 

And  for  an of  a  greater  honor, 

He  bade  me,  from  hhn,  call  thee  Thane  of  Cawdor. 


SENSATIOX  (page  338). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  a  sensation  ?  a  perception  ?    2.  How  does  an  emotion  differ  from  a  sen- 
sation ?    3.  How  does  the  popular  term  feeling  compare  with  sensation  and 
emotion  ?    4.  What  is  a  sense  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

But ,  in  the  technical  and  limited  sense  of  the  term,  is  appropriated  to 

the  knowledge  of  material  objects,  and  of  the  external  world.    This  knowledge  is 

gained  or  acquired  by  means  of  the s,  and  hence,  to  be  more  exact,  we  call  it 

sensible ,  or,  more  briefly,  sense . 

s  sweet, 

Felt  in  the  blood,  and  felt  along  the  heart. 


SEXSIBIEITY  (page  328). 

QUESTIONS. 

1.  VfYiSiiiBsensiUUty'm  the  philosophical  sense?  in  popular  use?    2.  What  does 

sensitiveness  denote  ?    3.  What  is  susceptibility  ?    How  does  it  compare  with 

sensitiveness?     4.  How  are  susceptibility  and  sensitiveness  discriminated  in 

physics  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The of  the  external  surface  of  the  body  is  a  special  endowment  adapted  to 

the  elements  around  and  calculated  to  protect  the  interior  parts  from  injury. 

to  pleasure  is  of  necessity  also to  pain. 

Every  mmd  is  in  a  peculiar  state  of to  certain  impressions. 

32 


severe  ._^ 

sketch  49S 


SEVERE  (page  329). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  severe ?  rigid P  strict?    2.  How  does  rigorous  comTpeLrewith  rigid ?  3. 
What  does  austei'e  signify  ?     What  element  is  always  found  in  an  austere 
character  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

In  mathematics  we  arrive  at  certitude  by demonstration. 

He  who  the  sword  of  heaven  will  bear 

Should  be  as  holy  as . 

law  is  often injustice. 

By adherence  to  truth  in  official  dealing  with  the  natives,  the  English 

have  come  to  be,  always  believed  in  India. 


SHELTER,  V.  (page  331). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  When  is  anything  said  to  be  covered  ?  2.  How  does  shelter  compare  with  cover  t 
3.  What  does  defend  signify  ?  4.  What  does  g'warc^  imply  ?  5.  How  does 
protect  svlx^z&s  guard  wid.  defend  ?  6.  What  does  sAzeM  signify  ?  How  does 
it  compare  with  guard  or  defend  ?  7.  In  what  sense  is  the  verb  harbor  com- 
monly used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

He  that eth  his  sins  shall  not  prosper,  but  he  that  forsaketh  them  shall  find 

mercy. 

Thou  who  trod'st  the  billowy  sea, 

us  in  our  jeopardy  ! 

In  youth  it ed  me. 

And  I'll  protect  it  now. 


SIX  (page  332). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  sinP    2.  How  is  transgression  discriminated  from  sin  in  the  general 
sense  ?    3.  What  is  crime ?  guilt?  depravity? 

EXAMPLES. 

Commit 

The  oldest s  the  newest  kind  of  ways. 

is  not  punished  as  an  offense  against  God,  but  as  prejudicial  to  society. 

How once  harbored  in  the  conscious  breast. 

Intimidates  the  brave,  degrades  the  great. 


SKETCH  (page  334). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  sTcetch  ?    How  does  it  compare  with  outline ?    2.  In  what  special  con- 
nection are  draft  and  plan  used  ?    3.  How  does  a  mechanical  dratving  differ 
from  a  draft?    4.  What  is  a  design?    How  does  it  exceed  the  meaning  of 
drawing?    5.  What  is  an  w^i^jwe  in  written  composition?    Uow  does  a  sketch 


,»f.  skilful 

4wW  slang 

in  thi8  sense  compare  with  an  outline?  6.  What  is  an  outline  of  a  sermon 
technically  called  ?  T.  What  is  a  lawyer's  brief?  How  does  it  compare  with 
an  outline  or  sketch? 

EXAMPLES. 

A that  is  without  vigor,  and  in  which  the  anatomy  has  not  been  defined, 

is  a  bad  foundation  for  a  good  picture. 

A  little  model  the  master  wrought, 

Which  should  be  to  the  larger 

What  the  child  is  to  the  man. 


SKILFUL  (page  335). 

QUESTIONS. 
1,  What  does  skilful  signify?    2.  How  does  dexterous  compare  with  sAjZ/mZ  .?    3. 
How  does  a  skilled  compare  with  a  skilful  workman  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

So seamen  ken  the  land  from  far, 

Which  shows  like  mists  to  the  dull  passenger. 

Thousands  of workmen  are  thrown  into  enforced  idleness  by  the  strikes 

and  lockouts  of  every  year. 

Much  that  has  been  received  as  the  work  of  disembodied  spirits  has  been  but  the 
sleight  of  hand  of  spirits  embodied. 


SL.A1VDER  (page  336). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  it  to  slander?  to  defame?  to  lihd?    2.  When  is  defame  equivalent  to 
slander?    When  is  it  equivalent  to  libel?    3.  What  m  it  to  asj^erse  ?  to  ma- 
lign ?  to  traduce  ?  to  disparage  ?    4.  How  do  slander  and  libel  differ  in  legal 
signification  from  the  other  words  ?    6.  Which  words  of  the  group  apply  to 
open  attack  in  one's  presence,  and  which  to  attack  in  his  absence  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
ed  to  death  by  villains 


That  dare  as  well  answer  a  man,  indeed, 
As  I  dare  take  a  serpent  by  the  tongue. 

If  the  Scriptures  seem  to knowledge,  it  is  the  knowledge  that  despises 

virtue. 

Challenging  each  recreant  doubter 
Who ed  her  spotless  name. 


SL.AXO  (page  336). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  a  colloquialism  ?  2.  What  is  slang  in  the  primary  and  ordinary  sense  ?  in 
special  senses  ?    3.  What  is  a  vulgarism?    4.  What  is  cant  in  the  sense  here 
considered  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

There  is  a bred  of  vileness  that  is  never  redeemed;  there  is  also  a 


soclaltsm  -aa 

state  500 


that  is  the  vigorous  utterance  of  uncultured  wit,  that  fills  a  gap  in  the  language  and 
mounts  ultimately  to  the  highest  places. 

A is  worse  than ,  because  it  bears  the  ineffaceable  stamp  of  igno- 
rance. 

SOCIALISM  (page  338). 

QUESTIO^fS. 
1.  What  is  socialism?    What  term  do  many  of  its  advocates  prefer  ?    2.  What  is 
communism  ?  anarchism  f 

EXAMPLES. 

in  its  full  sense  means  the  abolition  of  inheritance,  the  abolition  of  the  f am- 

Oy,  the  abolition  of  nationalities,  the  abolition  of  religion,  the  abolition  of  property. 

,  in  gome  modified  form,  is  steadily  making  its  way  among  thinking  men 

under  the  guise  of  cooperation. 

is  the  offspring  of  sore  hearts  and  shallow  brains.    It  is  the  wisdom  of 

the  man  who  burned  do\vn  his  house  because  his  chimney  smoked. 


SPONTANEOUS  (page  340). 

QUESTIONS. 
When  is  anything  properly  said  to  be  spontaneous f  voluntary?  involuntary? 
2.  How  do  'Voluntary  and  involuntary  compare  with  each  other  ?  both  with 
spontaneous  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
■  is  opposed  to  reflective.    Those  operations  of  mind  which  are  continually 


going  on  without  any  effort  or  intention  on  our  part  are  spontaneous. 
No  action  that  is  not has  any  merit. 


SPY  (page  340). 

QUESTIONS. 

1 .  In  what  are  the  spy  and  the  scout  alike  ?    2.  In  what  do  they  differ  ?    3 .  What 

are  their  respective  rights  in  case  of  capture  ?    4.  What  is  an  emissary? 

EXAMPLES. 

A  daring of  General  Stuart  made  his  way  to  my  quarters,  and  informed 

me  that  General  Imboden  had  planned  an  attack  upon  the  town. 

I  had  grown  uneasy  in  regard  to  the  disjointed  situation  of  our  army  and,  to  in- 
form myself  of  what  was  going  on,  determined  to  send  a into  the  enemy's  lines. 


STATE,  V.  (page  841). 

QUESTIONS. 

From  what  is  state  derived  ?  What  does  it  mean  ?  2.  What  is  the  significance 
of  assert?  What  element  is  prominent  in  this  word  ?  3.  What  is  the  relative 
force  of  affirm  and  assert?  asseverate?  aver?  assure?  4.  What  does  affirm 
signify  in  legal  use,  and  how  does  it  differ  from  sivear  ?  5 .  What  is  it  to 
certify?    6.  What  does  vindicate  signify? 


/TAi  storm 

«>vl  s  subjective 

EXAMPLES. 

The  first  condition  of  intelligent  debate  is  that  the  question  be  clearly ed. 

We that  the  sciences  dispose  themselves  round  two  great  axes  of  thought, 

parallel  and  not  unrelated,  yet  distinct  —  the  natural  sciences  held  together  by  the 
one,  the  moral  by  the  other. 

It  is  impossible  for  the  mind  to  anything  of  that  of  which  it  knows 

nothing. 


STORM  (page  343). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  essential  meaning  of  sto?'m .?    2.  Whiit  ia  a,  tempest  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

The is  hard  at  hand  will  sweep  away 

Thrones,  churches,  ranks,  traditions,  customs,  marriage. 
Were  any  considerable  mass  of  air  to  be  suddenly  transferred  from  beyond  the 
tropics  to  the  equator,  the  difference  of  the  rotatory  velocity  proper  to  the  two  situa- 
tions would  be  so  great  as  to  produce  not  merely  a  wind,  but  a of  the  most 

destructive  violence. 


STORY  (page  343), 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  ^tory .?    Is  it  true  or  false?    2.  What  is  an  anecdote  ?  a,  narrative  ot 
narration  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

There  are ,  common  to  the  different  branches  of  the  Aryan  stock.  .  .  .  They 

are  ancient  Aryan ,  .  .  .  older  than  the  Odyssey,  older  than  the  dispersion  of 

the  Aryan  race. 

s  are  relations  of  detached,  interesting  particulars. 

Fairy s  have  for  children  an  inexhaustible  charm. 


SUBJECTIVE  (page  345). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  svbjective  f  of  objective  ?    2.  How  are  these  words  illus- 
trated in  the  case  of  a  mountain  ?    3.  What  matters  are 'purely  subjective  ?    4. 
What  matters  are  purely  objective  f  5.  What  is  meant  by  saying  that  an  author 
has  a  subjective  or  an  objective  style  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

Subject  therefore,  denotes  the  mind  itself  ;  and — ,  that  which  belongs  to,  or 

proceeds  from,  the  thinking  subject.  Object  is  a  term  for  that  about  wliich  the  know- 
ing subject  is  conversant,  .  .  .  while means  that  which  belongs  to,  or  proceeds 

from,  the  object  known,  and  not  from  the  subject  knowing  ;  and  thus  denotes  what 
is  real,  in  opposition  to  what  is  ideal,—  what  exists  in  nature,  in  contrast  to  what 
exists  merely  in  the  thought  of  the  individual. 


suggestion  -At» 

support  502 

SUGGESTIO]^  (page  347). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  In  what  way  does  a  suggestion  bring  a  matter  before  the  mind  ?    2.  What  is  an 
intimation.?  a  hint  ?    3.  What  are  the  special  characteristics  of  insinuaiiwi 
and  innuendo  f 

EXAMPLES. 
Behold  in  the  bloom  of  apples, 
And  the  violets  in  the  sward, 

A of  the  old,  lost  beauty 

Of  the  garden  of  the  Lord  .' 

Time  is  truly  the  comforter,  at  once  lessening  the  tendency  to of  images 

of  sorrow,  and  softening  that  very  sorrow  YSfhen  the  images  arise. 

An is  cowardly  because  it  can  seldom  be  directly  answered,  and  the  one 

who  makes  it  can  always  retreat  behind  an  assumed  misconstruction  of  his  words; 
but  the is  the  stab  in  the  back,  sneaking  as  it  is  malicious. 


SUPERNATURAL  (imge  347). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  original  meaning  of  supernatural?  of  preternatural  f  2.  What  is 
commonly  implied  in  the  use  of  preternatural  ?  3.  In  what  sense  do  some  hold 
a  miracle  to  be  supernatural  ?  What  descriptive  term  would  others  prefer  ? 
4.  What  is  the  meaning  of  superhuman?  In  what  secondary  sense  is  it  often 
used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

It  was  something  altogether ,  as  when  God  said,  '  Let  there  be  light,'  and 

there  was  light. 

With  an  imagination  of  intense  vividness  and activity,  Choate  was  as  prac- 
tical as  the  most  sordid  capitalist  that  ever  became  an  "•  incarnation  of  fat  dividends." 


SUPPORT  (page  348). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  do  support  qmA.  sustain  alike  signify?  2.  How  does  swstecw  surpass  «<y> 
po7't  in  meaning  and  force  ?  3 .  What  is  the  force  and  use  of  bear  in  this  con- 
nection ?  4.  What  is  it  to  mai?ii!aiw .S'  5.  How  does  mawi^aJM  compare  with 
sttpport  as  to  fulness  and  as  to  dignity  ?  6.  What  is  it  to  jnop?  What  is  the 
limit  upon  the  meaning  of  this  word  f 

EXAMPLES. 

And  Cain  said,  My  punishment  is  great  than  I  can . 

You  take  my  house  when  you  do  take  the  prop 

That  doth my  house. 

Can  a  soul  like  mine, 
Unus'd  to  power,  and  f orm'd  for  humbler  scenes, 

the  splendid  miseries  of  greatness  ? 

While  less  expert,  tho  stronger  far, 
The  Gael  — — ed  unequal  war. 


503  ifi.yr'' 


SUPPOSE  (page  348). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  it  to  «<jj^;o«« .?    2.  How  does  co/ijecfvre  dillav  from  suppose F    3.  What 
does  (/link  signify  in  the  sense  here  considered  ?    IIovv  does  it  compare  with 
C07)jectm'e  or  siipjiose  f 

EXAMPLES. 

Newton cd  that  if  the  earth  ^^•ere  to  be  so  compressed  as  to  be  absolutely 

without  pores,  its  dimensions  might  not  exceed  a  cubic  inch. 

Let  it  not  be ed  that  principles  and  opinions  always  go  together. 


SY^^'OMYMOUS  (page  349). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  Are  there  fmj  sijrionytnmis  woida  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term?    2.  What  is 
meant  by  sijnoinjnious  words  ?    3.  What  are  the  two  common  faults  with  ref- 
erence to  synonymous  words  or  synony7ns  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
The  great  source  of  a  loose  style  is  the  injudicious  use  of  those  words  termed 

To  raise,  with  fitting  observances,  over  the  ruins  of  the  historic  fortress  [Sumter] 
the flag  which  had  waved  over  it  during  its  first  bombardment. 


SYSTEM  (page  350). 
QUESTIONS. 
I .  What  is  order,  in  the  sense  here  considered  ?    2.  What  does  metJiod  denote  ? 
3.  What  is  a  system?    4.  To  what  does  manner  refer?    5.  To  what  does 
regularity  apply  ?    6.  Can  there  be  m^der  without  regularity  or  regidarity 
without  order,  and  how  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

If  this  be  madness,  there  is in  it. 

A is  .  .  .  an  organised  body  of  truth,  or  truths  arranged  under  one  and  the 

same  idea,  which  idea  is  as  the  life  or  soul  which  assimilates  all  those  truths. 


TEACH  (page  353). 

QUESTIONS. 
J.  What  is  it  to  feacA .?  2.  How  does  instruct  surpass  teach  in  signification?  3. 
What  secondary  sense  has  instruct  ?  4.  What  is  the  full  meaning  of  educate? 
5.  What  is  it  to  train  ?  6.  To  what  is  train  commonly  applied  where  edu- 
cate could  not  well  be  used  ?  7  •  What  is  it  to  discipline  f  8 .  ^V^lat  does  nur- 
ture signify,  and  how  does  it  compare  with  educate  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Plato  returned  to  Athens  and  began  to ;  like  his  master,  he without 

money  and  without  price. 

For  the  most  effective  mechanical  work  both  mind  and  hand  must  be ed  in 

childhood. 


him. 


term  504 

time 

The  Highlanders  flocliing  to  liim  from  all  quarters,  though  ill-armed,  and  worse 
— ed,  made  him  undervalue  any  enemy  who,  he  thought,  was  yet  to  encounter 


TERM  (page  354). 
QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  literal  meaning  of  term?    2.  Is  this  meaning  retained  in  the  figura- 
tive uses  of  tlie  word  ?    3.  What  are  the  articles  of  a  contract  ?  the  terms  of  a 
contract  ?    4.  What  is  a  condition?    5.  What  is  a  term  in  the  logical  sense  ? 
6.  How  does  term  in  ordinary  use  compare  with  word,  expregsion,  or  phrase? 
EXAMPLES. 

For  beauty's  acme  hath  a as  brief 

As  the  wave's  poise  before  it  break  in  pearl. 

But  what  are  these  moral  sermons  [of  Seneca]  ?    s,  nothing  but s. 

The  very miser  is  a  confession  of  the  misery  which  attends  avarice. 


TERSE  (page  354). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  meaning  of  short  or  brief?    2.  What  is  the  derivation  and  meaning 
ot  concise?  oi  condensed  ?  of  compendicms  ?    3.  What  is  the  derivation  and 
mewomg  oi  succinct  ?  oi  terse?    4.  What  is  the  force  of  wmwiary .?  5.  What 
is  a  sententious  style  ?  a  jMhy  utterance  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

With  all  his  lucidity  of  statement,  Hamilton  was  not  always . 

In  most  cases  it  will  be  found  that  the  Victorian  idiom  is  clearer,  but  less 

than  the  corresponding  Elizabethan  idiom  which  it  has  supplanted. 


TESTIMONY  (page  355u 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  "WhaX  is  testimony?    2.  How  does  it  compare  with  evidence?    3.  How  does  a 
deposition  differ  from  an  affidavit  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  word  ,  m  legal  acceptation,  includes  all  the  means  by  which  any 

alleged  matter  of  fact,  the  truth  of  which  is  submitted  to  us  for  investigation,  is 
established  or  disproved. 

As  to  the  fruits  of  Sodom,  fair  without,  full  of  ashes  within,  I  saw  nothing  of 
them,  the  from  the we  have,  something  of  this  kind  has  been  produced. 


TIME  (page  356). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  To  what  do  segw^sce  and  succession  apply?    2.  What  does  <i»i«  denote.?    How 
is  it  conceived  of  with  reference  to  events  ?    3.  How  do  duration  and  succes- 
sion compare  with  ti?ne  ? 


«Ais  tool 


EXAMPLES. 

Every  event  remembered  is  remembered  as  having  happened  in past. 

This  gives  us  the  idea  in  the  concrete.  .  .  .  We  can  now,  by  a  process  of  abstraction, 
separate  the from  the  event,  and  we  liave  the  abstract  idea  of  time. 

Tlie of  each  earthqualie  is  measured  generally  only  by  seconds,  or  even 

parts  of  a  second. 

It  has  been  conjectured  that  our  idea  of is  founded  upon  the  conscious 

of  sensations  and  ideas  in  our  own  minds. 


TOOI^  (page  358). 
QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  a  too?.?  2.  How  does  instrument  compare  in  meaning  with  toolp  3. 
What  special  too/s  are  ordinarily  called  instruments?  4.  What  is  an  imple- 
ment f  5.  What  is  a  ntensil?  In  what  special  relations  is  the  word  used  ? 
6.  What  is  an  apMiance?  How  does  appliance  compare  with  tool?  7.  What 
ia  a,  mechanism  f  8.  What  is  a  machine  in  the  most  general  sense?  in  the 
technical  and  common  use  ?  9.  What  is  an  apparatus  f  10.  Which  of  these 
words  have  figurative  use  ?  11.  How  are  instrument  and  tool  contrasted  in 
figurative  use  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

The  time  is  coming  when  the s  of  husbandry  shall  supplant  the  weapons  of 

war. 

Mis  salt  and  sand,  and  it  shall  puzzle  the  wisest  of  men,  with  his  mere  natural 
s,  to  separate  all  the  grains  of  sand  from  all  the  grains  of  salt. 

The  pick,  stone^saw,  wedge,  chisel,  and  other  — s  were  already  in  use  when 

the  pyramids  were  built. 


TOPIC  (page  359). 
QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  is  topic  derived,  and  with  what  meaning  ?    2.  How  is  question  used 
in  a  similar  sense,  and  why  ?    3.  Is  the  general  sw&Jtc;!  or  ^ACT?te  properly  known 
as  the  topic  ?    To  what  is  that  name  more  appropriately  given  ? 
EXAMPLES. 
My  father  .  .  .  always  took  care  to  start  some  ingenious  or  useful of  dis- 
course, which  might  tend  to  improve  the  minds  of  his  children. 

One  of  the  most  important  rules  in  a  deliberative  assembly  is,  that  every  speaker 

shall  speak  to  the . 

The of  the  Iliad  is  not  the  war  of  Troy,  but  the  wrath  of  Achilles  exhibited 

daring  and  in  connection  with  the  war  of  Troy. 


TRANSACT,  TRANSACTIO^J  (page  360). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  How  does  transact  differ  from  do?    2.  How  does  transact  differ  from  treat  and 
negotiate?    3.  How  does  negotiate  compare  with  treat?    4.  How  do  transac- 
tions differ  from  proceedi7igs  ? 


transient  <-a« 

utility  »*>b 

EXAMPLES. 

In  the  first  Parliament  of  James  the  House  of  Commons  refused  for  the  first  time 
to business  on  a  Sunday. 

The  treaty  of  peace  that  closed  the  war  of  1812  had  been  already before 

the  battle  of  New  Orleans  was  fought. 

Any  direction  of  Christ  or  any  direction  or  act  of  his  apostles  respecting  the 

of  business  in  the  church,  is  binding  upon  us,  unless  such  direction  or  act  was 
grounded  upon  peculiar  circumstances  then  existing. 


TRANSIEIVT  (page  361). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  What  is  the  derivation  of  transient  and  transitory  ?  2 .  How  does  transient  differ 
in  signification  from  transitory?  3.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  tem- 
porary f  4.  From  what  is  ep/«e??ieraZ  derived,  and  with  what  sense  ?  5.  How 
does  ephemeral  differ  from  transient  or  transitory  ?  6.  What  does  ephemeral 
suggest  besides  brevity  of  time  ?  7-  What  is  the  derivation  and  meaning  of 
fugitive?  8.  What  is  the  distinctive  meaning  of  et)a««6'c«K</ 
EXAMPLES. 

Mirth  is  short  and ,  cheerfulness  fixed  and  permanent. 

Neither  gratitude  nor  revenge  had  any  share  in  determining  his  [Charles  II. 's] 
course;  for  never  was  there  a  mind  on  which  both  services  and  injuries  left  such  faint 

and impressions. 

A chairman  is  commonly  appointed  at  the  opening  of  a  meeting  to  conduct 

proceedings  till  a  permanent  presiding  officer  shall  be  elected. 


IINION  (page  362). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  «7W<y .?    2.  What  is  union?    3.  How  are  imify  and  ufiion  contrasted? 
4.  When  may  vnity  be  predicated  of  that  which  is  made  up  of  parts . 
EXAMPLES. 

Behold  how  good  and  how  pleasant  it  is  for  brethren  to  dwell  together  in  . 

Out  of  the of  Koman  and  Teutonic  elements  arose  the  modern  world  of 

Europe.  

UTILITY  (page  863). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  is  utility  derived,  and  what  is  its  primary  meaning  ?  2.  How  is  util- 
ity discriminated  from  use  and  usefulness?  3.  What  is  the  derivation  and 
primary  meaning  of  expediency?  4.  How  are  expediency  dcoA  ^d^lity  wseA  ns 
regards  moral  action  ?  Which' is  the  mferior  word  in  such  use  ?  5.  How  does 
ixilicy  in  such  use  compare  with  expediency  and  utility  ? 
EXAMPLES. 

Principle  is  ever  my  motto,  not . 

Two  words  form  the  key  of  the  Baconian  doctrine, and  progress.    The 

ancient  philosophy  disdained  to  he  useful,  and  was  content  to  be  stationary. 


«Aw  vacant 

»07  veneration 


Justice  itself  is  the  great  standing of  civil  society,  and  any  departure  from 

it,  under  any  circumstances,  rests  under  the  suspicion  of  being  no at  all. 

The  fundamental  objection  to  the  doctrine  of ,  in  all  its  modifications  is 

that  taken  by  Dr.  Reid,  viz.,  "  that  agreeableness  and are  not  moral  conceptions, 

nor  have  they  any  connection  with  morality.  What  a  man  does  merely  because  it  is 
agreeable  is  not  virtue." 


VACANT  (page  363).. 

QUESTIONS. 
What  is  the  meaning  of  empty  f  of  vacant  f  2.  To  what  does  vacant  especially 
refer  ?  3.  What  is  the  difference  between  an  empty  house  and  a  vacant  house  ? 
4 .  What  is  the  difference  in  dignity  between  the  two  words  ?  5 .  What  is  the 
significance  of  void  and  devoid  f  6.  What  does  waste  imply?  7.  In  what 
sense  is  vacuous  used  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

heads  console  with sound. 

The  watch=dog's  voice  that  bay'd  the  whispering  wind 
And  the  loud  laugh  that  spoke  the mind. 


VEEf  AL  (page  365). 

QUESTIONS. 
1 .  From  what  is  venal  derived,  and  with  what  meaning  ?  mercenary  ?  hireling  f    2 . 
How  are  mercenary  and  venial  discriminated  from  hireling  f 
EXAMPLES. 

The  closing  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century  may  be  termed  the  era  of 

American  politics.    Never  before  has  legislation  been  so  universally,  so  unscrupu- 
lously, and  unblushingly  for  sale. 

The  body  of  Greeks,  immortalized  under  the  name  of  the  Ten  Thousand,    .    .     . 

though  embarking  on  a  foreign service,  were  by  no  means  outcasts,  or  even 

men  of  extreme  poverty. 

It  is  not  the  hire,  but  the  working  only  for  the  hire  that  makes  the . 


VENERATION  (page  366). 
qlt:stions. 

1 .  By  what  qualities  is  awe  inspired  ?  2.  What  elements  are  present  and  what  lack- 
ing in  awe'^  3.  What  is  dread  and  by  what  aroused  ?  4.  How  do  reverence 
and  veneration  differ  from  awe  or  dread  ?  5 .  How  does  adoration  compare 
with  veneration  ? 

EXAMPLES. 
Man  craves  an  object  of ;  and  if  not  supplied  with  that  which  God  has  ap- 
pointed, will  take  what  offers. 

The  Italian  climate  robs  age  of  its ,  and  makes  it  look  newer  than  it  is. 


venial 

virtue  50§ 


VE^flAL.  (page  367). 

QUESTIONS. 
From  what  is  vetiial  derived,  and  what  does  it  signify  ?   2.  How  does  venial  com- 
pare vi\t\i pardonable  f    3.  How  does  excusable  differ  from  the  above  words  f 
4.  What  very  different  word  is  sometimes  confounded  with  venial? 
EXAMPLES. 

Theft  on  the  part  of  a  starving  man  is  one  of  the  most of  offenses. 

Under  all  the  circumstances,  the  error  was . 


VERACITY  (page  367). 
QUESTIONS. 
I.  Do  truth  and  verity  apply  to  thought  and  speech  or  to  persons  f    2.  To  what 
does  veracity  apply  ?  tmtlifulness  ?    3.  Into  what  two  classes  may  the  words 
in  this  group  of  synonyms  be  divided,  and  what  words  will  be  found  in 
each  class  ? 

EXAMPLES. 

On  a  certain  confidence  in  the of  mankind  is  founded  so  much  of  the 

knowledge  on  which  we  constantly  depend,  that,  without  it,  the  whole  system  of 
human  things  would  go  into  confusion. 

'       If  all  the  world  and  love  were  young. 

And in  every  shepherd's  tongue. 

These  pretty  pleasures  might  me  move 
To  live  with  thee  and  be  thy  love. 


VIRTUE  (page  370). 

QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  prominent  idea  in  virtue?  2.  How  does  goodness  differ  from  vir- 
tue ?  3.  Of  what  relations  are  honesty  and  probity  used  ?  4.  How  is  honesty 
used  in  a  sense  higher  than  the  commercial  ?  5.  What,  in  the  full  sense,  is 
integrity?  6.  What  is  honor?  7.  What  is  imrity ?  duty?  8.  What  do 
rectitude  and  righteousness  denote  ?  9.  To  what  does  uprightness  especially 
refer?    10.  What  is  virtuousness? 

EXAMPLES. 

is  the  fruit  of  exertion;  it  supposes  conquest  of  temptation. 

In  seeing  that  a  thing  is  right,  we  see  at  the  same  time  that  it  is  our  

to  do  it. 

It  is  true  that is  the  best  policy  ;  but  if  this  be  the  motive  of  honest  dealing, 

there  is  no  real . 

Where  is  that  chastity  of that  felt  a  stain  like  a  wound  ? 


INDEX. 


Page. 

abandon 1 

"       renounce 309 

"       surrender 349 

abandoned,  addicted 19 

ctbuse 3 

abash 3 

abate 3 

"     abolish 6 

"     alleviate 33 

abbreviation 4 

"  abridgment 7 

abdicate,  abandon 1 

aberration,  insanity 2^1 

abet 4 

"    help 195 

abetter,  accessor!/ 13 

abettor,  accesso^^y 13 

abhor 5 

abhorrence,  abomination 7 

"  antipatluj 48 

hatred 193 

abide 5 

"      endure 150 

abiding,  peifrianent 269 

ability,  power 379 

abject,  jiififul 273 

abjure,  abandon 1 

"       renounce 309 

able,  adequate 21 

"     clei-er , 109 

"     sagacious 322 

abode,  home 201 

abolish 6 

"        cancel 93 

abominable,  crimincd 120 

abominate,  abhor 5 

abomination 7 

abdvi^iual.  jnimeval 287 

abortive,  niiii 364 

abouiidiim:,  jjIi  iit/ftit 27'6 

aljoveboard,  cani'liil 93 

abridge,  restrain 315 

abridgment 7 

' '  abbreviation 4 

abrogate,  abolish 6 

"        cancel 92 

abrupt,  bluff. 83 

"      steep 343 

absent,  abstracted 11 

absent»minded,  abstracted 11 

absolute 8 

"       infinite 216 

"       perfect 268 

"       pure 296 

absolution,  pardon 262 

absolve 9 

"    pardon 262 

absorb 9 


,    ,  Page. 

absorbed,  absiractea 11 

abstain,  cease 98 

abstemiousness,  abstinence 10 

abstinence 10 

abstract,  v lo 

abstract,  «.,  abridgment 7 

abstracted il 

abstruse,  complex 112 

"        mysterious 247 

"        obscure 255 

absurd il 

"      incongruaus 214 

abundant,  large 229 

plentiful 276 

abuse 12 

"     cdjomination 7 

abutting,  adjacent 23 

accede,  agree 25 

accelerate,  quicken 297 

accept,  agree 25 

"        assume 61 

"       confess 114 

acceptable,  delightful 126 

accepted,  authentic 67 

access,  entrance 154 

accessible, /rje??f% 178 

accession,  entrance 154 

accessory,  a.,  auxiliary 67 

accessory,  n 13 

"  appendage 53 

accident 14 

"      hazard 194 

acclaim,  praise 380 

acclamation,  praise 280 

accompaniment,  appendage 53 

"■  circumstance 105 

accompany,  folloic 174 

accomj^lice,  accessory 13 

"  associcde 60 

accomplisli,  attain 64 

"  do 135 

"  transact 360 

accomplislied,  polite 277 

skilful 335 

accomplisliment,  act 16 

"  end,  n 148 

accord,  v.,  agree 25 

accord,  n.,  harmony 191 

accordance,  harmony 191 

accordingly,  therefore 355 

accost,  adclress,  v 19 

account,  v.,  calculate 90 

account,  // .,  history 300 

"  reason,  n 303 

"  record 304 

"  report 311 

"  story 343 

accountability,  duty 143 


accouterinents 
a  flair 


510 


Page. 

accouterments,  arms 55 

"             ccquirison 93 

accredited,  authentic 67 

accumulate,  amass 38 

accurate,  perfect 268 

accuse,  arraign 56 

accustomed,  addicted 19 

"           usual 363 

acerb,  bitter 81 

acerbity,  acrimony 15 

acetous,  bitter 81 

ache,  pain 261 

achieve,  attain 64 

do 135 

"       get 183 

"       succeed 346 

achievement,  act 16 

"           career 95 

"           end,  n 148 

"            victory 369 

"            work 374 

acid,  bitter 81 

acidulated,  bitter 81 

acidulous,  bitter 81 

acknowledge,  avcnv 69 

"             confess 114 

acknowledgment,  apology 51 

acquaintance 15 

"           knowledge 227 

acquiesce,  agree 25 

acquire,  attain 64 

"      get 183 

"      purchase 295 

acquit,  absolve 9 

"     pardon 262 

acquittal,  pardon 262 

acrid,  bitter 81 

acrimonious,  bitter 81 

"          morose 245 

acrimony 15 

"       enmity 152 

act,  v.,  transact 360 

act,  n 16 

"     exercise 102 

"     motion 245 

"     transaction 360 

action,  act 16 

"     battle 74 

"      behavior 79 

"     exercise 162 

"      motion ^5 

"     operation 258 

"      transaction 360 

"     work 374 

active 17 

"      alert 28 

"      alive 30 

"      industrious 215 

"      nimble 253 

activity,  exercise 162 

actor,  agent 24 

"      cause 98 

actual,  real 301 

actualize,  do. 135 

actuate,  influence 217 

acumen 18 

acute,  astute 62 

"      sagacious 322 

acuteness,  acumen 18 


Page. 

adage,  proverb 293 

adapted,  adequate 21 

add 18 

addendum,  appendage 53 

addicted 19 

addition,  appendage 53 

address,  v 19 

address,  n 20 

"       speech 339 

adduce,  allege 31 

adept,  skilful 335 

adequate 21 

"         plentiful 276 

adherence,  attachment 63 

adherent 21 

adhesion,  attachment 63 

adhesive 22 

2^Si\&0L,fare^cell 168 

adit,  entrance 154 

adjacent 22 

adjoin,  add 18 

adjoining,  adjacent. 22 

adjunct,  appendage 53 

adjuration,  oath 254 

administer,  execute 161 

admiration,  amazement 39 

admire 23 

admission,  entrance 154 

admit,  agree 25 

"     atloiv 35 

"     avow 69 

"     confess 114 

admittance,  entrance 154 

admixture,  alloy 36 

admonish,  reprorce 312 

admonition,  reproof. 31 1 

adolescent,  youthful 375 

adoration,  veneration 360 

adore,  admire 23 

"     venerate 366 

adorn 23 

adroit,  clever 109 

"      skilful..... 335 

adroitness,  address,  n 20 

"         dextei'ity 129 

adulation,  praise 280 

adulteration,  alloy 36 

advance,  v.,  allege 31 

"       amend 41 

"       promote 291 

"       quicken 297 

advance,  n.,  progress 289 

advancement,  progress 289 

advantage,  profit 288 

"         utility 363 

"         victm'y 369 

adventure,  accident 14 

adventurous,  brave 85 

adversary,  enemy 151 

adversity,  misfortune 242 

advert,  alhide 36 

advertise,  announce 46 

advised,  conscious 116 

advocate,  abet 4 

"        j^l^dd 274 

aerial,  airy 27 

affable,  fnendly 178 

affair,  battle 74 

"     business 88 


511 


aflfatr 
amongst 


Page. 

affair,  transaction 360 

affect,  assume 61 

affectation,  hypocrisy 204 

"        pretense 283 

affection,  attachment 63 

"       disease 134 

"       friendship 179 

"       lore 235 

affectionate, //•2e«d^y 178 

affidavit,  oath 254 

"       testimony 355 

affinity,  analogy 43 

"       kin 227 

affirm,  allege 31 

"      state 341 

affirmation,  testimony 355 

afflict,  chasten 103 

affliction,  gjief 187 

"         misfortune 242 

affix,  ndi? 18 

allliicnt.  y//<  iitlful 276 

afford,  ,  ,n/iire 150 

affray,  ftud 170 

affrighit,  n.,  alarm 28 

fear 168 

affriglit,  v.,  frighten 180 

affront 24 

age,  time 356 

aged,  old 257 

agency,  operation 258 

ageiit 24 

"    cause 98 

aggravate,  affront 24 

aggregate,  amass,  r. 38 

aggression,  attack,  n 64 

aggrieve,  abuse 12 

agile,  active 17 

"     nirnble 253 

agitate,  shake 330 

agitation,  storm 343 

agnomen,  name 247 

agnostic,  skeptic 335 

agony,  pain 261 

agree 25 

agreeable,  amiable 42 

"        comfortable 110 

delightful 126 

"        pleasant 27'5 

agreement,  contract 118 

"         harmony 191 

agricultural,  rustic 321 

agriculture 25 

aid,  v.,  abet 4 

"     promote 291 

aid,  w.,  adherent 21 

"        auxiliary 07 

"         help 195 

"         sxibsidy 345 

aider,  adherent 21 

ailment,  disease 134 

aim 26 

"  design 128 

"  direction 132 

"  reason,  n 302 

air 27 

"  pretense 283 

airy 27 

akin,  alike 30 

alarm 28 


Page. 

alarm,  fnghten 180 

alarming,  awful 70 

alert 28 

"   active 17 

"   alive 30 

"   nimble 253 

"   vigilant 369 

alien,  a.  &  n 29 

alienate,  surrender 349 

alienation,  insanity 221 

cdike 30 

"   synonymous 349 

aliment,  food 175 

alive 30 

all,  every 158 

allay 31 

allege 31 

"     state 341 

allegiance 32 

allegory 33 

"      fiction 170 

alleviate 33 

"       allay 31 

alley,  way 37'3 

alliance 34 

"        association 60 

"        kin 237 

allot , 34 

"  apparition 54 

allow 35 

"■    confess 114 

"   endure 150 

allowance,  pay 266 

"         permission 269 

"         subsidy 345 

alloy 36 

allude 36 

a(lu?^e 37 

"    draw 138 

"   iKrsuade 271 

ally,  n.,  accessoi^.'. 13 

"  adherent 21 

"  associate 60 

"  auxiliary 67 

almsgiving,  benevolence 80 

also 37 

alter,  change,  v 100 

alteration,  change,  n 101 

alternative , 38 

altho,  notwithstanding,  conj 254 

amass 38 

amateur 39 

amazement 39 

"        perplexity 270 

ambiguous,  equivocal 155 

"         obscure 255 

ambition 40 

ameliorate,  amend 41 

amenable,  docile 136 

amend 41 

amiable 43 

amicable, /Hemc^^j/ 178 

amid 43 

amidst,  amid 43 

amity,  friendship 179 

"      harnwny 191 

amnesty,  piardon 262 

among,  amid 42 

amongst,  amid .' . . .    43 


ample 
apt 


512 


Pagh. 

amp\e,'large 229 

"     l)lenti/ul 276 

amplify 43 

"      add 18 

amuse,  entertain 152 

amusement,  entertainment 153 

analogous,  alike 30 

analogy 43 

analysis,  abridgment 7 

anarchism,  socialisfn 338 

anarchy,  revolution 317 

anathema,  oath 254 

ancient,  atitique 48 

"       obsolete 256 

"       old :i57 

"       primeval 287 

and,  but 89 

anecdote,  stoi^ 343- 

anger 44 

"     hatred 103 

anguish,  anxiety 49 

"       imin 261 

animadversion,  reproof. 311 

animal,  a.,  brutish 87 

animal,  n 45 

animate,  ali/ve 30 

animated,  airy 27 

"         alive 30 

"         eager 142 

animosity,  anger 44 

"  enmity 152 

"  feud 170 

"  hatred 193 

annals,  history 200 

annex,  add 18 

annihilate,  abolish 6 

"         exterminate 1G3 

annotation,  remark 308 

announce 46 

"        speak 339 

annoy,  affront 24 

annoyance,  abomination 7 

annul,  abolish 6 

"      cancel 92 

anomalous,  absurd 11 

"         queer 297 

answer 46 

antagonism,  antipathy 48 

"  enmity 152 

antagonist,  enemy 151 

antecedent,  a.,  previous 285 

antecedent,  «.,  cause 98 

' '  precedent 282 

antepast,  anticipation 48 

anterior,  j>revioiiS 285 

anticipate 47 

"         abide 5 

"         prevent 284 

anticipation 48 

antipathy 48 

"        hatred 193 

antiquated,  antique 48 

"  obsolete 256 

"  old 257 

antique 48 

"       old 257 

anxiety 49 

"        care 94 

anxious,  eager 142 


Page. 

any,  every 158 

apathy 50 

"     stupidity  344 

"     stupor 344 

aphorism,  proverb 293 

a2nece 51 

apocalypse,  revelation 316 

apologize  for,  palliate 261 

apologue,  fiction 170 

apology 51 

"      defense 123 

apothegm,  pi'overb 293 

appal,  frighten 180 

appalling,  awful 70 

apparatus,  tool 358 

apparel,  dress 140 

apparent 52 

"     "       clear 107 

\  "       evident 159 

appieal,  address,  v 19 

appear 52 

appearance  w  semblance  of,  have, 

appear 52 

appearance,  air 27 

appease,  allay 31 

appellation,  name 247 

append,  add 18 

uppaidage 53 

appendix,  appendage 53 

appetency,  appetite 54 

desire 128 

appetite 54 

"       desire 128 

applaud,  admire. .  23 

applause,  x>raise 280 

appliance,  tool 358 

application,  exercise 162 

"  industnj 216 

appoint,  allot 34 

"       apportion 54 

apportion 54 

"        allot 84 

appreciate,  esteem,  v 156 

apprehend,  anticipate 47 

"  arrest 57 

"  catcli 97 

"  perceive 267 

apprehension,  alarm 28 

"  anticipation 48 

"  anxiety 49 

fear 168 

"  idea 206 

"  knowledge 227 

apprised,  conscious 116 

approach,  address,  v 19 

approach,  «.,  appi-oximaiion 55 

"  entrance 154 

approbation,  pi^aise 280 

appropriate,  abstract 10 

"  appoT'tion 54 

"  assume 61 

approval,  praise 280 

approve,  admire 25 

"      agree 25 

apjjroximation 55 

appurtenance,  appendage 53 

apostrophize,  address,  v 19 

a  iiriori,  transcendental 361 

apt,  clever 109 


513 


apt 
uttacbiuent 


Page. 

apt,  likely 232 

"   sagacious 322 

"   skilful 335 

aptitude,  dexterity 129 

"        power 279 

arbiter,  judge 224 

arbitrary,  absolute 8 

arbitrate,  interpose 222 

arbitrator,  judge 224 

archaic,  obsolete 256 

archetype,  ea: ample ICO 

"         idea 206 

"         ideal 206 

"  model 243 

archive,  record 304 

archives,  history 200 

ardent,  eager 142 

ardor,  en  th  usias/n 153 

arduous,  difficult 132 

argue,  plead 274 

"     reason,  v 302 

argument,  reason,  -n 302 

"        reasoning 303 

argumentation,  reasoning 303 

arise,  Hse v- 319 

arising,  beginning 78 

armament,  army 56 

armor,  ai'nis 55 

a?'m^ 55 

atrny 56 

"     array 57 

arraign 56 

arrangement,  array 57 

"  contract 118 

array 57 

"    artny 56 

"    dress 140 

arrest 57 

"     obstruct 257 

arrive,  attain 64 

"     reach 300 

arrogance,  assurance 61 

"         pride 286 

arrogant,  absolute 8 

"        dogmatic 137 

arrogate,  assume. 61 

art,  aiiiflce 58 

"   business 88 

"    science 325 

article,  tenn 354 

article  of  belief,  doctrine 136 

"      of  faith,   doctrine 136 

articulate,  speak 339 

artifice 58 

'"'      fraud 177 

artificer,  ai'tist 58 

artisan,  artist 58 

artiM 58 

artistic,  tasteful 352 

artless,  candid 93 

"       rustic 321 

as,  because 77 

ascend,  rise 319 

ascertain,  discover 133 

ascribe,  attribute,  v 65 

ashes,  body 84 

ask 59 

"  i;feac? 274 

"  p7wy 281 


Page. 

asperity,  acnmony 15 

asperse,  slander 336 

asphyxia,  stupor 344 

aspiration,  aim 26 

"•  ambition 40 

"         desire 128 

assail,  attack,  v 63 

assassinate,  kill 226 

assault,  v.,  attack,  v 63 

assault,  n.,  attack,  n 64 

assemblage,  company 110 

assemble,  convoke 120 

assembly,  company 110 

assent,  v.,  agree 25 

assent,  n.,  faith 164 

assert,  allege 31  - 

"       state 341- 

assertion,  assurance 61 

asseverate,  allege 31 

state -341 

assiduity,  industry 216 

assiduous,  industrious 215 

assign,  allege 31 

"      allot 34 

"      apportion 54 

"      attribute,  v 65 

"      commit 110 

assist,  abet 4 

"     help 195 

"     lyronwte 291 

assistant,  accessory 13 

"         auxiliary 67 

associate 60 

"        accessory 13 

"       attribute,  v 65 

association 60 

"         acquaintance 15 

"         class 106 

assuage,  alleviate 33 

assume 61v 

assumption,  assurance 61 

"  pretense 283 

pride 286 

assurance 61 

'■        effrontery 144 

"         faith 164 

"  impudence 213 

assure,  confirm 114 

"      state 341 

assured,  conscious 116 

astonishment,  amusement 39 

"  perpkxity 270 

astute 63 

as  well,  also  37 

as  well  as,  also 37 

at  ease,  comfortable 110 

atheist,  skeptic 335 

atom,  part 264 

"     particle 264 

at  once,  immedicdtly 211 

atonement,  lyropitiation 291 

at  rest,  comfortable 110 

atrocious,  barbarous 73 

attach,  add 18 

attached,  addicted 19 

"        adjacent 22 

attachment 63 

"  appendage 53 

"  friendship 179 

33 


attacliiueiit 
toeacli 


514 


Page. 

attaclunent,  love 2;35 

attack,  V G3 

attack,  n C4 

attain 64 

"     get 183 

"      reach 300 

"     succeed 346 

attainment,  progress 289 

"  wisdom 3(2 

attempt,  ».,  endeavw,  v 149 

attempt,  n.,  endeavor,  n 150 

attend,  follow 174 

"       listen 232 

attendant,  accessoi~y 13 

attention,  care 94 

"         industry 216 

attestation,  testirjwny 355 

attire,  dress 140 

attitude 65 

attract,  allure 37' 

"       draw 138 

attraction,  love 235 

attractive,  amiable 42 

"        heautiful 76 

"        pleasant 275 

attribute,  v., 65 

attribute,  n 66 

"        characteristic 103 

"        emblem 146 

audacity,  effrontery 144 

"        temerity 353 

augment,  add 18 

"        amplify 43 

augur 66 

august,  awful 70 

"      royal 320 

auspicious,  propitious 291 

austere,  severe 329 

authentic 67 

"       real 301 

author,  cause 98 

autlioritative,  absolute 8 

"  authentic 67 

"  dogmatic 137 

authority,  permission 269 

"         precedent 282 

authorization,  permission 269 

authorized,  authentic 67 

autobiography,  history... 200 

autochthonic,  p^-imeval 287 

autocratic,  absolute 8 

automatic,  spontaneous 340 

atixiliai'y 67 

"        appendage 53 

avail,  jyrofit 288 

"    utility 363 

avaricious 68 

avenge 69 

"     requite 313 

avenging,  revenge 310 

avenue,  ivay ' 3(2 

aver,  allege 31 

"    avow 69 

"    state 341 

averse,  reluctant 308 

aversion,  abmnination 7 

"        antipathy 48 

"       hatred 193 

avocation,  business 88 


Page. 

avouch,  avow 69 

"      state 341 

avow 69 

"     confess 114 

"     state 341 

av^'ait,  abide 5 

awake,  vigilant 369 

award,  allot 34 

aware,  conscious 116  - 

awe,  amazement 39 

"  fear 168 

"    migration 366 

aivful 70 

awkward 70 

"         rustic 321 

axiom 71 

"     proverb 293 

babble 71 

backbite,  slander 336 

backer,  adherent 21 

backward,  reluctant 308 

backwardness,  modesty 244 

bad,  jyej'nicious 270 

Ijadinaee,  banter 73 

baffle,  hinder 199 

bail,  security 326 

balk,  hinder 199 

balky,  restive 314 

bau,  v.,  banish 72 

ban,  n.,  oath 254 

bandit,  robber 320 

baueful,  jxrnicious 270 

banish 72 

"      exterminate 163 

bank 72 

bankrupt,  break 86 

banter 73 

"      wit 373 

bar,  barrier 74 

"    hinder 199 

"    impediment 213 

"   lock 234 

"   obstruct 257 

barbarian,  barba^'ous 73 

barbaric,  barbarous 73 

barbarism,  language 228 

barbarous 73 

barely,  but 89 

bargain,  contract 118 

"       sale 323 

bargain  for,  purchase 294 

barricade,  v.,  obstruct 257 

barricade,  n.,  barrier 7'4 

barrier 74 

"      boundary 84 

"      impediment 213 

barter,  business 88 

"      sale 323 

barter  for,  purchase 295 

base,  brutish 87 

"    pitifxil 273 

baseless,  vain 364 

bashfulness,  modesty 244 

bastinado,  beat 75 

batter,  beat 75 

battle 74 

battle  array,  array 57 

bawl,  call 91 

beach,  bank 7i 


515 


bear 
bluff 


Pagk. 

bear,  abide 5 

"    carry 96 

"    eridure. 150 

"    swpport 348 

bearing,  air 27 

"       behavior 79 

"       direction 133 

bear  up  under,  endure 150 

bear  with,  endure 150 

beast,  u/iinial 45 

beastly,  brutish 87 

beat 75 

"   conquer 115 

beauteous,  beautiful 76 

beautiful 76 

fine 172 

"       graceful 186 

beautify,  adorn 23 

because 77 

"      therefor 355 

bechance,  happen 188 

become,  make 236 

becoming 77 

bedeck,  adm-n 23 

befall,  happen 188 

befitting,  becoming 77 

befoul,  defile 124 

befriend,  help 195 

beg,  ask 59 

"     plead 274 

"     pray 281 

beggary,  poverty 279 

beginning 78 

beguile,  entertain 152 

behavior 79 

"      air 27 

bebold,  discern 133 

"       look 234 

belabor,  beat 75 

beleaguer,  attack^  v 63 

belief,  doctritie 136 

"    faith 164 

"    fancy 167 

"     idea 206 

belittle,  disjMrage 134 

belles=lettres,  literature 233 

bellow,  call 91 

bemoan,  mourn 246 

bend 79 

benefaction,  gift 184 

beneficence,  benevolence 80 

benefit,  x)rofit 288 

"       utility 363 

benevolence 80 

"  mercy 239 

benevolent,  humane 203 

benign,  propitious 291 

benignant,  amiable 42 

"  Mrniane 203 

benignity,  benevolence 80 

"         mercy 239 

bequest,  gift 184 

bereavement,  misfartune 242 

beseech,  ask 59 

"        plead 274 

"       pray 281 

beseeming,  becoming 77 

beset,  attack.,  v. 63 

beside,  adjacent 22 


Page. 

besides,  also. 37 

"       but 89 

"       7jet 374 

besiege,  attack,  v 63 

bestial,  brutish 87 

bestow,  ijire 185 

betide,  Iiiippen 188 

betoken,  augur 66 

better,  <aiii  iid 41 

betw  ecu,  amid 42 

betwixt,  amid 42 

bevy,  flock 173 

bewail,  mourn 246 

bewilder,  abash 3 

bewilderment,  amazement 39 

"  pel  III ( aity 270 

bewitching,  beautiful 76 

"  charming 103 

bias,  bend 79 

"    prejudice 283 

bid,  i)ray 281 

"  2)?'oposal 292 

bide,  abide 5 

big,  large 229 

bigotry,  fanaticism. 166 

bills,  money 244 

bind 81 

biography,  history 200 

bu-th,  kin 227 

biting,  bitter 81 

bitter 81 

bitterness,  acrimony 15 

"         enmity 152 

"       feud 170 

bizarre,  queer 297 

blab,  babble 71 

black:,  da7± 122 

blame,  v.,  condeinn 113 

"  reprove 312 

blame,  n.,  reproof 311 

blameless,  innocent 220 

"         perfect 268 

blanch,  bleach 82 

blank,  vacant 368 

blaspheming,  oath 254 

blasphemy,  oath 254 

blaze,  w.,  burn 87 

blaze,  «,.,  fire 173 

"  light 231 

bleach 82 

blemish 82 

"      injury 219 

blessed,  happy 190 

holy 200 

blessedness,  happiness 189 

blessing,  mercy 239 

blind,  artifice 58 

bliss,  happiness 189 

blissful,  happy 190 

blithe,  happy 190 

blithesome,  happy 190- 

block,  hinder 199 

blood,  kin 327 

blot,  blemish 82 

"    stain 341 

blot  out,  cancel. 92 

bloiv 83 

"   misfortune 242 

bluff 83 


blunt 

by  dint  of 


516 


Page. 

blunt,  Muff 83 

h\nr,  blemish 82 

blurt,  babble 71 

blustering,  blvff. 83 

boast,  ostentation 25!) 

boasting,  ostentation 259 

bode,  augur 6G 

bodily,  physical 

body 84 

bold,  bhiff 83 

"    brave 85 

boldness,  assurance 61 

"        effrontery 144 

"        impudence 213 

"       pertness 271 

bolt,  lock 2:il 

bondage,  fetter 169 

bonds,  fetter 169 

bonny,  beautiful 7'6 

bonus,  subsidy 345 

books,  literature 233 

boon,  gift 184 

boorish,  awkward 70 

"       mstic 321 

bootless,  vain. 364 

border,  bank 72 

"      boundary 84 

bordering,  adjacent 22 

both 84 

"  every 158 

bound,  batik 72 

"       boundary 84 

"       end,  71 148 

boundary 84 

"        end,  n 148 

boundless,  infinite 216 

bounteous,  plentiful 276 

bountiful,  generous 182 

"  pjle'iiiful 276 

bounty,  benevolence 80 

gift 184 

"        subsidy 345 

bourn,  boundary 84 

bourne,  boundary 84 

bout,  battle 74 

bow,  bend 79 

box,  blow 83 

boyish,  youthful 375 

brain,  mind 241 

brand,  v.,  burn 87 

brand,  «.,  blemish 82 

brandish,  shake 330 

brass,  effrontery 144 

bi'ave 85 

bravery,  prowess 294 

brawl,  jfeud 170 

b7-eak 86 

"      rend 309 

break  off,  end,  v 148 

breastwork,  barrier 74 

breathing,  alive 30 

breeding,  behavior 79 

"        education 143 

bribe,  gift 184 

bridle,  restrain 315 

bridle=path,  way 372 

brief,  a.,  terse 354 

"  transient 361 

brief,  n.,  sketch 334 


Page. 

brigand,  robber., 320 

bright,  clever 109 

"      happy 190 

brim,  bank 72 

bring,  carry 96 

bring  about,  do 135 

"  make 236 

bring  into  being,  make 236 

bring  low,  abase 2 

bring  over,  persuade 271 

bring  to  an  end,  cease 98 

bring  to  pass,  do 135 

"       "      make 2::J6 

brink,  bank 72 

brisk,  active 17 

"      alert 28 

"      alive 30 

"      nimble 2.53 

briskness,  pertness 271 

broad,  large 229 

broil, /««/ 170 

brood,  flock 173 

brook,  endure 150 

brotherly,  friendly 178 

browbeat,  frighten 180 

bruise,  beat 75 

brush,  cleanse 107 

brusk,  bluff. 83 

brutal,  barbarous 73 

"      brutish 87 

brute,  «.,  brutish 87 

brute,  /(.,  anitnal 45 

brutish 87 

buccaneer,  robber 320 

bucolic,  rustic 321 

buffet,  blow 83 

bulky,  large 229 

bullion,  money 244 

bulwark,  barrier 74 

"        defense 123 

bungling,  awkward 70 

buoyant,  happy 190 

burden,  load 233 

burglar,  robber 320 

burlesque,  caricature 95 

"  wit 373 

burn 87 

burning,  eager 142 

fire 173 

burst,  break 86 

"     rend 309 

bury,  hide 197 

"     imm,erse 212 

business 88 

"      duty 142 

"      transaction 360 

"     work 374 

bustling,  active 17 

alert 28 

"        nimble 253 

busy,  active 17 

"     industrious 215 

but 89 

"  notwithstanding,  conj 254 

butcher,  kill 226 

butchery,  massacre 237 

buy,  purchase 295 

by.... 89 

by  dint  of,  6y 89 


517 


by  means  of 
cessation 


Page. 

by  means  of,  by 89 

hyvfOTd,2J7werb 293 

cabal 90 

cabalistic,  mysterious 247 

caclvle,  babble Vl 

cajole,  allure 37 

calamity,  accident 14 

bloic 83 

"        catastrophe 97 

"        misfortune 242 

calculate 90 

"       esteem,  v 156 

call 91 

"     convoke 120 

calling,  business 88 

callow,  youthful 375 

call  together,  convoke. 120 

call  upon,  x)ray 281 

calm,  v.,  allay 31 

calm,  a 91 

calm,  w.,  7'est 313 

calmness,  apathy 50 

"        patience 265 

"         rest 313 

calumniate,  slander 336 

canaille,  mob 243 

cancel 92 

candid 93 

"       Jionest 202 

candor,  veracity 367 

canon,  law 229 

cant,  v.,  tip 357 

cant,  hypocrisy 204 

"     slang 336 

capability,  power 279 

capable,  adequate 21 

"       clever 109 

capacious,  large 229 

capacity,  power 279 

caparison 93 

capital 94 

"      money 244 

capitulate,  surrender 349 

caprice,/a»cy 167 

captivate,  allure 37 

captivating,  charming 103 

capture,  arrest 57 

catch 97 

carcass,  body 84 

care 94 

"    anxiety 49 

"    oversight 260 

"    prudence 294 

careen,  tip 357 

career 95 

careful,  vigilant 369 

carefulness,  prudence 294 

carelessness,  neglect 251 

caress 95 

cargo,  load 233 

caricature 95 

carnage,  massacre 237 

carnal,  bnctish 87 

carol,  si7ig 333 

carp  at,  disparage 134 

carriage,  air 27 

"        behavior 79 

carry 96 

"     convey 119 


Page. 

carry,  keep 226 

"     support 348 

carry  on,  keep 226 

"        trxmsact 360 

carry  out,  do 135 

"         execute 161 

carry  through,  do 135 

cartel,  contract 118 

case,  event 158 

"    precedent 282 

"    sample 323 

cash,  money 244 

cashier,  break 86 

cast,  calculate 90 

"     send 327 

cast  down,  abase 2 

caste,  class 106 

castigate,  beat 75 

"         chasten 103 

casX\e,fortiflcation 176 

cast  off,  abandon 1 

cast  up,  add 18 

casualty,  accident 14 

"       hazard 194 

cataclysm,  catastrophe 97 

catalog(ue,  record 304 

catastrophe 97 

catch,  V 97 

"     arrest 57 

catch,  «-.,  lock 234 

causality,  cause 98 

causation,  cause 98 

cause,  v.,  make 236 

cause,  n 98 

"       design 128 

"       reason,  n 302 

caustic,  bitter 81 

causticity,  acrimony 15 

cauterize,  burn 87 

caution,  care 94 

"       prudence 294 

cautious,  vigilant 369 

cease 98 

"     abandon 1 

"     die 130 

"     end,  V 148 

ceaseless,  continual 117 

cede,  abandon 1 

"     give 185 

"     surrender 349 

celebrate 99 

"        keep 226 

celebrity, /(OTIC 166 

censure,  v.,  arraign 56 

"       condemn 113 

"      reprove : 312 

censm-e,  n.,  reproof 31 1 

center 99 

ceremony,  sacrament 321 

certain,  authentic 67 

"       conscious 116 

"       real 301 

certainty,  (h  iikiusI ration 127 

certification,  hstimoiiy 355 

certified,  <-(i)isi-i(iiis 116 

certify,  confess ■ 114 

state 341 

cessation,  end,  n 148 

rest 313 


cIiaflT 
clear 


51S 


Page. 

chaff,  banter 73 

chagrin,  v.,  abash 3 

chagrin,  n 100 

chams,  fetter 169 

chance,  v.,  happen 188 

chance,  accident 14 

"      event 158 

"     hazard 194 

change,  v 100 

"       convey 119 

change,  n 101 

"       motion 245 

sale 323 

changeless,  peimanent 269 

channel,  way 372 

chant,  sing 333 

char,  burn 87 

character 102 

"        charactenstic 103 

characteristic 103 

charge,  v.,  arraign 56 

"  attack,  V 63 

"  attribute,  v 65 

charge,  n.,  care 94 

"  career 95 

load 233 

"  oversight 260 

"  ]rrice 285 

charitable,  hvmane 203 

charity,  benevolence 80 

"       love 235 

charming 103 

"         amiable 42 

"        beautiful 76 

chase,  follow 174 

"      hunt 203 

chaste,  pure 296 

"      tasteful 353 

chasten 103 

chasten,  reprove 312 

chastening,  misfortune 242 

chastise,  beat 75 

"       chasten 103 

chastisement,  misfortune 242 

chastity,  virtue 370 

chat,  babble 71 

"    conversation 118 

"    sjjeak 339 

chatter,  babble 71 

"       speak 339 

chattering,  garrulous 181 

cheat,  artifice 58 

"     fraud 177 

"      hypocrite 204 

cheating,  fraud 177 

check,  v.,  hinder 199 

"         obstimci 257 

"        reprove 312 

"        restrain 315 

checlj,  n.,  reproof 311 

checkmate,  conquer 115 

cheer,  v.,  cherish 104 

"         entt-rfniri 152 

cheer,  n.,  (uti  tiirnnnent 153 

hllpi,l,ns^ 189 

cheerful,  wmfutiable 110 

"        happy 190 

cheering,  a.,  hapjnj lUO 

cheering,  n.,  irrawe 280 


Page. 

cheers,  ])raise 280 

cheery,  comfortable 110 

"      happy 190 

cherish 104 

"      support 348 

chide,  reprove 312 

chiding,  reproof 311 

chief  city,  capMcd 94 

childish,  youthfid 375 

childlike,  youthful 375 

chimerical,  absurd 11 

"  fanciful 167 

chirp,  sing 333 

chirrup,  sing 333 

chivalric,  b)'ave 85 

chivalrous,  brrave, 85 

"  generoits 182 

choice,  alternative 38 

choke,  obstruct 257 

choler,  anger 44 

choose 104 

chronicle,  hisUyry 200 

"         recm'd 304 

chum,  associate 60 

churlish,  morose 245 

circle,  class 106 

circulate,  announce 46 

di'cumlocuticm 105 

circumscribe,  restrain 315 

circumspect,  vigilant 369 

circumspection,  care 94 

"  prudence 294 

circumstance 105 

"  event 158 

circumstantial,  mimite 242 

citadel,  fortifcation 176 

cite,  allege. .' 31 

"    arraign 56 

"    quote 298 

city,  capital 94 

civil,  polite 277 

civilization,  refinemerd 305 

claim,  allege 31 

"     assume 61 

"     nght 319 

"     state 341 

clamor,  call 91 

clan,  class 106 

clarified,  fine 172 

clash,  collision 109 

clashing,  collision 109 

clasp,  catch 97 

"      lock 234 

class 106 

classes,  lower,  inob 243 

classic,  pure 296 

classical,  pure 296 

clay,  body 84 

clean,  cleanse 107 

"     innocent 220 

"     neat 249 

"     pui'e  ..: 296 

cleanly,  neat 249 

cleanse 107 

"      amend 41 

clear,  v.,  absolve 9 

clear,  a 107 

"     evident 159 

"    fine 173 


519 


clear 
companionable 


Page. 

clear,  innocent 230 

"     Pvre 29G 

clear»sighted,  astute 62 

"           mgacimis 322 

cleave,  r««rf 309 

clemency,  men-y 239 

clement,,  liumane 203 

"       propitious 291 

clever 109 

"     skilful 335 

cleverness,  acumen 18 

"         dexterity 129 

"         power 279 

cling  to,  chei'ish 104 

clique,  class 106 

cloak,  v.,  hide 197 

"        paMute 261 

cloak,  «.,  pretense 2K3 

clog,  ().,  hinder 199 

"      obstruct 257 

clog,  n.,  impediment 213 

"       load 233 

close,  «.,  end,  v 148 

close,  a.,  adjacent 22 

"          avaricious 68 

"          taciturn 351 

close,  «.,  end,  n 148 

clothes,  dress 140 

clothing,  dress 140 

cloudy,  obscure 255 

clownish,  awkward 70 

"          rustic 331 

cloy,  satisfy 324 

club,  association 60 

"     class 106 

clumsy,  awkward 70 

clutch,  catch 97 

coadjutor,  accessory 13 

"          associate 60 

"          auxiliary 67 

coalition,  alliance 34 

"        union 362 

coarse,  bluff 83 

"      brutish 87 

"      la7ye 229 

"      rustic 321 

coast,  bank 72 

coax,  allure 37 

"     j)e7'suade 271 

coddle,  caress 95 

code,  law 229 

coerce,  compel Ill 

coercive,  absolute 8 

cogency,  power 279 

cognition,  knowledge 227 

cognizance,  knotvledge 227 

cognizant,  conscious. 116 

cognomen,  name 247 

cohesive,  adhesive 22 

coin,  money 244 

coincide,  agree 25 

coincidence,  analogy 43 

coldness,  modesty 244 

colleague,  accessory 13 

"         associate 60 

collect,  amass 38 

"       convoke 120 

collected,  calm 91 

collection,  array 57 


Page. 

collection,  cov\pany 110 

collectivism,  socialism 338 

collision 100 

colloquialism,  slang 336 

colloquy,  conversaliori 118 

color,  pretense 283 

"      stain 341 

colossal,  Jnrgi? 229 

conui.  Ktiipn'r 344 

combat,  r.,  idtack,  v 63 

combat,  /;.,  tjattle 74 

combination,  cabal 90 

"  union 302 

combine,  ag?^ee 25 

combustion,  jJre 173 

come,  7^each 300 

come  after,  follow 174 

comely,  beautiful 76 

"        becoming 77 

come  to  an  end,  cease 98 

come  to  pass,  happen 188 

comfort,  cherish 104 

"         console 117 

"        happiness 189 

comfortable 110 

comical,  queer 297 

comity,  friendship 179 

command,  v.,  govern 185 

command,  w.,  law 229 

"  order 258 

"  oversight 260 

commanding,  absolute 8 

commandment,  law 229 

commemorate,  celebrate 99 

commencement,  beginning 78 

commensurate,  adequate 21 

comment,  definition 124 

"         remark 308 

"         7-ep7'oof 311 

commentary,  deji?iiti07i 124 

commerce,  business 88 

comminuted,  Jine 172 

"  ^7ninute 242 

commiseration,  pity 273 

commit no 

"      do 1.35 

commodious,  camfm-table 110 

"  large 229 

common,  ge7}e7'al 181 

"         7nutual 246 

"        nor7nal 253 

"         usual 362 

commonplace,  general 181 

commonwealth,  people 266 

communicate,  a7vnou7K£ 46 

"  gire 185 

communication,  cdun  i-mdion 118 

communion,  cunr^  rsiit'u'n 118 

"  sac)-a/Hi./d .321 

communism,  socialis7n 338 

community,  association 60 

"  2^(ople : 266 

commute,  change 100 

compact,  a.,  terse 354 

compact,  n.,  alliance 34 

"        contract 118 

companion,  accessory 13 

"  associate (iO 

companionable,  friendly 178 


companlonslilp 
confront 


520 


Page. 

companionship,  acquaintance 15 

'  association 60 

company 110 

"        association 60 

"        class 106 

compare,  contrast 118 

comparison,  analogy 43 

compass,  attain 64 

compassion,  mercy 239 

pity 273 

compassionate,  humane 203 

compel Ill 

"     bind 81 

"    drive 140 

"     influence 217 

"     malce 236 

compend,  abridgment 7 

compendious,  terse 354 

compendium,  abridgment 7 

compensate,  requite 313 

compensation,  pay 266 

competency,  poiver 379 

competent,  adequate 21 

competition,  ambition 40 

competitor,  enemy 151 

complain 112 

complaint,  disease 134 

complaisant,  friendly 178 

"  2Mlite 377 

complete,  v.,  do 135 

"  end,v 148 

complete,  a.,  perfect 268 

plentiful 276 

"  radical 299 

completed,  perfect 268 

completion,  end,  n 148 

complex 112 

"      obscure 255 

compliant,  docile 136 

complicate,  involve 223 

complicated,  complex 112 

"  obscure 255 

compliment,  praise 280 

comply,  agree 25 

component,  pai't 264 

compose,  allay 31 

make 236 

composed,  calm 91 

composite,  complex 112 

composition,  metrical,  poetry 277 

composure,  apathy 50 

"  patience 265 

compound,  complex 112 

comprehend,  catch 97 

"  pe7'ceive 267 

comprehension,  Icnowledge 327 

compulsion,  necessity 250 

compulsive,  absolute 8 

compulsory,  absolute 8 

compunction,  repentance 310 

compute,  calculate 90 

comrade?  associate 60 

conceal,  hide 197 

"       palliate 261 

concede,  allow 35 

"       confess 114 

conceit,  egotism 145 

"       fancy 167 

idea 206 


Page. 

conceit,  pride 296 

conceivable,  likehj 232 

conceive,  jjerceive 267 

concept,  idea 206 

conception,  fancy 167 

idea 206 

concern,  anxiety 49 

"       business 88 

"       care '. 94 

concise,  ter^se 354 

conclave,  cabal 90 

"       company 110 

conclude,  cea^e 98 

"        end,  V 148 

conclusion,  end,  n 148 

"  denwnstration 127 

concomitant,  appendage 53 

"  circumstance 105 

concord,  harmony 191 

concourse,  company 110 

"  throng 356 

concupiscence,  desire 128 

concur,  a^ree 25 

concurrence,  harmcmy 191 

concussion,  blow 83 

"  collision 109 

condemn 113 

"       reprove 312 

condemnation,  reproof 311 

condensed,  terse 354 

condition,  cause 98 

"  teim 354 

condolence,  juj^y 273 

condole  with,  console 117 

condone,  pardon 262 

conduct,  v.,  keep 226 

"  transact 360 

conduct,  n.,  behavior 79 

confabulation,  conversation 118 

confederacy,  alliance 34 

"  association 60 

"  cabal 90 

confederate,  accessm-y 13 

"  associate 60 

"         aumliai'y 67 

confederation,  alliance 34 

"  association 60 

confer,  deliberate 125 

"       give 185 

conference,  company 110 

"         conversation 118 

confess 114 

"      avow 69 

confession,  apology 51 

confide,  commit 110 

confidence,  assurance 61 

faith 164 

confine,  restrain 315 

confines,  boundary 84 

confirm 114 

coriflagration,^/'e 173 

conflict,  battle 74 

"       collision 109 

conflicting,  alien,   a 29 

"  incongruous 214 

conformity,  harn'wny 191 

confound,  abash 3 

refute 306 

confront,  abide , 5 


521 


confuise 
conviction 


Page. 

confuse,  abash 3 

"        diftplacc 135 

confused,  miiiplcx 113 

"         lutirogciwoiiK 196 

confusion,  amazement 39 

"         cliagiin 100 

"        perple.nl ij 270 

"        rewlulioh 31" 

confute,  refute Sdii 

Q,ouge,_fareiveU 168 

congenial,  deliglitfiil 136 

congenital,  inherent 218 

conglcnierate,  complex, 112 

"  heterogeneous 196 

congratulate 115 

congregation,  company 110 

congruity,  harmony 191 

congruous,  becoming 67 

conjectural,  likely 232 

conjecture,  ?;.,  suppose 348 

conjecture,  n.,  hypothesis 204 

conjugal  union,  marriage 236 

conjunction,  associaiio/i 60 

"  union 362 

conjure,  pray 281 

connect,  attribute,  v 65 

connection,  association 60 

connoisseur,  amateur 39 

conquer 115 

"    beat 75 

conquest,  victory 369 

consanguinity,  Mn 227 

conscious 116 

consciousness,  mind 241 

consecrated,  ftoly 200 

consent,  v.,  agree 25 

consent,  n.,  harmony 191 

"  pcrinissio)i 269 

consent  to,  allow 35 

consequence 116 

"  demonstration 127 

"  end,  n 148 

"  etent 158 

consequent,  consequence 116 

consider,  caleulate 90 

"        deliberate 125 

"        esteem 156 

considerable,  large 229 

consideration,/?'Je/(ds7(?7) 179 

"  prudence 294 

"  reason,  n 303 

consign,  commit 110 

consistency,  harmony 191 

console 117 

consonance,  harmony 191 

consort,  associate 60 

conspicuous,  evident 159 

conspiracy,  cabal 90 

constancy ,  industry 216 

constant,  continual 117 

"        ^j^'rmawfi?;^ 269 

consternation,  alarm 28 

fear 168 

constituent,  part 264 

constitute,  make 236 

constitution,  character 102 

constitutional,  radiced 299 

constrain,  compel Ill 

"        make 236 


Page. 
constrain,  restrain 315 

constraint,  nwdesty 244 

construct,  make 236 

consult,  deliberate 125 

consume,  (djsorh 9 

burn 87 

consummate,  v.,  do 135 

consummate,  a.,  perfect 268 

consummation,  act 16 

"  ejid,  n 148 

contact,  collision 109 

contagion 117 

contaminate,  defile 134 

contemplate,  look 234 

contemptible,  pitiful 273 

contend,  reason,  v 302 

content,  satisfy 324 

contented,  comfortable 110 

contention,  feud 170 

contentment,  happiness 189 

conterminous,  adjacent 22 

contest,  battle 7'4 

"       feud 170 

contiguity,  approximation 55 

contiguous,  adjacent 22 

continence,  abstinence 10 

continent,  pure 296 

contingency,  accident 14 

event 158 

"  hazarel 194 

continual 117 

continue,  abide 5 

"        protract 293 

continuous,  continual 117 

contract 118 

contraction,  abbreviation 4 

contradictory,  alien,  a 29 

"  incongruous 214 

contrariety,  difference 131 

contrary,  alien,  a 29 

"       incongruous 214 

"       perverse 272 

contrast,  v 118 

contrast,  «.,  difference 131 

contrasted,  alien,  a 29 

contriteness,  repentance 310 

contrition,  repentance 310 

contrivance,  artifice 58 

control,  v.,  govern 185 

control,  n.,  oversight 260 

controlling,  absolute 8 

controversy,  fei/d 170 

controvert,  reason,  v 302 

contumacious,  obstinate 256 

"  rebellious 304 

conundrum,  riddle 318 

convene,  convoke 120 

convenient,  comfortable 110 

convention,  company 110 

cotiversation 118 

converse,  conversation 118 

speak ,  339 

conversion,  change,  n 101 

convert,  v.,  change 100 

convert,  n 119 

convey 119 

"     carry 96 

convict,  condemn 113 

conviction,  faith 164 


convince 
damage 


522 


Page. 

convince,  persuade 271 

convocation,  company 110 

convoke 120 

cool,  calm 91 

cooperate,  help 195 

copious,  pleidifid 276 

copy,  v.,  follow 174 

copy,  n.,  duplicate 141 

"           model 243 

cordial, /ri«/;4^y 178 

corporal,  xihysical 273 

corporation,  association 60 

corporeal,  physical 272 

corpse,  body 84 

corpuscle,  particle 264 

correct,  v.,  amend 41 

"            chasten 103 

correct,  a.,  perfect 2G8 

correlative,  mutual 246 

correspondent,  synonymous 349 

corresponding,  synonymous 349 

corroborate,  confirm 114 

corrupt,  decay. .-. 122 

defile 124 

cost,  expense 162 

"    jwice 285 

costume,  dress 140 

coterie,  class 106 

coterminous,  adjacent 22 

COUlll.  ClllcnldlP 90 

COUlltilllUK  r,    ilhi-t 4 

counteract,  liiiider 199 

couiitciiuiit.  duplicate 141 

countU'!?s,  infinite 216 

countrified,  rustic 321 

country,  rustic 321 

com-age,  fortitude 176 

"       i;?wf«ss 294 

courageous,  In-ave 85 

course,  career 95 

"       direction 132 

"      way 372 

court,  ccddress,  v 19 

"     caress 95 

courteous,  polite 277 

courtesy,  address,  n 20 

courtly,  jjolite 277 

covenant,  contract 118 

cover,  hide 197 

"    palliate 261 

"     shelter 331 

coveting,  desire 128 

covetous,  avaricious 68 

covey,  fiock 173 

cow,  frighten 180 

coyness,  modesty 244 

crabbed,  morose 245 

crack,  v.,  break 86 

crack,  n.,  blemish 82 

craft,  artifice 58 

"     business 88 

"     deception 123 

crafty,  astute 62 

crave,  ask 59 

craving,  appetite 54 

"        desire 128 

craziness,  insanity 221 

create,  make 236 

creator,  cause 98 


Page. 

creature,  animal 45 

credence,  faith 164 

credible,  likely 232 

credit,  faith 164 

"    fame 166 

credulity,  fanaticism 166 

creed,  faith 164 

cremate,  bum 87 

crew,  cabal 90 

crime,  abomination 7 

"       si?i 332 

criminal 120 

criminality,  sin 332 

critic,  amateur 39 

critical,  minute 242 

criticism,  7'eproof. 311 

croak,  complain 112 

crook,  bend 79 

crop,  harvest 192 

cross  off,  or  out,  cancel 92 

crotchety,  queer 297 

crowd,  company 110 

"      mob 2-13 

"      throng 356 

crowd  out,  displace 135 

cruel,  barbaroiis 73 

crush,  break 86 

"     conquer 115 

crusty,  morose 245 

cry,  call 91 

cudgel,  beat 75 

cufE,  blow 83 

cull,  choose 104 

culpable,  criminal 120 

cultivated,  polite 277 

cultivation,  agriculture 25 

"           education 143 

"          refinement 30t 

culture,  agriculture 25 

"       education 143 

"       refinement 305 

cultured,  polite 277 

cunning,  o.,  astute 62 

cunning,  «.,  artifice 58 

"             deception 123    i/ 

curb,  govern 185    '^z 

"     restrain 315    "^ 

cure,  recover 305 

cured,  be,  recover 305 

curious,  inquisitive, 221 

"       queer 297 

"      rar'e 300 

currency,  money 244 

current,  authentic 67 

curse,  abomination 7 

"      oath 254 

cursing,  oath 254 

curve,  bend 79 

custody,  fetter 169 

custom,  habit 187 

customary,  general 181 

"          usual 362 

cut,  blow 83 

cutting,  bitter 81 

daily 121 

dainty,  delirious 126 

"      fine 172 

"       iasfefut 352 

damage,  abiise 12 


523 


damage 
depose 


Page. 

damage,  injury 319 

danger 121 

"      hazard 194 

dangerous,  formidable 176 

dapper,  neat 249 

daring,  brave 85 

dark 122 

"    myshrious 247 

"    obscure 255 

darksome,  obscure 255 

dart,  send 327 

date,  time 35fi 

daub,  blemish Sa 

daunt,  abash 3 

"     frighten 180 

dauntless,  brave 85 

dawdling,  sloiv 337 

daydream,  dream 139 

deadly,  pernicious 270 

deal,  apportion 54 

"    sale 323 

deathless,  eternal 157 

debar,  prohibit 290 

debase,  abase , 2 

debasement,  alloy 36 

debate,  i).,  deliberate 125 

"  reason,  v 302 

debate,  n.,  reasoning 303 

decay 122 

decease,  die 130 

deceit,  deception 123 

"    fraud 177 

deceitful,  vain 364 

deceitfulness,  deception 123 

deceiver,  hypocrite 204 

decent,  becoming 77 

deception 123 

"      fraud .* 177 

deck,  adorn i 23 

declaim,  speak 339 

declare,  allege 31 

"       announce 46 

"       avow 69 

"       speak • 339 

"       state 341 

decline,  abate 3 

"      die 130 

decompose,  decay 122 

decorate,  adorn 23 

decorous,  becoming 77 

decoy,  allure 37 

decrease,  abate 3 

decree,  law 229 

decrepit,  old 257 

decry,  disparage 134 

"      slander 336 

deduction,  demonstration 137 

"         induction 215 

deed,  act: 16 

"     work 374 

"     transaction 360 

deem,  calculate 90 

"     esteem,  v 156 

"     suppose 348 

deep,  obscure 255 

defacement,  blemish 82 

defame,  abuse 13 

"        slander 336 

default,  neglect 251 


Page. 

defeat,  beat 75 

"        conquer 115 

defect,  blemish 82 

defend,  keep 226 

"      shelter 331 

defense 123 

"      apology 51 

defer,  protract 293 

defile 124 

"    abuse 13 

definilwn 134 

dellvi-t,  hni'l 79 

deforinit  v,  h!>  inisli 83 

deft,  skilful 335 

degrade,  abase 2 

deist,  skeptic 335 

delay,  hinder 199 

"    protract 293 

delaying,  slow 337 

delegate,  v.,  send 327 

delegate,  n 125 

deleterious,  pernicious 270 

deliberate,  v 125 

deliberate,  a.,  slow 337 

delicate,^ne 172 

tasteful 352 

126 

delightful 126 

tasteful 352 

delight,  v.,  entertain 153 

delight,  «.,  entertainment 153 

"  happiness 189 

delighted,  happy 190 

delightful 126 

"         beautiful 76 

"         charming 103 

"         delicious 126 

"         happy 190 

delight  in,  admire 23 

delinquency,  sin 332 

delirium,  insanity 221 

deliver,  give 185 

"       speak 339 

delusion 137 

"      deception 123 

delusive,  vain 364 

demand,  ask 50 

demeanor,  air 37 

"         behavior 79 

dementia,  insanity 321 

demolish 127 

"       break 86 

demonstrable,  real 301 

demoiistiatc,  reason,  v 303 

dtnuiiist  ration 127 

denomination,  name 347 

"  term 354 

denouement,  catastrophe 97 

denounce,  condemn 113 

dense,  obscure 355 

dent,  blemish 83 

denunciation,  oath 254 

"  reproof. 311 

deny,  renounce " 309 

depart,  die 130 

depart  from,  abandon 1 

deplore,  irwurn 246 

deportment,  behavior 79 

1   depose,  state 341 


depojiilt 
disallow 


524 


Page. 

deposit,  intt 296 

deposition,  testimony 355 

depravity,  sin 332 

depreciate,  disparage 134 

"         slander 336 

depredator,  robber 320 

depress,  abase 2 

depth,  wisdom 372 

depute,  send 327 

deputy,  delegate 125 

derange,  displace 135 

derangement,  insanity 221 

derision,  banter 73 

derogate  from,  disparage 134 

descent,  kin 227 

description,  definitum 124 

"  report 311 

descry,  discern 133 

"  discover 133 

"  look 234 

desert,  abandon 1 

design 128 

"    aim 26 

"    end,n 148 

"    idea 206 

"    model 243 

"    reason,  n 302 

"    sketch 334 

designation,  nuTiie %i'i 

designer,  cause 98 

desire 128 

"       appetite 54 

"       fancy 167 

desirous,  eager 142 

desist,  cease 98 

"       end,  V 148 

despair 129 

despatch,  kill 226 

"         quicken 297 

"         send 327 

desperation,  despair 129 

despicable,  jAtiful 273 

despise,  abhor 5 

despite,  7wtwithstanding,  prep 254 

despoiler,  robber 320 

despondency,  despair 129 

despotic,  absolute 8 

destine,  allot 34 

destiny,  necessity 250 

destitution,  poverty 279 

destroy,  abolish 6 

"        break 86 

"       demolish 127 

"       exterminate 163 

"       subvert 346 

destructive,  pernicious 270 

detach,  abstract 10 

detail,  circumstance 105 

detailed,  minute 242 

detain,  arrest 57 

"      keep 226 

detect,  discover 133 

deterioration,  alloy 36 

determination,  aim 26 

determined,  obstinate 256 

detest,  abhor 5 

detestation,  abomination 7 

"  antipathy 48 

"         hatred 193 


Page. 

detract  from,  disparage 134 

detriment,  injury 219 

detrimental,  pernicious 270 

develop,  amplify 43 

developed,  real 301 

development,  education 143 

"         progress 289 

deviate,  bend 79 

"       wander 371 

device,  artifice 58 

"      design 128 

devoted,  addicted 19 

faithful 165^ 

"         holy 200 

devotion,  allegiance 32 

"        attachment 63 

"        enthusiasm 153 

"       fiiendship 179 

love 235 

"        religion 307 

dexterity 129 

"       address,  n 20 

"       power 279 

dexterous,  clever 109 

"  happy 190 

skilful 335 

dialect,  language 228 

dialog(ue,  conversation 118 

diaphanous,  clear 107 

dictatorial,  absolute 8 

"         dogmatic 137 

diction 130 

"      language 228 

dictum,  proverb 293 

die 130 

diet,/ooc? 175 

difference 131 

differentiate,  contrast 118 

difficult 132 

"      obscure 255 

difficulty,  impediment 213 

diffidence,  modesty 244 

diffuseness,  circumlocution 105 

digest,  abridgment 7 

digress,  wander 371 

dilate,  amplify 43 

dilatory,  slow .337 

dilettante,  amateur 39 

diligence,  industry 216 

diligent,  active 17 

"       industrious 215 

dim,  dark 122 

"  faint 1&4 

"    obscure 255 

diminish,  abate 3 

diminutive,  minute 342 

dip,  immerse 212 

"    tip) 357 

dire,  awful 70 

direct,  govern 185 

direction 132 

"       care 94 

"       order 258 

"       oversight 260 

directly,  immediately 211 

direful,  awful 70 

disadvantage,  injury 219 

disagreement,  difference 131 

disallow,  prohibit 290 


525 


diKappoi  nt  inent 
diMi^tiiiiuIiilion 


Page. 

disappointment,  chagrin 100 

"              misfortune 242 

disapproval,  rejrroQf 311 

disarrange,  displace 135 

disaster,  accident 14 

blow 83 

"       catastrophe 97 

"       misfortune 242 

disavow,  renounce 309 

disbelief,  doubt,  n 138 

disbeliever,  skeptic 335 

discard,  renounce 309 

discern 133 

"     discover 133 

"     look 234 

discernible,  evident 159 

discerning,  astute 62 

"         sagacious 322 

diBcernment,  acumen 18 

"            ivisdom 372 

discharge,  absolve 9 

"        banish 72 

"        cancel 92 

do 135 

"         send 327 

disciple,  adherent 21 

"       convert 119 

"       scholar 324 

discipline,  v.,  chasten 103 

"              teach 353 

discipline,  «..,  education 143 

disclaim,  renounce 309 

disclose,  confess 114 

"         discover 133 

disclosure,  revelation 310 

discolor,  stain 341 

discomfit,  conquer 115 

discompose,  abash 3 

discomposure,  chagrin 100 

disconcert,  abash 3 

discontinue,  abandon 1 

"          cease 98 

discordant,  heterogeneous 196 

"          iticongruous 214 

discouragement,  despair 129 

discourse,  conversation 118 

"        speak 339 

"        speech 339 

discourteous,  bluff 83 

discover 133 

"      catch 97 

discredit,  abase 2 

"        disparage 134 

discrepancy,  difference 131 

discrepant,  incongrtious, 214 

discretion,  addresk,  n 20 

"         prudence 294 

"          ivisdom 372 

discriminate,  abstract 10 

"          contrast 118 

"           discern 133 

discriminating,  astiae 62 

discrimination,  difference 131 

discuss,  reason,  v 302 

disdain,  pride 280 

disease 134 

disfigurement,  blemish 82 

disgrace,  v.,  abase 2 

341 


Page. 

disgrace,  7i.,  blemish 82 

disguise,  v.,  hide 197 

disguise,  n.,  pretense 283 

disgust,  abom.inatio?i 7 

"       antipathy 48 

dishearten,  abash 3 

dishonesty,  fraud 177 

dishonor,  v'.,  abase 2 

"  disparage 134 

"  stain 341 

dishonor,  n.,  blemish 82 

disinclined,  reluctant 308 

disinfect,  cleanse 107 

disintegration,  revolution 317 

disinterested,  generous 182 

dislike,  v.,  abKor 5 

dislike,  «.,  antipathy 48 

"  hatred 193 

dislodge,  banish 72 

dismal,  dark 122 

dismay,  v.,  frighten 180 

dismay,  «.,  utarm 28 

"  chagrin 100 

fear 168 

dismiss,  banish 72 

"        send 327 

disobedient,  rebellious 304 

disorder,  disease 134 

"       revolution 317 

disown,  renounce 309 

disparage 134 

"         abuse 12 

"         slander 336 

disparity,  difference 131 

dispassionate,  calm 91 

dispense,  apportion 54 

displace 135 

display,  ostentation 259 

displease,  affront 24 

displeasure,  anger 44 

"  pique 272 

disport,  entertain 152 

dispose,  influence 217 

"■       persuade 271 

disposed,  addicted 19 

disposition,  appetite 54 

"  array 57 

"  character 102 

"  m'md 241 

disprove,  refute 306 

dispute,  v.,  reason,  v 302 

dispute,  n. ,  feud 170 

disquiet,  anxiety 49 

disquietude,  alarm 28 

fear 168 

disquisition,  speech 339 

disregard,  neglect 251 

disrespect,  neglect 251 

dissemble,  hide 197 

dissembler,  hypocrite 204 

dissension,  feud 170 

dissenter,  heretic 196 

dissertation,  speech 339 

dissimilar,  heterogeneous 196 

dissimilarity,  difference 131 

dissimilitude,  difference 131 

dissimulation,  deception 123 

"  hypocrisy 204 

'■  pretense 283 


disit«ipatiou 
dye 


526 


Page. 

dissipation,  excess 100 

distant,  alien^  a 29 

distaste,  an  tipathy 48 

distemper,  disease 134 

distinct,  clear 107 

"        evident 159 

distinction,  characteristic 103 

"  difference 131 

"  fame 166 

distinguish,  abstract 10 

"  discern 133 

distract,  abstract 10 

distraction,  perplexity 270 

distress,  grief 187 

"        misfortune 242 

"       pain 261 

"       poverty 279 

distribute,  allot 34 

"         apportion 54 

distributively,  apiece 51 

distrust,  v.,  doubt,  v 137 

distrust,  n.,  doubt,  n 138 

disturb,  disj)lace 135 

disturbance,  anxiety 49 

"  perplexity 270 

"  storm 343 

disused,  obsolete 356 

diurnal,  daily 121 

diverge,  bend 79 

"        ivander 371 

divergence,  difference 131 

diversify,  change,  v 100 

diversion,  entertainment 153 

diversity,  change,  n 101 

"        difference 131 

divert,  abstract 10 

"     entei'tain 152 

divide,  cdlot 34 

"      apportion 54 

divine,  v.,  augur 66 

divine,  n.,  holy 200 

division,  part 264 

"        topic 359 

do 135 

"  execute 161 

"  make 236 

"  transact 360 

docile 136 

doctrinal,  dogmatic 137 

doctrine 136 

"        faith 164 

document,  record 304 

dodge,  artifice 58 

doer,  agent 24 

dogged,  morose 245 

"       obstinate 256 

dogma,  doctrine 136 

dogmatic 137 

"        absolute 8 

doing,  act 16 

"     transaction 360 

"     %uork 374 

domicil,  home 201 

domineering,  absolute 8 

"  dogmatic 137 

donation,  gift 184 

doom,  coiidemn 131 

door,  entrance 154 

doorway,  entrance 154 


Page. 

double-dealing,  deception 123 

doubt,  V 137 

doubt,  n 138 

"        perplexity 270 

doubter,  skeptic 335 

doubtful,  equivocal 155 

"       obscure 255 

"       precarious 282 

doughty,  brave 85 

douse,  immerse 212 

down,  conquer 115 

draft,  sketch 334 

drag,  draw 138 

draw 138 

"     allure 37 

"      influence 217 

drawing,  sketch 334 

draw  out,  protract 293 

dread,  a.,  awful 70 

dread,  n.,  alarm 28 

"  anxiety 49 

fear 168 

"  veneration 366 

dreadful,  awful 70 

dream 139 

dregs  of  the  people,  mob 243 

dress 140 

drill,  exercise 162 

"    teach 353 

drink  in,  drink  up,  absorb 9 

drive 140 

"     banish 72 

"     compel HI 

"     influence 217 

"     quicken 297 

"     se7id 327 

drive  on,  quicken 297 

drive  out,  banish 172 

driveway,  way 372 

droll,  queer 297 

drollery,  tvit 373 

drove,  flock 173 

drowsy,  sloiv 337 

drudgery,  work 374 

dubious,  equivocal 155 

"      precarious 282 

duck,  immerse 212 

dull,  dark 122 

"    sloiv 337 

dulness,  stupidity 344 

dumb,  taciturn 351 

duplicate 141 

duplicity,  deception 123 

fraud 177 

durable,  jxrmanent 269 

dm-ance,  fetter 169 

duration,  time 356 

Anxem,  fetter 169 

dusky,  dark 122 

"      obscure 255 

dust,  v.,  cleanse 107 

Anst,  n.,  body &4 

duty 142 

"     business 88 

"     virtue 370 

dwell,  abide 5 

dwelling,  home 201 

dye,  stain 341 


527 


eacit 
enigmatical 


Tagb. 
each,  apiece 51 

"     every 158 

eager. 142 

eagerness,  enihusiasm 153 

earlier,  previous 285 

earn,  attain. 64 

"     get 183 

earnest,  eager 1 42 

"       semirity 3()(i 

earnestness,  eiitlmsiasm 153 

earnings,  pay 260 

ease 143 

"  rest 313 

easiness,  ease 143 

ebb,  abate 3 

eccentric,  qveer 297 

economy,  frugality 180 

"         'law 229 

ecstasy,  enthusiasm, 153 

"        hapjnvess 189 

edge,  bank 72 

"    boundary 84 

edict,  law 229 

educate,  teach 353 

education 143 

efface,  cancel 92 

effect,  v.,  do 135^ 

"  make 236 

effect,  «.,  act 16 

"  consequence 116 

"  end.,  n 148 

"  operation 258 

effeminate,  feminine 169 

efficacy,  power 279 

efficiency,  power 279 

effort,  endeavor,  n 150 

"      industry 216 

effrontery 144 

"       assurance 61 

"       impudence 213 

egoism,  egotism 145 

egotism 145 

either,  every 158 

ejaculate,  call 91 

eject,  banish 72 

elderly,  old 257 

elect,  choose 104 

election,  alternative 38 

elegance,  refinement 305 

elegant,  beautiful 76 

"       fine 172 

"       polite 277 

"        tasteful 352 

element,  part 264 

"       particle 264 

elevate,  promote 291 

elevated,  high 198 

eliminate,  abstract 10 

elongate,  protract 293 

emanate,  rise 319 

emancipation,  liberty 230 

embarrass,  abash 3 

"  hinder 199 

"  involve 223 

"  obstruct 257 

embarrassment,  perplexity 27'0 

embellish,  adorn 23 

emblem 146 

"      sign 332 


Page. 
embolden,  abet 4 

embnici',  caress 95 

cniliroil,  inrulve 22;i 

emend,  amend 41 

emergency,  necessity 250 

emigrate 147 

eminence,  fame 166 

emincnl ,  liigh 198 

eniissarv,   spt/ 340 

emit,  .v,  )id. ..' 327 

emolument,  profit 288 

emotion,  sensation 328 

employ 147 

employed,  industrious 215 

employment,  business 88 

"  exercise 162 

"  wwk 374 

empty,  vain 364 

"      vacant 363 

emulation,  ambition 40 

enactment,  Uiw 229 

enchanting,  charming 103 

enclosure,  boundary 84 

encomium,  praise 280 

encounter,  v.,  attack,  v 63 

encounter,  w.,  batile 74 

"  collision 109 

encourage,  abet 4 

"  cherish 104 

"  console 117 

"  help 195 

"  promote 291 

encroachment,  attack,  n 64 

encumber,  hinder 199 

encumbrance,  impediment 213 

"  load 233 

end,  V 148 

"      abolish 6 

"     cease 98 

end,  n 148 

"      aitn 26 

"      conseqiience 116 

"      design. 128 

"      event 158 

"      reason,  n 302 

endeavor,  v 149 

endeavor, n 150 

"  aim 26 

endless,  eternal 157 

endorse,  confess 114 

endurance,  fo7-titude 176 

"  patience 265 

endure 150 

"      abide 5 

enduring,  permanent 269 

enemy 151 

energetic,  active 17 

energy,  power 279 

enforce,  execute 161 

engage,  bind 81 

engaged,  industrious 215 

engagement,  battle 74 

"  contract 118 

engaging,  amiable 42 

engross,  absorb 9 

"        emidoy 147 

enigma,  riddle 318 

enigmatic,  equivocal 155 

enigmatical,  equivocal 155 


enigniatleal 

excess 


52S 


I'AliE. 

eBigmatical,  mysterious 2i7 

"  obscure 255 

enjoy,  admire 23 

enjoyinent,  entertainment 153 

"         happiness 189 

enlarge,  add 18 

"       amplify 43 

enlighten,  teach 353 

enlightenment,  ivisdmn 37'2 

enliven,  entertain 152 

enmity 152 

"     feud 170 

"      hatred 193 

enormous,  large 229 

enough,  plentiful 276 

enrapturing,  charming 103 

enrolment,  recard. 304 

ensample,  example 160 

ensnare,  catch 97 

ensue,  follow 174 

entangle,  involve 223 

entangled,  complex 112 

enter,  reach 300 

entertain 152 

"         cherish 104 

entertainment 153 

enthusiasm 153 

enthusiastic,  eager 142 

entice,  allure 37 

"      draw 138 

"      persuade 271 

entire,  radical 299 

"     perfect 268 

entomb,  hide 197 

entratice 154 

entrancing,  channing 103 

entrap,  catch 97 

entreat,  ask 59 

"       plead 274 

"       pray 281 

entree,  entrance 154 

entrust,  ccnnmit 110 

entry,  entrance 154 

"      record 304 

enumerate,  calculate 90 

enumeration,  record 304 

enunciate,  announce 46 

"         speak 339 

envious 155 

eon,  time 356 

eonian,  eternal 157 

ephemeral,  transient 3G1 

episode,  event 158 

epithet,  natne 247 

epitome,  abridgtnent 7 

epoch,  time 356 

equal,  adequate 21 

"      alike 30 

equitable,  honest 202 

equity,  justice 225 

equivalent,  alike 30 

"  synonymous 349 

equivocal 155 

"        precarious 282 

era,  time 356 

eradicate,  abolish 6 

"         exterininale 163 

erase,  cancel 92 

err,  wander 371 


Page. 

erratic,  queer 297 

erroneous,  abxiird 11 

error,  di  h/f-in/i 127 

erudition,  k/iouiedge 227 

"        wisdom 372 

espousal,  marriage 236 

essay,  v.,  endeavor,  v 149 

essay,  n.,  endeavm\  n 150 

essential,  inherent 218 

"        necessary 250 

"         necessity 250 

"         radical 299 

"         real 301 

establish,  confirm 114 

WMke 236 

"         reason,,  v 302 

esteem,  v 156 

"        admire 23 

esteem,  n 157 

"        attachment 63 

"         friendship 179 

esthetic,  tasteful 352 

esthetical,  tasteful 352 

estimate,  v.,  calculate 90 

"  esteem,  v 156 

estimate,  n.,  esteem,  n 157 

estimation,  attachmerd 63 

"  esteem,  n 157 

eternal 157 

"      infinite 216 

ethereal,  airy 27 

eucharist,  sacramemt 321 

eulogy,  praise 280 

euphony,  meter 240 

evanescent,  tr'ansient 361 

even,  hoi'izontal 202 

event 158 

"    circumstance 105 

"    consequence 116 

everlasting,  eternal 157 

ever=living,  eternal 157 

e-oery 158 

everyday,  general 181 

"         us^al 362 

evict,  banish 72 

evidence,  demonstration 127 

"        testimony 355 

evident 159 

"    clear 107 

evil,  a.,  pernicious 270 

evil,  n.,  abomination 7 

"  injury 219 

"  sin 332 

exact,  minute 242 

exacting,  absolute 8 

exaggeration,  caricature 95 

exalt,  promote 291 

exiilted,  high 198 

example 160 

"      nwdel 243 

"     precedent 282 

"      snmjiJe 323 

exasjH'ratc,  (iffniht 24 

exasperation,  linger 44 

excellence,  virtue 370 

excellent,  finje 173 

except,  but 89 

excerpt,  quote 298 

excess r: 160 


529 


excbange 
faded 


Page. 

exchange,  v.,  change,  v 100 

exchange,  ?i.,  sale. 3i!3 

excite,  "irijUfence 217 

"     promote 291 

excitement,  enthusias-m 153 

exclaim,  call 91 

exculpate,  absolve 9 

exculpation,  apology 51 

excursion,  journey 223 

excusable,  venial 307 

excuse,  apology 51 

"      pardon 262 

"      pretense 283 

execration,  abomination 7 

"         oath 254 

execute 161 

"     do 135 

"     mi 220 

"     make 236 

execution,  act 10 

"  operation 258 

exemplar,  example 160 

exemplification,  example 100 

"  sample 323 

exempt,  absok)e 9 

exemption,  Hght 31 9 

exercise 102 

"■      act 16 

exertion,  act 16 

"       endeavor,  n 150 

"       exercise 162 

"       indvstry 216 

"       work 374 

exhaust,  absorb 9 

tire 357 

exhausted, /aMi< 104 

exhausting,  difficvlt 132 

exhibition,  array 57 

exigency,  necessity 250 

exile,  banish 72 

existent,  alive 30 

existing,  alive 30 

exonerate,  absolve 9 

exorbitance,  excess 160 

expand,  amplify 43 

expatiate,  amplify 43 

expatriate,  banish 72 

expect,  abide 5 

"      anticipate 47 

expectancy,  anticipation 48 

expectation,  anticipation 48 

expediency,  proM 288 

utility 303 

expedite,  quicken 297 

expedition,  journey 223 

expeditious,  a£tive 17 

expel,  banish 72 

"     exterminate 103 

expenditure,  expense 162 

"  price 285 

expense 162 

"     price 285 

experience,  acquaintance 15 

"  knowledge 227 

expert,  clever 109 

"      skilful 335 

expertness,  dexterity 129 

"        ease 143 

"        power 279 

27 


Page. 

expiate,  umplifi/ 43 

expiation,  prdpitiaiioii 291 

expiration,  end,  n 148 

expire,  die 130 

"      end,  V 148 

explanation,  definition 124 

explicit 162 

"     dear 107 

exploit,  act 16 

expose,  discover 133 

exposition,  definition 124 

expostulate  with,  rei/rove 312 

express,  v.,  speak 339 

"     ■       state 341 

express,  a.,  explicit 162 

expression,  air 27 

"         diction 130 

"         language 228 

"         term 354 

expunge,  cancel 92 

exquisite,  beautiful 76 

"       delicious 126 

"       fine 172 

"       'tasteful 352 

extemporaneous 163 

extemporary,  extempoi^aneous 103 

extempore,  extemporaneous 163 

extend,  add 18 

"      amplify 43 

"     protract 293 

extension,  appendage 53 

extensive,  lai^ge 229 

extent,  end,  n 148 

extenuate,  palliate 261 

exterminate 103 

"         abolish 6 

extinguish,  subvert 346 

extirpate,  abolish 6 

"        exterminate 163 

extol,  admire 23 

extract,  quote 298 

extraordmary,  q^ieer 297 

"  rare 300 

extravagance,  enthusiasm 153 

"  excess 160 

extravaganza,  caricature 95 

extreme,  radical 299 

exti-emity,  end,  n 148 

"  necessity 250 

exuberant,  plentiful 276 

fabianism,  socialism 338 

fable,  allegory 33 

"     fiction 170 

fabrieiue,  make 236 

fabrication,  deception 123 

"  fiction 170 

facetiousness,  wit 373 

facilitate,  quicken 297 

facility,  ease 143 

facsimile,  dupilicate 141 

"        model 243 

fact,  circumstance 105 

"    event 158 

faction,  cabal 90 

factious,  perverse 272 

factor,  agent 24 

faculty,  power 279 

fade,  die 130 

iadad,  faint 164 


fadelcisis 
finished 


530 


Page. 

fadeless,  eternal 157 

fag,  tire 357 

failure,  misfortune 242 

"       neglect 251 

faint 104 

faint=hearted,  faint Id4 

fainting,  stupor 344 

fair,  beavtiful 76 

"    candid 93 

"    honest 202 

fairness,  justice 225 

fair  play,  justice 225 

fairylike,  aii'y 27 

faith 164 

"    religion 307 

"    article  of,  doctrine 136 

faithful 165 

"       honest 202 

faithfulness,  allegiance 32 

"  justice 225 

"  virtue 370 

fall,  happen 188 

fallacy,  delusion 127 

fall  out,  happen 188 

fall  upon,  attack.,  v 63 

false,  absurd 11 

falsehood,  deception 123 

"         flctum 170 

faltering,  faint 164 

fame 166 

familiar,  general 181 

"       u»ual 362 

familiarity,  acquaintance 15 

"  association 60 

famUy,  kin 227 

fanaticism 166 

"        enthusiasm 153 

fanciful 167 

fancy 167 

"     dream 139 

"     imagination 209 

"     idea 206 

fantastic,  fanciful 167 

"         queer 297 

fantasy,  dreatn 139 

"       idea 206 

"       imagination 209 

fare,  food 175 

farewell 168 

farming,  agriculture 25 

fascinating,  charming 103 

fashion,  v.,  make 236 

fashion,  w.,  air 27 

"  hatnt 187 

fasten,  bind 81 

fastening,  lock 234 

fastidious,  tasteful 352 

fasting,  abstinence 10 

fnstneBS,  fortification 176 

fatality,  necessity 250 

fate,  necessity 250 

"    predestination 282 

fatigue,  tire 357 

fatigued, /aiw< 164 

fatuity,  idiocy 207 

fault,  blemish 82 

"      sin 332 

faultless,  innocent 220 

"       perfect 268 


Page. 

fauna,  anim,al 45 

favor,  w.,  esteem,  n 157 

"  friendship 179 

"  mercy 239 

fayoTuhle,  friendly 178 

"       propitious 291 

faxored,  fortunate 177 

fealty,  allegiance 32 

fear 168 

"    alarm 28 

"    anoAety 49 

fearful,  auful 70 

fearless,  brave 85 

feat,  act 16 

feature,  characteristic 103 

"       circunista/ice 105 

federation,  alliance 34 

"         association 60 

fee,  x)(iy 206 

feeble,/aini; 164 

feed,/oo(^ 175 

feeling,  sensation 328 

"       sensibility 328 

feign,  assume^, 61 

felicitate,  congratulate 115 

felicitous,  happy 190 

felicity,  happiness 189 

fellow,  associate 60 

fellowship,  acquaintance 15 

"         association 60 

felonious,  criminal 120 

female,  feminine 169 

feminine 169 

ferocious,  ^«rce 171 

ferret  out,  discover 133 

fervency,  enthusiasm 153 

fervent,  eager 142 

fervor,  enthusiasm 153 

fetter,  v.,  bind 81 

fetter,  n 169 

feud 170 

fiction 170 

"      allegory 33 

fidgety,  restive 314 

fierce 171 

fiery,  fierce 171 

fight,  battle 74 

figmeDX,fiction 170 

figure,  emblem 146 

fill,  satisfy 3^ 

final  cause,  design 128 

finale,  end,  n 148 

financial 172 

iind,  discover 133 

find  fault,  complain 112 

find  fault  with,  rejwove 312 

find  out,  discover 133 

fine 172 

"    beautiful 76 

"    minute 242 

"     tasteful 352 

finesse,  artifice 58 

"        deception 123 

finis,  end,  n 148 

finish,  v.,  cease 98 

do 135 

"  end,  V 148 

finish,  n.,  end,  n 148 

finished,  perfect 268 


531 


flro 
fountain 


I'MiF.. 

fire rr.i 

fireside,  hmne siol 

firm,  faithful 1(15 

"     obstinate 25(1 

fiscal,  financial ViH 

fit,  adequate 21 

"  becoming 7V 

fitted,  adequate 21 

fitting,  adequate 21 

"      becoming 77 

fix,  Und 81 

"    confirm 114 

fixed,  obstinate 2r)() 

"     permanent 2(10 

flagitious,  criminal —  120 

flame,  burn 87 

"      nre 173 

"      light 331 

flap,  shake 330 

flare,  light \.  •  231 

flash,  burn \.    87 

"     light 331 

flat,  horizontal 202 

flatter,  caress 95 

flattery,  praise 280 

flavorous,  racy 299 

flaw,  lit,  n/i^/i 82 

fleet iiiL'.  irausient Stil 

flicker,  light 231 

flight,  career 95 

fling,  send 327 

"     sneer 337 

flippancy,  pertness 271 

flitting,  transient 3(51 

flock 173 

flog,  beat 75 

floriculture,  agriculture 25 

flourish,  v.,  succeed 34G 

flourish,  «.,  ostentation 269 

flow,  rise 319 

fluctuate 173 

"       shake 330 

fluid 174 

flutter,  shake 330 

flying,  transient 361 

fodder,/ooc? 175 

foe,  enemy 157 

foil,  hinder 199 

follow 174 

follo\ver,  accessoTry 13 

"       adherent 21 

folly,  idiocy. . . , 207 

foment,  promote 291 

iauA^  friendly 178 

fondle,  caress 95 

fondness,  love 235 

food 175 

foolhardiness,  temerity 353 

foolish,  absurd 11 

foolishness,  idiocy 207 

footmark,  trace 359 

footpad,  robber 320 

footprint,  trace 359 

footstep,  trace 359 

for,  because 77 

forage,/oocZ 175 

forager,  robber 320 

forbearance,  mercy 239 

"  pardon 262 


Pagb. 

forlicarancc,  patience 265 

forbid,  prohibit 290 

force,  v.,  compel Ill 

"  make 236 

force,  n.,  army 56 

"  operation 258 

"  power 279 

forces,  army 56 

forcible,  racy 299 

forebode,  augur 66 

foreboding,  anticipation 48 

"  anxiety 49 

forecast,  v.,  anticipate 47 

forecast,  «.,  anticipation 48 

"  prudence 294 

forego,  abandon 1 

foregoing,  previous 285 

foreign,  alien,  a 29 

foreigner,  alien,  n 29 

foreknowledge,  predexti nation 282 

foreordination.  piu  ih  sfhiation 283 

foresight,  anliciiKithui 48 

pruduice 294 

"        ivisdom 373 

forestall,  prevent 284 

foretaste,  «.,  anticipate 47 

foretaste,  n.,  anticipatio)i 48 

foretell,  augur 66 

forethought,  anticipation 48 

"  care 94 

"  prudence 294 

forgive,  absolve 9 

"       pardon 363 

forgiveness,  mercy 239 

"  pardon 263 

forgiving,  h  umane 203 

form,  body 84 

formalism,  hypocrisy 204 

former,  previous 385 

formidable 176 

form  or  system  of  government,  polity  278 

formula,  laiv 229 

forsake,  abandon 1 

forswear,  abandon 1 

"        renounce 309 

fort,  fortification 176 

forthwith,  imtmdiately 211 

fortification 176 

fortitude 176 

"       patience 265 

fortress,  defense 133 

"       fortification 176 

fortuity,  accident 14 

"       hazard 194 

fortunate  .-^.^n-.-.-. .rrr.  177 

"       happy -V, ......:...  190 

fortune,  event 158 

forward,  ».,  promote 391 

"  send 327 

forward,  a.,  jrrevious 285 

forwardness,  impudence 213 

"  pertness 271 

foster,  cherish 104 

"      help 195 

"     promote 291 

foul,  jKrnicimts 370 

fount,  beginning 78 

fountain,  begin  r'ling 78 

"       cause 98 


fraction 
girlish 


532 


Page. 

fraction,  part 204 

fractious,  per-verse 272 

"         restive 314 

fracture,  break 80 

fragment,  pai't 264 

frame,  body »4 

"      make 236 

franchise,  right 319 

franli,  bluff. 83 

"      cakdid 93 

"      fionest 202 

frankness,  veracity 367 

fraternity,-  association 60 

fraud 177 

"     artifice 58 

"     deception.. 123 

fTa.j,feud 170 

free,  absolve 9 

'  "    generous 182 

"    sp07itanems 340 

freebooter,  robber. 320 

freedom,  liberty. 230 

f ree»lianded,  generous 182 

free»hearted,  generous 183 

freethinker,  skeptic 335 

freight,  load 233 

frenzy,  enthusiasm 153 

"      insanity 221 

frequent,  general 181 

"        usual 362 

fresh,  neiv 252 

fretful,  restive 314 

fretfulness,  anger 44 

"  anxiety 49 

fretting,  anxiety 49 

friend,  associate 60 

friendliness,  friendship 179 

friendly 178 

"     propitious 291 

friendship 179 

"        acquaintance 15 

"        association 60 

"        attachment 63 

"         love 235 

fright,  alarm 28 

"      fear 168 

frighten 180 

frightful,  awful 70 

frisky,  restive 314 

frolic,  entertainment 153 

frolicsome,  airy 27 

frontier,  boundary 84 

front,  previous 285 

froward,  perverse 272 

frugality 180 

"       abstinence 10 

"       prudence 294 

fruit,  harvest 192 

fruitless,  vain 364 

frustrate,  hinder 199 

fugitive,  transient 361 

fulfil,  do 135 

"     keep 226 

fulfilment,  end,  n 148 

full,  plentiful 276 

fun,  entertainment 153 

"   wit 373 

function,  duty 142 

fundamental,  radical 299 


Page. 

funds,  money 344 

funny,  queer 297 

furious,  fierce 171 

furnish,  give 185 

further,  v.,  promote 291 

"  quicken 257 

further,  adv.,  but 89 

yet 374 

fury,  anger 44 

fusion,  alliance 34 

futile,  vain 364 

gabble,  babble 71 

gage,  security 326 

gaiety,  happiness 189 

"      harmony 191 

gain,  attain 64 

"    get 183 

"    profit 288 

"    reach 300 

gallant,  lyrave 85 

gallantry,  prowess 294 

gang,  cabal 90 

garb,  dress 140 

gardening,  agriculture 25 

garments,  dress 140 

garnish,  ador'n 23 

garrulous 181 

gas,  fluid 174 

gate,  entrance 154 

gateway,  entrance 154 

gather,  amass 38 

"     convoke 120 

gathering,  company 110 

gauzy,  fine 172 

gawky,  awkward 70 

gay,  airy 27 

"    hapijy 190 

gaze,  look 234 

gender 181 

general. 181 

"        usual 362 

generosity,  benevolence 80 

generous 183 

"        plentiful 276 

genial,  cmnfortable 110 

"     friendly 178 

ge7iius 183 

"       character 102 

genteel,  polite 277 

gentle,  amiable 42 

"      docile 136 

"      humane 203 

gentleness,  mercy_ 339 

genuine,  authentic 67 

"       honest 202 

"      pure 290 

"      real 301 

get 183 

"   attain 64 

"    make 336 

"  purchase 395 

get  to,  reach 300 

gibe,  sneer 337 

gift 184 

"    subsidy 345 

gifted,  clever 109 

gigantic,  large ■ 229 

gild,  adorn 33 

girlish,  youthful 375 


533 


give 
baiikerfng 


Pagb. 

give 185 

"    alM 34 

"    convey 119 

"    surrender 349 

give  instruction,  teach 353 

give  lessona,  teach 353 

given,  addicted 19 

given  over  or  up,  addicted 19 

give  notice  of,  announc-e 46 

give  oneself  up,  sm'vender 349 

give  out,  announce 46 

give  over,  cease 98 

"         surrender 349 

give  up,  abandon 1 

"       surrender 349 

glad,  happy 190 

gladness,  happiness 189 

glance,  look 234 

glare,  light 231 

glaring,  evident 159 

gleam,  light 231 

gleaming,  light 231 

glimmer,  light 231 

glistening,  light 231 

glistering,  light 231 

glitter,  light 231 

gloomy,  dark 122 

"       morose 245 

glory,  fame 166 

gloss  over,  palliate 261 

glow,  light 231 

glowing,  eager 142 

glut,  satisfy 324 

glutinous,  adhesive 22 

goal,  aim 26 

"    end,  n 148 

go  after,  follow 174 

go  astray,  wander 371 

godliness,  7'eligion 307 

gold,  money 244 

good,  honest 202 

"     profit 288 

gooAAij^ farewell 168 

good-natured,  amiable 42 

"  pleasant 275 

goodness,  virtue 370 

good  will,  benevolence 80 

"         friendship 179 

gossip,  babble 71 

govern 185 

government,  form  or  system  of,  polity  278 

government,  seat  of,  capital 94 

grace,  mercy 239 

graceful 186 

"       beautiful 76 

"       becoming 77 

gracious,  humane 203 

"       polite 277 

"       propitious 291 

grade,  class 106 

gradual,  slow 337 

grain,  particle 264 

grand,  awful 70 

"       Ullage 229 

grant,  allot 34 

"      allow 35 

"      apportion 54 

"      confess 114 

"      gift 184 


Page. 
grant,  give 185 

"      subsidy 345 

grasp,  attain 64 

"      catch 97 

grateful,  <h Ihjhtful 126 

gratilii'.'ilioii,  hajiiiiiiess 189 

gnitify,  aili'iiiuii 152 

gratifying,  delightful 126 

gratufty,  gift 184 

gray,  old 257 

great,  large. , 229 

greedy,  avaricious 68 

greet,  address,  v 19 

grief. 187 

grievance,  injustice 220 

grieve,  mourn 246 

grip,  catcfi 97 

gripe,  catch 97 

grotesque, /«««/«/ 167 

"        queer 297 

ground,  reason,  n 302 

group,  company 110 

"     flock 173 

growl,  complain 112 

growth,  harvest 192 

"       progress 289 

grudge,  hatred 193 

"       tnque 272 

gruflf,  nwrose 345 

grumble,  complain 112 

grunt,  complain 112 

guard,  v.,  keep 226 

guard,  n.,  defense 123 

shelter 331 

guess,  hypothesis 205 

"      suppose 348 

guile,  artifice 58 

"     deception 123 

guileless,  candid 93 

"        innocent 220 

"       pure 296 

guilt,  sin 332 

guiltless,  innocent 220 

pure 296 

guilty,  criminal 120 

gummy,  adhesive 22 

gyyes,  fetter 169 

habiliments,  dress 140 

habit 187 

"    dress 140 

habitation,  home. 201 

habitual,  general. 181 

"        usual 362 

habituated,  addicted 19 

habitude,  habit 187 

hail,  address,  v 19 

hale,  healthy 195 

half 'hearted, /ai«< 164 

hallowed,  holy 200 

hallucination,  delusion 127 

"  dream 139 

"  insanity 221 

hamper,  hinder 199 

handcuffs, /e«e?' 169 

handicraft,  business, 88 

handsome,  beautiful 76 

"  fine 172 

handy,  skitfid 335 

hankering,  desire 128 


hap 
Iionest 


534 


Page. 

hap,  accident 14 

happen 188 

happening,  accident , 14 

happiness 189 

happy 190 

"    clever 109 

"  fortunate 177 

"    skilful 335 

harangue,  speech 339 

harass,  tire 357 

harbor,  cherish 104 

"       shelter aSl 

hard,  difficult 132 

"     severe 329 

hardihood,  temerity 353 

"  effrontery 144 

hardship,  misfortune 242 

hark,  listen 232 

liarken,  listen 232 

harm,  v.,  at/use 12 

harm,  n.,  injury 219 

"  misfortune 242 

harmfnl,  pernicicms 270 

harmonize,  agree 25 

harmony 191 

"       melody 238 

harness,  arms 55 

"        caparison 93 

harsh,  bitter 81 

"     severe 329 

harshness,  acrimony 15 

harvest 192 

harvest'feast,  harvest 192 

harvest^ festival,  harvest 192 

harvest-home,  harvest 192 

harvesting,  harvest 192 

harvest=tide,  harvest 192 

harvest=time,  harvest 192 

hasp,  lock 234 

hasten,  quicken 297 

hastiness,  temerity 353 

hatch,  flock 173 

hate,  ahhm" 5 

"    hatred 193 

hatred 193 

"      abomination 7 

"      antipathy 48 

"      enmity 152 

haughtiness,  jwide 286 

haughty,  absolute 8 

haul,  draw 138 

have 194 

havoc,  massacre 237 

hazard 194 

"      accident 14 

"      danger 121 

hazardous,  precarious 282 

head,  topic 359 

headstrong,  obstinate 256 

heady,  obstinate 256 

heal,  recover 305 

healthful,  healthy 195 

healthy 195 

heap  up,  amass 38 

hear,  listen 232 

hearth,  horns 201 

hearthstone,  Jwme 201 

hearty,  friendly 178 

"    ,  healthy 195 


Page, 

heed,  v.,  follow 174 

"  listen 232 

heed,  ».,  care 94 

heedless,  abstracted 11 

heedlessness,  neglect 251 

"  tementy 353 

heel  over,  tip) 357 

help 195 

"  promote 291 

helper,  accessory 13 

"      auxiliary 67 

helpmate,  associate 60 

hence,  therefore 355 

henchman,  accessory 13 

herald,  amwunce 46 

herd,  flock 173 

heresiarch,  heretic 196 

heretic 196 

heroic,  brave 85 

'heroism,  fortitude 176 

"       prowess 294 

hesitancy,  doubt,  n 138 

hesitate,  fluctuate 173 

hesitation,  doubt,  n 138 

heterogeneous 196 

"  complex 112 

hidden,  mysterious 247 

"       obscure 255 

hide 197 

"  palliate 261 

high 198 

"    steep 342 

highroad,  way 372 

highway,  way 372 

highwayman,  robber 320 

hinder 199 

"       obstruct 257 

"       prohibit 290 

"       restrain 315 

hindrance,  barrier 74 

"        impediment 213 

hint,  allude 36 

"    suggestion 347 

hire,  v.,  employ 147 

hire,  n.,  pay 266 

hireling,  venal 365 

history 200 

"      record 301 

hitherto,  yet 374 

hoard,  amass 38 

hoary,  old 257 

hoidenish,  rustic 321 

hold,  arrest 57 

"    esteem,  v 156 

"    have 194 

"    keep 226 

"    restrain 315 

hold  back,  restrain 315 

hold  dear,  cherish 104 

hold  in,  restrain 315 

hold  up,  support 348 

holiness,  religion 307 

holy 200 

"  perfect 268 

"  pure 296 

homage,  allegiance 32 

hofne 201 

homogeneous,  alike 30 

ho?iest 202 


535 


honest 
liuniutable 


Page. 

honest,  candid 93 

honesty,  veracity 3(i7' 

"         'cirttie 370 

honor,  v.  adridre 23 

"  venerate 366 

honor,  n.,faine 166 

"  justice 225 

"  virtue 370 

honorable,  honest 202 

honorarium,  jKiy 266 

hook,  lock 234 

hope,  v.,  anticipate 47 

hope,  w.,  anticipation 48 

hopelessness,  despair 129 

horizontal 202 

horrible,  awful 70 

horrific,  awfid 70 

horror,  abomination 7 

"       fear 168 

horticulture,  agricultw'e 25 

host,  army 56 

"    company 110 

"    throng 356 

hostile,  alien,  a 29 

hostility,  antipathy 48 

"        enmity 152 

"       feud 170 

"      hatred 193 

hot,  eager 142 

house,  home 201 

housings,  caparison 93 

howbeit,  notwithstanding,  conj 254 

however,  but 89 

"         notwithstariding,  conj 254 

huge,  large 229 

hum,  sing 333 

human,  humane 203 

humane 203 

humanity,  benevolence 80 

humble,  abase 2 

"       abash 3 

"       chasten 103 

"       conquer 115 

humiliate,  abase S 

"        abash 3 

humiliation,  chagrin 100 

humor,/awcy 107 

"      wit 373 

hunt 203 

hunting,  hunt 203 

hurl,  send 327 

hurry,  quiclceri 297 

hurt,  injiii'y 219 

hurtful,  pernicious 270 

husbandry,  agriculture 25 

hygienic,  hecilthy 195 

hypocrisy 204 

"         deception 123 

hypocnte 204 

hypothesis 205 

idea 206 

"   fancy 167 

"    ideal. 206 

ideal 206 

"    example 160 

"     idea 206 

"    perfect 268 

identical,  alike 30 

"        syrwnymffus 349 


Page. 

idiocy 207 

idiom,  language 228 

idle... ■. 208 

"    vain 364 

ignite,  burn 87 

ignorant 208 

"         bnitisli 87 

ill,  wisfiirtuiie 242 

ilUadvis.'d,  <ih>:urd 11 

iH'Cdii-iidrrcd,  absurd 11 

ill«defined,  fai/)f 164 

ill=doing,  sin 332 

illegal,  cmninal 120 

ill=l'ortune,  misfortune 242 

ill»humored,  morose 245 

illimitable,  infinite 216 

ill=informed,  ignorant 208 

illiterate,  ignorant 208 

ill=judged,  absurd 11 

ill  luck,  misfortune 242 

ill=matched,  incongriwus 214 

ill=natured,  morose 245 

illness,  disease 134 

ill»treat,  abuse 12 

illumination,  light 231 

ill'use,  abuse 12 

illusion,  delusion 127 

illustrate,  adorn 23 

illustration,  allegory 33 

"  sample 323 

ill'will,  enmity 152 

hatred 193 

image,  emblem 146 

"      fancy 167 

"      idea 206 

"      model 243 

imagination 209 

idea 209 

"         fancy 167 

imaginative, /«wcj/m; 167 

imagine,  suppose 348 

imbecility,  idiocy 207 

imbibe,  absorb 9 

inibruted,  brutish 87 

imitate. '/(V/o/c 174 

imitation,  caricature 95 

"         duplicate 141 

"         model 243 

immaculate,  innocent 220 

'■         perfect 268 

"  jmre 296 

immanent,  inherent 218 

immature,  youthful 375 

immeasureable,  infinite 216 

immediately 211 

immemorial,  old 257 

"  primeval 287 

immense,  la7^ge 229 

immerge,  immerse 213 

immerse 212 

immigrate,  emigrate 147 

imminent 212 

immobility,  apathy 50 

immoral,  criminal 120 

immorality,  sin 332 

immortal,  eternal 157 

immovable,  obstinate 256 

immunity,  right 319 

immutable,  permanent 269 


Impact 
indifference 


536 


Page. 

impact,  collision 109 

impairment,  i7ijui~y 219 

impart,  give 185 

impartial,  candid 93 

impartiality,  justice 225 

impassibility,  apathy 50 

impatience,  anger 44 

impatient,  eage?' 142 

"         restive 314 

impeach,  arraign 56 

impede,  hinder 199 

obst7'uct 257 

impediment 213 

impel,  drive 140 

"      influence 217 

"      persuade 271 

"      send 327 

impending,  imminent 212 

imperative,  absolute 8 

imperfection,  blemish 82 

imperious,  absolute 8 

"  dogmatic 137 

imperishable,  eternal i57 

impertinence,  impudence 213 

"  i)ertness 271 

impertinent,  alien,  a 29 

"  meddlesome 238 

imperturbable,  calm 91 

impetuous,  eager * .  142 

"  fierce 171 

implement,  tool 358 

implicate,  involve 223 

implication,  suggestion 347 

implore,  ask 59 

"         plead 274 

"         pray 281 

imply,  allude 36 

"       involve 223 

impolite,  bluff, 83 

importunate,  eager  142 

importune,  pray 281 

impose  on,  abuse 12 

imposing,  awful 70 

imposition,  deception 12;i 

"  fraud 177 

impostor,  hypocrite 204 

imposture,  artifice 58 

"         fraud 177 

imprecation,  oath 254 

impressibility,  sensibility 328 

impression,  idea 206 

"  trace 359 

imprisonment,  fetter 169 

impromptu,  extemporaneous 163 

improve,  amend 41 

improvement,  jjrofit 288 

"  progress 289 

improvised,  extemporaneous 163 

impudence 213 

"  assurance 61 

"  effrontery 144 

"  pertness 271 

impulse,  ajipetiie 54 

iuipulsivu,  sjiontaneous 340 

impute,  attribute,  v 65 

inactive,  idle 208 

"       slow 337 

in  addition,  also 37 

inadvertence,  neglect 251 


Page. 

inapposite,  incongruous 214 

inappropriate,  alien,  a 29 

"  incongruous 214 

inasmuch  as,  because 77 

inattention,  neglect 251 

inattentive,  abstracted 11 

inauguration,  beginning 78 

inborn,  inherent 218 

inbred,  inherent  218 

incandescence,  light 231 

incapacity,  idiocy 207 

inception,  beginning 78 

incessant,  continual. 117 

incident,  accident 14 

"       circumstance 105 

"       event 158 

"       st07'y 343 

incinerate,  burn 87 

"         influence 217 

incipience,  beginning 78 

incite,  abet 4 

"     pers^iade 271 

incivility,  impudence 213 

inclination,  aim 26 

"  appetite 54 

"  attachment 63 

"  desire 128 

"  direction 132 

fancy 167 

incline,  bend 79 

"       draw 138 

"       influence 217 

"      persuade 271 

tip 357 

inclined,  addicted 19 

include,  involve 223 

incommensurable,  incongruous 214 

incomparable,  rare 300 

incompatible,  i?icongruous 214 

incomprehensible,  mystoious 247 

"  obscure 255 

inconclusive,  absurd 11 

incongruous 214 

inconsiderate,  bluff 83 

inconsistency,  difference 131 

inconsistent,  incongruous 214 

inconstant,  vain 364 

incorrect,  absurd 11 

incorrupt,  pure 296 

incorruptible, /aii'/i/'i/; 165 

increase,  add 18 

"       amplify 43 

"        harvest 192 

"       progress 289 

incredulity,  doubt,  n 138 

incubus,  load 233 

inculcate,  teach 353 

incursion,  attack,  n 64 

indecision,  doubt,  n 138 

indefinite,  equivocal 155 

indemnity,  subsidy 345 

independence,  liberty 230 

indeterminate,  equivocal 155 

indicate,  allude 36 

indication,  characteristic 103 

"         sign 332 

indict,  atTaign 56 

indifference,  apathy 50 

"  neglect 251 


337 


tiidlflerent 
ln»itii;ate 


Page. 

indifferent,  abstracted 11 

indigence,  poverty 279 

indigenous,  native 248 

"  primeval 287 

indignation,  anger 44 

indispensable,  inherent 218 

indispensability,  necessity 250 

indispensable,  necessary 250 

indispensableness,  necessity 250 

indisposed,  reluctant 308 

indisposition,  disease 134 

indistinct,  eqtdvocal 155 

faint 164 

"         obscure 255 

individually,  apiece 51 

indoctrinate,  teach 353 

indolent,  idle 208 

indomitable,  obstinate 256 

indubitable,  evident 159 

induce,  draw 138 

"       influence 217 

"      persuade 271 

induction 215 

"        demonstration 127 

indtistrious 215 

"  active 17 

industry 216 

indwelling,  inherent 218 

ineffectual,  vain 364 

inelegant,  i-ustic 321 

inequality,  difference 131 

inert,  idle 208 

"     slow 337 

inevitable,  necessary 250 

inexorable,  severe 329 

inexplicable,  mysterious 247 

infallible,  necessary 250 

infatuated,  absurd 11 

infect,  defile 124 

infection j  contagion 117 

inference,  demonstration 127 

"         induction 215 

infidel,  sksjMc 335 

infirmity,  disease 134 

infinite 216 

infixed,  inherent 218 

inflexible,  severe 329 

"         obstinate 256 

influence 217 

"         bend 79 

"         govern 185 

"        operation 258 

"        persuade 271 

inform,  state 341 

teach 353 

information,  education 143 

"  knowledge 227 

"  wisdom 373 

informed,  conscious 116 

infrequent,  rare 300 

infringement,  attack,  n 64 

ingathering,  harvest 198 

ingenious  clever 109 

skUful 335 

ingenuity,  address,  n 20 

ingenuous,  candid 93 

"         honest 202 

ingenuousness,  veracity 367 

ingleside,  home 201 


Page. 

ingrained,  inherent 218 

"  radical 299 

ingredient,  part 264 

ingress,  entrance 154 

inhabit,  abide 5 

inharmonious,  incongruous 214 

inherent 218 

inhering,  iiili)  rent 218 

mhWnX.jn-oliihit 2i)0 

inhuman,  barbarous 7'3 

iniquitous,  cnminal 120 

iniquity,  abomination 7 

"        injustice 220 

"        sin 332 

initiate,  teach 353 

initiation,  beginning 78 

injunction,  order 258 

injure,  abuse 12 

injurious,  2)ernicious 270 

injury 219 

"     blemish 82 

"     injustice 220 

injustice 220 

"       injury 219 

inlet,  entrance 154 

in  like  manner,  also 37 

innate,  inherent 218 

"      native 248 

"      radical 299 

innocent 220 

"      candid 93 

"      pm^'^ 296 

innocuous,  innocent 220 

Innovation,  change,  n 101 

innoxious,  innocent 220 

innuendo,  sugges/io/i 347 

innumerable,' infinite 216 

inotlViisive.  inn'or,  /,/ 220 

inciiiiriuLT.  imiu'isilii-e 221 

inquij^itiiin,  Imnt 203 

inquisitive 221 

insalubrious,  pernicious 270 

insanity 221 

inscription,  record 304 

inscrutable,  mysterious 247 

insecure,  precarious 282 

insecurity,  danger 121 

insensibility,  apathy 50 

"  stupidity 344 

"  stupor 344 

insensible,  b7nitish 87 

inseparable,  inherent 218 

insight,  acumen 18 

"       wisdom 372 

insinuate,  allude 36 

insinuation,  suggestion 347 

insolence,  effrontery 144 

"         impudence 213 

"         pride 286 

inspect,  look 234 

inspection,  oversiglit 260 

inspiration,  enthusiasm 153 

in  spite  of,  notwithstanding,  pi^ep. .  254 

instalment,  pari 264 

instance,  iina iJi nt 282 

samiih ,323 

instanter,  innm diiitdy 211 

instantly,  immediately 211 

instigate,  abet 4 


instigate 
joyous 


53§ 


Page. 

instigate,  influence 217 

instill,  teach 353 

instinct,  mind 241 

instinctive,  spontaneous 340 

instruct,  teach 353 

instruction,  education 143 

"  09'der 258 

instrument,  agent 24 

"  record 304 

tool 358 

insubordinate,  rebellious 304 

insubordination,  revolution 317 

insult,  affront 24 

insurrection,  revolution. 317 

integrity,  ^Msrtce 225 

"        virtue 370 

intellect,  mind 241 

intellectual,  clever 109 

intelligence,  knowledge 227 

"  mind 241 

intelligent,  clever 109 

"         sagacious 322 

intelligible,  clear 107 

intemperance,  excess 160 

intense,  eager 142 

intensity,  enthusiasm 153 

intent,  a.,  eager 142 

intent,  n.,  aim 26 

"  design 128 

"  end,  n 148 

intention,  aim 26 

"         design 128 

intentness,  indust?^/ 216 

inter,  hide 197 

intercede,  interpose 222 

intercept,  interpose 222 

interchangeable,  mutual 246 

"  synonymous 349 

intercourse,  conversation 118 

interdict,  prohibit 290 

interest,  entertain 152 

interfere,  interpose 222 

intermeddle,  interpose 222 

interminable,  eternal 157 

"  infinite 216 

intermission,  rest 313 

intermit,  cease 98 

internal,  inherent 218 

interpose 222 

interpretation,  definition 124 

interrupt,  hinder 199 

"         interpose., 222 

"         obstmct 257 

in  the  midst  of,  amid 42 

intimacy,  acquaintance 15 

intimate,  allude 36 

intimation,  suggestion 347 

mWrniAaXe,  frighten 180 

intolerance, /awa^icism 166 

intractable,  obstinate 256 

"  perverse 272 

"  rebellious 304 

"  restive 314 

intrepid,  brave 85 

intrepidity,  proivess 294 

intricate,  complex 112 

"       obscure 255 

intrinsic,  inherent 218 

introduce,  allege 31 


Page. 

introduction,  entrance 154 

introductory,  jyrevious 285 

intrusion,  attack,  n 64 

intrusive,  inquisitive 221 

"         meddlesome 238 

intrusiveness,  impudence 213 

intuition,  knowledge 227 

intuitive,  transcendental 361 

invade,  attack,  v 63 

invariable,  continual 117 

"         permanent 269 

invasion,  attack,  n 64 

inveigle,  allure 37 

invent,  discover 133 

invention,  artifice 58 

"        fiction 170 

inventory,  record 304 

invoke,  pray 281 

involuntary,  spontaneous 340 

involve 223 

involved,  C07nplex 112 

"        obscure 255 

inwrought,  inherent 218 

iota,  particle 264 

irate,  bitter 81 

ire,  anger 44 

irovi.8,fetter 169 

irony,  banter 73 

irrational,  absurd 11 

irreconcilable,  incongruous 214 

irresolute, /ai«< 164 

h-resolution,  doubt,  n 138 

irresponsible,  absolute 8 

irrelevant,  alien,  a 29 

irritate,  affront 24 

irritation,"  anger 44 

"         2^iq"^ 272 

issue,  v.,  rise. 318 

issue, '/(.,  consequence 116 

"  end,  n 148 

"  event 158 

topic 359 

item,  circu7nMance 105 

jabber,  babble 71 

jade,  tire 357 

jam,  throng 356 

jar,  shake 330 

jealous,  envious 155 

jeer,  sneer 337 

jeering,  banter 73 

jeopardy,  danger 121 

"         hazard 194 

jest,  tvit 373 

job,  business 88 

jocularity,  wit 373 

jocund,  happy 190 

joggle,  shake 330 

join  on,  add 18 

joint  mutual 246 

joke,  wit 373 

jolly,  happy 190 

jolt,  shake 330 

jot,  particle 264 

jounce,  shake 330 

journey 223 

joy,  happiness 189 

joyful,  happy 190 

joyous,  airy 2(' 

"       happy 190 


539 


judge 
let 


Page. 

judge 224 

judgment,  idea 206 

"        prudence 294 

"        tvisdom 372 

judicious,  saf/aciniis 322 

judiciousness,  pnidt-iice 294 

"  wiKilnm 372 

jumble,  displace 135 

junction,  n/non 362 

juncture,  union 362 

junto,  cabal 90 

jurisprudence,  law 229 

just,  a.,  honest 202 

just,  adv.,  but 89 

justice 225 

"      judge 224 

"      virtue 370 

justification,  apology 51 

defense 123 

justness,  justice 225 

juvenile,  iieiv 252 

"        youthful 375 

keen,  astute 62 

"     clever 109 

"     eager 142 

"    fine ira 

"     sagacious 322 

keenness,  acumen 18 

keen^sighted,  sagacious 322 

keen=witted,  sagacious 322 

keep 226 

"  celebrate 99 

"  restrain 315 

"  saipport 348 

keep  back,  restrain 315 

keep  down,  restrain 315 

keep  in,  restrain 315 

keep  under,  restrain 315 

keep  up,  support 348 

kill..... 226 

kin 227 

kind,  amiable 42 

"    friendly 178 

"     humane 203 

"     pleasant 275 

"     propitious 291 

"     kin 227 

kind=hearted,  humane 203 

kind-heartedness,  benevolence 80 

kindle,  burn 87 

kindliness,  benevolence 80 

kindly,  friendly 178 

"       pleasant 275 

"       propitious 291 

kindness,  benevolence 80 

"        mercy 239 

kindred,  a.,  (dike 30 

kindred,  n.,  kin 227 

kinglike,  royal 320 

kingly,  royal 320 

kiss,  caress 95 

kitchen-gardening,  agriculture 25 

knack,  ease 143 

knock,  bloi.v 83 

knowing,  astute 62 

"         clever 109 

knowledge 227 

' '         acquaintance 15 

"        education 143 


Page. 

knowledge,  science 325 

"  wisdotn 372 

labor,  industry 216 

"      ivork 374 

laborious,  difficult 132 

lacerate,  rend 309 

laconic,  terse 354 

lading,  load 233 

lament,  mou7'n 246 

lamentable,  pitiful 273 

lance,  send ' 327 

land,  reach 300 

landmark,  boundary 84 

lane,  way 372 

228 

diction 130 

speech 339 

languid,  faint 164 

large..- 229 

"    plentiful 276 

largess,  gift 184 

lascivious,  bimtish 87 

lash,  blow 83 

lasting,  permanent 269 

latch,  lock 234 

late,  neiv 252 

laudation,  jrraise 280 

laughable,  queer 297 

launch,  send 327 

laurele,/am« 166 

lave,  cleanse 107 

lavish,  plentiful 276 

lavishness,  excess 160 

law 229 

"  justice 225 

lawfulness,  justice 225 

lawlessness,  revolution 317 

lay,  jjut 296 

lay  hold  oi,  catch 97 

lazy,  idle 208 

lead,  draw 138 

'•     influence 217 

"     pe7-suade 271 

league,  alliance 34 

lean,  tip 357 

learner,  scholar 324 

learning,  education 143 

"       {knowledge 227 

"        wisdom 372 

leave,  abandon 1 

"     permission 269 

leave»ofl,  cease 98 

leave-taking,  farewell 168 

legality,  justice 225 

legate,  delegate 125 

legend,  fiction 170 

"      story 343 

legions,  army 56 

legislation,  I'aiv 229 

legitimate,  authen  tic 67 

leisure,  vacant 363 

lengthen,  pivtract 293 

lenience,  mercy 239 

leniency,  mercy 239 

"       patience 265 

lenity,  mercy 239 

lessen,  abate 3 

"       alleviate 33 

let,  allow 35 


let  go 

make  knonvn 


540 


Page. 

let  go,  sfiirrende?' 349 

lethargy,  apathy 50 

"        stupor 344 

level,  km'izo>ital 202 

liable,  likeli/ 232 

libel,  slander 336 

liberal,  generous 182 

"     plentiful 276 

liberality,  benevolence 80 

liberate,  absolve 9 

liberty 230 

"     permission 269 

"     right 319 

license,  liberty 230 

"       permission 269 

"      Hghi 319 

lie,  deception 123 

life,  behavior 79 

life,  public,  career 95 

lift,  cai'ry 96 

light,  a.,  airy 27 

light,  n 231 

"       knowledge 227 

lighten,  alleviate 33 

like,  alllce 30 

"     likely 232 

"     synonymmis 349 

likely 232 

"      apparent 52 

likeness,  analogy 43 

"       appi-oximation 55 

"       duplicate 141 

likewise,  also 37 

liking,  appetite ■. 54 

"     fancy 167 

"      love 235 

limit,  boundary 84 

"      end,  n 148 

limitless,  infinite 216 

limpid,  clear 107 

line,  boundary 84 

line  of  achievement,  career 95 

line  of  battle,  array 57 

lingering,  sloiv 337 

liquid,  fluid 174 

list,  listen 232 

"     tip 357 

listen 232 

listless,  abstracted 11 

"     faint 164 

literal,  verbal 368 

literary  productions,  literature 233 

literary  works,  literature 233 

literature 233 

litter,  flock 173 

little,  minute 242 

live,  v.,  abide 5 

live,  a.,  alive 30 

liveliness,  pertness 271 

lively,  active 17 

"      airy 27 

"      alert 28 

"      alive 30 

"      nimble 253 

"      raey 299 

li\ang,  alive 30 

living  creature,  animal 45 

living  organism,  animal 45 

load 233 


Page. 

loath,  reluctant 308 

loathe,  abhor 5 

lock 234 

lodge,  abide 5 

"      association 60 

lofty,  high 198 

loneliness,  retiremsnt 315 

long,  large 229 

longing,  appetite 54 

"        desire 128 

"        eager 142 

long'suffering,  patience 265 

look,  V 234 

"      appear 52 

look,  91.,  air 27 

look  forward  to,  anticipate 47 

loquacious,  garjmlous 181 

lordly,  absolute 8 

Lord's  Supper,  sacrament 331 

lore,  knowledge 227 

loss,  injury 219 

lot,  flock 173 

"  poi'tion 279 

lovable,  amiable 42 

love,  V 235 

"     admire 23 

love,  n.,  attachment 63 

"  friendship 179 

lovely,  amiable 42 

"      beautiful 76 

loving,  amiable 42 

"     friendy 178 

lower,  abase 2 

"      abate 3 

"      disparage 134 

lower  classes,  mob 243 

loya.], faithful 165 

loyalty,  allegiance 32 

lucid,  clear 107 

\\icky,  fortunate 177 

"      happy 190 

ludicrous,  absu7'd 11 

"  queer 297 

lunacy,  insanity 221 

lure,  allure 37 

"     draw 138 

luscious,  delicious 126 

lust,  ajypetite 54 

luster,  light 231 

luxuriant,  plentiful 276 

lying,  deception 123 

macnination,  artifice 58 

machine,  tool 358 

madness,  insanity 221 

magisterial,  dogmatic 137 

magnanimous,  generous 182 

magnificent,  royal. 320 

man,  arnu 55 

maintain,  allege 31 

keep 226 

state 341 

"         s^tpiport 348 

majestic,  awful 70 

"        rm/al 320 

make 236 

"     compel Ill 

make  better,  amend 41 

make  haste,  quicken 297 

make  known,  announce 46 


541 


make  out 
minified 


Page. 

make  out,  make 236 

make  prisoner,  arrent 57 

make  up,  add 18 

"         make 236 

make  use  of,  employ 147 

make  void,  cancel 62 

make  white,  bleach. 82 

maladroit,  (nrk/rard 70 

malady,   dis'  (/■■<i 134 

male,  iintfcidiiii- 237 

malediction,  outh 254 

malevolence,  eniiiitii 152 

hatred 193 

malice,  enmity 152 

"      hatred 193 

malign,  abuse 12 

"       slander 336 

malignity,  acrimony 15 

"        enmity 153 

"        hatred 193 

maltreat,  abuse 12 

manacles,  fetter 169 

manage,  govern 185 

manageable,  docile 136 

management,  care 94 

"  oversight 260 

mandate,  laiv 229 

"        order 258 

maneuver,  artifice 58 

manful,  tnascutine 237 

mangle,  rend 309 

mania,  insanity 221 

manifest,  clear 107 

"        evident 159 

manifestation,  revelation 316 

"  sign 332 

manifold,  com.plex 112 

manlike,  masculine 237 

manly,  mascidine 237 

manner,  air 27 

"       behavior 79 

"       system 350 

manners,  address,  n 20 

"        behavioi' 79 

mannish,  mcisculine 237 

manufacture,  make 236 

marauder,  robber 320 

marches,  boundary 84 

marge,  bank 72 

"      boundary 84 

margin,  bank 72 

"       boundary 84 

marine,  nautical 248" 

maritime,  nautical 248 

mark,  aim 26 

"     characteristic 103 

"     sign 332 

"     ti'ace 359 

market'gardening,  agricultvre 25 

marriage 236 

masculine 237 

mask,  v.,  hide 197 

mask,  n.,  pretense 283 

mass,  throng 356 

massacre 237 

kill 226 

masses,  mab 243 

massive,  large 229 

master,  attain 64 


Page. 

master,  conquer 115 

mastiTV.  rh-loni 369 

iiKilc,  ii-;s,iri,il,' 60 

material,  fihij^'ii-id 272 

matrimony,  'viarriage 236 

matter,  topic 359 

maxim,  proverb 293 

HK'aiis,  lujcnt 24 

measure. '///^/<»r 240 

nieasureU'SS,  infinite 216 

mechanic,  artist 58 

mechanism,  tool 358 

meddle,  Interpose 222 

meddlesome 238 

"         Inquisitive 221 

meddling,  inquisitive 221 

"         meddlesome 238 

mediate,  interpose 222 

meditate,  delil)erate 135 

meet,  Ixcinninq 77 

meeting-,  ciillis'nin 109 

"        coniiKini/ 110 

melancholy,  grief 187 

meliorate,  ainend 41 

melody 238 

member,  part 264 

"        term 354 

memoir,  history 200 

memorandum,  'record 304 

memorial,  record 304 

trace 359 

memorials,  Mst07'y 200 

memory 239 

mend,  amend 41 

mendicancy,  poverty 279 

mention,  allude 36 

mercenary,  uiixiliary 67 

"  venal 365 

merciful,  hutnane 203 

"        projntious 291 

merciless,  barbarous 73 

mercy 239 

"     pardon 262 

"     pity 273 

mere,  pure 296 

merely,  but 89 

merriment,  entertainment 153 

"  happiness 189 

merry,  happy 190 

metamorpliiise,  change,  v 100 

meta])h<)r,  dlh (ftiry 33 

mete  out,  alhi. 34 

meter 240 

"     poetry 277 

method,  system 350 

metrical  composition,  jjoefrj/ 277 

metropolis,  capital 94 

middle,  center 99 

midst,  center 99 

"      (in  the  midst  of),  amid 42 

mien,  air 27 

miiiht,  power 279 

initiate,  ( migrate 147 

milliners,  mercy 239 

military,  army 56 

mimicry,  caricature 95 

mind 241 

mingled,  heterogeneous 196 

"       complex 113 


mingled  \irltli 
narration 


542 


Pagk. 

mingled  with,  amid 42 

minute 243 

"     fine 172 

miraculous,  supernatural 347 

mirth,  happi7iess 189 

mirthful,  happy 190 

misadventure,  accident 14 

"  misfortune 242 

miscellaneous,  heterogeneous 196 

mischance,  catastrophe 97 

"  misfortune 242 

mischief,  injury 219 

mischievous,  pernicious 270 

misdeed,  sin 332 

misemploy,  abuse 12 

miserable,  pitiful 273 

miserly,  avaricious 68 

vai&erVmess,  frugality 180 

misery,  misfortune... 243 

misfortune 243 

"  accident 14 

"  bloiv 83 

"  catastrophe 97 

misgiving,  cdarm 28 

"         anxiety 49 

doubt,  n 138 

"        fear 168 

mishap,  accident 14 

"       cata^strophe 97 

"       misfortune 242 

mislay,  displace 135 

mismatched,  incongmmis 214 

mismated,  incongruous 214 

misplace,  displace 135 

mistaken,  absurd 11 

mistrust,  doubt.,  v 137 

misuse,  abuse 12 

mite,  particle 284 

mitigate,  abate 3 

"       alleviate 33 

"       amend 41 

"       palliate 261 

mixed,  complex 112 

"      heterogeneous 19(i 

mob 243 

mobile,  active 17 

mock,  sneer 337 

mockery,  banter 73 

mode,  system 350 

nwdel 243 

"      example 160 

"      idea 206 

"      ideal 206 

moderate,  v.,  abate 3 

"  alleviate 33 

moderate,  a.,  alow 337 

moderation,  abstinence 10 

modem,  new 252 

modesty 244 

modify,  change,  v lOO 

mold,  bend 79 

"      </or<rn 185 

mold,  inoi/il 343 

inoldrr,  i/iray 123 

inok'cule,  particle 364 

molest,  abuse 13 

mollify,  allay 31 

momentary,  transieid 361 

monetary,  financial 173 


Page. 

money 244 

monomania,  insanity 231 

monstrous,  absurd 11 

mood,/awcj^ 167  . 

mop,  cleanse 107 

morality,  religion 307 

"        virtue 370 

moreover,  but 89 

morose 245 

"     severe 329 

moroseness,  acrimony ." .     15 

mortification,  chagrin 100 

mortify,  abash 3 

mother  tongue,  language 228 

motion 245 

"       act 16 

"        topic a59 

motive,  cause 98 

"      reason,  n 302 

motto,  proverb 293 

7nourn 246 

mournful,  pitiful 273 

mourning,  grief 187 

move,  v.,  cari'y 96 

"  convey 119 

"  infiuence 217 

"         persuade 271 

move,  w.,  motion 345 

movement,  act 16 

"  motion 245 

mover,  agent 24 

moving,  pitiful 273 

muddy,  obscure 255 

mulish,  restive 314 

"      obstinate 256 

multiform,  complex 112 

multitude,  army 56 

"         company 110 

"         throng 356 

munificence,  benevolence 80 

munificent,  generous 182 

70yal 320 

muniment,  record 3W 

muniments,  history 200 

murder,  kill 226 

murky,  dark 122 

murmur,  babble 71 

"        complain 112 

music,  melody 238 

muster,  convoke 130 

mutation,  change,  n 101 

mute,  taciturn 351 

mutinous,  rebellious 304 

"        restive 314 

mutiny,  revolution 317 

mutual 246 

mysterious 247 

"         dai'k 133 

"        obscure 255 

mystic,  mysfeiious 247 

mystical,  mysterious 247 

myth,  fiction 170 

"     'story 343 

naive,  candid 93 

name 247 

"    term 354 

narration,  history 200 

"         report 311 

"         stoi'y 343 


343 


narrative 
obsolescent 


Page. 

narrative,  historij 300 

"         report 311 

"         story 343 

natal,  native 248 

nation,  people 266 

native 248 

"  inherent 218 

"  radical 299 

natty,  neat 249 

natural,  inherent 218 

"       native 248 

"       normal 253 

"       physical 272 

"       radical 299 

nature,  character 102 

nauseate,  abhor 5 

nautical 248 

naval,  nautical 248 

near,  adjacent 22 

nearness,  approximation 55 

neat 249 

"    becoming 77 

"    terse 354 

necessary 150 

necessitate,  compel Ill 

necessity 250 

"       predestination 282 

need,  necessity 250 

"     poverty 279 

needed,  necessary 250 

needful,  necessary 250 

nefarious,  criminal 120 

neglect 251 

neglectfulness,  neglect 251 

negligence,  neglect 251 

negligent,  abstracted 11 

negotiate,  transact 360 

neighborhood,  approximation 55 

neighboring,  adjacent 22 

neighborly,  friendly -178 

neophyte,  convert 119 

never=ending,  eternal 157 

never=failing,  eternal 157 

nevertheless,  but 89 

"  notwithstanding,  co/ij.  254 

new 252 

newfangled,  neiv 253 

new»f ashioned,  new 252 

newmade,  new 252 

next,  ac(jacent 22 

nice,  fine 172^ 

"     neat 249 

"     tasteful 352 

niggardly,  avaricious 68 

nigh,  acijacent 22 

nimble 253 

"     active 17 

"     ale7't 28 

noble,  auful 70 

"     generous 182 

"     high 198 

noise,  sound 338 

noisome,  pernicicms 270 

non=conformist,  heretic 196 

non=homogeneous,  heterogeneous —  196 

nonsensical,  absurd 11 

normal 253 

"      general 181 

"     xmial 368 


Page. 

note,  remark 308 

"     sign 332 

"     sound 338 

notes,  money 244 

notify,  announce 46 

notion,  iilea 206 

notoriety,  fame 166 

nottvith standing,  prep 254 

notwithstanding,  conj 254 

but 89 

nourish,  cherish 104 

nourishment,  food 175 

novel,  a.,  neio 252 

novel,  w.,  fiction 170 

story 343 

novelty,  change,  n 101 

novice,  amateur 39 

now,  immediately 21 1 

"     yet 374 

noxious,  pernicious 270 

nugatory,  rain 364 

nuisance,  abomination 7 

null,  vain 364 

nullify,  abolish 6 

"       cancel 92 

number,  calculate 90 

numberless,  infinite 216 

numbers,  poetry 277 

nuptials,  marriage 236 

nurse,  cherish 104 

nurture,  cherish 104 

"        education 143 

teach 353 

nutriment,  food 175 

nutrition, /oof? 175 

oath 254 

obdurate,  obstinate 256 

obedience,  allegiance 32 

obedient,  docile 136 

obey,  follow 174 

"      keep 326 

obiter  dictum,  precedent 382 

object,  aim 26 

"■      design 128 

"      reason,  n 302 

objective,  subjective 345 

objurgation,  reproof 311 

obiigation,  contract 118 

"  duty 142 

oblige,  bind 81 

"       cbmpel Ill 

obliging,  pleasant 275 

"        7»;ite 277 

obliterate,  abolish 6 

"         cancel 92 

oblivion,  pardon,  n 262 

oblivious,  abstracted 11 

obscure 255 

"       complex 112 

dark 122 

"       equivocal 155 

"       mysterious 247 

observance,  sacrament 321 

observation,  remark. .  - 308 

observe,  celebrate 99 

"       discern 133 

"       follow 174 

keep 226 

obsolescent,  obsolete 256 


obsolete 
overawe 


544 


Page. 

obsolete 256 

obstacle,  barrier 74 

"       impediment 213 

obstinate 256 

"         restive 314 

"        2)e?rerse 273 

obstruct 257 

"       hinder 199 

obstruction,  barrier 74 

"         impediment 313 

obtain,  attain 64 

get 183 

"       purchase 295 

obtrusive,  meddlesome 238 

obtuseness,  stupidity 344 

obviate,  prevent 284 

obvious,  clear 107 

"       evident 159 

occasion,  cause 98 

"        make 236 

occult,  mysterious 247 

occupation,  business 88 

"  exercise 162 

"  work 374 

occupied,  industrious, 215 

occupy,  entertain 152 

"       have 194 

occur,  happen 188 

occurrence,  circumstance 105 

"■  event 158 

ocean,  a.,  nautical 248 

oceanic,  nautical 248 

odd,  queer 297 

"    rare 300 

offend,  affront 24 

offense,  abomination 7 

"        anger 44 

"       pique 272 

"       sin 332 

offer,  -y.,  allege 31 

offer,  w.,  proposal 292 

ofl=hand,  extemporaneous 163 

office,  duty 142 

officious,  active 17 

"       meddlesome 238 

offlciousness,  impudence 213 

old 257 

"    obsolete 256 

"  primeval 287 

olden,  old .• 257 

old=f ashioned,  antique 48 

omen,  sign 332 

omission,  neglect.. 251 

oneness,  union 362 

onerous,  difficult 132 

only,  but 89 

onset,  attack,  n 64 

onslaught,  attack,  n 64 

on  the  alert,  vigilant..: 369 

tm  the  lookout,  vigilant 369 

on  the  watch,  alert 28 

opaque,  dark 122 

0])en,  hhiff' 83 

"     candid 93 

"     evident 159 

open-handed,  generous 182 

open»hearted,  generous 182 

opening,  beginning 78 


Page. 

opening,  entrance 154 

operation 258 

"       act 16 

"       exercise 162 

operative,  artist 58 

operator,  agent 24 

opinion,  _/"aiiA 164 

"        idea 206 

opinionated,  dogmatic 137 

"  obstinate 256 

opponent,  enemy 151 

oppose,  co7it7'ast 118 

"       hinder 199 

"       obstmct 257 

opposed,  cdien,  a 29 

reluctant 308 

opposition,  ambition 40 

"         antipathy 48 

"         collision 109 

oppress,  abuse 12 

option,  alternative 38 

oral,  verbal 368 

oration,  speech 339 

oratory,  sjJeech 339 

order 258 

"    array 57 

"    class 106 

"    law 229 

"    system 350 

orderly,  neat 249 

order  of  battle,  array 57 

ordinance,  knv 229 

"  sacrament 321 

ordinary,  general 181 

"        normal 253 

"        usual 362 

organic,  radical 299 

origin,  beginning 78 

"     cause 98 

original,  a.,  authentic 67 

"  native 248 

original,  n.,  ideal 206 

"  model 243 

"  pnmercd 287 

"  radical 299 

"  transcendentcd 361 

originator,  cause 98 

ornament,  adorn 23 

oscillate,  fluctuate 173 

"       shake 330 

ostentation 259 

"         pnde 286 

ostracise,  banish 72 

ought 260 

oust,  banish 72 

outcome,  consequence 116 

"       end,  n 148 

"       event 158 

outgo,  expense 162 

outgrowth,  consequence 116 

outlandish,  rustic 321 

outlay,  expense 162 

"      price 285 

outline,  abridgment 7 

"     sketch 334 

out  of  date,  obsolete 256 

outrage,  injury 219 

outset,  beginning 78 

overawe,  abash 3 


545 


overbearing 
penury 


Page. 

overbearing,  absolute 8 

"  dogmatic 137 

overcome,  beat 75 

"  conqver 115 

over-conCidence,  tt'mi'rity 353 

overflowiiii;,  ph  nlij'id 276 

overlook,  pardon.,  v 262 

overmaster,  conquer 115 

overmatch,  conquer 115 

overplus,  excess 160 

overpower,  conquer 115 

oversight 260 

"         care 94 

"         neglect 251 

overt,  evident 159 

overtake,  catch 97 

overthrow,  abolish 6 

"  conquer 115 

"  demolish 127 

"•  exte7'ininate 163 

"  refute 306 

"  subvert 346 

overture,  proposal 292 

overturu,  detnolish 127 

"         subvert 346 

overwhelm,  hide 197 

"  involve 223 

own,  avow 69 

"     confess 114 

"     have 194 

pabulum, /ooc? 175 

pacify,  allay 31 

pack,  load 233 

"    flock 173 

pact,  contract 118 

pageant,  ostentation 259 

pageantry,  ostentation 259 

pain 261 

pains,  industry 216 

palaver,  babble.^ 71 

palliate 261 

"     alleviate 33 

palpable,  evident 159 

paltry,  pitiful 273 

pamper,  caress 95 

panegyric,  jiraise 280 

pang,  pain 261 

panic,  alarm 28 

"      fear 168 

parable,  allegwy 33 

parade,  array 57 

"      ostentation 259 

paradox,  riddle 318 

paradoxical,  absurd 11 

parapet,  barrier 74 

paraphrase,  quote 298 

parcel,  portion 279 

pardon,  v 262 

"  absolve 9 

pardon,  n 262 

"  mercy 239 

pardonable,  venial 367 

parity,  analogy 43 

parley,  conversation 118 

parody,  caricature 95 

paroxysm,  pain ; 261 

parsimonious,  avaricious 68 

parsimoniousness,/rMg'aH<2/ 180 

l)a.Tsimony,  f7nigality,', 180 

35 


Page. 

part,  n 264 

"       particle 264 

"       portion 279 

partiality,  prejudice 264 

particle 264 

particular,  circumstance 105 

"  minute 242 

participation,  association 60 

participator,  acressory 13 

partini;-  t^ahiVdiion,  fareivell 168 

partizan,  adherent 21 

partner,  accessory 13 

"        associate 60 

partnership,  alliance 34 

"  association 60 

pass,  way 372 

!,  career 95 

motion 245 

way 372 

of  arms,  battle 74 

.',  way 372 

pass  by,  pardon 262 

passing,  transient 361 

passion,  anger 44 

"        appetite 54 

"       enthusiasm 153 

pass  over,  pardon 262 

pastime,  entertainment 153 

pastoral,  rustic 321 

patent,  evident 159 

path,  ivay 372 

pathetic,  pitiful 273 

pathway,  way 372 

jMtience 265 

"       industry 216 

patois,  language 228 

patriarchal,  old 257 

"  jyrirneval 287 

pattern,  example 160 

idea 206 

ideal 206 

model 243 

precedent 282 

pauperism,  poverty 279 

pause,  cease 98 

"      rest....- 313 

pay 266 

"  requite 313 

payment,  pay 266 

pay  oS,  requite 313 

peace,  rest 313 

peaceful,  calm 91 

peacefulness,  rest 313 

peculiar,  queer 297 

rare 300 

peculiarity,  characteristic 103 

pecuniary,  financial 172 

peeping,  inquisitive 221 

peer,  associate 60 

peevishness,  anger 44 

pellucid,  clear 107 

penetrating,  astute 62 

penetration,  acumen. 18 

"  entrance'. 154 

penetrative,  astute '62 

penitence,  rejientance 310 

pension,  subsidy 345 

penurious,  avaricious 68 

penury,  poverty 279 


people 
pledge 


546 


Page. 

people 206 

people,  dregs  of  the,  mob 243 

perceive 267 

"        discern 133 

perceptible,  evident 159 

perception,  knmcledge 227 

"          sensatioti 328 

peremptory,  absolute 8 

perennial,  eternal 157 

perfect 268 

"     pare 290 

"     radical 299 

perform,  do 135 

"       execute 161 

"       make 236 

"       transact 360 

performance,  act 16 

"             exercise 162 

"            operation 258 

"             wm-k 374 

performer,  agent 24 

perU,  danger 121 

"     hazard 194 

perilous,  precarious 282 

period,  end,  n '. 148 

"       time 356 

periphrasis,  circumlocution 105 

perish,  die 130 

permanent 269 

permission 269 

permit,  a.,  allow 35 

~    "           endure 150 

permit,  n.,  permission 269 

pernicious 270 

perpetrate,  do 135 

perpetual,  continual 117 

"          eterncd 157 

"         permanent 269 

perplexing,  equivocal 155 

perplexity 270 

"        amazement 39 

"        anxiety 49 

"        care 94 

doubt,  n 138 

persecute,  abuse 12 

perseverance,  industry 216 

persistence,  industry 216 

persistent,  2^frmanent 269 

"          obstinate 256 

personality,  character 102 

perspicacious,  astute 62 

"            sagacious 322 

perspicacity,  acumen 18 

perspicuous,  clear 107 

persuade 271 

"       bend 79 

"       influence 217 

pertinacious,  obstinate 256 

pertness 271 

"      impudence 213 

perverse 272 

pervert,  abuse 12 

perverting,  pernicious 270 

pestiferous,  pernicious 370 

pestilential,  pernicious 370 

pet,  caress 95 

petition,  ask 59 

"       pr-ay 281 

pettishness,  anger 44 


Page. 

petulance,  anger 44 

petulant,  perverse 272 

phalanx,  army 56 

phantasm,  delusion 127 

phantasy,  imagination 209 

Pharisaism,  hypocrisy 204 

philanthropy,  benevolence 80 

phlegm,  apathy 50 

phrase,  diction 130 

"        term 354 

phraseology,  dicti07i 130 

phijsical 272 

pick,  alternative 38 

"    choose 104 

pick  out,  choose 104 

picture,  sketch 334 

picturesque,  beautiful 76 

piece,  part 264 

pietism,  hypocrisy 204 

"       religion 307 

piety,  religion 307 

pile  up,  amass 38 

piJOTimage,  journey 223 

pillager,  robber 320 

piquant,  racy 299 

piqiie 272 

pirate,  robber 320 

piteous,  pitiful , 273 

pithy,  tei'se 354 

pitiable,  pitiful 273 

pitiful 273 

2)ity 273 

"  mercy 239 

pitying,  humane 203 

place,  put 296 

placid,  calm 91 

plagiarize,  quote '. 298 

plague,  abmnination 7 

plain,  clear 107 

"     evident 159 

"     r^istic 321 

plain»spoken,  bluff 83 

plan,  design 128 

"    idea 206 

"    horizontal 302 

"    sketch 334 

plane,  horizontal 202 

plant 274 

plaudit,  praise 280 

playfulness,  wit 373 

plea,  apology 51 

plead .■ 274 

"    allege 31 

"    pray 281 

pleasant 375 

"      amiable 42 

"      comfortable 110 

"      delightful 136 

pleasantry,  ivit 373 

please,  entertain 153 

pleased,  happy 190 

pleasing,  amiable 42 

delightful 126 

"       pleasant 275 

pleasurable,  di  I'kiJi  tfnl 126 

l,l,,i,,n,t 275 

pleasure,  erdiilnihiiunt 153 

"        hapjnriess 189 

pledge,  contract ..-,....  118 


547 


pledge 
prevent 


Page. 

pledge,  security 326 

plenteous,  'plentiful 276 

■plentiful 276 

pleonasm,  circumlocution 105 

pliable,  docile 136 

pliant,  docile 136 

plunderer,  robber 320 

plunge,  immerse 312 

poem,  poetrij 277 

poesy,  poetry 277 

poetry 277 

point,  «.,  allude 36 

point,  ?(.,  circnmstance 105 

end,  n 148 

"  topic 359 

poisonous,  pernicious 270 

policy,  polity 278 

polished,  ^«e 172 

"        polite 277 

polite 277 

politeness,  address,  n 20 

"  refinement 305 

polity 278 

"     law 229 

pollute,  defile 124 

pommel,  beat 75 

pomp,  ostentation 259 

pomposity,  ostentation 259 

pompousness,  ostentation. 259 

ponder,  deliberate 125 

populace,  mob 243 

popular,  general 181 

population,  jjeopjle 266 

port,  air 27 

portal,  entrance 154 

portend,  augur 66 

portentous,  awful 70 

portion 279 

"      part 264 

portion  out,  allot 34 

pose,  attitude 65 

position,  attitude 65 

"       circumstance 105 

positive,  absolute 8 

"      dogmatic 137 

"      radical 299 

"      real 301 

possess,  have 194 

possession,  be  in,  hare 194 

possibility,  accident 14 

"  event 158 

postulate,  asstinie 61 

posture,  attitude 65 

pound,  beat 75 

poverty 279 

power 279 

"     cause 98 

practise,  v.,  follow 174 

practise,  n.,  exercise 162 

habit 187 

practised,  skilful 335 

praise 280 

prate,  babble 71 

prattle,  babble 71 

pray 281 

"    ask 59 

precarious 282 

precaution,  care 94 

precedent,  a.,  previous 285 


Page. 

p?'ecedent,  n 282 

"  cause 98 

"  example 160 

preceding,  previous 285 

precept,  doctrine 136 

"•       x»'Overb 293 

precious,  rare 300 

precipitancy,  temerity 353 

precipitation,  temerity 353 

precipitous,  steep 342 

precise,  minute 242 

preclude,  prevent 284 

prohibit 290 

preconception,  prejudice. ..: 283 

predestination 282 

predicate,  state 341 

predict,  augur 66 

predilection,  fancy 167 

prefer,  choose 104 

"      promote 291 

preference,  alternative 38 

prejudice ., 283 

"       injury 219 

preliminary,  previous 285 

premium,  subsidy 345 

prenomen,  name 247 

preoccupied,  abstracted 11 

prepared,  alert 28 

prepossession,  prejudice 283 

preposterous,  absurd 11 

"  queer 297 

prerogative,  right 319 

presage,  augur 66 

"       sign 332 

prescience,  wisdom 372 

present,  gift 184 

presentiment,  anticipation 48 

presently,  immediately 211 

preserve,  keep 226 

press,  ».,  pilead 274 

press,  w.,  throng 356 

press  forward,  quicken 297 

prestige,  sign 332 

presumable,  apparent 52 

likely 232 

presume,  assume 61 

presumption,  assurance 61 

"  ifnpnidence 213 

"  pr^udice 283 

"  pride 286 

"  temerity 353 

pretend,  assume 61 

pretender,  hypocrite 204 

pretense 283 

"■        hypocrisy 204 

pretension,  pretense 283 

preternatural,  supernatural 347 

pretext,  pretense 283 

pretty,  beautiful 76 

prevail,  succeed 346 

prevailing,  usual 362 

prevail  over,  conquer 115 

prevail  upon,  persuade 271 

prevalent,  general 181 

"  usual 362 

prevarication,  deception 123 

prevent 284 

"       hinder 199 

prohibit 290 


previous 
providence 


54S 


Page. 

previous 285 

prevision,  anticipation 48 

price 285 

pride 286 

prim,  neat 249 

primal,  primeval 287 

primary,  pnmexal 287 

prime,  primeval 287 

primeval 287 

primitive,  primeval 287 

"         radical 299 

primordial,  primeval 287 

"  transcendental 361 

princelj^  royal 320 

principle,  doctrine 136 

law 229 

"        reason,  n . .  302 

prior,  previous 285 

pristine,  pnmeval 287 

privacy,  retirement 315 

privation,  poverty 279 

privilege,  HcjM 319 

prize,  esteem,  v 156 

probable,  appai'ent 52 

"        likely 232 

probity,  virtue 370 

problem,  7i,ddle 318 

procedure,  operation 258 

proceed,  rise 319 

proceediag,  act 16 

"  transaction 360 

proceeds,  harvest 192 

profit 288 

process,  motion 245 

proclaim,  announce 46 

"        avow 69 

proclivity,  appetite 54 

"  desire 128 

procrastinate,  protract 293 

procrastinating,  slow 337 

procure,  attain 64 

get 183 

"        purchase 295 

prodigality,  excess 160 

produce,  v.,  allege 31 

produce,  n.,  harvest 192 

product,  harvest 192 

"        ivork 374 

production,  work 374 

profane  swearing,  oath 254 

profanity,  oath 254 

profess,  avoi.0 69 

profession,  business 88 

proficiency,  progress 289 

proficient,  skilful 335 

projit 288 

"     vtility. 363 

profitless,  vain 364 

profound,  obscure 255 

profundity,  wisdom 372 

profuse,  plentiful 276 

profusion,  excess 160 

prognostic,  sign 332 

prognosticate,  augur 66 

progress 289 

progression,  jyrogress 289 

prohibit 290 

"       abolish 6 

prohibition,  banier 74 


Page. 

prohibition,  order 258 

project,  v.,  send 327 

project,  w.,  design 128 

prolixity,  circumlocution 105 

prolong,  protract 293 

promise,  contract 118 

promote 291 

"       abet 4 

"       quicken 297 

promoter,  agent 24 

"         auxiliary 67 

prompt,  v.,  influence 217 

prompt,  a.,  active 17 

alert 28 

"  nimble 253 

promulgate,  announce 46 

prone,  addicted 19 

proneness,  ajypetite 54 

pronounce,  speak 339 

"         state 341 

proof,  demonstration 127 

"     testimony 355 

prop,  support 348 

propel,  drive 140 

"      se7id 327 

propensity,  appetite 54 

"  desii'e 128 

proper,  becoming 77 

property,  attnbute,  n 66 

"       characteristic 103 

"        money 244 

prophesy,  augur 66 

propinquity,  approximation 55 

propitiation 291 

propitious 291 

proportion,  analogy 43 

"  portion 279 

proposal 292 

"       design 128 

propose 292 

proposition,  proposed 292 

"  topic 359 

propound,  announce 46 

state 341 

prosecute,  arraign 56 

proselyte,  convert 119 

prosper,  succeed 346 

prospered,  fortunate 177 

prosperous,  fortunate 177 

"  happy 190 

prostitute,  abus^ 12 

protect,  cherish 104 

"       keep 226 

"       shelter 331 

protection,  defense 123 

protest,  avow 69 

state 341 

prototype,  example 160 

"        ideal 206 

"        model 243 

protract 293 

proud,  high 198 

prove,  confirm 114 

"     reason,  v 302 

provender,  food 175 

proverb 293 

provided,  but 89 

T^vo\vi.&D.ce,  frugality 180 

"  prudence 294 


549 


provoke 
reaping' 


Page. 

provoke,  affront 34 

prowess 294 

proxy,  delegate 125 

prudence 294 

"        care 94 

"       fntgality 180 

"         ■wiidoni 3V2 

prying,  inquisitive 221 

public,  general 181 

"      iiifual 362 

publications,  literature 233 

public  \\U\  cdner 95 

publish,  announce 46 

puerile,  youthful 375 

pull,  draw 138 

pungent,  bitter 81 

"         racy 299 

punish,  avenge 69 

"       chasten 103 

"       requite 313 

pupil,  scholar 324 

purchasable,  venal 365 

purchase 295 

pure 296 

"  fine 172 

"    hinocent 220 

purify,  amend 41 

"      chasten 103 

"      cleanse 107 

purity,  virtue 370 

purloin,  abstract 10 

purpose,  v.,  propose 292 

purpose,  n.,  aim 26 

"            design 128 

"            end,  n 148 

"             idea 206 

"            reason,  n 302 

purposeless,/aiw< 164 

pursue,  follow 174 

pursuit,  hunt 203 

push,  drive 140 

"     promote 291 

put 296 

put  down,  conquer 115 

put  on,  assume 61 

putrefy,  decay 122 

put  to  death,  kill 226 

put  up  with,  endure 150 

puzzle,  riddle 318 

quaint,  a?itique 48 

"      queer 297 

quake,  shake 330 

qualification,  power 279 

qualified,  adequate 21 

qualify,  change,  n 100 

quality,  attribute,  n 66 

"       characteristic 103 

quarrel,  feud 170 

quash,  cancel 92 

quaver,  shake 330 

qiteer 297 

question,  v.,  reason,  v 302 

question,  n.,  doubt,  n 138 

"             topic 359 

questionable,  equivocal 155 

quick,  active 17 

'^      alive 30 

"      clever 109 

"      nimble 253 


Page. 

quicken 297 

quick  of  scent,  sagacious 322 

quick=scented,  sagacious 322 

quick=witted,  clever 109 

quiescence,  rest 313 

quiet,  allay 31 

"     calm 91 

"     rest 313 

quietness,  apathy 50 

rest 313 

quietude,  rest 313 

quit,  abandon 1 

"    cease 98 

"    end,  V 148 

"    requite 313 

quiver,  shake 330 

quote 298 

rabble,  ?nob 243 

race,  career 95 

"    kin 227 

"    people 266 

racy 299 

radical 299 

rage,  anger 44 

raging,  fierce 171 

raider,  robber 320 

rail  at,  abuse 12 

raillery,  banter 73 

wit 373 

raiment,  dress 140 

raise,  promote 291 

ramble,  tvander 371 

rampart,  barrier 74 

"        defense 123 

rancor,  enmity 152 

"      hatred 193 

range,  luander 371 

rank,  class 106 

rap,  blow 83 

rapacious,  avaricious 68 

rapture,  enthusiasm 153 

"        happiness 189 

rapturous,  happy 190 

rare 300 

"    obsolete 256 

rashness,  tementy 353 

rate,  calculate 90 

ratify,  confirm 114 

ratiocination,  reasoning 303 

rational,  sagacious 322 

ravish,  abuse 12 

raze,  demolish 127 

reach 300 

"    attain 64 

"    7nake 236 

readiness,  addrens,  n 20 

"  dexterity 129 

"         ease 143 

"         power 279 

reading,  education 143 

ready,  active 17 

"•      alert 28 

real 301 

"  authentic 67 

"  pure 296 

reality,  veracity 367 

realize,  do 135 

reanimate,  recover 305 

reaping,  harvest 192 


reason 
remove 


550 


Page. 

reason,  v 302 

reason,  n 302 

"       cause 98 

"       mind 241 

"       wisdom 372 

reasonableness,  wisdom 372 

reasoning 303 

rebellion,  revolution 317 

rebellious 304 

"       restive 314 

rebuke,  v.,  reprove 312 

rebuke,  n.,  reproof 311 

recalcitrant,  restive 314 

recall,  renounce 309 

recant,  abandon 1 

"     renounce 309 

receipts,  profit 288 

receive,  get 183 

received,  authentic 67 

recent,  neu) 252 

reciprocal,  mutual 246 

reciprocate,  requite 313 

recital,  history 200 

"      report 311 

"      story 343 

recite,  quote 298 

recklessness,  temerity 353 

reckon,  calcidate 90 

recognition,  knowledge 227 

recognize,  confess 114 

"         discern 133 

recollection,  memory 239 

recompense,  jmy 266 

"  requite 313 

reconciliation,  pi-opitiation 291 

recondite,  mysterious 247 

recm'd 304 

"      character 102 

"      history 200 

"      report 311 

"      story 343 

recover 305 

recreate,  entertain 152 

recreation,  entertainment 153 

rest 313 

recruit,  recover 305 

rectify,  amend 41 

rectitude,  justice 225 

"         virtue 370 

recuperate,  recover 305 

redoubted,  formidable 176 

reduce,  abase 2 

"      abate 3 

"       alleviate 33 

"       conquer 115 

redundance,  circumlocution 105 

"  excess 160 

redundancy,  circumlocution 105 

"  excess 160 

reel,  shake 330 

refer,  allude 36 

"     attribute,  v 65 

referee,  judge 224 

refine,  chasten 103 

refined,  fine 172 

refinement 305 

reflect,  deliberate 125 

reflection,  reproof 311 

reform,  amend 41 


Page. 

refractory,  obstinate 256 

"          rebellious 304 

"          restive 314 

refrain,  cease 98 

keep 226 

refreshing,  delightful 126 

refuse,  renounce 309 

refute 306 

regain,  recover 305 

regal,  royal 320 

regard,  v.,  esteem,  v 156 

"            look 234 

"           love 235 

regard,  n.,  attachment 63 

"           esteem,  n 157 

"           friendship 179 

regeneration,  change,  n 101 

regimen, /ooc? 175 

register,  history 200 

"       recoT'd 304 

regret,  v.,  mourn 246 

regret,  n.,  grief. 187 

"        repentance 310 

regular,  continual 117 

"       normal 253 

"       usual 302 

regularity,  system 350 

regulation,  law 229 

rehearsal,  repoi't 311 

reign  over,  govern 185 

reject,  renounce 309 

rejoiced,  happy 190 

rejoicing,  a.,  happy 190 

rejoicing,  «.,  happiness 189 

rejoinder,  answer 46 

relation,  analogy 43 

"       report 311 ' 

"       stm'y 343 

relationship,  kin 227 

release,  absolve 9 

relegate,  commit 110 

relentless,  severe 329 

reliable 306 

"       authentic 67 

reliance,/«ii!A 164 

relieve,  alleviate 33 

religion 307 

relinquish,  abandon 1 

"           surrender 349 

relish,  appetite 54 

reluctant 308 

remain,  abide 5 

remains,  body 84 

"       trace 359 

remark ^ 308 

remarkable,  rare 300 

remembrance,  memory 239 

reminiscence,  memory 239 

remission,  pardon 262 

remissness,  neglect 251 

remit,  pardon 262 

remnant,  trace 359 

remonstrate,  complain 112 

"          reprove 312 

remorse,  repentance •. 310 

remote,  alien,  a 29 

old 257 

remove,  abolish 6 

"       abstract, ,  10 


551 


remove 
retrieve 


Page. 

remove,  alleviate 33 

"       cancel 92 

"       carry 90 

"       convey 119 

"        displace 135 

"       exterminate liiS 

remunerate,  requite 313 

remuneration,  pay 266 

rend 309 

"     break 86 

render,  make 236 

rendering,  definition 124 

renewal,  change,  n 101 

renewing,  change,  n 101 

renounce 309 

"       abandon 1 

renown,  fame 166 

repair,  amend 41 

repartee,  answer 40 

repay,  requite 313 

repeal,  abolish 6 

"      cancel 92 

repeat,  quote 298 

repel,  d7'ive 140 

"     refute 306 

repentance 310 

repine,  complain 112 

replete,  plentiful 276 

replica,  duplicate 141 

reply,  answer 46 

report,  v.,  announce 46 

report,  n 311 

repose,  rest 313 

repossess,  recover 305 

reprehend,  reprove 312 

reprehension,  reproof 311 

representation,  model 243 

representative,  delegate 125 

repress,  resti'ain 315 

reprimand,  v.,  reprove 312 

reprimand,  n.,  reproof 311 

reproach,  v.,  abuse 12 

"  reprove 312 

reproach,  «.,  blemish 82 

"  reproof 311 

reprobate,  v.,  condemn 113 

reprobation,  oath 254 

reproduction,  duplicate 141 

reproof 311 

reproval,  reproof 311 

reprove 312 

"      condemn 113 

repudiate,  abandon 1 

"         renounce 309 

repugnance,  antipathy 48 

hatred 193 

repugnant,  incongruous 214 

repulse,  d7'ive 140 

repulsion,  antipathy 48 

reputation,  character 102 

fame 166 

repute,  fame 166 

request,  v.,  ask 59 

"  iiray 281 

require,  ask 59 

"       make 236 

required,  necessary 250 

requirement,  necessity 250 

requisite,  a.,  necessary 250 


Page. 

requisite,  «.,  order 258 

requisite,  n.,  necessity 250 

requital,  pay 266 

"        revenge 316 

requite 313 

rescind,  cancel 92 

resemblance,  analogy 43 

' '  approximatixm 55 

resembling,  alike 30 

resentful,  restive 314 

resentment,  anger 44 

hatred 193 

"  pique 272 

reserve,  modesty 244 

pride 286 

reserved,  taciturn 351 

reside,  abide 5 

residence,  home 201 

resign,  abandon 1 

resignation,  patience 265 

resist,  drive 140 

"     hinder 199 

resistance,  defense 123 

resolute,  obstinate 256 

resolution,  fortitude 176 

resolved,  obstinate 256 

resource,  alternative 38 

respect,  v.,  admire 23 

"         venerate 366 

respect,  «.,  esteem,  n 157 

response,  answer 46 

responsibility,  duty 142 

rest,  v.,  abide 5 

rest,  n 313 

restifl,  restive 314 

restive 314 

restless,  active 17 

"       restive 314 

restore,  recover 305 

restrain 315 

"       arrest 57 

"       bind 81 

"       govern 185 

"       keep 226 

restraint,  barrier 74 

restrict,  Mnd 81 

"        restrain 315 

restriction,  barrier 74 

result,  v.,  follow 174 

result,  n.,  consequence 116 

"        end,  n 148 

"         event. 158 

"         harvest 192 

"         operation 2.58 

resume,  recover 305 

retain,  keep 226 

retainer,  accessory 13 

retaliate,  avenge 69 

"        requite 313 

retaliation,  revenge 316 

retard,  hinder 199 

"      obstruct 2.57 

reticent,  taciturn 351 

retire,  abandon 1 

retirement 315 

retort,  answer 46 

retract,  abandon 1 

retribution,  revenge 316 

retrieve,  recover 305 


retrospect 
sanction 


552 


Page. 

retrospect,  memory 239 

retrospection,  memory 239 

return,  v.,  requite 313 

return,  «.,  harvest 192 

•'        lyroflt 288 

returns,  p7vJU 288 

reveal,  announce 46 

revelation 316 

revenge,  v.,  avenge 69 

"         requite 313 

revenge,  n 316 

hatred 193 

revere,  admire 23 

"      venerate 366 

reverence,  v.-,  venerate 366 

reverence,  «.,  veneration 366 

reverie,  dream 139 

reverse,  v.,  abolish 6 

reverse,  n.,  misfortune 242 

revile,  abuse J2 

"      slander 336 

revoke,  abolish 6 

"       cancel 92 

"        renounce 309 

revolt,  n.,  revolution 317 

revolution 317 

"         change 101 

revolve 318 

reward,  v.,  requite 313 

reward,  «.,  subsidy 345 

rhythm,  meter 240 

rich,  plentiful 276 

"    racy ~''9 

ride,  drive 140 

riddle 318 

ridicule,  banter. '3 

ridiculous,  absurd 11 

"  queer 297 

right,  a.,  innocent 220 

right,  n 319 

"        duty 142 

"        justice 225 

right  away,  right  off,  immediately. .   211 

righteous,  innocent 220 

righteousness,  didy , 142 

"  justice 225 

"  religion 307 

"  virtue 370 

rightfulness,  justice 225 

rightness,  virtue , 370 

rigid,  severe 329 

rigorous,  severe 329 

rim,  bank 5!? 

rime  (rhyme),  poetry 277 

rinse,  cleanse 107 

riot,  revolution 317 

rip,  rend 309 

rise,  V 319 

rise,  n.,  beginning '^8 

risk,  n.,  danger 121 

hazard 194 

risky,  precarious 282 

rite,  sacrament 321 

rival,  «.,  enemy 151 

rivalry,  ambition 40 

rive,  bi'eak 86 

"    rend 309 

road,  way 372 

roadway,  ivay •  •  •  372 


Page. 

roam,  tvander 371 

roar,  call 91 

robber. 320 

robes,  dress 140 

rock,  shake 330 

roll,  v.,  revolve 318 

roll,  n.,  record,  n 304 

romance,  dream 139 

•'        fiction 170 

root  out,  extei-minate 163 

rot,  decay 122 

rotate,  revolve 318 

rough,  awkward 70 

"      bluff 83 

rout,  conquer 115 

route,  way 372 

routine,  habit 187 

rove,  wander 371 

royal 320 

rub  off  or  out,  cancel 92 

rude,  barbarous 73 

"     bluff 83 

"     n(stic 321 

rudeness,  impudence 213 

rue,  mourn 246 

ruin,  v.,  abuse 12 

"       demolish 127 

"       subvert 346 

ruin,  n.,  misfortune 242 

ruinous,  pernicious 270 

rule,  v.,  govern 185 

rule,  n.,  habit 187 

"        laiv 229 

"       system 350 

rumor,  report 311 

rupture,  bi'eak 86 

"        rend 309 

rural,  rustic 321 

ruse,  artifice 58 

"    pretense 283 

rush,  career 95 

rustic 321 

sable,  dark 122 

sacrament 321 

sacred,  holy 200 

sacrifice,  surrender 349 

sadness,  grief 187 

safeguard,  defence 123 

sagacious 322 

"       astute 62 

sagacity,  acumen 18 

"        wisdom 372 

sage,  sagacious 322 

eamt]y,holy 200 

salable,  venal 365 

salary,  pay 266 

SCtlB  .......••••••••••• »•• Oiiij 

salubrious,  healthy 195 

salutiirv,  h,:althy 195 

salutaticin,  \)Q.rimg,  farewell 168 

salute,  address,  v 19 

same,  alike 30 

"      synonymous 349 

sample 32.3 

"     example lou 

sanctimoniousness,  hypocrisy 204 

sanctimony,  hypocrisy 204 

sanction,  v.,  abet 4 

aUow 35 


553 


sanction 
sensible 


Page. 

sanction,  v.,  rniifrm 114 

sanitary,  healthy 195 

sarcasm,  banter T3 

sate,  ■satiKfij 324 

satiate,  mtLsfy 324 

satire,  banter 73 

satisfaction,  happiness 1H9 

"  jrropifiafioi) 2'Jl 

satisfactory,  ndii/'nttf 21 

"  c(»iifi>ii(ihl( 110 

satisfied,  comfoitabU 110 

satisfy 824 

"     requite 313 

satisfying,  delightful 126 

sauciness,  impudence 213 

"        pertness 271 

savage,  barbarous 73 

"       bitter 81 

"      fierce 171 

savant,  scholar 324 

save,  but 89 

saving,  frugality 180 

savory,  delicious 12G 

saw,  «.,  proverb 293 

say,  allege 31 

"    announce 46 

"   speak 339 

"   state 341 

saying,  proverb 293 

scan,  look 234 

scarce,  rare 300 

scare,  frighten 180 

schedule,  record 304 

sclieme,  design 128 

"         hypothesis 205 

scliismatic,  heretic 196 

scholar 324 

scholarship,  knowledge 227 

school,  v.,  teach 353 

schooling,  education 143 

science 325 

"     kHou'hdqt 227 

scintilla,  puiiic'e 264 

scintillation,  light 231 

scoff,  sneer 337 

scorch,  burn 87 

scorn,  «.,  abhor 5 

scorn,  rt.,  neglect 251 

scour,  clean.se 107 

scourge,  beat 75 

scout,  spy 340 

scrap,  particle 264 

scratch  out,  cancel 92 

scream,  call •. 91 

screen,  hide 197 

"      palliate 261 

"       shelter .331 

scrimping,  frug<itiii/ 180 

scroll,  record .'. ' .304 

scrub,  cleanse 107 

scruple,  doubU  n 138 

scrutinizing,  inquisitive 221 

search,  hunt 203 

searching,  inquisitive 221 

season,  time 356 

seat  of  government,  capital 94 

seclusion,  nlirement 315 

second,  help 19,5 

secret,  mysterious 247 


Taue. 

secrete,  hide 197 

section,  part '. 264 

secure,  arrest 57 

"      attain 64 

"      bind 81 

"      catch 97 

"      get 18:^ 

"     purchase 295 

security 326 

sedate,  calm 91 

sedition,  revolution 317 

seditious,  rcM/ious 30t 

seduc(_',  a!/ II re 37 

sedulous,  industrious 215 

sedulousness,  industry 216 

see,  discern 133 

"    look 234 

seed,  plant 274 

seed  down,  plant 274 

seem,  appjear 52 

seeming,  a.,  apparent 52 

seeming,  «.,  pretense 283 

seemly,  becoming 77 

segment,  part 264 

seize,  arrest 57 

"     catch 97 

select,  allot ^ 31 

,  '•      choose 104 

self'abnegation 326 

self-assertion,  assurance 61 

"  egotism 145 

self-complacency,  pHrfe 286 

self  ^conceit,  egotism 145 

"  inide 286 

self-condemnation,  repentance 310 

self=confldence,  assurance 61 

"  egotism 145 

self'Consciousness,  egotism 145 

self»control,  abstinence 10 

"  self-abnegation 326 

self-denial,  abstinence 10 

"         self-abnegation 326 

self 'devotion,  self-abnegation 320 

self »esteem,  egotism 145 

"  pnde 286 

self -exaltation,  pi-ide 286 

self-immolation,  self-abnegation 326 

self-opinionated,  dogmatic 137 

self-possessed,  calm 91 

self-reliance,  assurance 61 

self-renunciation,  self-abnegation . . .   326 

self-respect,  pride 286 

self-restraint,  abstinence 10 

self-sacriflce,  self-abnegation 326 

sell,  convey ." '. 119 

semblance,  analogy 43 

"  pretense 283 

send 327 

senile,  old 2.57 

sensation 328 

sense,  mind 241 

"     sensation 328 

"     wisdom 372 

senseless,  absui'd 11 

senselessness,  idiocy 207 

sensibility 328 

sensible,  conscious 116 

"       physical 272 

"       sagacious 323 


sen!«itfve 
«$iules!!i 


554 


Page. 

sensitive,  ^Me 172 

sensitiveuess,  sensibilUy 328 

sensual,  brutish 87 

sentence,  v.,  condemn 113 

sententious,  tei'se 354 

sentient  being,  animal:'. 45 

sentiment,  idea 206 

separate,  abstract 10 

separately,  apiece 51 

sequel,  catastrophe 97 

"      consequence 116 

"      event 158 

sequence,  time 356 

serene,  calm 91 

sermon,  speech 339 

service,  profit 288 

"        sacrament 321 

"       utility 363 

serviceableness,  utility 363 

set,  ?\,  i^leint 274 

"     put 296 

set,  «.,  class 106 

"      Jioclc 173 

set  apart,  allot ' 34 

holy 200 

set  aside,  abolish 6 

set  iire  to,  bui-n 87 

set  forth,  state 341 

set  free,  absolve 9 

set  on  fire,  Imrn 87 

set  out,  i)lant 274 

settle,  confirm 114 

settle  with,  reqxtite 133 

set  upon,  attack,  v 63 

sever,  b7'eak 86 

"     rend 309 

severally,  apiece 51 

severe 329 

"      difficult 132 

"      morose 245 

severity,  acnrnony 15 

sex,  qender 181 

shackle,  v.,  bind 81 

shackle,  71.,  fetter 169 

shadowy,  dark 122 

"         vain 364 

shady,  dark 122 

shake 330 

sham,  hypoc7^sy 204 

shame,  v.,  abash 3 

shame,  «.,  abomination 7 

"         chagrin 100 

shamelessness,"  effrontery 144 

shape,  make 236 

share,  v.,  apportion 54 

share,  «.,  part 264 

"        ]X>rtion 279 

sharp,  asti/te 62 

"      bitter 81 

"      clever 109 

"     fine 1T2 

"      sagacious 322 

"      steep 342 

sharpness,  acrimony 15 

"         acumen 18 

sharp-witted,  sagacious 322 

shatter,  l»'eak 86 

sheen,  light 231 

sheer,  pure 296 


Page. 

sheer,  steej) 342 

shelter,  v 331 

"       cherish 104 

shelter,  n.,  defense 123 

shield,  v.,  shelter 331 

shield,  n.,  defense 123 

shift,  v.,  change,  v 100 

"       convey 119 

shimmer,  light 2;?1 

shine,  light 231 

shining,  light 231 

shiver,  break 86 

"      shake 330 

shock,  blow 83 

"      collision 109 

shocking,  awful 70 

shore,  bank 72 

short,  terse 354 

"     transient 361 

should,  ought 260 

shout,  call 91 

show,  array 57 

"     ostentation 259 

"     pretense 283 

shred,  particle 264 

shrewd,  astute 62 

"       sagacious 322 

shrewdness,  acumen 18 

shriek,  call 91 

shudder,  shake 330 

shun,  abhor 5 

shyness,  modesty 244 

sickness,  disease 134 

sight,  a7Tay 57 

sign 332 

"    characteristic 103 

"    emblem 146 

"    ti'ace 3.59 

signal,  sign 332 

signify,  allude 36 

silent,  taciturn 351 

silver,  'money ...: 244 

similar,  alike 30 

"       synonymous 349 

similarity,  analogy 43 

"         approximation 55 

similarly,  also 37 

simile,  allegory 33 

"      analogy 43 

similitude,  analogy 43 

simple,  candid 93 

"       pure 290 

simulation,  pretense 283 

An : 332 

since,  because 77 

"      therefore 355 

sincere,  candid 93 

"       hmiest 202 

sine  qua  non,  necessity 250 

sinful,  mmincd 120 

sing 3a3 

singe,  burn 87 

singular,  queer 297 

"        rare 300 

singularity,  characteristic 103 

sink,  abase 2 

"    inunerse 213 

sinless,  innocent 220 

"      perfect 268 


555 


situation 
sprightly 


Page. 

situation,  circumstance 105 

skeleton,  sketch 334 

skeptic 335 

skepticism,  doubt,  n 138 

sketch 334 

sUtful 335 

'■^      clem- 109 

skill,  dexterity 129 

"    power 279 

"     7visdom _^>^._a'S-. 

skilled,  sk/'O'l 335 

skirmish,  />(i///i' 74 

skittisli,  ns/iiY 314 

slack,  slow 337 

slackness,  neglect 251 

slander 336 

"       abuse 12 

slang 336 

slant,  v.,  tip 357 

slaughter,  kill 226 

"        massacre 237 

slay,  kill 226 

sleep,  rest 313 

sleepless,  vigilant 369 

slender,  fine 172 

"  ■     minute 242 

slight,  a..,  fine 172 

"        venial 367 

slight,  w.,  neglect 251 

sling,  send 327 

slit,  rend 309 

slope,  v.,  tip 357 

slothful,  idle 208 

slcm 337 

"    reluctant 308 

slowness,  stupidity 344 

sluggish,  idle 208 

"        sloiv ■ 337 

sluggishness,  apathy 50 

"  stupidity 344 

slumber,  rest 313 

small,  fine 172 

"      minute 242 

smart,  clever 109 

smartness,  pertness 271 

smash,  bi'eak 86 

smiling,  happy 190 

smirch,  blemish 82 

smite,  beat 75 

smooth,  calm 91 

"      Jine 172 

snappish,  7norose 245 

snatch,  catch 97 

sneer 337 

snug,  comfortable 110 

sobriety,  abstinence 10 

sociable,  ./>7«w^;d/ 178 

aoc\a\,  friendly .". 178 

socialism 338 

society,  association 60 

soften,  alleviate 33 

"       chasten 103 

soil,  v.,  defile 124 

"       stain 341 

soil,  «.,  blemish 82 

sojourn,  ((h'lile 5 

soldiers,  urmij 56 

soldiery,  arrny 50 

solemn,  awful 70 


Page. 

solemnity,  sacrament ^21 

solemnize,  celebrate 99 

solicit,  ask 59 

"       plead 274 

solicitude,  alarm 28 

"         anxiety 49 

"         care 94 

solitude,  retirement 315 

somber,  dark 122 

song,  poetry 277 

sool  ill',  aUay 31 

sordid,  (/raric/oiis 68 

sorrow,  i\,  )nourit 246 

sorrow,  «.,  grief 187 

"            misfortune 242 

"           repentance 3i0 

sorrowful,  pitiful 273 

sort,  air 27 

sottish,  brutish 87 

soul,  mind '.  241 

sound,  «.,  healthy 195 

sound,  u 338 

sour,  bitter 81 

"     mo7'Ose 245 

source,  beginning 78 

"      cause 98 

sourness,  acrimony 15 

sow,  jdant 274 

spacious,  large 229 

spank,  beat 75 

sparing,  frugality 180 

sparkle,  light 231 

speak 339 

speaking,  speech 339 

speak  to,  address,  v 19 

specie,  money ^44 

specify,  state 341 

specimen,  example 160 

"         samjile 323 

speck,  blemish 82 

speculation,  hypothesis 205 

speech 339 

"     language 228 

speechless,  taciturn 351 

speed,  v.,  quicken 397 

speedy,  nimble 253 

spicy,  I'acy 299 

spirit,  character 102 

"      mind 241 

spirited,  racy 299 

spite,  enmity 152 

"     hatred 193 

splendid,  fine 172 

splenetic,  nurrose 245 

split,  break 86 

spoil,  decay 122 

"     defile 124 

sponge,  cleanse 107 

spontd/KOi/s 340 

sport,  ( /if(  liiiinment 153 

spot,  r.,  sidii, 341 

spot,  u.,  blemish 82 

spotless,  innocent 220 

"      perfect 268 

"      pure 296 

spousal,  marriage 236 

spread  abroad,  announce 46 

sprightliness,  pe7iness 271 

sprightly,  active 17 


sprlglitly 
substitute 


556 


Page. 

sprightly,  airy 27 

"         happy 190 

"         nimble 253 

spring,  t).,  nse 319 

spring,  «.,  beginning 78 

"■        cause 98 

spruce,  neat 249 

spry,  active 17 

"     nimble 253 

spy 340 

stable,  permanent 269 

stain,  V 341 

"       defile 124 

stain,  m.,  blemish 82 

stainless,  innocent 220 

"        perfect 268 

"        pure 296 

stamp  out,  abolish 6 

stanch,  faWi fid 165 

standard,  example 160 

"         ideal 206 

"         model 243 

stand  by,  help 195 

stare,  look 234 

start,  beginning 78 

state,  V 341 

"      allege 31 

"      announce 46 

state,  ».,  people 266 

stately,  aioful 70 

statement,  report 311 

statute,  law 229 

stay,  abide 5 

"    hinder 199 

"    obstruct 257 

"    rest 313 

steadfast,  permanent 269 

steal,  abstract 10 

steep 342 

"   high 198 

stem,  severe 329 

sticking,'  adhesive 22 

sticky,  adhesive 22 

stiff,  severe 329 

stigma,  blemish 82 

still,  v.,  allay 31 

still,  a.,  calm 91 

still,  conj.,  but 89 

"  notwithstanding 254 

yet 374 

stillness,  apathy 50 

rest 313 

stinging,  bitter 81 

stingy,  avancious 68 

stipend,  jmy ■ 206 

stipulation,  contract 118 

stir,  influence 217 

stoicism,  apathy 50 

stolid,  brutish 87 

stoop,  bend 79 

stop,  v.,  abide 5 

"         arrest 57 

"         cease 98 

"         e7id,  V 148 

"         hinder 199 

"         obstruct 257 

stop,  n.,  rest 313 

store  up,  amass 38 

storm,  v.,  attack,  v 63 


Page. 

storm,  n , 343 

story 343 

"   fiction 170 

"   'history 200 

"    report 311 

straightforward,  candid 93 

"■  clear 107 

"  honest 202 

straightway,  immediately 211 

strand,  bank 72 

strange,  alien,  a 29 

queer 297 

"       rare 300 

stranger,  alien,^  n 29 

stratagem,  artifice 58 

stray,  wander 371 

street,  loay 373 

strength,  power 279 

strengthen,  confirm 114 

strict,  severe 329 

strife,  battle 74 

"     feud 170 

strike,  beat 75 

stripe,  blow 83 

strive,  endeavm\  v 149 

stroke,  blow 83 

"      misfortune 242 

strong,  healthy 195 

stronghold,  fm-tification 176 

struggle,  endeavor,  n 150 

stubborn,  obstinate 256 

"        perverse 272 

"         restive 314 

student,  scholar 324 

study,  education 143 

stupefaction,  stupAdity 344 

"  stupor 344 

stupid,  absurd 11 

"        brutish 87 

stujndity 344 

"        idiocy 207 

stupor 344 

"      stupidity 344 

style,  air 27 

"     diction 130 

"     name 247 

subdivision,  part 264 

subdue,  chasten 103 

"       conquer 115 

subject,  v.,  conquer 115 

subject,  n.,  topic 359 

subjection,  allegiance 32 

subjective 345 

"         inherent 218 

subjoin,  add 18 

subjugate,  conquer 115 

submerge,  immerse 212 

submission,  patience 265 

submissive,  docile 136 

submit,  html 79 

submit  to.  indure 150 

subordinate,  uuy'diary 67 

subside,  abate 3 

subsidy^ 345 

subsisting,  alive 30 

substantial  real 301 

substantiate,  confirm 114 

substitute,  v.,  change,  v 100 

substitute,  «.,  delegate 125 


557 


subterfuge 
symbol 


Page. 

subterfuge,  artifice 58 

"  pretense 283 

subtile,  astute 63 

"     fine 172 

subtle,  astute 63 

"      fine 172 

subvention,  subsidy 345 

subvert ■. 340 

"     abolish 6 

succeed 346 

"   follow 174 

success,  victory 369 

successful,  fortunate 177 

"  happy 190 

succession,  tirtie 356 

succinct,  terse 354 

succor,  help 195 

suck  up,  absorb 9 

suffer,  allow 35 

"      endure 150 

sufferance,  patience 265 

suffering,  jMin 261 

suffice,  satisfy 324 

sufficient,  adequate 31 

"         plentiful 276 

suggest,  allude 36 

suggestion 347 

suitable,  adequate 21 

"        becoming 77 

sulky,  morose 245 

sullen,  morose 245 

sully,  defile 124 

"     stain 341 

summary,  abridgment 7 

summon,  arraign 56 

"         convoke 120 

sum  up,  add 18 

"       calculate 90 

sunder,  break 86 

rend 309 

sunny,  happy 190 

superabundance,  excess 160 

superannuated,  antique 48 

superciliousness,  2ivide 286 

superfluity,  excess 160 

superhuman,  supernatural 347 

superintendence,  oversight 260 

supernatural 347 

supersede,  subvert 346 

superstition,  fanaticism 166 

supervene,  happen 188 

supervision,  oversight 260 

supplant,  abolish 6 

"         subvert 346 

supple,  (icliri 17 

supiilciiiciit,  iiiipendage 5J 

supplicate,  ask 59 

pray 281 

supply,  give 185 

support,  V 348 

"  abet 4 

"  endures 150 

"  keev 226 

support,  n.,  help 195 

"  subsidy 345 

supporter,  adherent 21 

suppose 348 

supposition,  fancy 167 


Page. 

supposition,  hypothesis 205 

iilea 206 

suppress,  aholish 6 

hide 197 

"         restrain 315 

"         subvert 346 

supremacy,  victory 369 

supreme,  absolute 8 

sure,  authentic 67 

"    conjicious 116 

"    faithful 165 

surety,  security 326 

surfeit,  satisfy 324 

surly,  morose 345 

surmise,  v.,  doubt,  v 137 

"  suppose 348 

surmise,  «..,  hypothesis 305 

surmount,  conquer 115 

surname,  name 247 

surpass,  beat 75 

surplus,  excess 160 

surplusage,  circumlocution 105 

surprise,  amazement 39 

surrender 349 

"         abandon 1 

surrounded  by,  amid 43 

surveillance,  ovei'sight 260 

survey,  look 234 

susceptibility,  power 279 

"  sensibility 338 

suspect,  doubt,  v 137 

suspense,  doubt,  n 138 

suspicion,  doubt,  n 138 

suspicious,  envious 155 

"         equivocal 155 

sustain,  carry 96 

"       confirm 114 

"       endure 150 

"       help 195 

keep 236 

"        support 348 

sustenance,  food 175 

swallow,  absorb 9 

swallow  up,  absorb 9 

swarm,  flock 173 

swart,  dark 122 

swarthy,  dark 123 

sway,  govern 185 

"      influence 317 

"      shake 330 

swear,  state 341 

swearing,  oath 254 

sweep,  cleanse 107 

sweet,  amiable 42 

swerve,  fluctuate 173 

"       wander 371 

swift,  nimble 353 

swindle,  n.,  fraud 177 

swinilliiiLT.  /V(^?/'/ 177 

swinL'.  s/i(iki 330 

swinish,  hri/tixh 87 

switch,  beat 75 

swoon,  stupor 344 

swooning,  stupw 344 

sworn  statement,  oath 254 

sycophancy,  praise 280 

sylvan,  rustic 321 

symbol,  emblem 146 

"       sign 332 


syninietry 
tlirons: 


55$ 


Page. 

symmetry,  liarmony 191 

sympathetic,  humane 203 

eympathize  with,  console 117 

sympathy,  benevolence 80 

"         pity 273 

symphony,  melody 238 

symptom,  sign 332 

syncope,  stupor 344 

synonymic,  synonymous 349 

synonymous 349 

synopsis,  abridgment 7 

system 350 

"      body 84 

"      habit 187 

"      hypothesis 205 

systematic,  dogmatic 137 

system  of  government,  polity 278 

taciturn 351 

tact,  address,  n 20 

taint,  v.,  defile 124 

taint,  «.,  blemish 82 

take,  assume 61 

"    carry 96 

"    catch 97 

take  away,  abstract 10 

take  hold  of,  catch 97 

take  in,  take  up,  absorb 9 

take  into  custody,  arrest "57 

take=oif ,  caricature 95 

take  place,  happen 188 

take  prisoner,  arrest 57 

talie  to  task,  reprove .  312 

tale,  report 311 

"    story 34:3 

talent,  genius 183 

"     power 279 

talented,  clever 109 

talents,  genius 183 

talk,  speak 339 

talk,  w.,  conversation 118 

"        speech 339 

talkative,  garrulous 181 

tall,  high 198 

tame,  docile 136 

tangible,  evident 159 

"       physical 272 

tangled,  complex 112 

tardy,  slow 337 

tarnish,  blemish 82 

"        defile 124 

"       stain 341 

tarry,  abide 5 

tart,  bitter 81 

tartness,  acrimony 15 

tasteful 352 

tasty,  tasteful 352 

tattle,  babble 71 

taunt,  S9ieer ; 337 

tautology,  circumlocvtion 105 

teach 353 

teachable,  docile 136 

teaching,  doctrine 136 

"        education 143 

tear,  rend 309 

tease,  affront 24 

tediousncss.  nrriimlocution 105 

teemiiiL:,  iiU  iii\ful 276 

tell,  announce!. 4(i 

"   speak 339 


Page. 

tell,  state 341 

temerity 353 

temper,  anger -. 44 

"       character 102 

temperament,  character 102 

temperance,  abstinence 10 

tempest,  stwm 343 

temporary,  transient .' 361 

tempt,  allure 37 

tendency,  awi 26 

"         direction 132 

tender,  friendly 178 

"      humane 203 

tender«hearted,  humane 203 

tenderness,  attachment 63 

lore 235 

"  mercy 239 

pity 273 

tenet,  doctrine 136 

tenuous,^we 172 

term 354 

"    boundary 84 

"    time 356 

terminate,  abolish 6 

"  cease 98 

"  end,  V 148 

termination,  boundary 84 

"  end,  n 148 

terminus,  end,  n 148 

terrible,  auful 70 

"      fonnidable 176 

terrific,  awful 70 

terrify,  frighten 180 

terror,  alarm..' 28 

"     fear 168 

terse 354 

testify,  avow 69 

"      state 341 

testinvmy 355 

that,  but 89 

theme,  topic 359 

then,  ther-efore 355 

thence,  therefore 3.55 

theology,  religion 307 

theory,  hypothesis 205 

"       idea 206 

therefore 355 

thief,  robber 320 

thin,^«e 172 

think,  esteem,  v 156 

"     suppose 348 

Vumi,  appetite 54 

tho,  but 89 

"    notwithstanding,  con j 254 

thorough,  radical 299 

thoroughfare,  way 372 

thoroughgoing,  radical 299 

thought,  idea 206 

"        7nind 241 

thoughtless,  abstracted 11 

thout^htlessness,  neglect 251 

thrash,  beat 75 

threatening,  imminent 212 

thrift,  fritqality 180 

thrill,  shalie 330 

thrive,  succeed 346 

throe,  pain 261 

throng .3.50 

"      company 110 


5§9 


throuKh 
trouble 


Page. 

through,  btj 89 

"■        notwithstanding,  conj 254 

throw,  send 337 

thrust,  drive 140 

thump,  blow 83 

thus  far,  yet 374 

thwart,  hinder 199 

tidy,  neat 249 

tie,  hind 81 

tillaji;e,  agriculture 25 

tilt,  tip 357 

time 35(5 

timc'houored,  old 257 

tiuiflcss,  if  I  mat 157 

time-worn,  olil 257 

timid,  fdiiit 164 

timidity,  alann, 28 

"        fear 168 

"         modesty 244 

tinge,  stain 341 

tint,  stain  341 

tiny,  minute 242 

tip,  V 357 

tip,  w.,  end,  n 148 

tire,  V 357 

title,  name 247 

tittle,  particle 264 

toil,  wm-k 374 

toilsome,  difficult 132 

token,  emblem 146 

"      sign 332 

"      trace 359 

tolerate,  abide 5 

"        allow 35 

"       endure 150 

tone,  sound 338 

tongue,  language 228 

too,  also 37 

tool 358 

topic 359 

torment,  pain 261 

torpor,  stupor 344 

torture,  pain 261 

total,  radical 299 

totter,  shake 330 

touching,  pitiful 273 

tour,  journey 223 

tow,  draw 138 

towering,  high 198 

trace 359 

"    characteristic 103 

track,  trace 359 

"      way 3('2 

tractable,  docUe 136 

trade,  business 88 

"      S(de 323 

trading,  business 88 

traduce,  slander 336 

traflBc,  business 88 

trail,  trace 359 

train,  teach 353 

trained,  skilful 335 

training,  education 143 

trait,  characteristic 103 

trance,  dream 139 

tranquil,  cahn 91 

tranquilize,  ailay 31 

tranquillity,  apatliy 50 

rest 313 


Page. 

transact 360 

do 135 

transaction 360 

"  act 16 

"  btesi?i€ss 88 

transcendent,  transcendental 361 

transcendental 361 

"  mysterious 247 

transcript,  duplicate 141 

transfer,  convey 119 

trantitiijurf,  change,  v 100 

transfiii-ni,  chunge,  v 100 

translonuation,  change,  n 101 

transgress,  break 86 

transgression,  sin 332 

transient 361 

transit,  journey 223 

"       motion 245 

transition,  change 101 

"         motion 245 

transitory,  transient 361 

translation  definition 124 

translucent,  clear 107 

transmit,  carry 96 

"■        convey 119 

"        send 327 

transmutation,  change,  n 101 

transmute,  change,  v 100 

transparent,  candid 93 

"         clear 107 

"         evident 159 

transport,  carry 96 

"         convey 119 

"  enthusiasm 153 

trappings,  caparison 93 

trA\ti\,  journey 223 

travesty,  caricature 95 

treachery,  fraud 177 

treason,  //'«(«/ 177 

treasure,  cherish 104 

treat,  transact 360 

tremble,  shake 330 

trembling, /ear 168 

tremendous,  formidable 176 

tremor,  fear 168 

trepidation, /mr 168 

trespass,  attack,  n 64 

trial,  endeavor,  n 150 

"    misfortune 212 

tribe,  people 266 

tribulation,  grief 187 

"        misfortune 242 

tribute,  subsidy 345 

trick,  artifice 58 

"     fraud 177 

"     pretense 283 

trickery,  deception 123 

trifling,  idle 208 

"       vain 364 

trim,  neat 249 

trip,  journey 223 

triumph,  haiipiness 189 

"       victory 369 

trivial,  vain. ...._. 364 

"       venial ;.:..... 367 

troops,  a7'my. 56 

trouble,  anxiety 49 

"       cure 94 

grief 187 


trouble 
unification 


560 


Page. 

trouble,  misfortune 242 

true,  authentic 67 

"   faithful 165 

"    lionest 202 

"    pure 296 

"    real 301 

truism,  axiom 71 

"      proverb 293 

trunk,  body 84 

trust,  v.,  commit 110 

trust,  M.,  assurance 61 

faith 164 

trustworthy,  authentic 67 

faithful 165 

"  honest 202 

"  reliable 306 

trnsty,  faithful 165 

"      honest 202 

"      reliable 306 

truth,  justice 225 

"      veracity 367 

"     mrtue 370 

truthful,  candid 93 

truthfulness,  veracity 367 

try,  chasten 103 

"    endeavor,  v 149 

trying,  difficidt 132 

tug,  draw 138 

tuition,  education 143 

tumult,  revolution 317 

turbid  obscure 255 

turn,  bend 79 

"    change,  v 100 

"    revolve 318 

tutor,  teach 353 

twaddle,  babble 71 

twain,  both 84 

twine,  bend 79 

twinge,  pain 261 

twinkle,  light 231 

twinkling,  light 231 

twist,  bend 79 

two,  both 84 

type,  emblem 146 

"     example 160 

"     model 243 

"     sign 332 

typical,  norinal 253 

tyrannical,  absolute 8 

tyro,  amateur 39 

umbrage,  pique 272 

umpire,  ^"Mrfg'e 224 

unadorned,  clear 107 

unadulterated,  pure 296 

nnamliisziious,  rliar 107 

unanimity,  liarmony 191 

unassured,  jrrecarious 282 

unavailing,  vain 364 

unavoidable,  necessary 250 

unavoidableness,  necessity 250 

unbelief,  doubt,  n 138 

unbeliever,  skeptic 335 

unbiased,  candid 93 

unbidden,  spontaneous 340 

unblemished,  peifect 268 

pure 296 

unbounded,  infinite 216 

unbroken,  continual 117 

unceasing,  cowit^Mo/. 117 


Page. 

unceasing,  eternal 157 

uncertain,  equivocal 155 

"        precarious 282 

uncertainty,  doubt,  n 138 

unchangeable,  permanerd 269 

unchanging,  permanent 269 

uncivil,  bluff 83 

uncivilized,  barbarous 73 

uncommon,  queer 297 

"          rare 300 

uncommunicative,  taciturn 351 

uncompromising,  severe 329 

unconcern,  apathy 50 

unconditional,  absolute 8 

unconditioned,  infinite 216 

uncongeniality,  antipath  u 48 

unconnected,  alien,  a 29 

unconquerable,  obstinate 256 

unconsciousness,  stupor 344 

uncontrollable,  rebellious 304 

uncorruptcd,  pure 296 

uncouth,  awkward 70 

"       barbarous 73 

"       7^(stic 321 

uncreated,  pritneval 287 

uncultivated,  ferce 171 

undaunted,  brave 85 

undefiled,  jjerfect 268 

l>u7'e 296 

undeniable,  necessa?y 250 

underestimate,  disparage 134 

undergo,  endure 150 

underrate,  disparage 134 

understand,  perceive 267 

understanding,  ndnd 241 

"             tvisdom 372 

undertake,  endeavor,  v 149 

undervalue,  disparage 134 

undismayed,  brave. 85 

undisturijed,  calm 91 

undulate.  ^?/c/!/afe 173 

undying,  eternal 157 

uneducated,  ignorant 208 

unemployed,  idle 208 

"           vacant 363 

unending,  eternal 157 

unenlightened,  ignoraid 208 

unequivocal,  absolute 8 

"           clear 107 

unfading,  eternal 157 

unfailing,  eternal 157 

unfairness,  injustice 220 

"         pirejudice 283 

unfathomable,  infinite 216 

"             mysterious 247 

upfathomed,  mystei-ious 247 

unfeelingness,  apathy 50 

unfilled,  vacant 363 

unflinching,  obstinate 256 

unfold,  uniplify 43 

ungainly,  iiirkivard 70 

ungodliness,  sin 332 

ungovernable,  perverse 272 

"            rebellious 304 

unhandy,  au'kward 70 

unhealthfnl.  /!,-rj,/rioi/s 270 

unhealtliiiiesv.  ,/'/.-<,  ,i.^, 134 

mihoniogeiieoii-.  Intnugineous 196 

unification,  union 362 


561 


tint  form 
utility 


Page. 

uniform,  «.,  alilce 30 

uniform,  //.,  <lres:s 140 

unifiiiinity,  hiirmony 191 

uniniportaut,  rain 3ti4 

uuinrciiiiird,  'Kjiiiintut 208 

uiiiiir^liuctrd,  'ujiKiniiit 208 

uiuutrllfctiial,  hriilisli 87 

unintelligible,  ubacure 255 

uninterrupted,  continual 117 

union 362 

"     aUiance 34 

"     association 60 

"     attaclunent. , 63 

"     harmony 191 

"     majrriage 236 

unique,  queer 297 

"         rare 300 

unison,  harmony 191 

"       melody 238 

unity,  harnwny 191 

"      union 362 

universal,  general 181 

iinkiiidness,  acrimony 15 

unknown,  mysterioKS 247 

unlawful,  criminal 120 

unlearned,  ignorant 208 

unless,  Jnit 89 

unlettered,  ignorant 208 

unlike,  cdien,  a 29 

"      heterogeneous 196 

unlikeness,  difference 131 

unlimited,  infinite 216 

unmanageable,  rebellious 304 

unmannerly,  bluff. 83 

unmatched,  queer 297 

unmeasured,  infinite 216 

unmingled,  jnire 296 

unmistakable,  evident 159 

"  clear 107 

unmitigated,  severe 329 

unmixed,  pure 296 

unobtrusiveness,  modesty 244 

unoccupied, 'ic^fe 208 

"  vacant 363 

unparalleled,  rare 300 

unpolisiied,  rustic 321 

unpdlhited,  pure 296 

un|iiece(lriiti.'d,  rare 300 

unidcjiidiccd,  candid 93 

unpremeditated,  extemporaneous 163 

uni)r()lltable,  rain 364 

unquestionable,  real 301 

unreal,  vain 364 

unreasonable,  absurd 11 

unrelenting,  severe 329 

unremitting,  continued 117 

unreserved,  candid 93 

unrighteousness,  it/justice 220 

sin 332 

unruffled,  cal?n 91 

unruly,  restive 314 

unsatisfying,  vain 364 

unselfishness,  benevolence 80 

unserviceable,  vain 364 

unsettle,  displace 135 

unsettled,  precarious 282 

unskilful,  awkward 70 

unskilled,  ignorant 208 

unsophisticated,  candid 93 

30 


Page. 

unsophisticated,  rustic 321 

unsoundness,  disease 134 

unspiritiial,  brutish 87 

unspotted,  iii/re 296 

unstable,  [in curious 282 

unstained,  jin)'e 296 

unsteady, 7>/'('ca/'?'0'/.'.' 282 

unsubstantial,  vain 364 

unsuitable,  incongruous 214 

unsullied,  pure 296 

untainted,  pure 296 

untamed,  hurhitrous 73 

untai-nished,  jiure 296 

untaught,  ignorant 208 

"         rustic 321 

untenanted,  vacant 363 

untoward,  perrerse 272 

untrained,.//)  rce 171 

untruth,  deaption 123 

untutored,  ignorant 208 

unusual,  queer 287 

rare 300 

unvarying,  continual 117 

unwavering,  faithful 165 

unwholesome,  pernicious 270 

unwilling,  reluctant 308 

unyielding,  severe 329 

"  obstinate 256 

upbraid,  n prove 312 

upbraidiiii;,  reproof. 311 

uphold,  ub'i 4 

confirm 114 

"       help 195 

"       support 348 

uplifted,  high 198 

upright,  honest 202 

"         innocent 220 

"        pure 296 

uprightness,  justice 225 

"  virtue 370 

uproot,  exterminate 163 

upshot,  consequence 116 

upstart,  new 252 

urbane,  polite 277 

urge,  influence 217 

"    persuade 271 

"    plead 274 

"     quicken 297 

urge  forward,  promote 291 

urgency,  necessity 250 

urge  on,  d7''ive 140 

"       promote 291 

"        quicken 297 

usage,  halnt 187 

use,  employ 147 

"   exercise 162 

"   habit 187 

"   utility 363 

usefulness,  profit 288 

"  utility 363 

useless,  vain 364 

use  up,  employ 147 

•usual 362 

"     general 181 

"     normal 2.53 

usurp,  assume 61 

utensil,  tool 358 

utility 363 

"    2nvfit 288 


utmost 
wait 


562 


Page. 

utmost,  end,  n 1 J8 

utter,  speak 339 

utterance,  remark 308 

"         speech 339 

uttermost,  end,  n 148 

vacant 363 

"      idle 208 

vacate,  abandon 1 

"       cancel 98 

vacillate,  fltictuaie 173 

vacuous,  vacant 363 

vagary,  fancy 167 

vain 364 

vainglory,  jyride 386 

valediction, /«?■(«¥/; 168 

valedictory, /«?¥«■<;;/ 168 

valiant,  bra've 85 

valor,  prowess 294 

value,  cherish 104 

"      esteem,  V 156 

"      pi'ice 285 

"      profit 288 

vanity,  egofis7n 145 

"       pi-ide 286 

vanquish,  beat 75 

"        conquer 115 

vapid,  vain 364 

variant,  heterogeneous 196 

variation,  change 101 

"  diference 131 

variety,  change. 101 

"        difference 131 

various,  lleterogeneous 196 

vary,  change 100 

"     fluctuate 173 

vast,  large 229 

vaunt,  ostentation 259 

vaunting,  ostentation 259 

veer,  change 100 

"     fluctuate 173 

"    wander 371 

vehemence,  enthusiasm 153 

vehement,  eager 142 

veil,  hide 197 

"    palliate 261 

venal 365 

venerable,  old 257 

venerate 366 

"      admire 23 

veneration 366 

vengeance,  revenge 316 

venial 867 

venture,  hazard 194 

venturesome,  brave 85 

venturesomeness,  temerity 353 

veracity 367 

verbal 368 

verbiage,  circumlocution 105 

"        diction 130 

verbose,  garrulous 181 

verbosity,  circumlocution 105 

verdant,  rustic 321 

verge,  boundary 84 

veritable,  authentic 67 

r^eal 301 

verity,  veracity 367 

vernacular,  language 228 

verse,  meter 240 

'   "     pastry 277 


Page. 

vestige,  trace 359 

vestments,  d7-ess 140 

vesture,  dress 140 

vex,  affront 24 

vexation,  anger 44 

"        chagrin 100 

viands,  food 175 

vibrate,  shake 330 

vice,  sin 332 

vicious,  criminal 120 

"       restive 314 

viciousness,  sin 332 

vicissitude,  change,  n 101 

victimize,  abuse 12 

victm-y 309 

victuals, /oo(^ 175 

view,  look 2:34 

vigilance,  care 94 

vigilant 369 

alert 28 

vigorous,  active 17 

"         healthy 195 

vile,  brtitish 87 

"    criminal 120 

vilify,  abuse 12 

'•      slander 330 

villainy,  abomination 7 

vindicate,  acenge 69 

vindication,  apology 51 

defense 123 

vinegarish,  bitter 81 

violate,  abuse 12 

violent,  .^erce 171 

virile,  masculine 237 

virtue 370 

"      justice 225 

virtuous,  innocent 220 

"        pure 296 

virtuousness,  virtue 370 

virulence,  acrimony 15 

virulent,  bitter 81 

viscid,  adhesive 22 

viscous,  adhesive 22 

visible,  evident 159 

"      physical 272 

vision,  dream 139 

visionary,  fanciful 167 

"         vain 364 

visit,  avenge 69 

visitation,  misfortune 242 

vitiate,  defile 124 

vituperate,  abuse 12 

vivacious,  alive 30 

vocabulary,  diction 130 

"  language 228 

vocal,  verbal 368 

vocation,  butiness 88 

vociferate,  call 91 

void,  vacant 363 

voluntary,  spontaneous 340 

vow,  oath 254 

voyage,  journey 223 

vulgar,  the,  nwb 243 

vulgarism,  slang 336 

vulgarity,  slang 336 

wages,  pay 266 

waggery,  wit 373 

waggishness,  ivit 373 

wait,  abide 5 


563 


ivakcful 
wrath 


Page. 

wakeful,  vigilant 369 

wander Sil 

want,  necessity 250 

"     poverty 279 

warble,  sing 333 

ward,  shelter 331 

wariness,  cai'e 94 

warmth,  enthusiasm 153 

warn,  7'ej)rove 312 

warning,  exatnjyle 160 

warp,  bend 79 

warrant,  precedent 283 

wary,  vigilant 369 

wash,  cleanse 107 

waste,  excess 160 

"■      vacant 363 

wastefulness,  excess 160 

watch,  look 234 

watch  for,  abide 5 

watchful,  alert 28 

"         vigilant 369 

watchfulness,  care 94 

watch,  on  the,  alert 28 

wave,  shake 330 

waver,  fluctuate 173 

"     shake 330 

way 372 

"    air 27 

"    direction 132 

viaywaxA,  perverse 272 

weak, /ai«< 164 

weapon,  tool 3.58 

weapons,  arms 55 

wearied, /aMj< 164 

wear  out,  tire 357 

weary,  tire 357 

wedded,  addicted 19 

wedding,  marriage 236 

wedlock,  maiTiage 236 

weigh,  deliberate 125 

weight,  load 233 

welcome,  delightful 126 

well,  healthy 195 

well=behaved,  polite 277 

well=bred,  jxilite 277 

well-disposed,  yHe«(^;y 178 

well»mannered,  polite 277 

well  off,  comfmiable 110 

well'provided,  comfoi'lable 110 

well  to  do,  comfortable 110 

whence,  therefore 355 

wherefore,  therefore 355 

while,  time 356 

whim,/a««/ , 167 

whimsical,  queer 297 

whip,  beat 75 

whit,  particle 264 

whiten,  bleach 82 

whitewash,  bleach 82 

wholesome,  healthy 195 

wicked,  criminal 120 

wickedness,  abomination 7 

sin 332 

wide,  large 229 

wide=awake,  active 17 

alert 28 

"  vigilant 369 

widen,  amplify 43 

wild,  absurd 11 


Page. 

\s\\A,  fierce 171 

wile,  artifice 58  - 

"  /)/■</'/>.-< 2m~ 

wilful,  ji,  /■/■,  rsi' 272 

willing,  spoiitaiKOus 340 

win,  allure 37 

"    attain 64 

"    conquer 115 

"    get 18:3 

"    succeed 346 

wind  up,  end,  v v  148 

winning,  amiable 42 

"        charming 103 

win  over,  persuade 271 

winsome,  amiable 42 

wipe,  cleanse 107 

wipe  out,  exterminate 163 

loisdom 372 

"        knoivledge 227 

"       p'rudence 294 

wise,  sagacimis 322 

wish,  desire 128 

ivit 373 

with,  by 89 

withal,  alxo 37 

withdraw,  abstract 10 

withdraw  from,  abandon 1 

wither,  die 1.30 

withhold,  keep 226 

"         restrain 315 

without  delay,  immediately 211 

without  end,  eternal 157 

witness,  avow 69 

"        testimony 3.55 

witticism,  wit 373 

wo,  grief 187 

"    pain 261 

woful,  pitiful 273 

vioxnM\\i'\\'.fi  ininine 169 

womanly,  /( in'uiine 169 

wonder,  admire 23 

"       amazement 39 

wont,  habit 187 

wonted,  usual 362 

woo,  address,  v 19 

word,  term 354 

wordiness,  circumlocution 105 

wording,  diction 130 

woi^k. 374 

"     act 16 

"     business 88 

workman,  artist 58 

work  out,  do 135 

worn,  faint 164 

worn  down,  faint 164 

worn  out,  faint 164 

worry,  anxiety 49 

"      care 94 

worship,  religimi 307 

worst,  beat 75 

"     conquer 115 

worth,  price 285 

"     virtue 370 

worthiness,  virtue 370 

worthless,  vain 364 

worthy,  becoming 77 

wound,  affront 24 

wrangle,  'reason,  v 302 

wrath,  anger 44 


Yfrretclied 
zest 


564 


Page. 

wretched,  pitiful 373 

writing,  metrical,  poetry 277 

writings,  literature 233 

wrong,  v.,  abuse 12 

wrong,  a.,  criminal 120 

wrong,  11.,  injury 219 

"            injustice 220 

"            sin 332 

wrong=doing,  sin 332 

yearning,  eager 142 

yell,cff« 91 

yet 374 

"  but 89 


Page. 

yet,  nohvithstanding,  conj 254 

yield,  allow 35 

"     bend 79 

"     harvest 192 

"     surrender 349 

yielding,  docile 136 

young,  neiv 252 

"      youthful 375 

ymthful 375 

"       new 252 

zeal,  enthusiasm 153 

zealous,  eager 142 

zest,  appetite 54 


U' 


..?^ 


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Universitv  ol  Calilcirnia,  Los  Anqeles 


L  006  180  077  7 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA    000  351  528 


